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Liu J, Min S, Kim D, Park J, Park E, Koh Y, Shin DY, Kim TK, Byun JM, Yoon SS, Hong J. Epigenetic priming improves salvage chemotherapy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma via endogenous retrovirus-induced cGAS-STING activation. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:75. [PMID: 37138342 PMCID: PMC10155448 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01493-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although most patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) achieve complete remission after first-line rituximab-containing immunochemotherapy, up to 40% of patients relapse and require salvage therapy. Among those patients, a substantial proportion remain refractory to salvage therapy due to insufficient efficacy or intolerance of toxicities. A hypomethylating agent, 5-azacytidine, showed a chemosensitizing effect when primed before chemotherapy in lymphoma cell lines and newly diagnosed DLBCL patients. However, its potential to improve outcomes of salvage chemotherapy in DLBCL has not been investigated. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated the mechanism of 5-azacytidine priming as a chemosensitizer in a platinum-based salvage regimen. This chemosensitizing effect was associated with endogenous retrovirus (ERV)-induced viral mimicry responses via the cGAS-STING axis. We found deficiency of cGAS impaired the chemosensitizing effect of 5-azacytidine. Furthermore, combining vitamin C and 5-azacytidine to synergistically activate STING could be a potential remedy for insufficient priming induced by 5-azacytidine alone. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the chemosensitizing effect of 5-azacytidine could be exploited to overcome the limitations of the current platinum-containing salvage chemotherapy in DLBCL and the status of cGAS-STING has the potential to predict the efficacy of 5-azacytidine priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Min
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongchan Kim
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Park
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunchae Park
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngil Koh
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Yeop Shin
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kon Kim
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ja Min Byun
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Soo Yoon
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junshik Hong
- Center for Medical Innovation, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Alexandraki A, Strati K. Decitabine Treatment Induces a Viral Mimicry Response in Cervical Cancer Cells and Further Sensitizes Cells to Chemotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214042. [PMID: 36430521 PMCID: PMC9692951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the anti-cancer, chemosensitizing and/or immunomodulating effects of decitabine (DAC) to be used as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of cervical cancer (CC). METHODS Cervical cancer cell lines were treated with low doses of DAC treatment used as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy. End-point in vitro assays were developed as indicators of the anti-cancer and/or immunomodulating effects of DAC treatment in CC cells. These assays include cell viability, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis, induction of a viral-mimicry response pathway, expression of MHC-class I and PD-L1 and chemosensitivity. RESULTS High and low doses of DAC treatment induced reduction in cell viability in HeLa (HPV18+), CaSki (HPV16+) and C33A (HPV-) cells. Specifically, a time-dependent reduction in cell viability of HeLa and CaSki cells was observed accompanied by robust cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and alterations in the cell cycle distribution. Decrease in cell viability was also observed in a non-transformed immortal keratinocyte (HaCat) suggesting a non-cancer specific target effect. DAC treatment also triggered a viral mimicry response through long-term induction of cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and activation of downstream IFN-related genes in both HPV+ and HPV- cells. In addition, DAC treatment increased the number of CC cells expressing MHC-class I and PD-L1. Furthermore, DAC significantly increased the proportion of early and late apoptotic CC cells quantified using FACS. Our combination treatments showed that low dose DAC treatment sensitizes cells to chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Low doses of DAC treatment promotes robust induction of a viral mimicry response, immunomodulating and chemosensitizing effects in CC, indicating its promising therapeutic role in CC in vitro.
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Carboplatin and decitabine loaded lipid-coated albumin nanoparticles for an efficient treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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van der Westhuizen A, Lyle M, Graves MC, Zhu X, Wong JWH, Cornall K, Ren S, Pugliese L, Levy R, Majid A, Vilain RE, Bowden NA. Repurposing Azacitidine and Carboplatin to Prime Immune Checkpoint Blockade-resistant Melanoma for Anti-PD-L1 Rechallenge. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:814-826. [PMID: 36923309 PMCID: PMC10010343 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Drug repurposing offers the opportunity for chemotherapy to be used to reestablish sensitivity to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Here we investigated the clinical and translational aspects of an early phase II study of azacitidine and carboplatin priming for anti-PDL1 immunotherapy (avelumab) in patients with advanced ICB-resistant melanoma. Experimental Design A total of 20 participants with ICB-resistant metastatic melanoma received 2 × 4-week cycles of azacitidine and carboplatin followed by ICB rechallenge with anti-PD-L1 avelumab. The primary objective was overall response rate after priming and ICB rechallenge. Secondary objectives were clinical benefit rate (CBR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Translational correlation analysis of HLA-A and PD-L1 expression, RNA sequencing, and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing of biopsies at baseline, after priming and after six cycles of avelmuab was performed. Results The overall response rate (ORR) determined after azacitidine and carboplatin priming was 10% (2/20) with two partial responses (PR). The ORR determined after priming followed by six cycles of avelumab (week 22) was 10%, with 2 of 20 participants achieving immune partial response (iPR). The CBR for azacitidine and carboplatin priming was 65% (13/20) and after priming followed by six cycles of avelumab CBR was 35% (n = 7/20). The median PFS was 18.0 weeks [95% confidence interval (CI): 14.87-21.13 weeks] and the median OS was 47.86 weeks (95% CI: 9.67-86.06 weeks). Translational correlation analysis confirmed HLA-A generally increased after priming with azacitidine and carboplatin, particularly if it was absent at the start of treatment. Average methylation of CpGs across the HLA-A locus was decreased after priming and T cells, in particular CD8+, showed the greatest increase in infiltration. Conclusions Priming with azacitidine and carboplatin can induce disease stabilization and resensitization to ICB for metastatic melanoma. Significance There are limited treatments for melanoma once resistance to ICB occurs. Chemotherapy induces immune-related responses and may be repurposed to reinstate the response to ICB. This study provides the first evidence that chemotherapy can provide clinical benefit and increase OS for ICB-resistant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre van der Westhuizen
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- Corresponding Authors: Nikola A. Bowden, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, c/o – University Dr, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia. Phone: 612-4042-0277; E-mail: ; and Andre van der Westhuizen,
| | - Megan Lyle
- Liz Plummer Cancer Centre, Cairns Hospital, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Moira C. Graves
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Xiaoqiang Zhu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jason W. H. Wong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
| | - Kerrie Cornall
- Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Shu Ren
- Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Leanna Pugliese
- Department of Medical Oncology, Calvary Mater Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard Levy
- Department of Surgery, Calvary Mater Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Adeeb Majid
- Department of Surgery, Calvary Mater Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Ricardo E. Vilain
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Pathology North, NSW Health Pathology, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Nikola A. Bowden
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine and Public Health, College of Health, Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Corresponding Authors: Nikola A. Bowden, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, c/o – University Dr, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia. Phone: 612-4042-0277; E-mail: ; and Andre van der Westhuizen,
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5
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Gu D, Dong K, Jiang A, Jiang S, Fu Z, Bao Y, Huang F, Yang C, Wang L. PBRM1 Deficiency Sensitizes Renal Cancer Cells to DNMT Inhibitor 5-Fluoro-2'-Deoxycytidine. Front Oncol 2022; 12:870229. [PMID: 35719970 PMCID: PMC9204009 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.870229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PBRM1 is a tumor suppressor frequently mutated in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. However, no effective targeted therapies exist for ccRCC with PBRM1 loss. To identify novel therapeutic approaches to targeting PBRM1-deficient renal cancers, we employed a synthetic lethality compound screening in isogenic PBRM1+/+ and PBRM1-/- 786-O renal tumor cells and found that a DNMT inhibitor 5-Fluoro-2’-deoxycytidine (Fdcyd) selectively inhibit PBRM1-deficient tumor growth. RCC cells lacking PBRM1 show enhanced DNA damage response, which leads to sensitivity to DNA toxic drugs. Fdcyd treatment not only induces DNA damage, but also re-activated a pro-apoptotic factor XAF1 and further promotes the genotoxic stress-induced PBRM1-deficient cell death. This study shows a novel synthetic lethality interaction between PBRM1 loss and Fdcyd treatment and indicates that DNMT inhibitor represents a novel strategy for treating ccRCC with PBRM1 loss-of-function mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Gu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Dong
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aimin Jiang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoqin Jiang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Urology, Fujian Union Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhibin Fu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yewei Bao
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuzhao Huang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenghua Yang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Linhui Wang
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Steinbügl M, Nemes K, Johann P, Kröncke T, Tüchert S, da Costa MJG, Ebinger M, Schüller U, Sehested A, Hauser P, Reinhard H, Sumerauer D, Hettmer S, Jakob M, Hasselblatt M, Siebert R, Witt O, Gerss J, Kerl K, Frühwald MC. Clinical evidence for a biological effect of epigenetically active decitabine in relapsed or progressive rhabdoid tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e29267. [PMID: 34347371 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refined therapy has helped to improve survival rates in rhabdoid tumors (RT). Prognosis for patients with chemoresistant, recurrent, or progressive RT remains dismal. Although decitabine, an epigenetically active agent, has mainly been evaluated in the management of hematologic malignancies in adults, safety in children has also been demonstrated repeatedly. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective series of patients who received decitabine upon relapse or progression following therapy according to the EU-RHAB regimen is presented. Due to the retrospective nature of analyses, response was defined as measurable regression of at least one lesion on imaging. 850k methylation profiling was done whenever tumor tissue was available. RESULTS A total of 22 patients with RT of any anatomical localization were included. Most patients (19/22) presented with metastases. All received low-dose decitabine with or preceding conventional chemotherapy. Patients received a median of two (1-6) courses of decitabine; 27.3% (6/22) demonstrated a radiological response. Molecular analyses revealed increased methylation levels in tumors from responders. No excessive toxicity was observed. Clinical benefits for responders included eligibility for early phase trials or local therapy. Responders showed prolonged time to progression and overall survival. Due to small sample size, statistical correction for survivorship bias demonstrated no significant effect on survival for responders. CONCLUSIONS Patients with RT demonstrate promising signs of antitumor activity after multiagent relapse therapy including decitabine. Analyses of methylation data suggest a specific effect on an epigenetic level. We propose to consider decitabine and other epigenetic drugs as candidates for further clinical investigations in RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Steinbügl
- University Medical Center Augsburg, Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Swabian Children's Cancer Center, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Karolina Nemes
- University Medical Center Augsburg, Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Swabian Children's Cancer Center, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Johann
- University Medical Center Augsburg, Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Swabian Children's Cancer Center, Augsburg, Germany.,Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kröncke
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tüchert
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Maria Joao Gil da Costa
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Division, University Hospital S. João Alameda Hernani Monteiro, Porto, Portugal
| | - Martin Ebinger
- Department of General Pediatrics, Hematology and Oncology, Children's University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Sehested
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Hauser
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Harald Reinhard
- Department of Pediatrics, Asklepios Kinderklinik Sankt Augustin, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - David Sumerauer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Simone Hettmer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Jakob
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Hospital of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Hasselblatt
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Reiner Siebert
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm and Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Olaf Witt
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joachim Gerss
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Münster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Kornelius Kerl
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Children's Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael C Frühwald
- University Medical Center Augsburg, Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Swabian Children's Cancer Center, Augsburg, Germany
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Boonmee A, Benjaskulluecha S, Kueanjinda P, Wongprom B, Pattarakankul T, Palaga T. The chemotherapeutic drug carboplatin affects macrophage responses to LPS and LPS tolerance via epigenetic modifications. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21574. [PMID: 34732786 PMCID: PMC8566489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Following re-exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), macrophages exhibit an immunosuppressive state known as LPS tolerance, which is characterized by repressed proinflammatory cytokine production. LPS-induced tolerance in macrophages is mediated in part by epigenetic changes. Carboplatin, an anticancer chemotherapeutic drug, exerts its effect by inhibiting DNA replication and transcription, as well as through epigenetic modifications. Through an unbiased screen, we found that carboplatin rescued TNF-α and IL-6 production in LPS-tolerant macrophages. Transcriptomic analysis and gene set enrichment analyses revealed that p53 was one of the most significantly upregulated hallmarks in both LPS-primed and LPS-tolerant macrophages in the presence of carboplatin, while E2F and G2/M were the most negatively regulated hallmarks. Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1-α), which is associated with gene silencing, was significantly reduced in carboplatin-treated LPS-tolerant macrophages at the mRNA and protein levels. Dynamic changes in the mRNA level of genes encoding H3K9me3 methyltransferases, setdb2, kdm4d, and suv39h1 were induced in the presence of carboplatin in LPS-tolerant macrophages. Taken together, we provide evidence that carboplatin treatment interferes with proinflammatory cytokine production during the acute LPS response and LPS tolerance in macrophages, possibly via H3K9me3 modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsadang Boonmee
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Salisa Benjaskulluecha
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Inter-Disciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patipark Kueanjinda
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Benjawan Wongprom
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thitiporn Pattarakankul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tanapat Palaga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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8
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Novel Approaches to Epigenetic Therapies: From Drug Combinations to Epigenetic Editing. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12020208. [PMID: 33572577 PMCID: PMC7911730 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer development involves both genetic and epigenetic alterations. Aberrant epigenetic modifications are reversible, allowing excellent opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Nowadays, several epigenetic drugs are used worldwide to treat, e.g., myelodysplastic syndromes and leukemias. However, overcoming resistance and widening the therapeutic profiles are the most important challenges faced by traditional epigenetic drugs. Recently, novel approaches to epigenetic therapies have been proposed. Next-generation epigenetic drugs, with longer half-life and better bioavailability, are being developed and tested. Since epigenetic phenomena are interdependent, treatment modalities include co-administration of two different epigenetic drugs. In order to sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy, epigenetic drugs are administered prior to chemotherapy, or both epigenetic drug and chemotherapy are used together to achieve synergistic effects and maximize treatment efficacy. The combinations of epigenetic drug with immunotherapy are being tested, because they have proved to enhance antitumor immune responses. The next approach involves targeting the metabolic causes of epigenetic changes, i.e., enzymes which, when mutated, produce oncometabolites. Finally, epigenome editing makes it possible to modify individual chromatin marks at a defined region with unprecedented specificity and efficiency. This review summarizes the above attempts in fulfilling the promise of epigenetic drugs in the effective cancer treatment.
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9
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Macpherson AM, Barry SC, Ricciardelli C, Oehler MK. Epithelial Ovarian Cancer and the Immune System: Biology, Interactions, Challenges and Potential Advances for Immunotherapy. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2967. [PMID: 32937961 PMCID: PMC7564553 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of immune function and the interactions with tumour cells have led to the development of various cancer immunotherapies and strategies for specific cancer types. However, despite some stunning successes with some malignancies such as melanomas and lung cancer, most patients receive little or no benefit from immunotherapy, which has been attributed to the tumour microenvironment and immune evasion. Although the US Food and Drug Administration have approved immunotherapies for some cancers, to date, only the anti-angiogenic antibody bevacizumab is approved for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. Immunotherapeutic strategies for ovarian cancer are still under development and being tested in numerous clinical trials. A detailed understanding of the interactions between cancer and the immune system is vital for optimisation of immunotherapies either alone or when combined with chemotherapy and other therapies. This article, in two main parts, provides an overview of: (1) components of the normal immune system and current knowledge regarding tumour immunology, biology and their interactions; (2) strategies, and targets, together with challenges and potential innovative approaches for cancer immunotherapy, with attention given to epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Macpherson
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (A.M.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Simon C. Barry
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia;
| | - Carmela Ricciardelli
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (A.M.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Martin K. Oehler
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (A.M.M.); (C.R.)
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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10
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Chovanec M, Taza F, Kalra M, Hahn N, Nephew KP, Spinella MJ, Albany C. Incorporating DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitors (DNMTis) in the Treatment of Genitourinary Malignancies: A Systematic Review. Target Oncol 2019; 13:49-60. [PMID: 29230671 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-017-0546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) has emerged as a novel treatment strategy in solid tumors. Aberrant hypermethylation in promoters of critical tumor suppressor genes is the basis for the idea that treatment with hypomethylating agents may lead to the restoration of a "normal" epigenome and produce clinically meaningful therapeutic outcomes. The aim of this review article is to summarize the current state of knowledge of DNMT inhibitors in the treatment of genitourinary malignancies. The efficacy of these agents in genitourinary malignancies was reported in a number of studies and suggests a role of induced DNA hypomethylation in overcoming resistance to conventional cytotoxic treatments. The clinical significance of these findings should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Chovanec
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Fadi Taza
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Maitri Kalra
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Noah Hahn
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth P Nephew
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Michael J Spinella
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Costantine Albany
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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11
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do Amaral GCLS, Planello AC, Borgato G, de Lima DG, Guimarães GN, Marques MR, de Souza AP. 5-Aza-CdR promotes partial MGMT demethylation and modifies expression of different genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2019; 127:425-432. [PMID: 30827853 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Treatment strategies for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) vary, depending on the stage of diagnosis. Surgery and radiotherapy are options for localized lesions for stage I patients, whereas chemotherapy is the main treatment for metastatic OSCC. However, aggressive tumors can relapse, frequently causing death. In an attempt to address this, novel treatment protocols using drugs that alter the epigenetic profile have emerged as an alternative to control tumor growth and metastasis. Therefore, the objective in this study was to investigate the effect of the demethylating drug 5-aza-CdR in SCC9 OSCC cells. STUDY DESIGN SCC9 cells were treated with 5-Aza-CdR at concentrations of 0.3μM and 2μM for 24hours and 48hours. DNA methylation of the MGMT, BRCA1, APC, c-MYC, and hTERT genes were investigated by using the methylation-specific high-resolution melting technique. Real time-polymerase chain reaction and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to analyze gene expression. RESULTS 5-Aza-CdR promoted demethylation of MGMT and modified the transcription of all analyzed genes. Curiously, 5-aza-CdR at the concentration of 0.3μM was more efficient than 2μM in SCC9 cells. CONCLUSIONS We observed that 5-aza-CdR led to MGMT demethylation, upregulated the transcription of 3 important tumor suppressor genes, and promoted the downregulation of c-Myc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme C L S do Amaral
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, FOP, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Aline C Planello
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, FOP, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriell Borgato
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, FOP, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Dieila Giomo de Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, FOP, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo N Guimarães
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, FOP, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Rocha Marques
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, FOP, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula de Souza
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Morphology, Piracicaba Dental School, FOP, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil.
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12
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Chen M, Nie J, Liu Y, Li X, Zhang Y, Brock MV, Feng K, Wu Z, Li X, Shi L, Li S, Guo M, Mei Q, Han W. Phase Ib/II study of safety and efficacy of low-dose decitabine-primed chemoimmunotherapy in patients with drug-resistant relapsed/refractory alimentary tract cancer. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:1530-1540. [PMID: 29663379 PMCID: PMC6099263 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pressing need for improved therapeutic outcomes provides a good rationale for identifying effective strategies for alimentary tract (AT) cancer treatment. The potential re-sensitivity property to chemo- and immunotherapy of low-dose decitabine has been evident both preclinically and in previous phase I trials. We conducted a phase Ib/II trial evaluating low-dose decitabine-primed chemoimmunotherapy in patients with drug-resistant relapsed/refractory (R/R) esophageal, gastric or colorectal cancers. Forty-five patients received either the 5-day decitabine treatment with subsequent readministration of the previously resistant chemotherapy (decitabine-primed chemotherapy, D-C cohort) or the aforementioned regimen followed by cytokine-induced killer cells therapy (D-C and cytokine-induced killer [CIK] cell treatment, D-C + CIK cohort) based on their treatment history. Grade 3 to 4 adverse events (AEs) were reported in 11 (24.4%) of 45 patients. All AEs were controllable, and no patient experienced a treatment-related death. The objective response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) were 24.44% and 82.22%, respectively, including two patients who achieved durable complete responses. Clinical response could be associated with treatment-free interval and initial surgical resection history. ORR and DCR reached 28% and 92%, respectively, in the D-C + CIK cohort. Consistently, the progression-free survival (PFS) of the D-C + CIK cohort compared favorably to the best PFS of the pre-resistant unprimed therapy (p = 0.0001). The toxicity and ORRs exhibited were non-significantly different between cancer types and treatment cohort. The safety and efficacy of decitabine-primed re-sensitization to chemoimmunotherapy is attractive and promising. These data warrant further large-scale evaluation of drug-resistant R/R AT cancer patients with advanced stage disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/drug therapy
- Adenocarcinoma/immunology
- Adenocarcinoma/secondary
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/secondary
- Cells, Cultured
- Cohort Studies
- Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells/drug effects
- Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells/immunology
- Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells/pathology
- Decitabine/therapeutic use
- Digestive System/drug effects
- Digestive System/immunology
- Digestive System/pathology
- Digestive System Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Digestive System Neoplasms/immunology
- Digestive System Neoplasms/pathology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/drug therapy
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Prognosis
- Salvage Therapy
- Survival Rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bio‐therapeuticInstitute of Basic Medicine, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bio‐therapeuticInstitute of Basic Medicine, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bio‐therapeuticInstitute of Basic Medicine, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bio‐therapeuticInstitute of Basic Medicine, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bio‐therapeuticInstitute of Basic Medicine, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | | | - Kaichao Feng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bio‐therapeuticInstitute of Basic Medicine, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bio‐therapeuticInstitute of Basic Medicine, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bio‐therapeuticInstitute of Basic Medicine, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Lu Shi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bio‐therapeuticInstitute of Basic Medicine, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Li
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bio‐therapeuticInstitute of Basic Medicine, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Mingzhou Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology and HepatologyChinese PLA General HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Qian Mei
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bio‐therapeuticInstitute of Basic Medicine, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Han
- Department of Molecular Biology and Bio‐therapeuticInstitute of Basic Medicine, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijingPeople's Republic of China
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13
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Abstract
Targeting DNA hypermethylation, using nucleoside analogs, is an efficient approach to reprogram cancer cell epigenome leading to reduced proliferation, increased differentiation, recognition by the immune system, and ultimately cancer cell death. DNA methyltransferase inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and acute myelogenous leukemia. To improve clinical efficacy and overcome mechanisms of drug resistance, a second generation of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors has been designed and is currently in clinical trials. Although efficient in monotherapy against hematologic malignancies, the potential of DNA methyltransferase inhibitors to synergize with small molecules targeting chromatin or immunotherapy will provide additional opportunities for their future clinical application against leukemia and solid tumors.
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14
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Overman MJ, Morris V, Moinova H, Manyam G, Ensor J, Lee MS, Eng C, Kee B, Fogelman D, Shroff RT, LaFramboise T, Mazard T, Feng T, Hamilton S, Broom B, Lutterbaugh J, Issa JP, Markowitz SD, Kopetz S. Phase I/II study of azacitidine and capecitabine/oxaliplatin (CAPOX) in refractory CIMP-high metastatic colorectal cancer: evaluation of circulating methylated vimentin. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67495-67506. [PMID: 27542211 PMCID: PMC5341892 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hypermethylation of promoter CpG islands (CIMP) has been strongly implicated in chemotherapy resistance and is implicated in the pathogenesis of a subset of colorectal cancers (CRCs) termed CIMP-high. Experimental Design This phase I/II study in CRC (phase II portion restricted to CIMP-high CRC), treated fluoropyrimidine/oxaliplatin refractory patients with azacitidine (75 mg/m2/day subcutaneously D1-5) and CAPOX (capecitibine and oxaliplatin) every three weeks. Results Twenty-six patients (pts) were enrolled in this study: 15 pts (12 treated at MTD) in phase I and 11 pts in phase II. No dose limiting toxicities were observed. A total of 14 pts were CIMP-high. No responses were seen. CIMP-high status did not correlate with efficacy endpoints [stable disease (SD) or progression-free survival (PFS)] or baseline vimentin methylation level. Changes in vimentin methylation over time did not correlate with efficacy outcomes. Baseline methylated vimentin correlated with tumor volume (P<0.001) and higher levels of baseline methylation correlated with the obtainment of stable disease (P=0.04). Conclusions Azacitidine and CAPOX were well tolerated with high rates of stable disease in CIMP-high pts, but no objective responses. Serum methylated vimentin may be associated with benefit from a regimen including a hypomethylation agent, although this study is not able to separate a potential prognostic or predictive role for the biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Overman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Van Morris
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helen Moinova
- Department of Medicine and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University and Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ganiraju Manyam
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joe Ensor
- Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael S Lee
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cathy Eng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bryan Kee
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Fogelman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rachna T Shroff
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas LaFramboise
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Thibault Mazard
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tian Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stanley Hamilton
- Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bradley Broom
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - James Lutterbaugh
- Department of Medicine and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University and Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre Issa
- Fels Institute for Cancer and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sanford D Markowitz
- Department of Medicine and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University and Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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15
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Jelinek J, Madzo J. DREAM: A Simple Method for DNA Methylation Profiling by High-throughput Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1465:111-27. [PMID: 27581143 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-4011-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The digital restriction enzyme analysis of methylation (DREAM) is a simple method for DNA methylation analysis at tens of thousands of CpG sites across the genome. The method creates specific signatures at unmethylated and methylated CpG sites by sequential digests of genomic DNA with restriction endonucleases SmaI and XmaI, respectively. Both enzymes have the same CCCGGG recognition site; however, they differ in their sensitivity to CpG methylation and their cutting pattern. SmaI cuts only unmethylated sites leaving blunt 5'-GGG ends. XmaI cuts remaining methylated CC(me)CGG sites leaving 5'-CCGGG ends. Restriction fragments with distinct signatures at their ends are ligated to Illumina sequencing adaptors with sample-specific barcodes. High-throughput sequencing of pooled libraries follows. Sequencing reads are mapped to the restriction sites in the reference genome, and signatures corresponding to methylation status of individual DNA molecules are resolved. Methylation levels at target CpG sites are calculated as the proportion of sequencing reads with the methylated signature to the total number of reads mapping to the particular restriction site. Aligning the reads to the reference genome of any species is straightforward, since the method does not rely on bisulfite conversion of DNA. Sequencing of 25 million reads per human DNA library yields over 50,000 unique CpG sites with high coverage enabling accurate determination of DNA methylation levels. DREAM has a background less than 1 % making it suitable for accurate detection of low methylation levels. In summary, the method is simple, robust, highly reproducible, and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Jelinek
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3307 North Broad Street, Rm 339 F, PAHB, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Jozef Madzo
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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16
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Budden T, van der Westhuizen A, Bowden NA. Sequential decitabine and carboplatin treatment increases the DNA repair protein XPC, increases apoptosis and decreases proliferation in melanoma. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:100. [PMID: 29373959 PMCID: PMC5787239 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanoma has two key features, an over-representation of UV-induced mutations and resistance to DNA damaging chemotherapy agents. Both of these features may result from dysfunction of the nucleotide excision repair pathway, in particular the DNA damage detection branch, global genome repair (GGR). The key GGR component XPC does not respond to DNA damage in melanoma, the cause of this lack of response has not been investigated. In this study, we investigated the role of methylation in reduced XPC in melanoma. METHODS To reduce methylation and induce DNA-damage, melanoma cell lines were treated with decitabine and carboplatin, individually and sequentially. Global DNA methylation levels, XPC mRNA and protein expression and methylation of the XPC promoter were examined. Apoptosis, cell proliferation and senescence were also quantified. XPC siRNA was used to determine that the responses seen were reliant on XPC induction. RESULTS Treatment with high-dose decitabine resulted in global demethylation, including the the shores of the XPC CpG island and significantly increased XPC mRNA expression. Lower, clinically relevant dose of decitabine also resulted in global demethylation including the CpG island shores and induced XPC in 50% of cell lines. Decitabine followed by DNA-damaging carboplatin treatment led to significantly higher XPC expression in 75% of melanoma cell lines tested. Combined sequential treatment also resulted in a greater apoptotic response in 75% of cell lines compared to carboplatin alone, and significantly slowed cell proliferation, with some melanoma cell lines going into senescence. Inhibiting the increased XPC using siRNA had a small but significant negative effect, indicating that XPC plays a partial role in the response to sequential decitabine and carboplatin. CONCLUSIONS Demethylation using decitabine increased XPC and apoptosis after sequential carboplatin. These results confirm that sequential decitabine and carboplatin requires further investigation as a combination treatment for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Budden
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Nikola A Bowden
- Hunter Medical Research Institute and Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.
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17
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Leveraging Epigenetics to Enhance the Cellular Response to Chemotherapies and Improve Tumor Immunogenicity. Adv Cancer Res 2018; 138:1-39. [PMID: 29551125 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer chemotherapeutic drugs have greatly advanced our ability to successfully treat a variety of human malignancies. The different forms of stress produced by these agents in cancer cells result in both cell autonomous and cell nonautonomous effects. Desirable cell autonomous effects include reduced proliferative potential, cellular senescence, and cell death. More recently recognized cell nonautonomous effects, usually in the form of stimulating an antitumor immune response, have significant roles in therapeutic efficiency for a select number of chemotherapies. Unfortunately, the success of these therapeutics is not universal as not all tumors respond to treatment, and those that do respond will frequently relapse into therapy-resistant disease. Numerous strategies have been developed to sensitize tumors toward chemotherapies as a means to either improve initial responses, or serve as a secondary treatment strategy for therapy-resistant disease. Recently, targeting epigenetic regulators has emerged as a viable method of sensitizing tumors to the effects of chemotherapies, many of which are cytotoxic. In this review, we summarize these strategies and propose a path for future progress.
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18
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Hosokawa M, Tanaka S, Ueda K, Iwakawa S. Different Schedule-Dependent Effects of Epigenetic Modifiers on Cytotoxicity by Anticancer Drugs in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:2199-2204. [PMID: 28954936 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Limited information is currently available on how to apply epigenetic modifiers to current colorectal cancer (CRC) chemotherapy. The purpose of this study is to clarify the schedule-dependent effects of combined treatment with conventional anticancer drugs and epigenetic modifiers in human CRC cells. Cytotoxicity in 4 CRC cell lines (SW480, HT29, SW48, and HCT116) was measured using the WST-8 assay. As epigenetic modifiers, 3 DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors such as decitabine (DAC), azacytidine (AC), and zebularine (Zeb), and 3 histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors including trichostatin A (TSA), suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), and valproic acid (VPA) were used. Combination effects were analyzed by the isobologram method. SW480 cells showed the lowest sensitivity to the anticancer drugs 5-fluorouracil, SN-38 (the active form of irinotecan), and oxaliplatin. In SW480 cells, epigenetic modifiers other than VPA showed the most significant synergistic effects when used before anticancer drugs, while VPA showed synergistic effects in co- or post-treatment. In the 3 other CRC cells, synergistic effects were less frequent and weaker. The dose of anticancer drugs may be reduced by combining epigenetic modifiers in SW480 cells, which are less sensitive to anticancer drugs, unlike the more sensitive HT29, SW48, and HCT116 cell lines. These results provide useful information for understanding how to incorporate epigenetic modifiers into current CRC chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Hosokawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Shota Tanaka
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kumiko Ueda
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
| | - Seigo Iwakawa
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University
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19
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Ponomaryova AA, Cherdyntseva NV, Bondar AA, Dobrodeev AY, Zavyalov AA, Tuzikov SA, Vlassov VV, Choinzonov EL, Laktionov PP, Rykova EY. Dynamics of LINE-1 retrotransposon methylation levels in circulating DNA from lung cancer patients undergoing antitumor therapy. Mol Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893317040148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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20
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Li J, Hao D, Wang L, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Li P, Deng C, Di LJ. Epigenetic targeting drugs potentiate chemotherapeutic effects in solid tumor therapy. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28642588 PMCID: PMC5481380 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic therapy is a novel tumor therapeutic method and refers to the targeting of the aberrant epigenetic modifications presumably at cancer-related genes by chemicals which are epigenetic targeting drugs (ETDs). Not like in treating hematopoietic cancer, the clinical trials investigating the potential use of ETDs in the solid tumor is not encouraging. Instead, the curative effects of ETD delivered together with DNA targeting chemo drugs (DTDs) are quite promising according to our meta-analysis. To investigate the synergistic mechanism of ETD and DTD drug combination, the therapeutic effect was studied using both cell lines and mouse engrafted tumors. Mechanically we show that HDAC inhibitors and DNMT inhibitors are capable of increasing the chromatin accessibility to cisplatin (CP) and doxorubicin (Dox) through chromatin decompaction globally. Consequently, the combination of ETD and DTD enhances the DTD induced DNA damage and cell death. Engrafted tumors in SCID mice also show increased sensitivity to irradiation (IR) or CP when the tumors were pretreated by ETDs. Given the limited therapeutic effect of ETD alone, these results strongly suggest that the combination of DTD, including irradiation, and ETD treatment is a very promising choice in clinical solid tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Dapeng Hao
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Li Wang
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.,Metabolomics Core, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhao
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Peipei Li
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Chuxia Deng
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Li-Jun Di
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China.
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21
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Pandey S, Pruitt K. Functional assessment of MeCP2 in Rett syndrome and cancers of breast, colon, and prostate. Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 95:368-378. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever since the first report that mutations in methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) causes Rett syndrome (RTT), a severe neurological disorder in females world-wide, there has been a keen interest to gain a comprehensive understanding of this protein. While the classical model associated with MeCP2 function suggests its role in gene suppression via recruitment of co-repressor complexes and histone deacetylases to methylated CpG-sites, recent discoveries have brought to light its role in transcription activation, modulation of RNA splicing, and chromatin compaction. Various post-translational modifications (PTMs) of MeCP2 further increase its functional versatility. Involvement of MeCP2 in pathologies other than RTT, such as tumorigenesis however, remains poorly explored and understood. This review provides a survey of the literature implicating MeCP2 in breast, colon and prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Pandey
- Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
- Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
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22
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Sato T, Issa JPJ, Kropf P. DNA Hypomethylating Drugs in Cancer Therapy. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a026948. [PMID: 28159832 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation is a critically important modification in cancer cells, which, through promoter and enhancer DNA methylation changes, use this mechanism to activate oncogenes and silence of tumor-suppressor genes. Targeting DNA methylation in cancer using DNA hypomethylating drugs reprograms tumor cells to a more normal-like state by affecting multiple pathways, and also sensitizes these cells to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The first generation hypomethylating drugs azacitidine and decitabine are routinely used for the treatment of myeloid leukemias and a next-generation drug (guadecitabine) is currently in clinical trials. This review will summarize preclinical and clinical data on DNA hypomethylating drugs as a cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sato
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140
| | - Jean-Pierre J Issa
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140.,Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
| | - Patricia Kropf
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple Health, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111
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23
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Miousse IR, Kutanzi KR, Koturbash I. Effects of ionizing radiation on DNA methylation: from experimental biology to clinical applications. Int J Radiat Biol 2017; 93:457-469. [PMID: 28134023 PMCID: PMC5411327 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2017.1287454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionizing radiation (IR) is a ubiquitous environmental stressor with genotoxic and epigenotoxic capabilities. Terrestrial IR, predominantly a low-linear energy transfer (LET) radiation, is being widely utilized in medicine, as well as in multiple industrial applications. Additionally, an interest in understanding the effects of high-LET irradiation is emerging due to the potential of exposure during space missions and the growing utilization of high-LET radiation in medicine. CONCLUSIONS In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the effects of IR on DNA methylation, a key epigenetic mechanism regulating the expression of genetic information. We discuss global, repetitive elements and gene-specific DNA methylation in light of exposure to high and low doses of high- or low-LET IR, fractionated IR exposure, and bystander effects. Finally, we describe the mechanisms of IR-induced alterations to DNA methylation and discuss ways in which that understanding can be applied clinically, including utilization of DNA methylation as a predictor of response to radiotherapy and in the manipulation of DNA methylation patterns for tumor radiosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle R Miousse
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Kristy R Kutanzi
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Igor Koturbash
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
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24
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Kelly AD, Issa JPJ. The promise of epigenetic therapy: reprogramming the cancer epigenome. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 42:68-77. [PMID: 28412585 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epigenetics refers to heritable molecular determinants of phenotype independent of DNA sequence. Epigenetic features include DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNAs, and chromatin structure. The epigenetic status of cells plays a crucial role in determining their differentiation state and proper function within multicellular organisms. Disruption of these processes is now understood to be a major contributor to cancer development and progression, and recent efforts have attempted to pharmacologically reverse such altered epigenetics. In this mini-review we introduce the concept of epigenetic drivers of cancer and discuss how aberrant DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin states are being targeted using drugs either in preclinical, or clinical development, and how they fit in the context of existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Kelly
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jean-Pierre J Issa
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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25
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Raynal NJM, Da Costa EM, Lee JT, Gharibyan V, Ahmed S, Zhang H, Sato T, Malouf GG, Issa JPJ. Repositioning FDA-Approved Drugs in Combination with Epigenetic Drugs to Reprogram Colon Cancer Epigenome. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 16:397-407. [PMID: 27980103 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic drugs, such as DNA methylation inhibitors (DNMTi) or histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), are approved in monotherapy for cancer treatment. These drugs reprogram gene expression profiles, reactivate tumor suppressor genes (TSG) producing cancer cell differentiation and apoptosis. Epigenetic drugs have been shown to synergize with other epigenetic drugs or various anticancer drugs. To discover new molecular entities that enhance epigenetic therapy, we performed a high-throughput screening using FDA-approved libraries in combination with DNMTi or HDACi. As a screening model, we used YB5 system, a human colon cancer cell line, which contains an epigenetically silenced CMV-GFP locus, mimicking TSG silencing in cancer. CMV-GFP reactivation is triggered by DNMTi or HDACi and responds synergistically to DNMTi/HDACi combination, which phenocopies TSG reactivation upon epigenetic therapy. GFP fluorescence was used as a quantitative readout for epigenetic activity. We discovered that 45 FDA-approved drugs (4% of all drugs tested) in our FDA-approved libraries enhanced DNMTi and HDACi activity, mainly belonging to anticancer and antiarrhythmic drug classes. Transcriptome analysis revealed that combination of decitabine (DNMTi) with the antiarrhythmic proscillaridin A produced profound gene expression reprogramming, which was associated with downregulation of 153 epigenetic regulators, including two known oncogenes in colon cancer (SYMD3 and KDM8). Also, we identified about 85 FDA-approved drugs that antagonized DNMTi and HDACi activity through cytotoxic mechanisms, suggesting detrimental drug interactions for patients undergoing epigenetic therapy. Overall, our drug screening identified new combinations of epigenetic and FDA-approved drugs, which can be rapidly implemented into clinical trials. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(2); 397-407. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël J-M Raynal
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Université de Montréal and Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Elodie M Da Costa
- Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Université de Montréal and Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Justin T Lee
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vazganush Gharibyan
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Saira Ahmed
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hanghang Zhang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Takahiro Sato
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gabriel G Malouf
- Department of Medical Oncology, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, University Pierre and Marie Curie (Paris VI), Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre J Issa
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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26
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Shelton J, Lu X, Hollenbaugh JA, Cho JH, Amblard F, Schinazi RF. Metabolism, Biochemical Actions, and Chemical Synthesis of Anticancer Nucleosides, Nucleotides, and Base Analogs. Chem Rev 2016; 116:14379-14455. [PMID: 27960273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs have been in the clinic for decades to treat both viral pathogens and neoplasms. More than 20% of patients on anticancer chemotherapy have been treated with one or more of these analogs. This review focuses on the chemical synthesis and biology of anticancer nucleoside, nucleotide, and base analogs that are FDA-approved and in clinical development since 2000. We highlight the cellular biology and clinical biology of analogs, drug resistance mechanisms, and compound specificity towards different cancer types. Furthermore, we explore analog syntheses as well as improved and scale-up syntheses. We conclude with a discussion on what might lie ahead for medicinal chemists, biologists, and physicians as they try to improve analog efficacy through prodrug strategies and drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadd Shelton
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Xiao Lu
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Joseph A Hollenbaugh
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Cho
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for AIDS Research, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , 1760 Haygood Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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27
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Sato T, Cesaroni M, Chung W, Panjarian S, Tran A, Madzo J, Okamoto Y, Zhang H, Chen X, Jelinek J, Issa JPJ. Transcriptional Selectivity of Epigenetic Therapy in Cancer. Cancer Res 2016; 77:470-481. [PMID: 27879268 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A central challenge in the development of epigenetic cancer therapy is the ability to direct selectivity in modulating gene expression for disease-selective efficacy. To address this issue, we characterized by RNA-seq, DNA methylation, and ChIP-seq analyses the epigenetic response of a set of colon, breast, and leukemia cancer cell lines to small-molecule inhibitors against DNA methyltransferases (DAC), histone deacetylases (Depsi), histone demethylases (KDM1A inhibitor S2101), and histone methylases (EHMT2 inhibitor UNC0638 and EZH2 inhibitor GSK343). We also characterized the effects of DAC as combined with the other compounds. Averaged over the cancer cell models used, we found that DAC affected 8.6% of the transcriptome and that 95.4% of the genes affected were upregulated. DAC preferentially regulated genes that were silenced in cancer and that were methylated at their promoters. In contrast, Depsi affected the expression of 30.4% of the transcriptome but showed little selectivity for gene upregulation or silenced genes. S2101, UNC0638, and GSK343 affected only 2% of the transcriptome, with UNC0638 and GSK343 preferentially targeting genes marked with H3K9me2 or H3K27me3, respectively. When combined with histone methylase inhibitors, the extent of gene upregulation by DAC was extended while still maintaining selectivity for DNA-methylated genes and silenced genes. However, the genes upregulated by combination treatment exhibited limited overlap, indicating the possibility of targeting distinct sets of genes based on different epigenetic therapy combinations. Overall, our results demonstrated that DNA methyltransferase inhibitors preferentially target cancer-relevant genes and can be combined with inhibitors targeting histone methylation for synergistic effects while still maintaining selectivity. Cancer Res; 77(2); 470-81. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sato
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Matteo Cesaroni
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Woonbok Chung
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shoghag Panjarian
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anthony Tran
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jozef Madzo
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yasuyuki Okamoto
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Hanghang Zhang
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Cancer Epigenetics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jaroslav Jelinek
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jean-Pierre J Issa
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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28
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Winter S, Fisel P, Büttner F, Rausch S, D’Amico D, Hennenlotter J, Kruck S, Nies AT, Stenzl A, Junker K, Scharpf M, Hofmann U, van der Kuip H, Fend F, Ott G, Agaimy A, Hartmann A, Bedke J, Schwab M, Schaeffeler E. Methylomes of renal cell lines and tumors or metastases differ significantly with impact on pharmacogenes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29930. [PMID: 27435027 PMCID: PMC4951699 DOI: 10.1038/srep29930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) show limited efficacy. Drug efficacy, typically investigated in preclinical cell line models during drug development, is influenced by pharmacogenes involved in targeting and disposition of drugs. Here we show through genome-wide DNA methylation profiling, that methylation patterns are concordant between primary ccRCC and macro-metastases irrespective of metastatic sites (rs ≥ 0.92). However, 195,038 (41%) of all investigated CpG sites, including sites within pharmacogenes, were differentially methylated (adjusted P < 0.05) in five established RCC cell lines compared to primary tumors, resulting in altered transcriptional expression. Exemplarily, gene-specific analyses of DNA methylation, mRNA and protein expression demonstrate lack of expression of the clinically important drug transporter OCT2 (encoded by SLC22A2) in cell lines due to hypermethylation compared to tumors or metastases. Our findings provide evidence that RCC cell lines are of limited benefit for prediction of drug effects due to epigenetic alterations. Similar epigenetic landscape of ccRCC-metastases and tumors opens new avenue for future therapeutic strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cohort Studies
- DNA Methylation/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic/drug effects
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Pharmacogenetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Winter
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pascale Fisel
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Büttner
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Rausch
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Debora D’Amico
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Hennenlotter
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Kruck
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anne T. Nies
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Junker
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine, Kirrberger Straße, 66421 Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Marcus Scharpf
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Liebermeisterstr. 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Heiko van der Kuip
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Falko Fend
- Institute of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Liebermeisterstr. 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - German Ott
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Robert-Bosch-Krankenhaus, Auerbachstr. 110, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8–10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Krankenhausstr. 8–10, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jens Bedke
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany and University of Tuebingen, Auerbachstr. 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany
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29
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Raynal NJM, Lee JT, Wang Y, Beaudry A, Madireddi P, Garriga J, Malouf GG, Dumont S, Dettman EJ, Gharibyan V, Ahmed S, Chung W, Childers WE, Abou-Gharbia M, Henry RA, Andrews AJ, Jelinek J, Cui Y, Baylin SB, Gill DL, Issa JPJ. Targeting Calcium Signaling Induces Epigenetic Reactivation of Tumor Suppressor Genes in Cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 76:1494-505. [PMID: 26719529 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Targeting epigenetic pathways is a promising approach for cancer therapy. Here, we report on the unexpected finding that targeting calcium signaling can reverse epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSG). In a screen for drugs that reactivate silenced gene expression in colon cancer cells, we found three classical epigenetic targeted drugs (DNA methylation and histone deacetylase inhibitors) and 11 other drugs that induced methylated and silenced CpG island promoters driving a reporter gene (GFP) as well as endogenous TSGs in multiple cancer cell lines. These newly identified drugs, most prominently cardiac glycosides, did not change DNA methylation locally or histone modifications globally. Instead, all 11 drugs altered calcium signaling and triggered calcium-calmodulin kinase (CamK) activity, leading to MeCP2 nuclear exclusion. Blocking CamK activity abolished gene reactivation and cancer cell killing by these drugs, showing that triggering calcium fluxes is an essential component of their epigenetic mechanism of action. Our data identify calcium signaling as a new pathway that can be targeted to reactivate TSGs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noël J-M Raynal
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Département de pharmacologie, Université de Montréal and Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Justin T Lee
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Youjun Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resources and Molecular Development College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Annie Beaudry
- Département de pharmacologie, Université de Montréal and Sainte-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Priyanka Madireddi
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Judith Garriga
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gabriel G Malouf
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah Dumont
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Elisha J Dettman
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Vazganush Gharibyan
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Saira Ahmed
- Department of Leukemia, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Woonbok Chung
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Wayne E Childers
- Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ryan A Henry
- Department of Cancer Biology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew J Andrews
- Department of Cancer Biology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jaroslav Jelinek
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ying Cui
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephen B Baylin
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Donald L Gill
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, The Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Jean-Pierre J Issa
- Fels Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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