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Stark MS, Sturm RA, Pan Y, Smit DJ, Kommajosyula V, Lee KJ, Jagirdar K, McLean C, Duffy DL, Soyer HP, Mar VJ. Assessing the genetic risk of nodular melanoma using a candidate gene approach. Br J Dermatol 2024; 190:199-206. [PMID: 37766469 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljad365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodular melanoma (NM) is a challenge to diagnose early due to its rapid growth and more atypical clinical presentation, making it the largest contributor to melanoma mortality. OBJECTIVES Our study aim was to perform a rare-variant allele (RVA) analysis of whole-exome sequencing of patients with NM and non-NM (minor allele frequency ≤ 1% non-Finnish European) for a set of 500 candidate genes potentially implicated in melanoma. METHODS This study recruited 131 participants with NM and 194 with non-NM from South-east Queensland and patients with NM from Victoria to perform a comparative analysis of possible genetic differences or similarities between the two melanoma cohorts. RESULTS Phenotypic analysis revealed that a majority of patients diagnosed with NM were older males with a higher frequency of fair skin and red hair than is seen in the general population. The distribution of common melanoma polygenic risk scores was similar in patients with NM and non-NM, with over 28% in the highest quantile of scores. There was also a similar frequency of carriage of familial/high-penetrant melanoma gene and loss-of-function variants. We identified 39 genes by filtering 500 candidate genes based on the greatest frequency in NM compared with non-NM cases. The genes with RVAs of greatest frequency in NM included PTCH1, ARID2 and GHR. Rare variants in the SMO gene, which interacts with PTCH1 as ligand and receptor, were also identified, providing evidence that the Hedgehog pathway may contribute to NM risk. There was a cumulative effect in carrying multiple rare variants in the NM-associated genes. A 14.8-fold increased ratio for NM compared with non-NM was seen when two RVAs of the 39 genes were carried by a patient. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the importance of considering frequency of RVA to identify those at risk of NM in addition to known high penetrance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S Stark
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Richard A Sturm
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Yan Pan
- Victorian Melanoma Service, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences
| | - Darren J Smit
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Varsha Kommajosyula
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Katie J Lee
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Kasturee Jagirdar
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Catriona McLean
- Victorian Melanoma Service, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences
| | - David L Duffy
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - H Peter Soyer
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Dermatology Research Centre, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Dermatology Department, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Victoria J Mar
- Victorian Melanoma Service, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
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2
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Howell R, Davies J, Clarke MA, Appios A, Mesquita I, Jayal Y, Ringham-Terry B, Boned Del Rio I, Fisher J, Bennett CL. Localized immune surveillance of primary melanoma in the skin deciphered through executable modeling. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd1992. [PMID: 37043573 PMCID: PMC10096595 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
While skin is a site of active immune surveillance, primary melanomas often escape detection. Here, we have developed an in silico model to determine the local cross-talk between melanomas and Langerhans cells (LCs), the primary antigen-presenting cells at the site of melanoma development. The model predicts that melanomas fail to activate LC migration to lymph nodes until tumors reach a critical size, which is determined by a positive TNF-α feedback loop within melanomas, in line with our observations of murine tumors. In silico drug screening, supported by subsequent experimental testing, shows that treatment of primary tumors with MAPK pathway inhibitors may further prevent LC migration. In addition, our in silico model predicts treatment combinations that bypass LC dysfunction. In conclusion, our combined approach of in silico and in vivo studies suggests a molecular mechanism that explains how early melanomas develop under the radar of immune surveillance by LC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew A. Clarke
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Anna Appios
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Inês Mesquita
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Yashoda Jayal
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Ben Ringham-Terry
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Isabel Boned Del Rio
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6DD, UK
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3
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Barricklow Z, DiVincenzo MJ, Angell CD, Carson WE. Ulcerated Cutaneous Melanoma: A Review of the Clinical, Histologic, and Molecular Features Associated with a Clinically Aggressive Histologic Phenotype. CLINICAL, COSMETIC AND INVESTIGATIONAL DERMATOLOGY 2022; 15:1743-1757. [PMID: 36065342 PMCID: PMC9440663 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s372287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The presence of ulceration in melanoma is associated with poor clinical outcomes and is the third most powerful predictor of survival in the AJCC Melanoma Staging System after tumor thickness and mitotic activity. The aggressive biological behavior associated with ulceration has been hypothesized to be the result of an intrinsic biological attribute that favors dissemination and presents locally with the loss of epidermal integrity. Among the features of ulcerated melanoma, many show promise as potential prognostic tools, markers of differential immunogenicity and indicators of oncogenic drivers of invasion and metastasis. The incidence of ulcerated melanoma is greater in males, increases with age and with systemic inflammatory risk factors (diabetes, smoking, low vitamin D, elevated body mass index). Patients with ulcerated primary tumors seem to exclusively benefit from adjuvant interferon (IFN) therapy, which is likely the consequence of an altered tumor microenvironment. When ulceration is present, there is a higher density of macrophages and dendritic cells and enhanced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6. There is also an increased expression of proteins involved in tumor antigen presentation in ulcerated melanomas. Histologically, vascular density, vasculogenic mimicry and angiotropism are all significantly correlated with ulceration in melanoma. The presence of ulceration is associated with reduced protein expression of E-cadherin and PTEN and elevated levels of N-cadherin and the matrix metalloproteinases. Differential microRNA expression also holds promise as a potential prognostic biomarker of malignancy and disease spread within the setting of ulceration. However, the molecular and cellular differences associated with the ulcerated state are complex and further study will aid in determining how these differences can be harnessed to improve care for patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Barricklow
- The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio, State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mallory J DiVincenzo
- The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio, State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Colin D Angell
- The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio, State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William E Carson
- The Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute, The Ohio, State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Correspondence: William E Carson, The Ohio State University, N924 Doan Hall, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA, Tel +1 614 293-6306, Fax +2 614 293-3465, Email
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4
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Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Inhibitors: A Promising Weapon to Tackle Therapy Resistance in Melanoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073660. [PMID: 35409020 PMCID: PMC8998190 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive malignant tumor, arising more commonly on the skin, while it can also occur on mucosal surfaces and the uveal tract of the eye. In the context of the unresectable and metastatic cases that account for the vast majority of melanoma-related deaths, the currently available therapeutic options are of limited value. The exponentially increasing knowledge in the field of molecular biology has identified epigenetic reprogramming and more specifically histone deacetylation (HDAC), as a crucial regulator of melanoma progression and as a key driver in the emergence of drug resistance. A variety of HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) have been developed and evaluated in multiple solid and hematologic malignancies, showing promising results. In melanoma, various experimental models have elucidated a critical role of histone deacetylases in disease pathogenesis. They could, therefore, represent a promising novel therapeutic approach for advanced disease. A number of clinical trials assessing the efficacy of HDACi have already been completed, while a few more are in progress. Despite some early promising signs, a lot of work is required in the field of clinical studies, and larger patient cohorts are needed in order for more valid conclusions to be extracted, regarding the potential of HDACi as mainstream treatment options for melanoma.
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5
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Dreier MR, de la Serna IL. SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Enzymes in Melanoma. EPIGENOMES 2022; 6:epigenomes6010010. [PMID: 35323214 PMCID: PMC8947417 DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes6010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is an aggressive malignancy that arises from the transformation of melanocytes on the skin, mucosal membranes, and uvea of the eye. SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes are multi-subunit complexes that play important roles in the development of the melanocyte lineage and in the response to ultraviolet radiation, a key environmental risk factor for developing cutaneous melanoma. Exome sequencing has revealed frequent loss of function mutations in genes encoding SWI/SNF subunits in melanoma. However, some SWI/SNF subunits have also been demonstrated to have pro-tumorigenic roles in melanoma and to affect sensitivity to therapeutics. This review summarizes studies that have implicated SWI/SNF components in melanomagenesis and have evaluated how SWI/SNF subunits modulate the response to current therapeutics.
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6
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Krishnamurthy K, Urioste SN, Cusnir M, Schwartz M, Alghamdi S, Sriganeshan V, Poppiti R. Analysis of Genetic Alterations in Cutaneous Malignant Melanomas Unveils Unique Loco-Regional Variations and Novel Predictors of Metastatic Potential. Am J Dermatopathol 2021; 43:e185-e189. [PMID: 33859081 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000001953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cutaneous malignant melanoma is an aggressive cancer that contributes significantly to cancer-related mortality. Over the years, a deeper scrutiny of melanoma biology has led to identification of diverse evolutionary patterns involving various genetic pathways. This study attempts to further understand the genetic landscape of cutaneous malignant melanoma in terms of loco-regional variations and malignant potential. Thirty-five cases of cutaneous malignant melanoma were retrieved from the archives and were classified based on location of the primary tumor and presence or absence of metastatic disease. Next-generation sequencing data consisting of base substitutions, copy number variations, indels, and rearrangements in a total of 324 genes were analyzed for recurrent genetic alterations. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS26 software. Mutations in KDM gene family were found in 62.5% of the melanomas in the head and neck as compared with 10% in melanomas of the extremity and trunk (P = 0.03). Mutations in the RAS gene family were found in 70% of melanomas in the extremities as compared to 12.5% in melanomas of the head and neck (P = 0.003). BTK gene mutations were found exclusively in melanomas of the head and neck (P = 0.032). CREBBP mutations were seen in 50% of the nonmetastatic melanomas as compared with 3.57% of metastatic melanomas (P = 0.005). This study highlights the loco-regional variations in cutaneous malignant melanoma for genetic alterations involving the KDM, RAS, and BTK gene family. In addition, the CREBBP mutational status is identified as a potential prognostic marker for predicting metastatic potential in cutaneous malignant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Krishnamurthy
- A.M. Rywlin, MD Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL
| | - Sophia N Urioste
- Department of Pathology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL; and
| | - Mike Cusnir
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL
| | - Michael Schwartz
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL
| | - Sarah Alghamdi
- A.M. Rywlin, MD Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL
- Department of Pathology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL; and
| | - Vathany Sriganeshan
- A.M. Rywlin, MD Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL
- Department of Pathology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL; and
| | - Robert Poppiti
- A.M. Rywlin, MD Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL
- Department of Pathology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL; and
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7
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Dobre EG, Constantin C, Costache M, Neagu M. Interrogating Epigenome toward Personalized Approach in Cutaneous Melanoma. J Pers Med 2021; 11:901. [PMID: 34575678 PMCID: PMC8467841 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11090901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations have emerged as essential contributors in the pathogenesis of various human diseases, including cutaneous melanoma (CM). Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic modifications are highly dynamic and reversible and thus easy to regulate. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the latest research findings on the role of genetic and epigenetic alterations in CM initiation and development. We believe that a better understanding of how aberrant DNA methylation and histone modifications, along with other molecular processes, affect the genesis and clinical behavior of CM can provide the clinical management of this disease a wide range of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, as well as potential therapeutic targets that can be used to prevent or abrogate drug resistance. We will also approach the modalities by which these epigenetic alterations can be used to customize the therapeutic algorithms in CM, the current status of epi-therapies, and the preliminary results of epigenetic and traditional combinatorial pharmacological approaches in this fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena-Georgiana Dobre
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91–95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (M.N.)
| | - Carolina Constantin
- Immunology Department, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Pathology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Marieta Costache
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91–95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (M.N.)
| | - Monica Neagu
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei 91–95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (M.C.); (M.N.)
- Immunology Department, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Pathology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
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8
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Hamm M, Sohier P, Petit V, Raymond JH, Delmas V, Le Coz M, Gesbert F, Kenny C, Aktary Z, Pouteaux M, Rambow F, Sarasin A, Charoenchon N, Bellacosa A, Sanchez-Del-Campo L, Mosteo L, Lauss M, Meijer D, Steingrimsson E, Jönsson GB, Cornell RA, Davidson I, Goding CR, Larue L. BRN2 is a non-canonical melanoma tumor-suppressor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3707. [PMID: 34140478 PMCID: PMC8211827 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23973-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While the major drivers of melanoma initiation, including activation of NRAS/BRAF and loss of PTEN or CDKN2A, have been identified, the role of key transcription factors that impose altered transcriptional states in response to deregulated signaling is not well understood. The POU domain transcription factor BRN2 is a key regulator of melanoma invasion, yet its role in melanoma initiation remains unknown. Here, in a BrafV600E PtenF/+ context, we show that BRN2 haplo-insufficiency promotes melanoma initiation and metastasis. However, metastatic colonization is less efficient in the absence of Brn2. Mechanistically, BRN2 directly induces PTEN expression and in consequence represses PI3K signaling. Moreover, MITF, a BRN2 target, represses PTEN transcription. Collectively, our results suggest that on a PTEN heterozygous background somatic deletion of one BRN2 allele and temporal regulation of the other allele elicits melanoma initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hamm
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Sohier
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Petit
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy H Raymond
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Delmas
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Madeleine Le Coz
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Franck Gesbert
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Colin Kenny
- Department of Anatomy and Cell biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Zackie Aktary
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Marie Pouteaux
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Florian Rambow
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Alain Sarasin
- Laboratory of Genetic Instability and Oncogenesis, UMR8200 CNRS, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France
| | - Nisamanee Charoenchon
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alfonso Bellacosa
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luis Sanchez-Del-Campo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Laura Mosteo
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin Lauss
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dies Meijer
- Centre of Neuroregeneration, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eirikur Steingrimsson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Department of Anatomy, BioMedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Göran B Jönsson
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert A Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Irwin Davidson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Functional Genomics and Cancer, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS/INSERM/UNISTRA, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, Cedex, France
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK.
| | - Lionel Larue
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Normal and Pathological Development of Melanocytes, Orsay, France.
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3347, Inserm U1021, Signalisation radiobiologie et cancer, Orsay, France.
- Equipes Labellisées Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France.
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9
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Lamichhane A, Thakuri PS, Rafsanjani Nejad P, Tavana H. Modeling adaptive drug resistance of colorectal cancer and therapeutic interventions with tumor spheroids. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2372-2380. [PMID: 34102903 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211014185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a major barrier against successful treatments of cancer patients. Various intrinsic mechanisms and adaptive responses of tumor cells to cancer drugs often lead to failure of treatments and tumor relapse. Understanding mechanisms of cancer drug resistance is critical to develop effective treatments with sustained anti-tumor effects. Three-dimensional cultures of cancer cells known as spheroids present a biologically relevant model of avascular tumors and have been increasingly incorporated in tumor biology and cancer drug discovery studies. In this review, we discuss several recent studies from our group that utilized colorectal tumor spheroids to investigate responses of cancer cells to cytotoxic and molecularly targeted drugs and uncover mechanisms of drug resistance. We highlight our findings from both short-term, one-time treatments and long-term, cyclic treatments of tumor spheroids and discuss mechanisms of adaptation of cancer cells to the treatments. Guided by mechanisms of resistance, we demonstrate the feasibility of designing specific drug combinations to effectively block growth and resistance of cancer cells in spheroid cultures. Finally, we conclude with our perspectives on the utility of three-dimensional tumor models and their shortcomings and advantages for phenotypic and mechanistic studies of cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astha Lamichhane
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Pradip Shahi Thakuri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | | | - Hossein Tavana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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10
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Nemtsova MV, Mikhaylenko DS, Kuznetsova EB, Bykov II, Zamyatnin AA. Inactivation of Epigenetic Regulators due to Mutations in Solid Tumors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:735-748. [PMID: 33040718 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920070020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Main factors involved in carcinogenesis are associated with somatic mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes representing changes in the DNA nucleotide sequence. Epigenetic changes, such as aberrant DNA methylation, modifications of histone proteins, and chromatin remodeling, are equally important in the development of human neoplasms. From this perspective, mutations in the genes encoding key participants of epigenetic regulation are of particular interest including enzymes that methylate/demethylate DNA, enzymes that covalently attach or remove regulatory signals from histones, components of nucleosome remodeling multiprotein complexes, auxiliary proteins and cofactors of the above-mentioned molecules. This review describes both germline and somatic mutations in the key epigenetic regulators with emphasis on the latter ones in the solid human tumors, as well as considers functional consequences of these mutations on the cellular level. In addition, clinical associations of the somatic mutations in epigenetic regulators are presented, as well as DNA diagnostics of hereditary cancer syndromes due to germline mutations in the SMARC proteins and chemotherapy drugs directly affecting the altered epigenetic mechanisms for treatment of patients with solid neoplasms. The review is intended for a wide range of molecular biologists, geneticists, oncologists, and associated specialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Nemtsova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - D S Mikhaylenko
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - E B Kuznetsova
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - I I Bykov
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - A A Zamyatnin
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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11
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Abstract
Primary dermal melanoma (PDM) is a rare variant of melanoma which simulates metastatic melanoma to the skin. Diagnosis of PDM cannot be established on histologic grounds alone but requires absence of evidence of melanoma elsewhere by clinical history and/or imaging studies. Despite this entity being clinically well documented, limited data on molecular characterization are available. We performed comprehensive mutation and copy number variation analysis in a series of PDMs in search for distinctive molecular features.Studies were approved by respective institutional review boards. Six cases fulfilling strict histologic criteria of PDM were identified in patients with absent history of melanoma elsewhere, negative sentinel lymph node biopsies and imaging studies. DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue, and five cases passed quality control measures and were subjected to targeted exon sequencing using the Memorial Sloan Kettering-Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets 410 panel. Two of five PDM carried NRAS hotspot mutations characteristic of cutaneous melanoma (CM) genomic subtypes. One case showed a probable low-activating NRAS mutation in combination with additional aberrations in other mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway effectors. Hotspot mutations were also identified in the TERT promoter region, and one tumor showed a mutation in the SWI/SNF remodeling complex. No oncogenic mutations were identified in one case. Furthermore, none of the tumors analyzed showed activating mutations in Gα subunits, including GNAQ and GNA11. Copy number alterations included deletions of Chr 9p, characteristic of CM.Despite PDM showing mutational heterogeneity, our findings suggest predominance of MAPK pathway aberrations in agreement with the mutational profile of CMs in general. Given the absence of genetic overlap with other distinct primary dermal melanocytic proliferations, mutational profiling will unlikely aid in the difficult differential diagnosis of PDM versus melanoma metastasis. Thorough metastatic workup remains crucial in establishing this rare diagnosis.
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12
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In GK, Poorman K, Saul M, O'Day S, Farma JM, Olszanski AJ, Gordon MS, Thomas JS, Eisenberg B, Flaherty L, Weise A, Daveluy S, Gibney G, Atkins MB, Vanderwalde A. Molecular profiling of melanoma brain metastases compared to primary cutaneous melanoma and to extracranial metastases. Oncotarget 2020. [PMID: 32913556 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27686.=] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain metastases are a significant cause of mortality and morbidity for patients with melanoma. We hypothesize that the development of brain metastases may be explained by molecular heterogeneity between primary cutaneous melanoma (PCM) or extracranial (ECM) and brain (MBM) melanoma metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared next-generation sequencing, tumor mutational burden (TMB), and immunohistochemical staining for PD-L1 expression, among 132 MBM, 745 PCM, and 1190 ECM. RESULTS The most common genetic alterations among MBM included: BRAF (52.4%), NRAS (26.6%), CDKN2A (23.3%), NF1 (18.9%), TP53 (18%), ARID2 (13.8%), SETD2 (11.9%), and PBRM1 (7.5%). Four genes were found with higher frequency among MBM compared to PCM or ECM: BRAF (52.4% v 40.4% v 40.9%), SETD2 (11.9% v 1.9% v 3.9%), PBRM1 (7.5% v 1.6% v 2.6%), and DICER1 (4.4% v 0.6% v 0.4%). MBM showed higher TMB (p = .04) and higher PD-L1 expression (p = .002), compared to PCM. PD-L1 expression was slightly higher among MBM compared to ECM (p = .042), but there was no difference between TMB (p = .21). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a unique molecular profile for MBM, including higher rates of BRAF mutations, higher TMB and higher PD-L1 expression, and also implicate chromatin remodeling in the pathogenesis of MBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino K In
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Steven O'Day
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jacob S Thomas
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Hoag Family Cancer Institute, Newport Beach, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Amy Weise
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Geoffrey Gibney
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael B Atkins
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ari Vanderwalde
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, West Cancer Center, Germantown, TN, USA
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13
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In GK, Poorman K, Saul M, O'Day S, Farma JM, Olszanski AJ, Gordon MS, Thomas JS, Eisenberg B, Flaherty L, Weise A, Daveluy S, Gibney G, Atkins MB, Vanderwalde A. Molecular profiling of melanoma brain metastases compared to primary cutaneous melanoma and to extracranial metastases. Oncotarget 2020; 11:3118-3128. [PMID: 32913556 PMCID: PMC7443369 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain metastases are a significant cause of mortality and morbidity for patients with melanoma. We hypothesize that the development of brain metastases may be explained by molecular heterogeneity between primary cutaneous melanoma (PCM) or extracranial (ECM) and brain (MBM) melanoma metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared next-generation sequencing, tumor mutational burden (TMB), and immunohistochemical staining for PD-L1 expression, among 132 MBM, 745 PCM, and 1190 ECM. RESULTS The most common genetic alterations among MBM included: BRAF (52.4%), NRAS (26.6%), CDKN2A (23.3%), NF1 (18.9%), TP53 (18%), ARID2 (13.8%), SETD2 (11.9%), and PBRM1 (7.5%). Four genes were found with higher frequency among MBM compared to PCM or ECM: BRAF (52.4% v 40.4% v 40.9%), SETD2 (11.9% v 1.9% v 3.9%), PBRM1 (7.5% v 1.6% v 2.6%), and DICER1 (4.4% v 0.6% v 0.4%). MBM showed higher TMB (p = .04) and higher PD-L1 expression (p = .002), compared to PCM. PD-L1 expression was slightly higher among MBM compared to ECM (p = .042), but there was no difference between TMB (p = .21). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a unique molecular profile for MBM, including higher rates of BRAF mutations, higher TMB and higher PD-L1 expression, and also implicate chromatin remodeling in the pathogenesis of MBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino K In
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Steven O'Day
- John Wayne Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jacob S Thomas
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Hoag Family Cancer Institute, Newport Beach, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Amy Weise
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Geoffrey Gibney
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michael B Atkins
- Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ari Vanderwalde
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, West Cancer Center, Germantown, TN, USA
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14
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Deciphering the Molecular Landscape of Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma for Better Diagnosis and Treatment. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072228. [PMID: 32674318 PMCID: PMC7408826 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a common type of neoplasia, representing a terrible burden on patients' life and clinical management. Although it seldom metastasizes, and most cases can be effectively treated with surgical intervention, once metastatic cSCC displays considerable aggressiveness leading to the death of affected individuals. No consensus has been reached as to which features better characterize the aggressive behavior of cSCC, an achievement hindered by the high mutational burden caused by chronic ultraviolet light exposure. Even though some subtypes have been recognized as high risk variants, depending on certain tumor features, cSCC that are normally thought of as low risk could pose an increased danger to the patients. In light of this, specific genetic and epigenetic markers for cutaneous SCC, which could serve as reliable diagnostic markers and possible targets for novel treatment development, have been searched for. This review aims to give an overview of the mutational landscape of cSCC, pointing out established biomarkers, as well as novel candidates, and future possible molecular therapies for cSCC.
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15
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Isales MC, Khan AU, Zhang B, Compres EV, Kim D, Tan TL, Beaubier N, Gerami P. Molecular analysis of atypical deep penetrating nevus progressing to melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 2020; 47:1150-1154. [PMID: 32526042 DOI: 10.1111/cup.13775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Deep penetrating nevi (DPN) are dermal-based, heavily pigmented melanocytic proliferations primarily resulting from mutations in B-catenin and BRAF or, less commonly, NRAS. DPNs are considered to be intermediate grade tumors which are stable with low risk of malignant transformation. The precise risk for transformation is unknown. Only rare cases of DPN progressing to melanoma have been described. We present a case of a 53-year-old female with a blue-black thigh lesion, on histopathology illustrating a melanocytic proliferation with morphology most consistent with a DPN progressing to melanoma. Targeted next generation sequencing performed on both the atypical melanocytic proliferation and melanoma components showed NRAS and CTNNB1 mutations but no evidence of TERT promoter mutation or chromosomal copy number aberrations. The melanoma had additional mutations including a hotspot TERT promoter mutation as well as unbalanced chromosomal copy number aberrations. This report details the progression of DPN to melanoma through a prominent ultraviolet signature and acquisition of genetic aberrations. While the vast majority of DPNs are benign stable nevi, there are rare examples, which may progress to melanoma. This report documents a case and shows the molecular evolution by which the tumor transformed to melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Isales
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ayesha U Khan
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Elsy V Compres
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Timothy L Tan
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Pedram Gerami
- Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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16
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Salgado C, Oosting J, Janssen B, Kumar R, Gruis N, van Doorn R. Genome-wide characterization of 5-hydoxymethylcytosine in melanoma reveals major differences with nevus. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2020; 59:366-374. [PMID: 32017278 PMCID: PMC7318264 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma demonstrates altered patterns of DNA methylation that are associated with genetic instability and transcriptional repression of numerous genes. Active DNA demethylation is mediated by TET enzymes that catalyze conversion of 5‐methylcytosine (mC) to 5‐hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC). Loss of hmC occurs in melanoma and correlates with disease progression. Here we analyzed the genomic distribution of hmC along with mC in nevus and melanoma using oxidative bisulfite chemistry combined with high‐density arrays. HmC was enriched relative to mC at enhancers, 5′UTR regions and CpG shores in nevus and melanoma samples, pointing to specific TET enzyme activity. The proportion of interrogated CpG sites with high hmC levels was lower in melanoma (0.54%) than in nevus (2.0%). Depletion of hmC in melanoma was evident across all chromosomes and intragenic regions, being more pronounced in metastatic than in non‐metastatic tumors. The patterns of hmC distribution in melanoma samples differed significantly from those in nevus samples, exceeding differences in mC patterns. We identified specific CpG sites and regions with significantly lower hmC levels in melanoma than in nevus that might serve as diagnostic markers. Differentially hydroxymethylated regions localized to cancer‐related genes, including the PTEN gene promoter, suggesting that deregulated DNA hydroxymethylation may contribute to melanoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Salgado
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Oosting
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rajiv Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nelleke Gruis
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Remco van Doorn
- Department of Dermatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Olbryt M, Pigłowski W, Rajczykowski M, Pfeifer A, Student S, Fiszer-Kierzkowska A. Genetic Profiling of Advanced Melanoma: Candidate Mutations for Predicting Sensitivity and Resistance to Targeted Therapy. Target Oncol 2020; 15:101-113. [PMID: 31980996 PMCID: PMC7028806 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-020-00695-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecularly targeted therapy has revolutionized the treatment of advanced melanoma. However, despite its high efficiency, a majority of patients experience relapse within 1 year of treatment because of acquired resistance, and approximately 10-25% patients gain no benefit from these agents owing to intrinsic resistance. This is mainly caused by the genetic heterogeneity of melanoma cells. OBJECTIVE We aimed to validate the predictive significance of selected genes in advanced melanoma patients before treatment with BRAF/MEK inhibitors. PATIENTS AND METHODS Archival DNA derived from 37 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded pre-treatment advanced melanoma samples of patients treated with targeted therapy was used for next-generation sequencing analysis using the Ion Torrent platform. The AmpliSeq Custom Panel comprised coding sequences or hot spots of 23 melanoma genes: ATM, BRAF, CDK4, CDKN2A, CTNNB1, EGFR, HOXD8, HRAS, IDH1, KIT, KRAS, MAP3K8, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MITF, MYC, NF1, NRAS, PAX5, PIK3R1, PTEN, RAC1, and RB1. The sequences were evaluated for genomic alterations and further validated using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Our analysis revealed non-BRAF genetic alterations in 28 out of 37 samples (75.7%). Genetic changes were identified in PTEN, CDK4, CDKN2A, CTNNB1, EGFR, HOXD8, HRAS, KIT, MAP2K1, MAP2K2, MITF, MYC, NF1, PAX5, RAC1, and RB1. Fifteen known pathogenic mutations (single nucleotide variants or indels) and 11 variants of unknown significance were detected. Statistical analysis revealed an association between the presence of pathogenic mutations and time to progression during treatment with combination therapy. CONCLUSIONS Pathogenic mutations identified by gene panel sequencing have potential predictive value for targeted therapy of melanoma and are worth further validation in a larger series of cases. The role of some known mutations (e.g. CDK4R24, PTEN c.801 + 1G > A, CTNNB1S45F) as well as variants of unknown significance identified in this study (e.g. MITFR316K, KITG498S) in the generation of resistance to BRAF/MEK inhibitors should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Olbryt
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Pigłowski
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, Gliwice, Poland
- Tumor Pathology Department, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marcin Rajczykowski
- II Clinic of Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pfeifer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Sebastian Student
- Department of Systems Biology and Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, Gliwice, Poland
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Anna Fiszer-Kierzkowska
- Center for Translational Research and Molecular Biology of Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute, Oncology Center Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, Gliwice, Poland
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18
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Donati M, Zelano G, Coppola R, Cinelli E, Verri M, Persichetti P, Perrella E, Devirgiliis V, Calvieri S, Crescenzi A, Panasiti V. Personalized and targeted mutational analysis of multiple second primary melanomas under kinase inhibitors. Ital J Dermatol Venerol 2019; 156:593-598. [PMID: 31804055 DOI: 10.23736/s2784-8671.19.06516-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Second primary melanomas (SPMs) are new developed primary melanomas occurring in a subset of patients affected by BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma during treatment with BRAF-inhibitors. A drug-induced paradoxical activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway in BRAF-wild type/RAS-mutated cells have been proposed as a possible molecular mechanism but data on the mutational status of SPMs are lacking. In order to better understand genetic alterations affecting the biological mechanism of SPMs, we performed a personalized and targeted next-generation sequencing analysis of a patient affected by metastatic melanoma who developed multiple SPMs during treatment with encorafenib (LGX818). METHODS Using a cancer panel of 50 genes for solid tumors enriched with a custom panel of 10 genes specifically involved in melanoma pathogenesis, we analyzed the primary melanoma, two SPMs, one benign compound nevus and the normal DNA extracted from blood lymphocytes of the patient. RESULTS We identified HRAS Q61 somatic mutation in one SPM developed in a pre-existing nevus. In the primary melanoma, besides the BRAF mutation, we identified the clinically actionable IDH1 R132C somatic mutation. Both SPMs were BRAF wild type. The patient harbors the recently recognized pathogenetic germline variant KDR Q472. We observed that mutations detected in tumor samples involving genes related to melanoma pathogenesis (TP53, PIK3CA, FGFR3, ATF1, KIT, HRAS and MAP2K2) were present in heterozygosis in the germline status of the patient. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the paradoxical mechanism of MAPK pathway for SPMs under BRAF inhibitors. Moreover, they suggest that targeted mutational assessment based on matching somatic and germline analysis represent a promising approach to detect the neoplastic landscape of the tumor and to identify most accurate treatment in metastatic melanoma patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Donati
- Department of Pathology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Zelano
- Institute of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Coppola
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy -
| | - Eleonora Cinelli
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Verri
- Department of Pathology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Persichetti
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Devirgiliis
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Calvieri
- Unit of Dermatology, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Crescenzi
- Department of Pathology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Panasiti
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
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19
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Tchanque-Fossuo CN, Dahle SE, Kiuru M, Isseroff RR. Vitiligo and melanocytic nevi: New findings in Coffin-Siris syndrome associated with ARID1 germline mutation. JAAD Case Rep 2018; 5:50-53. [PMID: 30581937 PMCID: PMC6287087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2018.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Key Words
- ARID1A, AT-rich interactive domain 1A gene
- ARID1B
- ARID1B, AT-rich interactive domain 1B gene
- CDK, cyclin-dependent kinase
- CSS, Coffin-Siris syndrome
- Coffin-Siris syndrome
- MITF, microphthalmia transcription factor
- SMARB1, SWI/SNF–related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily B member 1
- SMARCA4, SWI/SNF–related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily A member 4
- SMARCE1, SWI/SNF–related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily E member 1
- SWI/SNF, switch/sucrose nonfermenting
- melanoma
- nevi
- vitiligo
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine N. Tchanque-Fossuo
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
- Dermatology Service, VA Northern California, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, California
- Correspondence to: Catherine N. Tchanque-Fossuo, MD, MS, Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, 3301 C St, Ste 1400, Sacramento, CA 95816.
| | - Sara E. Dahle
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
- Podiatry Section, Department of Surgery, VA Northern California, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, California
| | - Maija Kiuru
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - R. Rivkah Isseroff
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
- Dermatology Service, VA Northern California, Sacramento VA Medical Center, Mather, California
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20
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Orouji E, Utikal J. Tackling malignant melanoma epigenetically: histone lysine methylation. Clin Epigenetics 2018; 10:145. [PMID: 30466474 PMCID: PMC6249913 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-018-0583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational histone modifications such as acetylation and methylation can affect gene expression. Histone acetylation is commonly associated with activation of gene expression whereas histone methylation is linked to either activation or repression of gene expression. Depending on the site of histone modification, several histone marks can be present throughout the genome. A combination of these histone marks can shape global chromatin architecture, and changes in patterns of marks can affect the transcriptomic landscape. Alterations in several histone marks are associated with different types of cancers, and these alterations are distinct from marks found in original normal tissues. Therefore, it is hypothesized that patterns of histone marks can change during the process of tumorigenesis. This review focuses on histone methylation changes (both removal and addition of methyl groups) in malignant melanoma, a deadly skin cancer, and the implications of specific inhibitors of these modifications as a combinatorial therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Orouji
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1901 East Rd. South Campus Research Building 4, Houston, TX, 77054, USA. .,Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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21
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Dimitriou F, Krattinger R, Ramelyte E, Barysch MJ, Micaletto S, Dummer R, Goldinger SM. The World of Melanoma: Epidemiologic, Genetic, and Anatomic Differences of Melanoma Across the Globe. Curr Oncol Rep 2018; 20:87. [PMID: 30250984 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-018-0732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW As cancer remains an increasing problem in industrial countries, the incidence of melanoma has risen rapidly in many populations during the last decades and still continues to rise. Current strategies aiming to control the disease have largely focused on improving the understanding of the interplay of causal factors for this cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Cutaneous melanoma shows clear differences in incidence, mortality, genomic profile, and anatomic presentation, depending on the country of residence, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Known risk factors are multiple atypical nevi, positive family and/or personal history, immune suppressive diseases or treatments, and fair skin phenotype. Besides new adjuvant therapeutic options, changed attitude toward leisure and sun exposure, primary prevention, and early detection are major contributors to disease control. Melanoma is a disease of multifactorial causality and heterogeneous presentation. Its subtypes differ in origin, anatomical site, role of UV radiation, and mutational profile. Better understanding of these differences may improve prevention strategies and therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentia Dimitriou
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regina Krattinger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Egle Ramelyte
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marjam J Barysch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sara Micaletto
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone M Goldinger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse 31, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland.
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22
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Palmieri G, Colombino M, Casula M, Manca A, Mandalà M, Cossu A. Molecular Pathways in Melanomagenesis: What We Learned from Next-Generation Sequencing Approaches. Curr Oncol Rep 2018; 20:86. [PMID: 30218391 PMCID: PMC6153571 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-018-0733-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Conventional clinico-pathological features in melanoma patients should be integrated with new molecular diagnostic, predictive, and prognostic factors coming from the expanding genomic profiles. Cutaneous melanoma (CM), even differing in biological behavior according to sun-exposure levels on the skin areas where it arises, is molecularly heterogeneous. The next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches are providing data on mutation landscapes in driver genes that may account for distinct pathogenetic mechanisms and pathways. The purpose was to group and classify all somatic driver mutations observed in the main NGS-based studies. RECENT FINDINGS Whole exome and whole genome sequencing approaches have provided data on spectrum and distribution of genetic and genomic alterations as well as allowed to discover new cancer genes underlying CM pathogenesis. After evaluating the mutational status in a cohort of 686 CM cases from the most representative NGS studies, three molecular CM subtypes were proposed: BRAFmut, RASmut, and non-BRAFmut/non-RASmut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Palmieri
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Colombino
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Milena Casula
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonella Manca
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Mario Mandalà
- PAPA GIOVANNI XXIII Cancer Center Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cossu
- Institute of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU), Sassari, Italy
| | - for the Italian Melanoma Intergroup (IMI)
- Unit of Cancer Genetics, National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Traversa La Crucca 3, Baldinca Li Punti, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- PAPA GIOVANNI XXIII Cancer Center Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
- Institute of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (AOU), Sassari, Italy
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23
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Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a highly aggressive neoplasia of melanocytic origin. In part because of the lack of effective treatment methods, the incidence and mortality rates of this disease continue to increase. Rapidly accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation/demethylation, chromatin modification, and remodeling, and diverse activities of noncoding RNAs, play a central role in the pathogenesis of melanoma. The epigenetic mark 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) has attracted interest since 2009, when it was shown that ten-eleven translocation proteins can enzymatically convert 5-methylcytosine into 5-hmC, a key intermediate of DNA demethylation. Factors that regulate DNA hydroxymethylation are frequently altered in cancer, leading to deregulation of 5-hmC levels. In this review, we will discuss the relationship between melanoma and DNA hydroxymethylation, the regulation of DNA hydroxymethylation, and defects in this pathway in melanoma.
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24
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Moran B, Silva R, Perry AS, Gallagher WM. Epigenetics of malignant melanoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 51:80-88. [PMID: 29074395 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Patients with malignant melanoma generally have a good prognosis if the disease presents prior to metastasis. Due to progress with targeted and immunotherapies, the median survival of metastatic melanoma patients is now over 2 years. The disease is characterised by one of the highest somatic mutation rates observed amongst cancer types, with a specific mutational signature based on UV radiation damage evident. Highly prevalent mutations, such as the BRAFV600E, in the MAPK cascade indicate truncal involvement of this pathway in the earliest stage of melanoma. The molecular sub-classification of melanoma based on genetic alterations is now well established. This has paved the way for researchers in epigenetics to investigate specific pathways of known importance, and the involvement of the diverse range of epigenetic mechanisms. Herein, we review the literature to highlight that epigenetic alterations are integrally involved in this malignancy. We focus on the most current evidence around the epigenetic mechanisms: DNA methylation and demethylation including 5-hydroxy-methylcytosine; histone post-translational modifications including variant histones; chromatin remodelling complexes and in particular the polycomb-repressive complex PRC2 and its histone methyltransferase subunit EZH2; and non-coding RNAs. Each mechanism is described generally, studies involving melanoma are assessed and clinical relevance is highlighted where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Moran
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; OncoMark Limited, NovaUCD, Belfield Innovation Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Romina Silva
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; OncoMark Limited, NovaUCD, Belfield Innovation Park, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Antoinette S Perry
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - William M Gallagher
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics Laboratory, UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland; OncoMark Limited, NovaUCD, Belfield Innovation Park, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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25
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Ohara K, Arai E, Takahashi Y, Ito N, Shibuya A, Tsuta K, Kushima R, Tsuda H, Ojima H, Fujimoto H, Watanabe SI, Katai H, Kinoshita T, Shibata T, Kohno T, Kanai Y. Genes involved in development and differentiation are commonly methylated in cancers derived from multiple organs: a single-institutional methylome analysis using 1007 tissue specimens. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:241-251. [PMID: 28069692 PMCID: PMC5862281 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the significance of DNA methylation alterations shared by cancers derived from multiple organs. We analyzed single-institutional methylome data by single-CpG-resolution Infinium assay for 1007 samples of non-cancerous tissue (N) and corresponding cancerous tissue (T) obtained from lung, stomach, kidney, breast and liver. Principal component analysis revealed that N samples of each organ showed distinct DNA methylation profiles, DNA methylation profiles of N samples of each organ being inherited by the corresponding T samples and DNA methylation profiles of T samples being more similar to those of N samples in the same organ than those of T samples in other organs. In contrast to such organ and/or carcinogenetic factor-specificity of DNA methylation profiles, when compared with the corresponding N samples, 231 genes commonly showed DNA hypermethylation in T samples in four or more organs. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that such commonly methylated genes were enriched among “transcriptional factors” participating in development and/or differentiation, which reportedly show bivalent histone modification in embryonic stem cells. Pyrosequencing and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR revealed an inverse correlation between DNA methylation levels and mRNA expression levels of representative commonly methylated genes, such as ALX1, ATP8A2, CR1 and EFCAB1, in tissue samples. These data suggest that disruption of the differentiated state of precancerous cells via alterations of expression, independent of differences in organs and/or carcinogenetic factors, may be a common feature of DNA methylation alterations during carcinogenesis in multiple organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ohara
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eri Arai
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yoriko Takahashi
- Biomedical Department, Solution Center, Mitsui Knowledge Industry Co., Ltd., Tokyo 105-6215, Japan
| | - Nanako Ito
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ayako Shibuya
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Koji Tsuta
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kushima
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsuda
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, Pathology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.,Department of Basic Pathology, National Defense Medical College, Saitama 359-0042, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ojima
- Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Takayuki Kinoshita
- Department of Breast Surgery, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-0071, Japan and
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yae Kanai
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.,Division of Molecular Pathology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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26
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Epigenetic drivers of tumourigenesis and cancer metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 51:149-159. [PMID: 28807546 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the completion of the first human genome sequence and the advent of next generation sequencing technologies, remarkable progress has been made in understanding the genetic basis of cancer. These studies have mainly defined genetic changes as either causal, providing a selective advantage to the cancer cell (a driver mutation) or consequential with no selective advantage (not directly causal, a passenger mutation). A vast unresolved question is how a primary cancer cell becomes metastatic and what are the molecular events that underpin this process. However, extensive sequencing efforts indicate that mutation may not be a causal factor for primary to metastatic transition. On the other hand, epigenetic changes are dynamic in nature and therefore potentially play an important role in determining metastatic phenotypes and this area of research is just starting to be appreciated. Unlike genetic studies, current limitations in studying epigenetic events in cancer metastasis include a lack of conceptual understanding and an analytical framework for identifying putative driver and passenger epigenetic changes. In this review, we discuss the key concepts involved in understanding the role of epigenetic alterations in the metastatic cascade. We particularly focus on driver epigenetic events, and we describe analytical approaches and biological frameworks for distinguishing between "epi-driver" and "epi-passenger" events in metastasis. Finally, we suggest potential directions for future research in this important area of cancer research.
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27
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Mustafi S, Sant DW, Liu ZJ, Wang G. Ascorbate induces apoptosis in melanoma cells by suppressing Clusterin expression. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623268 PMCID: PMC5473908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological levels of ascorbate have long been suggested as a potential treatment of cancer. However, we observed that EC50 of ascorbate was at a similar level for cultured healthy melanocytes and melanoma cells, suggesting a limit of pharmacological ascorbate in treating cancer. Loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC) is an epigenetic hallmark of cancer and ascorbate promotes 5 hmC generation by serving as a cofactor for TET methylcytosine dioxygenases. Our previous work demonstrated that ascorbate treatment at physiological level (100 μM) increased 5 hmC content in melanoma cells toward the level of healthy melanocytes. Here we show that 100 µM of ascorbate induced apoptosis in A2058 melanoma cells. RNA-seq analysis revealed that expression of the Clusterin (CLU) gene, which is related to apoptosis, was downregulated by ascorbate. The suppression of CLU was verified at transcript level in different melanoma cell lines, and at protein level in A2058 cells. The anti-apoptotic cytoplasmic CLU was decreased, while the pro-apoptotic nuclear CLU was largely maintained, after ascorbate treatment. These changes in CLU subcellular localization were also associated with Bax and caspases activation, Bcl-xL sequestration, and cytochrome c release. Taken together, this study establishes an impending therapeutic role of physiological ascorbate to potentiate apoptosis in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Mustafi
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - David W Sant
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Zhao-Jun Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA. .,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA. .,Dr. Nasser Ibrahim Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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28
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Fahey CC, Davis IJ. SETting the Stage for Cancer Development: SETD2 and the Consequences of Lost Methylation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:a026468. [PMID: 28159833 PMCID: PMC5411680 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The H3 lysine 36 histone methyltransferase SETD2 is mutated across a range of human cancers. Although other enzymes can mediate mono- and dimethylation, SETD2 is the exclusive trimethylase. SETD2 associates with the phosphorylated carboxy-terminal domain of RNA polymerase and modifies histones at actively transcribed genes. The functions associated with SETD2 are mediated through multiple effector proteins that bind trimethylated H3K36. These effectors directly mediate multiple chromatin-regulated processes, including RNA splicing, DNA damage repair, and DNA methylation. Although alterations in each of these processes have been associated with SETD2 loss, the relative role of each in the development of cancer is not fully understood. Critical vulnerabilities resulting from SETD2 loss may offer a strategy for potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Fahey
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295
| | - Ian J Davis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295
- Departments of Genetics and Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7295
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29
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Chatterjee A, Stockwell PA, Ahn A, Rodger EJ, Leichter AL, Eccles MR. Genome-wide methylation sequencing of paired primary and metastatic cell lines identifies common DNA methylation changes and a role for EBF3 as a candidate epigenetic driver of melanoma metastasis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:6085-6101. [PMID: 28030832 PMCID: PMC5351615 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic alterations are increasingly implicated in metastasis, whereas very few genetic mutations have been identified as authentic drivers of cancer metastasis. Yet, to date, few studies have identified metastasis-related epigenetic drivers, in part because a framework for identifying driver epigenetic changes in metastasis has not been established. Using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS), we mapped genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in three cutaneous primary and metastatic melanoma cell line pairs to identify metastasis-related epigenetic drivers. Globally, metastatic melanoma cell lines were hypomethylated compared to the matched primary melanoma cell lines. Using whole genome RRBS we identified 75 shared (10 hyper- and 65 hypomethylated) differentially methylated fragments (DMFs), which were associated with 68 genes showing significant methylation differences. One gene, Early B Cell Factor 3 (EBF3), exhibited promoter hypermethylation in metastatic cell lines, and was validated with bisulfite sequencing and in two publicly available independent melanoma cohorts (n = 40 and 458 melanomas, respectively). We found that hypermethylation of the EBF3 promoter was associated with increased EBF3 mRNA levels in metastatic melanomas and subsequent inhibition of DNA methylation reduced EBF3 expression. RNAi-mediated knockdown of EBF3 mRNA levels decreased proliferation, migration and invasion in primary and metastatic melanoma cell lines. Overall, we have identified numerous epigenetic changes characterising metastatic melanoma cell lines, including EBF3-induced aggressive phenotypic behaviour with elevated EBF3 expression in metastatic melanoma, suggesting that EBF3 promoter hypermethylation may be a candidate epigenetic driver of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Chatterjee
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter A Stockwell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Antonio Ahn
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Euan J Rodger
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna L Leichter
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael R Eccles
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland, New Zealand
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30
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Yi X, Tao Y, Lin X, Dai Y, Yang T, Yue X, Jiang X, Li X, Jiang DS, Andrade KC, Chang J. Histone methyltransferase Setd2 is critical for the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:697-707. [PMID: 28130125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle cell proliferation and differentiation are tightly regulated. Epigenetic regulation is a major component of the regulatory mechanism governing these processes. Histone modification is part of the epigenetic code used for transcriptional regulation of chromatin through the establishment of an active or repressive state for genes involved in myogenesis in a temporal manner. Here, we uncovered the function of SET domain containing 2 (Setd2), an essential histone 3 lysine 36 trimethyltransferase, in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. Setd2 was silenced in the skeletal muscle myoblast cell line, C2C12, using the CRISPR/CAS9 system. The mutant cells exhibited defect in myotube formation. The myotube formation marker, myosin heavy chain (MHC), was downregulated earlier in Setd2 silenced cells compared to wild-type myoblasts during differentiation. The deficiency in Setd2 also resulted in repression of Myogenin (MyoG) expression, a key myogenic regulator during differentiation. In addition to the myoblast differentiation defect, decreased proliferation rate with significantly reduced levels of histone 3 phosphorylation, indicative of cell proliferation defect, were observed in the Setd2 silenced cells; suggesting an impaired proliferation phenotype. Furthermore, compromised G1/S- and G2/M-phase transition and decreased expression levels of major regulators of cell cycle G1/S checkpoints, cyclin D1, CDK4, CDK6, and cyclin E2 were detected in Setd2 silenced cells. Consistent with the cell cycle arrested phenotype, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 was upregulated in Setd2 silenced cells. Together, this study demonstrates an essential role of Setd2 in myoblast proliferation and differentiation, and uncovers Setd2-mediated molecular mechanism through regulating MyoG and p21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China; Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ye Tao
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Yuan Dai
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tingli Yang
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaojing Yue
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, China
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Kelsey C Andrade
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jiang Chang
- Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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31
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Saldanha G, Joshi K, Lawes K, Bamford M, Moosa F, Teo KW, Pringle JH. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is an independent predictor of survival in malignant melanoma. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:60-68. [PMID: 27713424 PMCID: PMC6176904 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Outcomes for melanoma patients vary within cancer stage. Prognostic biomarkers are potential adjuncts to provide more precise prognostic information. Simple, low-cost biomarker assays, such as those based on immunohistochemistry, have strong translational potential. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5 hmC) shows prognostic potential in melanoma but prior studies were small. We, therefore, analysed 5 hmC in a retrospective cohort to provide external validation of its prognostic value. Two hundred primary melanomas were evaluated for 5 hmC expression using immunohistochemistry. The primary objective was to assess the effect on overall survival while controlling for important confounders. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed. REMARK guidelines were followed. The 5 hmC immunohistochemistry scoring showed very strong inter-observer agreement (ICC 0.88) and expression was significantly related to age, site, Breslow thickness, ulceration, mitotic rate, and stage. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed 5 hmC was associated with metastasis-free, melanoma-specific, and overall survival, P<0.0001 for each. In univariable Cox proportional hazards models, 5 hmC hazard ratios were significant and remained so in a multivariable model. A two-step cox model was created using stage and 5 hmC, as stage is the gold standard for clinical practice. The addition of 5 hmC produced significant improvement in the model and 5 hmC and stage were independent significant predictors. This is the largest study of the prognostic value of 5 hmC immunohistochemistry in melanoma. The 5 hmC scoring was easily and reproducibly performed and it was an independent predictor of metastasis-free survival, melanoma-specific survival, and overall survival. This work supports further development of 5 hmC as a prognostic biomarker and suggests that it could add more precision to American Joint Committee on Cancer staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Saldanha
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
- EMPATH Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Kushal Joshi
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Kathryn Lawes
- EMPATH Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Mark Bamford
- EMPATH Department of Cellular Pathology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Farhaan Moosa
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Kah Wee Teo
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - J Howard Pringle
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
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32
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Abstract
Malignant melanoma of the skin is the most aggressive human cancer given that a primary tumor a few millimeters in diameter frequently has full metastatic competence. In view of that, revealing the genetic background of this potential may also help to better understand tumor dissemination in general. Genomic analyses have established the molecular classification of melanoma based on the most frequent driver oncogenic mutations (BRAF, NRAS, KIT) and have also revealed a long list of rare events, including mutations and amplifications as well as genetic microheterogeneity. At the moment, it is unclear whether any of these rare events have role in the metastasis initiation process since the major drivers do not have such a role. During lymphatic and hematogenous dissemination, the clonal selection process is evidently reflected by differences in oncogenic drivers in the metastases versus the primary tumor. Clonal selection is also evident during lymphatic progression, though the genetic background of this immunoselection is less clear. Genomic analyses of metastases identified further genetic alterations, some of which may correspond to metastasis maintenance genes. The natural genetic progression of melanoma can be modified by targeted (BRAF or MEK inhibitor) or immunotherapies. Some of the rare events in primary tumors may result in primary resistance, while further new genetic lesions develop during the acquired resistance to both targeted and immunotherapies. Only a few genetic lesions of the primary tumor are constant during natural or therapy-modulated progression. EGFR4 and NMDAR2 mutations, MITF and MET amplifications and PTEN loss can be considered as metastasis drivers. Furthermore, BRAF and MITF amplifications as well as PTEN loss are also responsible for resistance to targeted therapies, whereas NRAS mutation is the only founder genetic lesion showing any association with sensitivity to immunotherapies. Unfortunately, there are hardly any data on the possible organ-specific metastatic drivers in melanoma. These observations suggest that clinical management of melanoma patients must rely on the genetic analysis of the metastatic lesions to be able to monitor progression-associated changes and to personalize therapies.
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33
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Yilmaz AS, Ozer HG, Gillespie JL, Allain DC, Bernhardt MN, Furlan KC, Castro LTF, Peters SB, Nagarajan P, Kang SY, Iwenofu OH, Olencki T, Teknos TN, Toland AE. Differential mutation frequencies in metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas versus primary tumors. Cancer 2016; 123:1184-1193. [PMID: 27906449 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exome and targeted sequencing studies have identified potential driver mutations for a variety of tumor types. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most highly mutated cancers but typically is associated with low rates of metastasis and high survival rates. Nevertheless, metastatic cSCC is a significant health threat; up to 8800 individuals die each year of this disease. METHODS Because it is difficult to predict which cSCCs are more likely to metastasize, and because to the best of the authors' knowledge there are no targeted therapies specifically designated for patients with metastatic cSCC, exome and/or targeted sequencing of 18 metastatic and 10 primary cSCCs was performed to identify mutations that were more frequent in metastatic tumors and might be targeted for therapeutic benefit. The authors compared their results with published sequencing results of an additional 223 primary tumors and 68 metastatic cSCCs. RESULTS The authors identified genes demonstrating higher mutation frequencies in metastatic cSCC compared with primary tumors, including the chromatin remodeling gene lysine methyltransferase 2D (KMT2D) and the classic skin tumor suppressor tumor protein p53 (TP53), which was found to be mutated in 54% of primary tumors compared with 85% of metastatic tumors (P<.0001). CONCLUSIONS These studies appear to uncover potential pathways that are important in metastatic cSCC and that broaden understanding of the biology contributing to aggressive tumor behavior. These results may lead to new therapeutic strategies. Cancer 2017;123:1184-1193. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Selen Yilmaz
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Hatice Gulcin Ozer
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jessica L Gillespie
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dawn C Allain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pathology, Division of Dermatopathology, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Madison N Bernhardt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Karina Colossi Furlan
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Leticia T F Castro
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sara B Peters
- Department of Pathology, Division of Dermatopathology, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Stephen Y Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - O Hans Iwenofu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute,The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Thomas Olencki
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute,The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Medical Oncology, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Theodoros N Teknos
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute,The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Amanda Ewart Toland
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute,The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Sholl LM, Do K, Shivdasani P, Cerami E, Dubuc AM, Kuo FC, Garcia EP, Jia Y, Davineni P, Abo RP, Pugh TJ, van Hummelen P, Thorner AR, Ducar M, Berger AH, Nishino M, Janeway KA, Church A, Harris M, Ritterhouse LL, Campbell JD, Rojas-Rudilla V, Ligon AH, Ramkissoon S, Cleary JM, Matulonis U, Oxnard GR, Chao R, Tassell V, Christensen J, Hahn WC, Kantoff PW, Kwiatkowski DJ, Johnson BE, Meyerson M, Garraway LA, Shapiro GI, Rollins BJ, Lindeman NI, MacConaill LE. Institutional implementation of clinical tumor profiling on an unselected cancer population. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e87062. [PMID: 27882345 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.87062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND. Comprehensive genomic profiling of a patient's cancer can be used to diagnose, monitor, and recommend treatment. Clinical implementation of tumor profiling in an enterprise-wide, unselected cancer patient population has yet to be reported. METHODS. We deployed a hybrid-capture and massively parallel sequencing assay (OncoPanel) for all adult and pediatric patients at our combined cancer centers. Results were categorized by pathologists based on actionability. We report the results for the first 3,727 patients tested. RESULTS. Our cohort consists of cancer patients unrestricted by disease site or stage. Across all consented patients, half had sufficient and available (>20% tumor) material for profiling; once specimens were received in the laboratory for pathology review, 73% were scored as adequate for genomic testing. When sufficient DNA was obtained, OncoPanel yielded a result in 96% of cases. 73% of patients harbored an actionable or informative alteration; only 19% of these represented a current standard of care for therapeutic stratification. The findings recapitulate those of previous studies of common cancers but also identify alterations, including in AXL and EGFR, associated with response to targeted therapies. In rare cancers, potentially actionable alterations suggest the utility of a "cancer-agnostic" approach in genomic profiling. Retrospective analyses uncovered contextual genomic features that may inform therapeutic response and examples where diagnoses revised by genomic profiling markedly changed clinical management. CONCLUSIONS. Broad sequencing-based testing deployed across an unselected cancer cohort is feasible. Genomic results may alter management in diverse scenarios; however, additional barriers must be overcome to enable precision cancer medicine on a large scale. FUNDING. This work was supported by DFCI, BWH, and the National Cancer Institute (5R33CA155554 and 5K23CA157631).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette M Sholl
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Khanh Do
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Early Drug Discovery Center
| | - Priyanka Shivdasani
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ethan Cerami
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, and
| | - Adrian M Dubuc
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frank C Kuo
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Garcia
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yonghui Jia
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Phani Davineni
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ryan P Abo
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, DFCI, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Aaron R Thorner
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, DFCI, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Ducar
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, DFCI, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alice H Berger
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mizuki Nishino
- Department of Radiology, DFCI and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine A Janeway
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alanna Church
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Marian Harris
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lauren L Ritterhouse
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joshua D Campbell
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vanesa Rojas-Rudilla
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Azra H Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shakti Ramkissoon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James M Cleary
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Early Drug Discovery Center
| | - Ursula Matulonis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Geoffrey R Oxnard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | - William C Hahn
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, DFCI, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Lank Center for Genitourinary Oncology and
| | | | - David J Kwiatkowski
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bruce E Johnson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew Meyerson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, DFCI, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Levi A Garraway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Cancer Precision Medicine, DFCI, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Early Drug Discovery Center
| | - Barrett J Rollins
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI), Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neal I Lindeman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Laura E MacConaill
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, DFCI, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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High-density array-CGH with targeted NGS unmask multiple noncontiguous minute deletions on chromosome 3p21 in mesothelioma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13432-13437. [PMID: 27834213 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1612074113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We used a custom-made comparative genomic hybridization array (aCGH; average probe interval 254 bp) to screen 33 malignant mesothelioma (MM) biopsies for somatic copy number loss throughout the 3p21 region (10.7 Mb) that harbors 251 genes, including BRCA1 (breast cancer 1)-associated protein 1 (BAP1), the most commonly mutated gene in MM. We identified frequent minute biallelic deletions (<3 kb) in 46 of 251 genes: four were cancer-associated genes: SETD2 (SET domain-containing protein 2) (7 of 33), BAP1 (8 of 33), PBRM1 (polybromo 1) (3 of 33), and SMARCC1 (switch/sucrose nonfermentable- SWI/SNF-related, matrix-associated, actin-dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily c, member 1) (2 of 33). These four genes were further investigated by targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS), which revealed sequence-level mutations causing biallelic inactivation. Combined high-density aCGH and tNGS revealed biallelic gene inactivation in SETD2 (9 of 33, 27%), BAP1 (16 of 33, 48%), PBRM1 (5 of 33, 15%), and SMARCC1 (2 of 33, 6%). The incidence of genetic alterations detected is much higher than reported in the literature because minute deletions are not detected by NGS or commercial aCGH. Many of these minute deletions were not contiguous, but rather alternated with segments showing oscillating copy number changes along the 3p21 region. In summary, we found that in MM: (i) multiple minute simultaneous biallelic deletions are frequent in chromosome 3p21, where they occur as distinct events involving multiple genes; (ii) in addition to BAP1, mutations of SETD2, PBRM1, and SMARCC1 are frequent in MM; and (iii) our results suggest that high-density aCGH combined with tNGS provides a more precise estimate of the frequency and types of genes inactivated in human cancer than approaches based exclusively on NGS strategy.
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36
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Tordella L, Khan S, Hohmeyer A, Banito A, Klotz S, Raguz S, Martin N, Dhamarlingam G, Carroll T, González Meljem JM, Deswal S, Martínez-Barbera JP, García-Escudero R, Zuber J, Zender L, Gil J. SWI/SNF regulates a transcriptional program that induces senescence to prevent liver cancer. Genes Dev 2016; 30:2187-2198. [PMID: 27737960 PMCID: PMC5088567 DOI: 10.1101/gad.286112.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Here, Tordella et. al identified senescence regulators relevant to cancer by screening an shRNA library targeting genes deleted in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). They show that knockdown of the SWI/SNF component ARID1B prevents oncogene-induced senescence and cooperates with RAS to induce liver tumors, and their results provide new insights into the mechanisms by which epigenetic regulators can affect tumor progression. Oncogene-induced senescence (OIS) is a potent tumor suppressor mechanism. To identify senescence regulators relevant to cancer, we screened an shRNA library targeting genes deleted in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, we describe how knockdown of the SWI/SNF component ARID1B prevents OIS and cooperates with RAS to induce liver tumors. ARID1B controls p16INK4a and p21CIP1a transcription but also regulates DNA damage, oxidative stress, and p53 induction, suggesting that SWI/SNF uses additional mechanisms to regulate senescence. To systematically identify SWI/SNF targets regulating senescence, we carried out a focused shRNA screen. We discovered several new senescence regulators, including ENTPD7, an enzyme that hydrolyses nucleotides. ENTPD7 affects oxidative stress, DNA damage, and senescence. Importantly, expression of ENTPD7 or inhibition of nucleotide synthesis in ARID1B-depleted cells results in re-establishment of senescence. Our results identify novel mechanisms by which epigenetic regulators can affect tumor progression and suggest that prosenescence therapies could be employed against SWI/SNF-mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Tordella
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sadaf Khan
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Hohmeyer
- Division of Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumours, Department of Internal Medicine I, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ana Banito
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Sabrina Klotz
- Division of Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumours, Department of Internal Medicine I, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Selina Raguz
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Nadine Martin
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Gopuraja Dhamarlingam
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Carroll
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - José Mario González Meljem
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Sumit Deswal
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juan Pedro Martínez-Barbera
- Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, Birth Defects Research Centre, University College London Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ramón García-Escudero
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Zuber
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lars Zender
- Division of Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumours, Department of Internal Medicine I, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jesús Gil
- MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.,Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Pruitt K. Molecular and Cellular Changes During Cancer Progression Resulting From Genetic and Epigenetic Alterations. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 144:3-47. [PMID: 27865461 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a complex process that involves a persistent dismantling of cellular safeguards and checkpoints. These molecular and cellular changes that accumulate over months or decades lead to a change in the fundamental identity of a cell as it transitions from normal to malignant. In this chapter, we will examine some of the molecular changes in the evolving relationship between the genome and epigenome and highlight some of the key changes that occur as normal cells progress to tumor cells. For many years tumorigenesis was almost exclusively attributed to mutations in protein-coding genes. This notion that mutations in protein-coding genes were a fundamental driver of tumorigenesis enabled the development of several novel therapeutics that targeted the mutant protein or overactive pathway responsible for driving a significant portion of the tumor growth. However, because many therapeutic challenges remained in the face of these advances, it was clear that other pieces to the puzzle had yet to be discovered. Advances in molecular and genomics techniques continued and the study of epigenetics began to expand and helped reshape the view that drivers of tumorigenesis extended beyond mutations in protein-coding genes. Studies in the field of epigenetics began to identify aberrant epigenetic marks which created altered chromatin structures and enabled protein expression in tissues that defied rules governing tissue-specificity. Not only were epigenetic alterations found to enable overexpression of proto-oncogenes, they also led to the silencing of tumor suppressor genes. With these discoveries, it became clear that tumor growth could be stimulated by much more than mutations in protein-coding genes. In fact, it became increasingly clear that much of the human genome, while transcribed, did not lead to proteins. This discovery further led to studies that began to uncover the role of noncoding RNAs in regulating chromatin structure, gene transcription, and tumor biology. In this chapter, some of the key alterations in the genome and epigenome will be explored, and some of the cancer therapies that were developed as a result of these discoveries will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pruitt
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States.
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38
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Choi EJ, Kim MS, Song SY, Yoo NJ, Lee SH. Intratumoral Heterogeneity of Frameshift Mutations in MECOM Gene is Frequent in Colorectal Cancers with High Microsatellite Instability. Pathol Oncol Res 2016; 23:145-149. [DOI: 10.1007/s12253-016-0112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cobimetinib combined with vemurafenib is a new approved MEK inhibitor for first line treatment of metastatic melanoma patients with BRAF V600 mutations. It improves tumor response rates and progression free survival compared to vemurafenib alone, while decreasing toxicities due to the paradoxical activation of the MAPK signaling pathway. AREAS COVERED This review covers the pharmacology, efficacy, and toxicity data derived from clinical and preclinical studies on cobimetinib. It also reports ongoing trials evaluating cobimetinib to better understand future developments for this drug. EXPERT OPINION The combination of cobimetinib and vemurafenib seems to be more toxic than the combination therapy dabrafenib and trametinib even if these four drugs have never been compared in a randomized trial. The future of this combination depends on its capacity to be combined simultaneously or sequentially with immune based therapies to improve the durability of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Boespflug
- a Dermatology Unit , Hospices Civils de Lyon , Lyon , France.,b INSERM U1052 , Cancer Research Center of Lyon , Lyon , France.,c CNRS UMR 5286 , Cancer Research Center of Lyon , Lyon , France.,d Université Lyon1 , Department of Medecine , Lyon , France
| | - Luc Thomas
- a Dermatology Unit , Hospices Civils de Lyon , Lyon , France.,b INSERM U1052 , Cancer Research Center of Lyon , Lyon , France.,c CNRS UMR 5286 , Cancer Research Center of Lyon , Lyon , France.,d Université Lyon1 , Department of Medecine , Lyon , France
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40
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Giaccia AJ. A New Chromatin-Cytoskeleton Link in Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:1173-1175. [PMID: 27528705 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The set domain containing 2 (SETD2) histone methyltransferase, located at 3p2, specifically trimethylates lysine 36 of histone H3 (H3K36me3). H3K36me3 is an active mark involved in transcriptional elongation and RNA processing and a key regulator of DNA repair. In fact, SETD2 is the only methyltransferase that "writes" the H3K36me3 mark. Recent results from Park and colleagues have found a new role for SETD2 in the methylation of K40 of α-tubulin. Loss of SETD2 abolishes methylation of K40 of α-tubulin and results in a dysfunctional mitotic spindle and abnormalities in cytokinesis. Thus, SETD2 links chromatin and cytoskeleton homeostasis through its methyltransferase activity. These studies have important implications on the role of SETD2 mutations in promoting genomic instability and tumor progression. Mol Cancer Res; 14(12); 1173-5. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amato J Giaccia
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California.
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41
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Hodges C, Kirkland JG, Crabtree GR. The Many Roles of BAF (mSWI/SNF) and PBAF Complexes in Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2016; 6:cshperspect.a026930. [PMID: 27413115 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, a host of epigenetic mechanisms were found to contribute to cancer and other human diseases. Several genomic studies have revealed that ∼20% of malignancies have alterations of the subunits of polymorphic BRG-/BRM-associated factor (BAF) and Polybromo-associated BAF (PBAF) complexes, making them among the most frequently mutated complexes in cancer. Recurrent mutations arise in genes encoding several BAF/PBAF subunits, including ARID1A, ARID2, PBRM1, SMARCA4, and SMARCB1 These subunits share some degree of conservation with subunits from related adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes in model organisms, in which a large body of work provides insight into their roles in cancer. Here, we review the roles of BAF- and PBAF-like complexes in these organisms, and relate these findings to recent discoveries in cancer epigenomics. We review several roles of BAF and PBAF complexes in cancer, including transcriptional regulation, DNA repair, and regulation of chromatin architecture and topology. More recent results highlight the need for new techniques to study these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Hodges
- Departments of Pathology, Developmental Biology, and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Jacob G Kirkland
- Departments of Pathology, Developmental Biology, and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Gerald R Crabtree
- Departments of Pathology, Developmental Biology, and Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
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42
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Shields BD, Tackett AJ, Shalin SC. Proteomics and melanoma: a current perspective. GLOBAL DERMATOLOGY 2016; 3:366-370. [PMID: 30214824 PMCID: PMC6133306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics is the study of the protein complement of the genome, and this powerful technique complements genomic studies. Proteomic experiments result in the generation of large volumes of data requiring complicated analysis algorithms and subsequent confirmatory studies. Until recently, technological limitations of experimental protocols precluded the use of formalin-fixed tissues for these types of studies. Recent advances have allowed the use of valuable archived patient tissue samples in proteomic research, resulting in an opportunity to perform cutting edge translational research. The field of melanoma research stands to benefit greatly from collaboration between dermatopathologists and proteomic scientists. This article seeks to: 1) describe proteomics for dermatologists and pathologists, including the tools used in proteomic research, and 2) convey a historical account of proteomic studies within the field of melanoma followed by a discussion on how recent advances are informing current studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D Shields
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Alan J Tackett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sara C Shalin
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,Correspondence to: Sara C Shalin, MD, PhD, Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA, Tel: 501-686-8007;
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43
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Gomes CBF, Zechin KG, Xu S, Stelini RF, Nishimoto IN, Zhan Q, Xu T, Qin G, Treister NS, Murphy GF, Lian CG. TET2 Negatively Regulates Nestin Expression in Human Melanoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:1427-34. [PMID: 27102770 PMCID: PMC4901139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although melanoma is an aggressive cancer, the understanding of the virulence-conferring pathways involved remains incomplete. We have demonstrated that loss of ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenase (TET2)-mediated 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC) is an epigenetic driver of melanoma growth and a biomarker of clinical virulence. We also have determined that the intermediate filament protein nestin correlates with tumorigenic and invasive melanoma growth. Here we examine the relationships between these two biomarkers. Immunohistochemistry staining of nestin and 5-hmC in 53 clinically annotated primary and metastatic patient melanomas revealed a significant negative correlation. Restoration of 5-hmC, as assessed in a human melanoma cell line by introducing full-length TET2 and TET2-mutated constructs, decreased nestin gene and protein expression in vitro. Genome-wide mapping using hydroxymethylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing disclosed significantly less 5-hmC binding in the 3' untranslated region of the nestin gene in melanoma compared to nevi, and 5-hmC binding in this region was significantly increased after TET2 overexpression in human melanoma cells in vitro. Our findings provide evidence suggesting that nestin regulation is negatively controlled epigenetically by TET2 via 5-hmC binding at the 3' untranslated region of the nestin gene, providing one potential pathway for understanding melanoma growth characteristics. Studies are now indicated to further define the interplay between 5-hmC, nestin expression, and melanoma virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla B F Gomes
- Program in Oral Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil; Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Karina G Zechin
- Program in Oral Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Shuyun Xu
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rafael F Stelini
- Department of Pathology, Medical Sciences School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Ines N Nishimoto
- Department of Head and Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Qian Zhan
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ting Xu
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gungwei Qin
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nathaniel S Treister
- Division of Oral Medicine and Dentistry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - George F Murphy
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Christine G Lian
- Program in Dermatopathology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Cacabelos R, Torrellas C. Epigenetics of Aging and Alzheimer's Disease: Implications for Pharmacogenomics and Drug Response. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:30483-543. [PMID: 26703582 PMCID: PMC4691177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic variability (DNA methylation/demethylation, histone modifications, microRNA regulation) is common in physiological and pathological conditions. Epigenetic alterations are present in different tissues along the aging process and in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Epigenetics affect life span and longevity. AD-related genes exhibit epigenetic changes, indicating that epigenetics might exert a pathogenic role in dementia. Epigenetic modifications are reversible and can potentially be targeted by pharmacological intervention. Epigenetic drugs may be useful for the treatment of major problems of health (e.g., cancer, cardiovascular disorders, brain disorders). The efficacy and safety of these and other medications depend upon the efficiency of the pharmacogenetic process in which different clusters of genes (pathogenic, mechanistic, metabolic, transporter, pleiotropic) are involved. Most of these genes are also under the influence of the epigenetic machinery. The information available on the pharmacoepigenomics of most drugs is very limited; however, growing evidence indicates that epigenetic changes are determinant in the pathogenesis of many medical conditions and in drug response and drug resistance. Consequently, pharmacoepigenetic studies should be incorporated in drug development and personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, 15165-Bergondo, Corunna, Spain.
- Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692-Madrid, Spain.
| | - Clara Torrellas
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Medical Science and Genomic Medicine, 15165-Bergondo, Corunna, Spain.
- Chair of Genomic Medicine, Camilo José Cela University, 28692-Madrid, Spain.
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