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Fuentealba LM, Pizarro H, Marzolo MP. OCRL1 Deficiency Affects the Intracellular Traffic of ApoER2 and Impairs Reelin-Induced Responses. Biomolecules 2024; 14:799. [PMID: 39062513 PMCID: PMC11274606 DOI: 10.3390/biom14070799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lowe Syndrome (LS) is a rare X-linked disorder characterized by renal dysfunction, cataracts, and several central nervous system (CNS) anomalies. The mechanisms underlying the neurological dysfunction in LS remain unclear, albeit they share some phenotypic characteristics similar to the deficiency or dysfunction of the Reelin signaling, a relevant pathway with roles in CNS development and neuronal functions. In this study, we investigated the role of OCRL1, an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase encoded by the OCRL gene, mutated in LS, focusing on its impact on endosomal trafficking and receptor recycling in human neuronal cells. Specifically, we tested the effects of OCRL1 deficiency in the trafficking and signaling of ApoER2/LRP8, a receptor for the ligand Reelin. We found that loss of OCRL1 impairs ApoER2 intracellular trafficking, leading to reduced receptor expression and decreased levels at the plasma membrane. Additionally, human neurons deficient in OCRL1 showed impairments in ApoER2/Reelin-induced responses. Our findings highlight the critical role of OCRL1 in regulating ApoER2 endosomal recycling and its impact on the ApoER2/Reelin signaling pathway, providing insights into potential mechanisms underlying the neurological manifestations of LS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - María-Paz Marzolo
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7810128, Chile; (L.M.F.); (H.P.)
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2
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Yheskel M, Hatch HM, Pedrosa E, Terry BK, Siebels A, Zheng X, Blok LR, Fencková M, Sidoli S, Schenck A, Zheng D, Lachman H, Secombe J. KDM5-mediated transcriptional activation of ribosomal protein genes alters translation efficiency to regulate mitochondrial metabolism in neurons. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:6201-6219. [PMID: 38597673 PMCID: PMC11194071 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Genes encoding the KDM5 family of transcriptional regulators are disrupted in individuals with intellectual disability (ID). To understand the link between KDM5 and ID, we characterized five Drosophila strains harboring missense alleles analogous to those observed in patients. These alleles disrupted neuroanatomical development, cognition and other behaviors, and displayed a transcriptional signature characterized by the downregulation of many ribosomal protein genes. A similar transcriptional profile was observed in KDM5C knockout iPSC-induced human glutamatergic neurons, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved role for KDM5 proteins in regulating this class of gene. In Drosophila, reducing KDM5 changed neuronal ribosome composition, lowered the translation efficiency of mRNAs required for mitochondrial function, and altered mitochondrial metabolism. These data highlight the cellular consequences of altered KDM5-regulated transcriptional programs that could contribute to cognitive and behavioral phenotypes. Moreover, they suggest that KDM5 may be part of a broader network of proteins that influence cognition by regulating protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matanel Yheskel
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Hayden A M Hatch
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Erika Pedrosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Bethany K Terry
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Aubrey A Siebels
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Xiang Yu Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Laura E R Blok
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands
| | - Michaela Fencková
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice 370 05, Czechia
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Annette Schenck
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 Nijmegen, GA, The Netherlands
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Herbert M Lachman
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave., Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Julie Secombe
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Tan Y, Jiang W, Hu LY, Shen YY, Chen H, Zou YS, Luo LX, Jin GM, Liu ZZ. Hotspots and frontiers of genetic research on pediatric cataracts from 2013 to 2022: a scientometric analysis. Int J Ophthalmol 2023; 16:1682-1691. [PMID: 37854365 PMCID: PMC10559021 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2023.10.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the hotspots and frontiers of genetic research on pediatric cataracts. METHODS Global publications from 2013 to 2022 related to genes in pediatric cataracts were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection, and were analyzed in terms of the publication counts, countries, journals, authors, keywords, cited references, subject categories, and the underlying hotspots and frontiers. RESULTS Totally 699 publications were included in the final analysis. The predominant actors were identified, with China (n=240) and PLoS One (n=33) being the most productive country and journal respectively. The research hotspots extracted from keywords were crystallin gene mutations, pathogenicity evaluation, phenotypes of ocular and neurodevelopmental abnormalities, genes encoding membrane proteins, and diagnosis of multisystemic disorders. The co-cited articles formed 10 clusters of research topics, including FYCO1 (56 items), mutation screening (43 items), gap junction (29 items), the Warburg Micro syndrome (29 items), ephrin-A5 (28 items), novel mutation (24 items), eye development and function (22 items), cholestanol (7 items), OCRL (6 items), and pathogenicity prediction (3 items). The research frontiers were FYCO1, ephrin-A5, and cholestanol. Cell biology showed the strongest bridging effects among different disciplines in the field (betweenness centrality=0.44). CONCLUSION With the progress in next-generation sequencing and multidisciplinary collaboration, genetic research on pediatric cataracts broadens the knowledge scope of the crystalline lens, as well as other organs and systems, shedding light on the molecular mechanisms of systemic diseases. Cell biology may integrate multidisciplinary content to address cutting-edge issues in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
- Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Le-Yi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yan-Yu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying-Shi Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Li-Xia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guang-Ming Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong Province, China
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Aguilan JT, Pedrosa E, Dolstra H, Baykara RN, Barnes J, Zhang J, Sidoli S, Lachman HM. Proteomics and phosphoproteomics profiling in glutamatergic neurons and microglia in an iPSC model of Jansen de Vries Syndrome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.08.548192. [PMID: 37461463 PMCID: PMC10350077 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.08.548192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Background Jansen de Vries Syndrome (JdVS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) caused by gain-of-function (GOF) truncating mutations in PPM1D exons 5 or 6. PPM1D is a serine/threonine phosphatase that plays an important role in the DNA damage response (DDR) by negatively regulating TP53 (P53). JdVS-associated mutations lead to the formation of a truncated PPM1D protein that retains catalytic activity and has a GOF effect because of reduced degradation. Somatic PPM1D exons 5 and 6 truncating mutations are well-established factors in a number of cancers, due to excessive dephosphorylation and reduced function of P53 and other substrates involved in DDR. Children with JdVS have a variety of neurodevelopmental, psychiatric, and physical problems. In addition, a small fraction has acute neuropsychiatric decompensation apparently triggered by infection or severe non-infectious environmental stress factors. Methods To understand the molecular basis of JdVS, we developed an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) model system. iPSCs heterozygous for the truncating variant (PPM1D+/tr), were made from a patient, and control lines engineered using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing. Proteomics and phosphoprotemics analyses were carried out on iPSC-derived glutamatergic neurons and microglia from three control and three PPM1D+/tr iPSC lines. We also analyzed the effect of the TLR4 agonist, lipopolysaccharide, to understand how activation of the innate immune system in microglia could account for acute behavioral decompensation. Results One of the major findings was the downregulation of POGZ in unstimulated microglia. Since loss-of-function variants in the POGZ gene are well-known causes of autism spectrum disorder, the decrease in PPM1D+/tr microglia suggests this plays a role in the neurodevelopmental aspects of JdVS. In addition, neurons, baseline, and LPS-stimulated microglia show marked alterations in the expression of several E3 ubiquitin ligases, most notably UBR4, and regulators of innate immunity, chromatin structure, ErbB signaling, and splicing. In addition, pathway analysis points to overlap with neurodegenerative disorders. Limitations Owing to the cost and labor-intensive nature of iPSC research, the sample size was small. Conclusions Our findings provide insight into the molecular basis of JdVS and can be extrapolated to understand neuropsychiatric decompensation that occurs in subgroups of patients with ASD and other NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T. Aguilan
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, NY, 10461
| | - Erika Pedrosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, NY, 10461
| | - Hedwig Dolstra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, NY, 10461
| | - Refia Nur Baykara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, NY, 10461
| | - Jesse Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, NY, 10461
| | - Jinghang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, NY, 10461
| | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, NY, 10461
| | - Herbert M. Lachman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, NY, 10461
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, NY, 10461
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, NY, 10461
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, NY, 10461
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5
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Lee JJ, Ramadesikan S, Black AF, Christoffer C, Pacheco AFP, Subramanian S, Hanna CB, Barth G, Stauffacher CV, Kihara D, Aguilar RC. Heterogeneity in Lowe Syndrome: Mutations Affecting the Phosphatase Domain of OCRL1 Differ in Impact on Enzymatic Activity and Severity of Cellular Phenotypes. Biomolecules 2023; 13:615. [PMID: 37189363 PMCID: PMC10135975 DOI: 10.3390/biom13040615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lowe Syndrome (LS) is a condition due to mutations in the OCRL1 gene, characterized by congenital cataracts, intellectual disability, and kidney malfunction. Unfortunately, patients succumb to renal failure after adolescence. This study is centered in investigating the biochemical and phenotypic impact of patient's OCRL1 variants (OCRL1VAR). Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that some OCRL1VAR are stabilized in a non-functional conformation by focusing on missense mutations affecting the phosphatase domain, but not changing residues involved in binding/catalysis. The pathogenic and conformational characteristics of the selected variants were evaluated in silico and our results revealed some OCRL1VAR to be benign, while others are pathogenic. Then we proceeded to monitor the enzymatic activity and function in kidney cells of the different OCRL1VAR. Based on their enzymatic activity and presence/absence of phenotypes, the variants segregated into two categories that also correlated with the severity of the condition they induce. Overall, these two groups mapped to opposite sides of the phosphatase domain. In summary, our findings highlight that not every mutation affecting the catalytic domain impairs OCRL1's enzymatic activity. Importantly, data support the inactive-conformation hypothesis. Finally, our results contribute to establishing the molecular and structural basis for the observed heterogeneity in severity/symptomatology displayed by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (J.J.L.); (A.F.B.); (A.F.P.P.); (S.S.); (C.B.H.); (G.B.); (C.V.S.); (D.K.)
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Swetha Ramadesikan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (J.J.L.); (A.F.B.); (A.F.P.P.); (S.S.); (C.B.H.); (G.B.); (C.V.S.); (D.K.)
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Adrianna F. Black
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (J.J.L.); (A.F.B.); (A.F.P.P.); (S.S.); (C.B.H.); (G.B.); (C.V.S.); (D.K.)
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Charles Christoffer
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Andres F. Pacheco Pacheco
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (J.J.L.); (A.F.B.); (A.F.P.P.); (S.S.); (C.B.H.); (G.B.); (C.V.S.); (D.K.)
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Sneha Subramanian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (J.J.L.); (A.F.B.); (A.F.P.P.); (S.S.); (C.B.H.); (G.B.); (C.V.S.); (D.K.)
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Claudia B. Hanna
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (J.J.L.); (A.F.B.); (A.F.P.P.); (S.S.); (C.B.H.); (G.B.); (C.V.S.); (D.K.)
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Gillian Barth
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (J.J.L.); (A.F.B.); (A.F.P.P.); (S.S.); (C.B.H.); (G.B.); (C.V.S.); (D.K.)
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Cynthia V. Stauffacher
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (J.J.L.); (A.F.B.); (A.F.P.P.); (S.S.); (C.B.H.); (G.B.); (C.V.S.); (D.K.)
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (J.J.L.); (A.F.B.); (A.F.P.P.); (S.S.); (C.B.H.); (G.B.); (C.V.S.); (D.K.)
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Ruben Claudio Aguilar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (J.J.L.); (A.F.B.); (A.F.P.P.); (S.S.); (C.B.H.); (G.B.); (C.V.S.); (D.K.)
- Purdue Institute for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Ramadesikan S, Lee J, Aguilar RC. The Future of Genetic Disease Studies: Assembling an Updated Multidisciplinary Toolbox. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:886448. [PMID: 35573700 PMCID: PMC9096115 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.886448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bhattacharjee G, Gohil N, Khambhati K, Mani I, Maurya R, Karapurkar JK, Gohil J, Chu DT, Vu-Thi H, Alzahrani KJ, Show PL, Rawal RM, Ramakrishna S, Singh V. Current approaches in CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene editing for biomedical and therapeutic applications. J Control Release 2022; 343:703-723. [PMID: 35149141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A single gene mutation can cause a number of human diseases that affect quality of life. Until the development of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (Cas) systems, it was challenging to correct a gene mutation to avoid disease by reverting phenotypes. The advent of CRISPR technology has changed the field of gene editing, given its simplicity and intrinsic programmability, surpassing the limitations of both zinc-finger nuclease and transcription activator-like effector nuclease and becoming the method of choice for therapeutic gene editing by overcoming the bottlenecks of conventional gene-editing techniques. Currently, there is no commercially available medicinal cure to correct a gene mutation that corrects and reverses the abnormality of a gene's function. Devising reprogramming strategies for faithful recapitulation of normal phenotypes is a crucial aspect for directing the reprogrammed cells toward clinical trials. The CRISPR-Cas9 system has been promising as a tool for correcting gene mutations in maladies including blood disorders and muscular degeneration as well as neurological, cardiovascular, renal, genetic, stem cell, and optical diseases. In this review, we highlight recent developments and utilization of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in correcting or generating gene mutations to create model organisms to develop deeper insights into diseases, rescue normal gene functionality, and curb the progression of a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - Nisarg Gohil
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - Khushal Khambhati
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - Indra Mani
- Department of Microbiology, Gargi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi 110049, India
| | - Rupesh Maurya
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Jigresh Gohil
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India
| | - Dinh-Toi Chu
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hue Vu-Thi
- Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Khalid J Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih 43500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Rakesh M Rawal
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380009, India
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Indrashil University, Rajpur, Mehsana 382715, Gujarat, India.
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8
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Akhtar BM, Bhatia P, Acharya S, Sharma S, Sharma Y, Aswathy BS, Ganapathy K, Vasudevan A, Raghu P. A human stem cell resource to decipher the biochemical and cellular basis of neurodevelopmental defects in Lowe Syndrome. Biol Open 2022; 11:274000. [PMID: 35023542 PMCID: PMC8822356 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human brain development is a complex process where multiple cellular and developmental events are coordinated to generate normal structure and function. Alteration in any of these events can impact brain development, manifesting clinically as neurodevelopmental disorders. Human genetic disorders of lipid metabolism often present with features of altered brain function. Lowe syndrome (LS) is an X-linked recessive disease with features of altered brain function. LS results from mutations in OCRL1, which encodes a phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase enzyme. However, the cellular mechanisms by which loss of OCRL1 leads to brain defects remain unknown. Human brain development involves several cellular and developmental features not conserved in other species and understanding such mechanisms remains a challenge. Rodent models of LS have been generated but failed to recapitulate features of the human disease. Here we describe the generation of human stem cell lines from LS patients. Further, we present biochemical characterization of lipid metabolism in patient cell lines and demonstrate their use as a ‘disease-in-a-dish’ model for understanding the mechanism by which loss of OCRL1 leads to altered cellular and physiological brain development. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: A human iPSC resource to study the cellular basis of neurodevelopmental defects in Lowe syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal M Akhtar
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru-560065, India
| | - Priyanka Bhatia
- Brain Development and Disease Mechanisms, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru-560065, India
| | - Shubhra Acharya
- Brain Development and Disease Mechanisms, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru-560065, India
| | - Sanjeev Sharma
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru-560065, India
| | - Yojet Sharma
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru-560065, India
| | - B S Aswathy
- Brain Development and Disease Mechanisms, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru-560065, India
| | - Kavina Ganapathy
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru-560065, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Center for Post Graduate Studies, School of Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore-560027, India
| | - Anil Vasudevan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, St. John's Medical College Hospital, Bengaluru-560034, India
| | - Padinjat Raghu
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR-GKVK Campus, Bellary Road, Bengaluru-560065, India.,Brain Development and Disease Mechanisms, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bengaluru-560065, India
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Sabitha KR, Shetty AK, Upadhya D. Patient-derived iPSC modeling of rare neurodevelopmental disorders: Molecular pathophysiology and prospective therapies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 121:201-219. [PMID: 33370574 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pathological alterations that manifest during the early embryonic development due to inherited and acquired factors trigger various neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Besides major NDDs, there are several rare NDDs, exhibiting specific characteristics and varying levels of severity triggered due to genetic and epigenetic anomalies. The rarity of subjects, paucity of neural tissues for detailed analysis, and the unavailability of disease-specific animal models have hampered detailed comprehension of rare NDDs, imposing heightened challenge to the medical and scientific community until a decade ago. The generation of functional neurons and glia through directed differentiation protocols for patient-derived iPSCs, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and 3D brain organoid models have provided an excellent opportunity and vibrant resource for decoding the etiology of brain development for rare NDDs caused due to monogenic as well as polygenic disorders. The present review identifies cellular and molecular phenotypes demonstrated from patient-derived iPSCs and possible therapeutic opportunities identified for these disorders. New insights to reinforce the existing knowledge of the pathophysiology of these disorders and prospective therapeutic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Sabitha
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Ashok K Shetty
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - Dinesh Upadhya
- Centre for Molecular Neurosciences, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
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iPSC-derived homogeneous populations of developing schizophrenia cortical interneurons have compromised mitochondrial function. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:2873-2888. [PMID: 31019265 PMCID: PMC6813882 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Thus, studying pathogenetic mechanisms underlying SCZ requires studying the development of brain cells. Cortical interneurons (cINs) are consistently observed to be abnormal in SCZ postmortem brains. These abnormalities may explain altered gamma oscillation and cognitive function in patients with SCZ. Of note, currently used antipsychotic drugs ameliorate psychosis, but they are not very effective in reversing cognitive deficits. Characterizing mechanisms of SCZ pathogenesis, especially related to cognitive deficits, may lead to improved treatments. We generated homogeneous populations of developing cINs from 15 healthy control (HC) iPSC lines and 15 SCZ iPSC lines. SCZ cINs, but not SCZ glutamatergic neurons, show dysregulated Oxidative Phosphorylation (OxPhos) related gene expression, accompanied by compromised mitochondrial function. The OxPhos deficit in cINs could be reversed by Alpha Lipoic Acid/Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALA/ALC) but not by other chemicals previously identified as increasing mitochondrial function. The restoration of mitochondrial function by ALA/ALC was accompanied by a reversal of arborization deficits in SCZ cINs. OxPhos abnormality, even in the absence of any circuit environment with other neuronal subtypes, appears to be an intrinsic deficit in SCZ cINs.
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Liu H, Barnes J, Pedrosa E, Herman NS, Salas F, Wang P, Zheng D, Lachman HM. Transcriptome analysis of neural progenitor cells derived from Lowe syndrome induced pluripotent stem cells: identification of candidate genes for the neurodevelopmental and eye manifestations. J Neurodev Disord 2020; 12:14. [PMID: 32393163 PMCID: PMC7212686 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-020-09317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lowe syndrome (LS) is caused by loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked gene OCRL, which codes for an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase that plays a key role in endosome recycling, clathrin-coated pit formation, and actin polymerization. It is characterized by congenital cataracts, intellectual and developmental disability, and renal proximal tubular dysfunction. Patients are also at high risk for developing glaucoma and seizures. We recently developed induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines from three patients with LS who have hypomorphic variants affecting the 3' end of the gene, and their neurotypical brothers to serve as controls. METHODS In this study, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to obtain transcriptome profiles in LS and control neural progenitor cells (NPCs). RESULTS In a comparison of the patient and control NPCs (n = 3), we found 16 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at the multiple test adjusted p value (padj) < 0.1, with nine at padj < 0.05. Using nominal p value < 0.05, 319 DEGs were detected. The relatively small number of DEGs could be due to the fact that OCRL is not a transcription factor per se, although it could have secondary effects on gene expression through several different mechanisms. Although the number of DEGs passing multiple test correction was small, those that were found are quite consistent with some of the known molecular effects of OCRL protein, and the clinical manifestations of LS. Furthermore, using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), we found that genes increased expression in the patient NPCs showed enrichments of several gene ontology (GO) terms (false discovery rate < 0.25): telencephalon development, pallium development, NPC proliferation, and cortex development, which are consistent with a condition characterized by intellectual disabilities and psychiatric manifestations. In addition, a significant enrichment among the nominal DEGs for genes implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) was found (e.g., AFF2, DNER, DPP6, DPP10, RELN, CACNA1C), as well as several that are strong candidate genes for the development of eye problems found in LS, including glaucoma. The most notable example is EFEMP1, a well-known candidate gene for glaucoma and other eye pathologies. CONCLUSION Overall, the RNA-seq findings present several candidate genes that could help explain the underlying basis for the neurodevelopmental and eye problems seen in boys with LS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hequn Liu
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Jesse Barnes
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Erika Pedrosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nathaniel S. Herman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Franklin Salas
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Herbert M. Lachman
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Dominick P Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review the ways in which stem cells are used in psychiatric disease research, including the related advances in gene editing and directed cell differentiation. RECENT FINDINGS The recent development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies has created new possibilities for the study of psychiatric disease. iPSCs can be derived from patients or controls and differentiated to an array of neuronal and non-neuronal cell types. Their genomes can be edited as desired, and they can be assessed for a variety of phenotypes. This makes them especially interesting for studying genetic variation, which is particularly useful today now that our knowledge on the genetics of psychiatric disease is quickly expanding. The recent advances in cell engineering have led to powerful new methods for studying psychiatric illness including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism. There is a wide array of possible applications as illustrated by the many examples from the literature, most of which are cited here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debamitra Das
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kyra Feuer
- Predoctoral Training Program in Human Genetics, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marah Wahbeh
- Predoctoral Training Program in Human Genetics, Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Avramopoulos
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Acosta-Tapia N, Galindo JF, Baldiris R. Insights into the Effect of Lowe Syndrome-Causing Mutation p.Asn591Lys of OCRL-1 through Protein-Protein Interaction Networks and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2020; 60:1019-1027. [PMID: 31967472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase (OCRL-1) participates in the regulation of multiple cellular processes, through the conversion of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-phosphate to phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate. Mutations in this protein are related to Lowe syndrome (LS) and Dent-2 disease. In this study, the impact of Lowe syndrome mutations on the interactions of OCRL-1 with other proteins was evaluated through bioinformatic and computational approaches. In the functional analysis of the interaction network of the proteins, we found that the terms of gene ontology (GO) of greater significance were related to the intracellular transport of proteins, the signal transduction mediated by small G proteins and vesicles associated with the Golgi apparatus. From the proteins present in the GO terms of greater significance Rab8a was selected because its interaction facilitates the intracellular distribution of OCRL-1. The mutation p.Asn591Lys, present in the interaction domain of OCRL-1 and Rab8a, was studied using molecular dynamics. The molecular dynamics analysis showed that the presence of this mutation causes changes in the positional fluctuations of the amino acids and affects the flexibility of the protein making the interaction with Rab8a weaker. Rab proteins establish some specific interactions, which are important for the intracellular localization of OCRL-1; therefore, our findings suggest that the phenotype observed in patients with LS, in this case, is due to the destabilizing effect of p.Asn591Lys affecting the localization of OCRL-1 and indirectly its 5-phosphatase activity in the Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natali Acosta-Tapia
- Programa de Biologı́a, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Cartagena , Cartagena de Indias , Colombia.,Grupo de Investigación CIPTEC, Facultad de Ingenierı́a , Fundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco , Cartagena de Indias 130015 , Colombia
| | - Johan Fabian Galindo
- Departamento de Quı́mica , Universidad Nacional de Colombia , Bogotá 111321 , Colombia
| | - Rosa Baldiris
- Programa de Biologı́a, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Cartagena , Cartagena de Indias , Colombia.,Grupo de Investigación CIPTEC, Facultad de Ingenierı́a , Fundación Universitaria Tecnológico Comfenalco , Cartagena de Indias 130015 , Colombia
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Valenti MT, Serena M, Carbonare LD, Zipeto D. CRISPR/Cas system: An emerging technology in stem cell research. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:937-956. [PMID: 31768221 PMCID: PMC6851009 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i11.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of new and even more precise technologies for modifying and manipulating the genome has been a challenge since the discovery of the DNA double helix. The ability to modify selectively specific genes provides a powerful tool for characterizing gene functions, performing gene therapy, correcting specific genetic mutations, eradicating diseases, engineering cells and organisms to achieve new and different functions and obtaining transgenic animals as models for studying specific diseases. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 technology has recently revolutionized genome engineering. The application of this new technology to stem cell research allows disease models to be developed to explore new therapeutic tools. The possibility of translating new systems of molecular knowledge to clinical research is particularly appealing for addressing degenerative diseases. In this review, we describe several applications of CRISPR/Cas9 to stem cells related to degenerative diseases. In addition, we address the challenges and future perspectives regarding the use of CRISPR/Cas9 as an important technology in the medical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Valenti
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine D, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy.
| | - Michela Serena
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Dalle Carbonare
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal Medicine D, University of Verona, Verona 37134, Italy
| | - Donato Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Verona 37134, Italy
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El Hadidy N, Uversky VN. Intrinsic Disorder of the BAF Complex: Roles in Chromatin Remodeling and Disease Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215260. [PMID: 31652801 PMCID: PMC6862534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-meter-long DNA is compressed into chromatin in the nucleus of every cell, which serves as a significant barrier to transcription. Therefore, for processes such as replication and transcription to occur, the highly compacted chromatin must be relaxed, and the processes required for chromatin reorganization for the aim of replication or transcription are controlled by ATP-dependent nucleosome remodelers. One of the most highly studied remodelers of this kind is the BRG1- or BRM-associated factor complex (BAF complex, also known as SWItch/sucrose non-fermentable (SWI/SNF) complex), which is crucial for the regulation of gene expression and differentiation in eukaryotes. Chromatin remodeling complex BAF is characterized by a highly polymorphic structure, containing from four to 17 subunits encoded by 29 genes. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the role of BAF complex in chromatin remodeling and also to use literature mining and a set of computational and bioinformatics tools to analyze structural properties, intrinsic disorder predisposition, and functionalities of its subunits, along with the description of the relations of different BAF complex subunits to the pathogenesis of various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa El Hadidy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC07, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd. MDC07, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
- Laboratory of New Methods in Biology, Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, 142290 Moscow Region, Russia.
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Raghu P, Joseph A, Krishnan H, Singh P, Saha S. Phosphoinositides: Regulators of Nervous System Function in Health and Disease. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:208. [PMID: 31507376 PMCID: PMC6716428 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositides, the seven phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol have emerged as regulators of key sub-cellular processes such as membrane transport, cytoskeletal function and plasma membrane signaling in eukaryotic cells. All of these processes are also present in the cells that constitute the nervous system of animals and in this setting too, these are likely to tune key aspects of cell biology in relation to the unique structure and function of neurons. Phosphoinositides metabolism and function are mediated by enzymes and proteins that are conserved in evolution, and analysis of knockouts of these in animal models implicate this signaling system in neural function. Most recently, with the advent of human genome analysis, mutations in genes encoding components of the phosphoinositide signaling pathway have been implicated in human diseases although the cell biological basis of disease phenotypes in many cases remains unclear. In this review we evaluate existing evidence for the involvement of phosphoinositide signaling in human nervous system diseases and discuss ways of enhancing our understanding of the role of this pathway in the human nervous system's function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padinjat Raghu
- National Centre for Biological Sciences-TIFR, Bengaluru, India
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Page S, Patel R, Raut S, Al-Ahmad A. Neurological diseases at the blood-brain barrier: Stemming new scientific paradigms using patient-derived induced pluripotent cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1866:165358. [PMID: 30593893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a component of the neurovascular unit formed by specialized brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) surrounded by a specific basement membrane interacting with astrocytes, neurons, and pericytes. The BBB plays an essential function in the maintenance of brain homeostasis, by providing a physical and chemical barrier against pathogens and xenobiotics. Although the disruption of the BBB occurs with several neurological disorders, the scarcity of patient material source and lack of reliability of current in vitro models hindered our ability to model the BBB during such neurological conditions. The development of novel in vitro models based on patient-derived stem cells opened new venues in modeling the human BBB in vitro, by being more accurate than existing in vitro models, but also bringing such models closer to the in vivo setting. In addition, patient-derived models of the BBB opens the avenue to address the contribution of genetic factors commonly associated with certain neurological diseases on the BBB pathophysiology. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of the BBB, the current development of stem cell-based models in the field, the current challenges and limitations of such models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyanne Page
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States of America
| | - Ronak Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States of America
| | - Snehal Raut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States of America
| | - Abraham Al-Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, United States of America.
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