The role and potential of umbilical cord blood in an era of new therapies: A review. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2015;6:123. [PMID: 26133757 PMCID: PMC4489204 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0113-2]

Enhancing regenerative potential: A comprehensive review of stem cell transplantation for sports-related neuronal injuries, with a focus on spinal cord injuries and peripheral nervous system damage

Neuronal injuries, as one of the consequences of sports-related incidents, exert a profound influence on the athletes' future, potentially leading to complete immobility and impeding their athletic pursuits. In cases of severe damage inflicted upon the spinal cord (SC) and peripheral nervous systems (PNS), the regenerative process is notably compromised, rendering it essentially inefficient. Among the pivotal therapeutic approaches for the enhancement and prevention of secondary SC injuries (SCI), stem cell transplantation (SCT) stands out prominently. Stem cells, whether directly involved in replacement and reconstruction or indirectly through modification and secretion of crucial bioenvironmental factors, engage in the intricate process of tissue regeneration. Stem cells, through the secretion of neurotrophic factors (NTFs) (aiming to modulate the immune system), reduction of inflammation, axonal growth stimulation, and myelin formation, endeavor to facilitate the regeneration of damaged SC tissue. The fundamental challenges of this approach encompass the proper selection of suitable stem cell candidates for transplantation and the establishment of an appropriate microenvironment conducive to SC repair. In this article, an attempt has been made to explore sports-related injuries, particularly SCI, to comprehensively review innovative methods for treating SCI, and to address the existing challenges. Additionally, some of the stem cells used in neural injuries and the process of their utilization have been discussed.

Efficacy of Engraftment and Safety of Human Umbilical Di-Chimeric Cell (HUDC) Therapy after Systemic Intraosseous Administration in an Experimental Model

Cell-based therapies hold promise for novel therapeutic strategies in regenerative medicine. We previously characterized in vitro human umbilical di-chimeric cells (HUDCs) created via the ex vivo fusion of human umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells derived from two unrelated donors. In this in vivo study, we assessed HUDC safety and biodistribution in the NOD SCID mouse model at 90 days following the systemic intraosseous administration of HUDCs. Twelve NOD SCID mice (n = 6/group) received intraosseous injection of donor UCB cells (3.0 × 106) in Group 1, or HUDCs (3.0 × 106) in Group 2, without immunosuppression. Flow cytometry assessed hematopoietic cell surface markers in peripheral blood and the presence of HLA-ABC class I antigens in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. HUDC safety was assessed by weekly evaluations, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and at autopsy for tumorigenicity. At 90 days after intraosseous cell administration, the comparable expression of HLA-ABC class I antigens in selected organs was found in UCB control and HUDC therapy groups. MRI and autopsy confirmed safety by no signs of tumor growth. This study confirmed HUDC biodistribution to selected lymphoid organs following intraosseous administration, without immunosuppression. These data introduce HUDCs as a novel promising approach for immunomodulation in transplantation.

Cord blood-derived biologics lead to robust axonal regeneration in benzalkonium chloride-injured mouse corneas by modulating the Il-17 pathway and neuropeptide Y

BACKGROUND

Umbilical cord blood-derived therapeutics, such as serum (UCS) and platelet-rich plasma (UCPRP), are popular treatment options in clinical trials and can potentially be utilized to address a clinically unmet need caused by preservatives, specifically benzalkonium chloride (BAK), present in ophthalmic formulations. As current clinical interventions for secondary injuries caused by BAK are suboptimal, this study will explore the feasibility of utilizing UCS and UCPRP for cornea treatment and investigate the underlying mechanisms associated with this approach.

METHODS

Mice's corneas were administered BAK to induce damage. UCS and UCPRP were then utilized to attempt to treat the injuries. Ocular tests were performed on the animals to evaluate recovery, while immunostaining, RNA-seq, and subsequent bioinformatics analysis were conducted to investigate the treatment mechanism.

RESULTS

BAK administration led to widespread inflammatory responses in the cornea. Subsequent treatment with UCS and UCPRP led to the downregulation of immune-related 'interactions between cytokine receptors' and 'IL-17 signaling' pathways. Although axonal enhancers such as Ngf, Rac2, Robo2, Srgap1, and Rock2 were found to be present in the injured group, robust axonal regeneration was observed only in the UCS and UCPRP treatment groups. Further analysis revealed that, as compared to normal corneas, inflammation was not restored to pre-injury levels post-treatment. Importantly, Neuropeptide Y (Npy) was also involved in regulating immune responses, indicating neuroimmune axis interactions.

CONCLUSIONS

Cord blood-derived therapeutics are feasible options for overcoming the sustained injuries induced by BAK in the cornea. They also have potential applications in areas where axonal regeneration is required.

Bioactive self-healing umbilical cord blood exosomes hydrogel for promoting chronic diabetic wound healing

The deleterious effects of diabetes mellitus on wound healing have become a major public health concern worldwide. Given the complex microenvironment of diabetic wounds and the high prevalence of diabetes, the design and development of novel wound dressing materials with versatile capabilities is urgent. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from human umbilical cord blood have demonstrated the potential to counter inflammation and accelerate wound healing. Herein, we explored the efficacy of incorporating human umbilical cord blood-derived exosomes (UCB-Exos) into an ABA-type amphiphilic hydrogel, which possesses the attributes of exosome (Exo) encapsulation, temperature-triggered reversible sol-gel conversion, and Exo-regulated release, for enhancing the stability and retention of Exos. We sought to examine the feasibility of this strategy in augmenting the therapeutic efficacy of UCB-Exos for the healing of diabetes-related wounds. The injectable hydrogel was conveniently applied directly onto the wound surface and the enclosed Exo significantly facilitated the healing process, resulting in faster wound closure, enhanced collagen deposition, accelerated re-epithelialization, and enhanced neo-vascularization within two weeks compared with the hydrogel-only treatment group. In summary, some hydrogels hold great promise for promoting wound healing in diabetics and represent a novel therapeutic option for diabetes-related ulcers.

Fresh Umbilical Cord Blood-A Source of Multipotent Stem Cells, Collection, Banking, Cryopreservation, and Ethical Concerns

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a rich source of hematopoietic cells that can be used to replace bone marrow components. Many blood disorders and systemic illnesses are increasingly being treated with stem cells as regenerative medical therapy. Presently, collected blood has been stored in either public or private banks for allogenic or autologous transplantation. Using a specific keyword, we used the English language to search for relevant articles in SCOPUS and PubMed databases over time frame. According to our review, Asian countries are increasingly using UCB preservation for future use as regenerative medicine, and existing studies indicate that this trend will continue. This recent literature review explains the methodology of UCB collection, banking, and cryopreservation for future clinical use. Between 2010 and 2022, 10,054 UCB stem cell samples were effectively cryopreserved. Furthermore, we have discussed using Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) as transplant medicine, and its clinical applications. It is essential for healthcare personnel, particularly those working in labor rooms, to comprehend the protocols for collecting, transporting, and storing UCB. This review aims to provide a glimpse of the details about the UCB collection and banking processes, its benefits, and the use of UCB-derived stem cells in clinical practice, as well as the ethical concerns associated with UCB, all of which are important for healthcare professionals, particularly those working in maternity wards; namely, the obstetrician, neonatologist, and anyone involved in perinatal care. This article also highlights the practical and ethical concerns associated with private UCB banks, and the existence of public banks. UCB may continue to grow to assist healthcare teams worldwide in treating various metabolic, hematological, and immunodeficiency disorders.

A systematic review of neuroimaging epigenetic research: calling for an increased focus on development

Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation (DNAm), have gained increasing attention as potential biomarkers and mechanisms underlying risk for neurodevelopmental, psychiatric and other brain-based disorders. Yet, surprisingly little is known about the extent to which DNAm is linked to individual differences in the brain itself, and how these associations may unfold across development - a time of life when many of these disorders emerge. Here, we systematically review evidence from the nascent field of Neuroimaging Epigenetics, combining structural or functional neuroimaging measures with DNAm, and the extent to which the developmental period (birth to adolescence) is represented in these studies. We identified 111 articles published between 2011-2021, out of which only a minority (21%) included samples under 18 years of age. Most studies were cross-sectional (85%), employed a candidate-gene approach (67%), and examined DNAm-brain associations in the context of health and behavioral outcomes (75%). Nearly half incorporated genetic data, and a fourth investigated environmental influences. Overall, studies support a link between peripheral DNAm and brain imaging measures, but there is little consistency in specific findings and it remains unclear whether DNAm markers present a cause, correlate or consequence of brain alterations. Overall, there is large heterogeneity in sample characteristics, peripheral tissue and brain outcome examined as well as the methods used. Sample sizes were generally low to moderate (median nall = 98, ndevelopmental = 80), and attempts at replication or meta-analysis were rare. Based on the strengths and weaknesses of existing studies, we propose three recommendations on how advance the field of Neuroimaging Epigenetics. We advocate for: (1) a greater focus on developmentally oriented research (i.e. pre-birth to adolescence); (2) the analysis of large, prospective, pediatric cohorts with repeated measures of DNAm and imaging to assess directionality; and (3) collaborative, interdisciplinary science to identify robust signals, triangulate findings and enhance translational potential.

Therapeutic Perspectives for the Clinical Application of Umbilical Cord Hematopoietic and Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Overcoming Complications Arising After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation

This review focuses on the therapeutic features of umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells as a source for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) in adult and child populations to treat malignant and nonmalignant hematologic diseases, genetic disorders, or pathologies of the immune system, when standard treatment (e.g., chemotherapy) is not effective or clinically contraindicated. In this article, we summarize the immunological properties and the advantages and disadvantages of using UCB stem cells and discuss a variety of treatment outcomes using different sources of stem cells from different donors both in adults and pediatric population. We also highlight the critical properties (total nucleated cell dose depending on HLA compatibility) of UCB cells that reach better survival rates, reveal the advantages of double versus single cord blood unit transplantation, and present recommendations from the most recent studies. Moreover, we summarize the mechanism of action and potential benefit of mesenchymal umbilical cord cells and indicate the most common posttransplantation complications.

Umbilical Cord Blood Banking: An Update For Childbirth Educators

To make an informed decision on umbilical cord blood banking or donation during birth, families need evidence-based, quality information on this alternative. Cord blood banking often refers to private banking, while donation generally refers to public banking. Research has shown that expectant parents do not have sufficient understanding of the cord blood banking process, umbilical cord stem cell transplants, uses of these cells, or options. Research also shows that birthing families desire that information to come from a reliable healthcare provider resource, such as a childbirth educator. Therefore, this article will offer information for use by childbirth educators, nurses, or other birth workers to increase awareness and knowledge on the topic of umbilical cord blood banking and donation.

Distribution of Presepsin, Krebs von den Lungen 6, and Surfactant Protein A in Umbilical Cord Blood

Presepsin is an early indicator of infection, and Krebs von den Lungen 6 (KL-6) and Surfactant Protein A (SP-A) are related to the pathogenesis of pulmonary infection and fibrosis. This study aimed to establish reference intervals (RIs) of presepsin, KL-6, and SP-A levels and to evaluate the possible influence of neonatal and maternal factors on presepsin, KL-6, and SP-A levels in umbilical cord blood (UCB). Among a total of 613 UCB samples, the outliers were removed. The RIs for presepsin, KL-6, and SP-A levels were defined using non-parametric percentile methods according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines (EP28-A3C). These levels were analyzed according to neonatal and maternal factors: neonatal sex, gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), Apgar score, delivery mode, the presence of premature rupture of membranes (PROM), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and pre-eclampsia. Presepsin, KL-6, and SP-A levels showed non-parametric distributions and left-skewed histograms. The RIs of presepsin, KL-6, and SP-A levels were 64.9–428.3 pg/mL, 43.0–172.0 U/mL, and 2.1–36.1 ng/mL, respectively. Presepsin, KL-6, and SP-A levels did not show significant differences according to sex, GA, BW, Apgar score, delivery mode, PROM, GDM, and pre-eclampsia. The median level and 97.5th centile RI of KL-6 showed a slight increase with increased GA. We established RIs for presepsin, KL-6, and SP-A levels in large-scaled UCB samples. Further investigation would be needed to determine the clinical significance.

Current status of umbilical cord blood storage and provision to private biobanks by institutions handling childbirth in Japan

Background

The Act Regarding the Promotion of the Appropriate Supply of Hematopoietic Stem Cells for Transplant regulates only how public banks store and provide umbilical cord blood (UCB) for research or transplantation. Japan had no laws to regulate how the private banks manage the procedures, harvesting, preparation, and storage of such blood. As a result, the status of UCB distribution remains unknown. We conducted a survey to investigate the current status of UCB storage and provision to private biobanks by Japanese institutions that handle childbirth.

Methods

Questionnaire forms were mailed to 3,277 facilities handling childbirth that were registered in the Japan Council for Quality Health Care website.

Results

Of the 1,192 institutions handling childbirth that participated in the survey (response rate: 36.7%), 34.4% responded that they currently provide UCB to private biobanks, while 16.1% of facilities did so in the past. Moreover, some institutions currently provide or formerly provided UCB to medical treatment facilities (2.6%), research institutions (5.9%), companies (2.2%), or overseas treatment facilities, research institutions, or companies (0.3%). A certain number of institutions handling childbirth did not even provide explanations or obtain consent when the UCB was harvested from private bank users.

Conclusions

This is the first study to determine the status of UCB provision to private banks by Japanese institutions handling childbirth. Future studies will need to examine in detail how institutions handling childbirth provide explanations to private bank users and UCB providers as well as how these institutions obtain consent.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12910-022-00830-8.

Protocol for a Nested, Retrospective Study of the Australian Placental Transfusion Study Cohort

Background

Neonates, particularly if born preterm or with congenital anomalies, are among the pediatric patients most likely to need blood transfusion. However, they are also particularly vulnerable to adverse consequences of blood transfusion. Aiming to clamp the umbilical cord for at least a minute after birth is a simple safe procedure that is being increasingly adopted worldwide, although may be associated with increased rates of polycythemia and jaundice. It may also reduce the proportion of preterm babies who need a blood transfusion. The mechanisms for this are not fully understood. Potential mechanisms could include an increased volume of blood transfusion from the placenta to the baby after birth, and an overall reduction in the severity of illness in the first weeks after birth, which could lead to fewer blood tests and greater tolerance of anemia, or enhanced erythropoiesis.

Objectives

To investigate the mechanism behind the reduced need for blood transfusions after deferral of cord clamping.

Methodology

This protocol outlines the methods and data analysis plan for a study using nested retrospective data from a large randomized trial combined with additional data collected from patient medical and pathology records. The additional data items to be collected all relate to the receipt of transfusion and the factors that affect the risk for transfusion in preterm babies. The analysis will include all randomized babies from Australia and New Zealand for whom data are available. Causal mediation analysis is planned to estimate the effects of mediators on the relationship between the timing of cord clamping and the need for blood transfusion. The analysis is designed to discern whether initial severity of illness or the magnitude of placental transfusion mediates red blood cell transfusion dependence.

Anticipated outcomes and dissemination

We expect the study will identify potential strategies for reducing blood transfusions and associated negative outcomes in preterm infants. This will be relevant to researchers, clinicians, and parents. The results will be disseminated through publications, presentations, and inclusion in evidence-based guidelines.

Umbilical cord blood culture in neonatal early-onset sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Peripheral blood culture (PBC) is considered the gold standard for diagnosis of neonatal early-onset sepsis (EOS), but its diagnostic value can be questioned. We aimed to systematically asses the diagnostic test accuracy (DTA) of umbilical cord blood culture (UCBC) for EOS.

METHODS

A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library. Studies performing UCBC for the diagnosis of EOS were included.

RESULTS

A total of 1908 articles were screened of which 17 were included. Incidences of positive PBC and UCBC were low in all studies. There was a large heterogeneity in the consistency between positive PBC and UCBC outcomes. PBC had a pooled sensitivity of 20.4% (95% CI 0.0-40.9) and specificity of 100.0% (95% CI 100.0-100.0) compared to 42.6% (95% CI 12.7-72.4%) and 97.8% (95% CI 93.1-100.0) of UCBC for clinical EOS, defined as clinical sepsis regardless of PBC outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review shows that, compared to PBC, UCBC has higher sensitivity and comparable specificity for clinical EOS and might be considered as diagnostic test for EOS. Due to the limited number of studies, low incidences of EOS cases, and the imperfect reference standards for EOS, results should be interpreted cautiously.

IMPACT

This is the first systematic review and meta-analysis investigating the diagnostic test accuracy of umbilical cord blood culture for neonatal early-onset sepsis. Peripheral blood culture is considered the gold standard for diagnosis of neonatal early-onset sepsis, but its value for this specific diagnosis can be questioned. Umbilical cord blood culture has higher sensitivity and comparable specificity for diagnosis of neonatal early-onset sepsis compared to peripheral blood culture, circumventing the risk for iatrogenic anemia and consequently might be used as a diagnostic tool for early-onset sepsis. Quality of evidence was regarded as low due to imperfect diagnostic methods of neonatal early-onset sepsis.

Patients with advanced lateral osteoarthritis can return to sports and work after distraction arthroplasty plus lateral meniscal allograft transplantation combined with cartilage repair

PURPOSE

This study aimed to report return to sports (RTS) and return to work (RTW) outcomes after distraction arthroplasty (DA) plus lateral meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT) combined with cartilage repair in active patients with advanced osteoarthritis. It was hypothesised that DA combined with lateral MAT would improve clinical and radiological outcomes and enable RTS and RTW for most patients.

METHODS

In total, 21 patients with advanced osteoarthritis (moderate to severe joint space narrowing at lateral edge on Rosenberg view and large cartilage defect of lateral femoral condyle) who underwent concomitant DA and MAT were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical outcomes were assessed using subjective knee scores [Lysholm score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective knee score, and Tegner activity scale (TAS)] and functional tests (isokinetic extensor muscle strength test, single-leg vertical jump test, and single-leg hop for distance test). The rates of RTS, RTW, and satisfaction were evaluated. Radiological outcomes were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and X-ray (Rosenberg view).

RESULTS

The mean age at surgery and mean follow-up duration were 37.2 ± 5.9 years and 37.1 ± 5.4 months, respectively. All improvements in subjective scores were statistically significant (p < 0.001). The Lysholm score improved from 58.3 ± 8.1 to 84.3 ± 8.2, the IKDC subjective score from 53.9 ± 10.4 to 78.0 ± 7.7, and the TAS from 4.0 ± 0.5 to 5.1 ± 0.8. The limb symmetry index (LSI) (%) of the extensor peak torque at an angular velocity of 60°/s improved from 67.3 ± 19.2 to 88.4 ± 20.3% (p = 0.001). The LSI of the single-leg vertical jump test and single-leg hop for distance test improved from 62.8 ± 21.3 to 87.7 ± 19.5% and from 63.9 ± 20.8 to 85.5 ± 18.1%, respectively (all, p < 0.001). All patients were able to return to any sports activity and work. However, 67% and 90.5% returned to their defined or desired level of sports activity and occupation intensity, respectively. Further, 76.2% were very satisfied or somewhat satisfied with the outcome at the last follow-up. The JSW increased by 0.8 ± 0.4 to 2.3 ± 0.6 mm (p = 0.005). In more than 90% of patients, > 50% of cartilage lesion was covered. The mean graft extrusion was 2.6 ± 1.0 mm.

CONCLUSION

All patients who underwent distraction arthroplasty plus lateral MAT combined with cartilage repair returned to any sports and work at the last follow-up. Significant improvements in clinical outcomes and the radiographic joint space width were observed. However, the activity ability was somewhat reduced compared with the best preoperative level. This one-stage joint salvage treatment is a promising option for young and active patients with advanced OA who wish to return to high levels of sports activity and occupation intensity (≥ Tegner activity scale 4).

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

III.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Umbilical Cord Blood having Excellent Stemness Properties with Therapeutic Benefits - a New Era in Cancer Treatment

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most promising candidates for cellular therapies, and most therapeutic applications have focused on MSCs produced from adult bone marrow, despite mounting evidence that MSCs are present in a wide range of conditions. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a valuable source of hematopoietic stem cells, but its therapeutic potential extends beyond the hematopoietic component, which also suggests solid organ regenerative potential. With potential ranging from embryonic-like to lineage-committed progenitor cells, many different stems and progenitor cell populations have been postulated. MSC is currently inferred by numerous clinical applications for human UCB. aAs stem cell therapy kicks off some new research and these cells show such a boon to stem cell therapy, it is nevertheless characteristic that the prospect of UCB conservation is gaining momentum. Taken together, the experience described here shows that MSCs derived from UCB are seen as attractive therapeutic candidates for various human disorders including cancer. It is argued that a therapeutic stem cell transplant, using stem cells from UCB, provides a reliable repository of early precursor cells that can be useful in a large number of different conditions, considering issues of safety, availability, transplant methodology, rejection, and side effects. In particular, we focus on the concept of isolation and expansion, comparing the phenotype with MSC derived from the UCB, describing the ability to differentiate, and lastly, the therapeutic potential concerning stromal support, stemness characteristic, immune modulation, and cancer stem cell therapy. Thus it is an overview of the therapeutic application of UCB derived MSCs, with a special emphasis on cancer. Besides, the current evidence on the double-edged sword of MSCs in cancer treatment and the latest advances in UCB-derived MSC in cancer research will be discussed.

Effect of expansion of human umbilical cord blood CD34 + cells on neurotrophic and angiogenic factor expression and function

The use of CD34 + cell-based therapies has largely been focused on haematological conditions. However, there is increasing evidence that umbilical cord blood (UCB) CD34 + -derived cells have neuroregenerative properties. Due to low cell numbers of CD34 + cells present in UCB, expansion is required to produce sufficient cells for therapeutic purposes, especially in adults or when frequent applications are required. However, it is not known whether expansion of CD34 + cells has an impact on their function and neuroregenerative capacity. We addressed this knowledge gap in this study, via expansion of UCB-derived CD34 + cells using combinations of LDL, UM171 and SR-1 to yield large numbers of cells and then tested their functionality. CD34 + cells expanded for 14 days in media containing UM171 and SR-1 resulted in over 1000-fold expansion. The expanded cells showed an up-regulation of the neurotrophic factor genes BDNF, GDNF, NTF-3 and NTF-4, as well as the angiogenic factors VEGF and ANG. In vitro functionality testing showed that these expanded cells promoted angiogenesis and, in brain glial cells, promoted cell proliferation and reduced production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during oxidative stress. Collectively, this study showed that our 14-day expansion protocol provided a robust expansion that could produce enough cells for therapeutic purposes. These expanded cells, when tested in in vitro, maintained functionality as demonstrated through promotion of cell proliferation, attenuation of ROS production caused by oxidative stress and promotion of angiogenesis.

Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSC) in the Umbilical Cord Blood: Biological Significance and Possible Therapeutic Applications

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells that suppress immune responses in cancer, infection, and trauma. They mainly act by inhibiting T-cells, natural-killer cells, and dendritic cells, and also by inducing T-regulatory cells, and modulating macrophages. Although they are mostly associated with adverse prognosis of the underlying disease entity, they may display positive effects in specific situations, such as in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), where they suppress graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). They also contribute to the feto-maternal tolerance, and in the fetus growth process, whereas several pregnancy complications have been associated with their defects. Human umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a source rich in MDSCs and their myeloid progenitor cells. Recently, a number of studies have investigated the generation, isolation, and expansion of UCB-MDSCs for potential clinical application associated with their immunosuppressive properties, such as GVHD, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Given that a significant proportion of UCB units in cord blood banks are not suitable for clinical use in HSCT, they might be used as a significant source of MDSCs for research and clinical purposes. The current review summarizes the roles of MDSCs in the UCB, as well as their promising applications.

Clinical Practice of Umbilical Cord Blood Stem Cells in Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine - Prodigious Promise for Imminent Times

The umbilical cord blood is usually disposed of as an unwanted material after parturition; however, today, it is viewed as a regenerative medication so as to create the organ tissues. This cord blood gathered from the umbilical cord is made up of mesenchymal stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and multipotent non-hematopoietic stem cells having many therapeutic effects as these stem cells are utilized to treat malignancies, hematological ailments, inborn metabolic problem, and immune deficiencies. Presently, numerous clinical applications for human umbilical cord blood inferred stem cells, as stem cell treatment initiate new research. These cells are showing such a boon to stem cell treatment; it is nevertheless characteristic that the prospect of conservation of umbilical cord blood is gaining impetus. Current research works have demonstrated that about 80 diseases, including cancer, can be treated or relieved utilizing umbilical cord blood stem cells, and every year, many transplants have been effectively done around the world. However, in terms of factors, including patient selection, cell preparation, dosing, and delivery process, the treatment procedure for therapy with minimally manipulated stem cells can be patented. It is also worth thinking about how this patent could affect cord blood banks. Meanwhile, the utilization of cord blood cells is controversial and adult-derived cells may not be as successful, so numerous clinicians have begun working with stem cells that are acquired from umbilical cord blood. This review epitomizes a change in outlook from what has been completed with umbilical cord blood cell research and cord blood banking on the grounds that cord blood cells do not require much in the method of handling for cryopreservation or for transplantation in regenerative medicine.

Stem Cells as a Model of Study of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A Systematic Review of the Literature

BACKGROUND

The SARS-CoV-2 virus is the cause of the latest pandemic of the 21st century; it is responsible for the development of COVID-19. Within the multiple study models for both the biology and the treatment of SARS-CoV-2, the use of stem cells has been proposed because of their ability to increase the immune response and to repair tissue. Therefore, the objective of this review is to evaluate the role of stem cells against SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 in order to identify their potential as a study model and as a possible therapeutic source against tissue damage caused by this virus. Therefore, the following research question was established: What is the role of stem cells in the study of SARS-CoV-2 and the treatment of COVID-19?

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A search was carried out in the electronic databases of PUBMED, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. The following keywords were used: "SARS-CoV-2," "COVID-19," and "STEM CELL," plus independent search strategies with the Boolean operators "OR" and "AND." The identified reports were those whose main objective was the study of stem cells in relation to SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19. For the development of this study, the following inclusion criteria were taken into account: studies whose main objective was the study of stem cells in relation to SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 and clinical case studies, case reports, clinical trials, pilot studies, in vitro, or in vivo studies. For assessment of the risk of bias for in vitro studies, the SciRAP tool was used. The data collected for each type of study, clinical or in vitro, were analyzed with descriptive statistics using the SPSS V.22 program.

RESULTS

Of the total of studies included (n = 39), 22 corresponded to in vitro investigations and 17 to human studies (clinical cases (n = 9), case series (n = 2), pilot clinical trials (n = 5), clinical trials (n = 1)). In vitro studies that induced pluripotent stem cells were the most used (n = 12), and in clinical studies, the umbilical stem cells derived were the most reported (n = 11). The mean age of the study subjects was 58.3 years. After the application of stem cell therapy, the follow-up period was 8 days minimum and 90 days maximum. Discussion. The mechanism by which the virus enters the cell is through protein "S," located on the surface of the membrane, by recognizing the ACE2 receptor located on the target cell. The evidence that the expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in stem cells indicates that stem cells from bone marrow and amniotic fluid have very little expression. This shows that stem cell has a low risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2.

CONCLUSION

The use of stem cells is a highly relevant therapeutic option. It has been shown in both in vitro studies and clinical trials that it counteracts the excessive secretion of cytokines. There are even more studies that focus on long-term follow-up; thus, the potential for major side effects can be analyzed more clearly. Finally, the ethical use of stem cells from fetal or infant origin needs to be regulated. The study was registered in PROSPERO (no. CRD42021229038). The limitations of the study were because of the methodology employed, the sample was not very large, and the follow-up period of the clinical studies was relatively short.

Allogenic Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Are More Effective Than Bone Marrow Aspiration Concentrate for Cartilage Regeneration After High Tibial Osteotomy in Medial Unicompartmental Osteoarthritis of Knee

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to compare the outcome of cartilage regeneration between bone marrow aspirate concentrate (BMAC) augmentation and allogeneic human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hUCB-MSCs) transplantation in high tibial osteotomy (HTO) with microfracture (MFX) for medial unicompartmental osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee in the young and active patient.

METHODS

Between January 2015 and December 2019, the patients who underwent HTO and arthroscopy with MFX combined with BMAC or allogeneic hUCB-MSCs procedure for medial unicompartmental OA with kissing lesion, which was shown full-thickness cartilage defect (≥ International Cartilage Repair Society [ICRS] grade 3B) in medial femoral cartilage and medial tibial cartilage, were include in this study. Retrospectively we compared clinical outcomes, including Hospital for Special Surgery score, Knee Society Score (KSS) pain and function, and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score between BMAC and hUCB-MSCs group at minimum of 1-year follow-up. Also, second-look arthroscopy was performed simultaneously with removal of the plate after complete bone union. Cartilage regeneration was graded by the ICRS grading system at second-look arthroscopy. Radiological measurement including hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle, posterior tibial slope angle, and correction angle were assessed.

RESULTS

Of 150 cases that underwent HTO with MFX combined with BMAC or allogeneic hUCB-MSCs procedure for medial unicompartmental OA, 123 cases underwent plate removal and second-look arthroscopy after a minimum of 1 year after the HTO surgery. Seventy-four cases were kissing lesion in medial femoral cartilage and medial tibial cartilage during initial HTO surgery. Finally, the BMAC group composed of 42 cases and hUCB-MSCs group composed of 32 cases were retrospectively identified in patients who had kissing lesions and second-look arthroscopies with a minimum of 1 year of follow-up. At the final follow-up of mean 18.7 months (standard deviation = 4.6 months), clinical outcomes in both groups had improved. However, there were no significant differences between the IKDC, WOMAC, or KSS pain and function scores in the 2 groups (P > .05). At second-look arthroscopy, the ICRS grade was significantly better in the hUCB-MSC group than in the BMAC group in both medial femoral and medial tibial cartilage (P = .001 for both). The average ICRS grade of the BMAC group improved from 3.9 before surgery to 2.8 after surgery. The average ICRS grade of the hUBC-MSC group improved from 3.9 before surgery to 2.0 after surgery. Radiological findings comparing postoperative HKA angle, posterior tibial slope angle, and correction angle showed no significant differences between the groups (P > .05). Therefore it was found that the postoperative correction amount did not affect the postoperative cartilage regeneration results.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that the hUCB-MSC procedure was more effective than the BMAC procedure for cartilage regeneration in medial unicompartmental knee OA even though the clinical outcomes improved regardless of which treatment was administered.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III, retrospective comparative study.

Umbilical cord blood hematological parameters reference interval for newborns from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

BACKGROUND

Several factors like altitude, age, sex, pregnancy, socioeconomic status, life style and race influence hematological reference interval (RIs), which are critical to support clinical decisions and to interpret laboratory data in research. Currently there are no well-established RIs for cord blood hematological parameters of newborns in Ethiopia. This study aims to generate RIs for umbilical cord blood hematological parameters of newborns from Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

METHOD

A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 1 to March 31, 2019 on healthy, term newborns (37-42 weeks) with normal birth weight born to apparently healthy pregnant mothers who had met the eligibility criteria. From 139 newborns, 2-3ml cord blood was immediately collected from the clumped cord using EDTA tube. The samples were analyzed using Sysmex KX 21 hematology analyzer. Data was entered and the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles (upper and lower reference limit) were determined using non parametric method by SPSS version 23. The non-parametric independent Mann-Whitney U test (Wilcoxon rank-sum test) was used to compare the distribution of the parameters between genders, modes of deliveries and gestational age. P value less than 0.05 was considered to declare statistical significance.

RESULT

The median values and 95 % reference interval for umbilical cord blood hematological parameters of newborns were as follows: WBC = 12.4 [6.6-19.4] x109/L, RBC = 4.51 [3.55-5.52] x1012/L, HGB = 15.8 [12.4-19.7] g/dL, HCT = 45.9[37.9-56.3]%, MCV = 102.1[83.9-111.6] fL, MCH = 35.3 [29.4-39.1] pg, MCHC = 34.3 [32.3-37.4] %, PLT = 236 [146-438] x109/L, LYM = 37.5 [16.6-63.0] %, MXD = 7.9[1.7-15.8] %, NEU = 53.7[30.3-78.4] %, RDW = 15.6[12.0-19.0]%, PDW = 11.0[9.1-15.7]% and MPV = 9.4[8.1-11.8] fL. The current study found no significant difference between genders, except RDW (P = 0.01), and gestational age group, but there was significant difference for WBC (p = 0.007), RBC (p = 0.018) and Absolute NEU (p = 0.001) by delivery type where newborns delivered through caesarean section had lower values for these three parameters compared to those with spontaneous delivery.

CONCLUSIONS

hematological reference intervals in cord blood were established for the first time from healthy newborns of Addis Ababa and its surrounding. The values are applicable for newborns from this area. Larger study throughout the country is warranted.

Extracellular vesicles derived from umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells alleviate pulmonary fibrosis by means of transforming growth factor-β signaling inhibition

Background

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF), the end point of interstitial lung diseases, is characterized by myofibroblast over differentiation and excessive extracellular matrix accumulation, leading to progressive organ dysfunction and usually a terminal outcome. Studies have shown that umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (uMSCs) could alleviate PF; however, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated.

Methods

The therapeutic effects of uMSC-derived extracellular vesicles (uMSC-EVs) on PF were evaluated using bleomycin (BLM)-induced mouse models. Then, the role and mechanism of uMSC-EVs in inhibiting myofibroblast differentiation were investigated in vivo and in vitro.

Results

Treatment with uMSC-EVs alleviated the PF and enhanced the proliferation of alveolar epithelial cells in BLM-induced mice, thus improved the life quality, including the survival rate, body weight, fibrosis degree, and myofibroblast over differentiation of lung tissue. Moreover, these effects of uMSC-EVs on PF are likely achieved by inhibiting the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway, evidenced by decreased expression levels of TGF-β2 and TGF-βR2. Using mimics of uMSC-EV-specific miRNAs, we found that miR-21 and miR-23, which are highly enriched in uMSC-EVs, played a critical role in inhibiting TGF-β2 and TGF-βR2, respectively.

Conclusion

The effects of uMSCs on PF alleviation are likely achieved via EVs, which reveals a new role of uMSC-EV-derived miRNAs, opening a novel strategy for PF treatment in the clinical setting.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02296-8.

SDF-1α Gene-Activated Collagen Scaffold Restores Pro-Angiogenic Wound Healing Features in Human Diabetic Adipose-Derived Stem Cells

Non-healing diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) can lead to leg amputation in diabetic patients. Autologous stem cell therapy holds some potential to solve this problem; however, diabetic stem cells are relatively dysfunctional and restrictive in their wound healing abilities. This study sought to explore if a novel collagen-chondroitin sulfate (coll-CS) scaffold, functionalized with polyplex nanoparticles carrying the gene encoding for stromal-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α gene-activated scaffold), can enhance the regenerative functionality of human diabetic adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs). We assessed the impact of the gene-activated scaffold on diabetic ADSCs by comparing their response against healthy ADSCs cultured on a gene-free scaffold over two weeks. Overall, we found that the gene-activated scaffold could restore the pro-angiogenic regenerative response in the human diabetic ADSCs similar to the healthy ADSCs on the gene-free scaffold. Gene and protein expression analysis revealed that the gene-activated scaffold induced the overexpression of SDF-1α in diabetic ADSCs and engaged the receptor CXCR7, causing downstream β-arrestin signaling, as effectively as the transfected healthy ADSCs. The transfected diabetic ADSCs also exhibited pro-wound healing features characterized by active matrix remodeling of the provisional fibronectin matrix and basement membrane protein collagen IV. The gene-activated scaffold also induced a controlled pro-healing response in the healthy ADSCs by disabling early developmental factors signaling while promoting the expression of tissue remodeling components. Conclusively, we show that the SDF-1α gene-activated scaffold can overcome the deficiencies associated with diabetic ADSCs, paving the way for autologous stem cell therapies combined with novel biomaterials to treat DFUs.

Viability and intracellular nitric oxide generation in the umbilical cord blood CD34+CD133- and CD34+CD133+ cell populations exposed to local anaesthetics

Local anesthetics (LAs) are capable of influencing cell viability in systemic immunity and may also modify metabolism of those present in umbilical cord blood (UCB) following obstetric neuraxial analgesia and anaesthesia. Data regarding UCB immature cells, important for the neonate and critical for putative UCB transplantations, are lacking. LAs are capable of stimulating intracellular nitric oxide (NO) in human neutrophils; no information is available concerning newly perpetuated cells and its potential association with viability. The study aimed at assessing the LAs influence on the cell viability and intracellular NO production by UCB CD34⁺CD133^– and CD34⁺ CD133⁺ cell populations. Mononuclear cells separated from UCB samples (n = 19) were incubated with bupivacaine (0.0005, 0.005, 1 mM), lidocaine (0.002, 0.02, 4 mM), and ropivacaine (0.0007, 0.007, 1.4 mM) for 4 h. Flow cytometry was applied for the assessment of cell viability and intracellular NO generation in CD34⁺CD133^– and CD34⁺CD133⁺ cell populations using annexinV/7-AAD and DAF-2DA stainings, respectively. CD34⁺CD133⁺ cells showed less pronounced late apoptosis and necrosis as compared to CD34⁺CD133-population. Intracellular NO generation was comparable between both cell populations studied. LAs neither influenced cell viability nor changed NO production in either population. LAs do not interfere with viability and intracellular NO generation in the UCB CD34⁺CD133^– and CD34⁺CD133⁺ cell populations.

Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells: A platform that can be engineered

Mesenchymal stem cells play an important role in tissue damage and repair. This role is mainly due to a paracrine mechanism, and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are an important part of the paracrine function. EVs play a vital role in many aspects of cell homeostasis, physiology, and pathology, and EVs can be used as clinical biomarkers, vaccines, or drug delivery vehicles. A large number of studies have shown that EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EVs) play an important role in the treatment of various diseases. However, the problems of low production, low retention rate, and poor targeting of MSC-EVs are obstacles to current clinical applications. The engineering transformation of MSC-EVs can make up for those shortcomings, thereby improving treatment efficiency. This review summarizes the latest research progress of MSC-EV direct and indirect engineering transformation from the aspects of improving MSC-EV retention rate, yield, targeting, and MSC-EV visualization research, and proposes some feasible MSC-EV engineering methods of transformation.

Therapeutic Potential of Umbilical Cord Stem Cells for Liver Regeneration

The liver is a vital organ for life and the only internal organ that is capable of natural regeneration. Although the liver has high regeneration capacity, excessive hepatocyte death can lead to liver failure. Various factors can lead to liver damage including drug abuse, some natural products, alcohol, hepatitis, and autoimmunity. Some models for studying liver injury are APAP-based model, Fas ligand (FasL), D-galactosamine/endotoxin (Gal/ET), Concanavalin A, and carbon tetrachloride-based models. The regeneration of the liver can be carried out using umbilical cord blood stem cells which have various advantages over other stem cell types used in liver transplantation. UCB-derived stem cells lack tumorigenicity, have karyotype stability and high immunomodulatory, low risk of graft versus host disease (GVHD), low risk of transmitting somatic mutations or viral infections, and low immunogenicity. They are readily available and their collection is safe and painless. This review focuses on recent development and modern trends in the use of umbilical cord stem cells for the regeneration of liver fibrosis.

Prospects for the therapeutic development of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is a primitive and abundant source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). UCB-derived MSCs have a broad and efficient therapeutic capacity to treat various diseases and disorders. Despite the high latent self-renewal and differentiation capacity of these cells, the safety, efficacy, and yield of MSCs expanded for ex vivo clinical applications remains a concern. However, immunomodulatory effects have emerged in various disease models, exhibiting specific mechanisms of action, such as cell migration and homing, angiogenesis, anti-apoptosis, proliferation, anti-cancer, anti-fibrosis, anti-inflammation and tissue regeneration. Herein, we review the current literature pertaining to the UCB-derived MSC application as potential treatment strategies, and discuss the concerns regarding the safety and mass production issues in future applications.

Development and validation of a technology for obstetric intraoperative care safety

OBJECTIVES

to develop and validate an obstetric surgical safety checklist for intraoperative care.

METHODS

this is a methodological study with two phases: integrative review in databases, using selection criteria and descriptors to synthesize the evidence and develop the checklist; checklist content validation, with 37 judges, who answered a Likert-type questionnaire. For analysis, a >85% content validation index was applied.

RESULTS

the checklist's first moment reached a 96.1 content validation index; the second moment, 95.5; the third moment, 98.9. Thus, the validation index of all verifying sections present in the three surgical moments was 97.1. Cronbach's Alpha value was 95.57%.

CONCLUSIONS

the checklist items were validated by judges, with improvement of some items and insertion of others.

Menstrual blood-derived stromal cells modulate functional properties of mouse and human macrophages

Menstrual blood-derived stromal cells (MenSCs) are emerging as a strong candidate for cell-based therapies due to their immunomodulatory properties. However, their direct impact on innate immune populations remains elusive. Since macrophages play a key role in the onset and development of inflammation, understanding MenSCs implication in the functional properties of these cells is required to refine their clinical effects during the treatment of inflammatory disorders. In this study, we assessed the effects that MenSCs had on the recruitment of macrophages and other innate immune cells in two mouse models of acute inflammation, a thioglycollate (TGC)-elicited peritonitis model and a monobacterial sepsis model. We found that, in the TGC model, MenSCs injection reduced the percentage of macrophages recruited to the peritoneum and promoted the generation of peritoneal immune cell aggregates. In the sepsis model, MenSCs exacerbated infection by diminishing the recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils to the site of infection and inducing defective bacterial clearance. Additional in vitro studies confirmed that co-culture with MenSCs impaired macrophage bactericidal properties, affecting bacterial killing and the production of reactive oxygen intermediates. Our findings suggest that MenSCs modulate the macrophage population and that this modulation must be taken into consideration when it comes to future clinical applications.

Umbilical cord blood cells for the treatment of preterm white matter injury: Potential effects and treatment options

Preterm birth is a global public health problem. A large number of preterm infants survive with preterm white matter injury (PWMI), which leads to neurological deficits, and has multifaceted etiology, clinical course, monitoring, and outcomes. The principal upstream insults leading to PWMI initiation are hypoxia-ischemia and infection and/or inflammation and the key target cells are late oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Current PWMI treatments are mainly supportive, and thus have little effect in terms of protecting the immature brain or repairing injury to improve long-term outcomes. Umbilical cord blood (UCB) cells comprise abundant immunomodulatory and stem cells, which have the potential to reduce brain injury, mainly due to anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms, and also through their release of neurotrophic or growth factors to promote endogenous neurogenesis. In this review, we briefly summarize PWMI pathogenesis and pathophysiology, and the specific properties of different cell types in UCB. We further explore the potential mechanism by which UCB can be used to treat PWMI, and discuss the advantages of and potential issues related to UCB cell therapy. Finally, we suggest potential future studies of UCB cell therapy in preterm infants.

Combination of SB431542, Chir9901, and Bpv as a novel supplement in the culture of umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells

Background

Small molecule compounds have been well recognized for their promising power in the generation, expansion, and maintenance of embryonic or adult stem cells. The aim of this study was to identify a novel combination of small molecules in order to optimize the ex vivo expansion of umbilical cord blood-derived CD34⁺ cells.

Methods

Considering the most important signaling pathways involved in the self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells, CB-CD34⁺ cells were expanded with cytokines in the presence of seven small molecules including SB, PD, Chir, Bpv, Pur, Pμ, and NAM. The eliminativism approach was used to find the best combination of selected small molecules for effective ex vivo expansion of CD34⁺ cell. In each step, proliferation, self-renewal, and clonogenic potential of the expanded cells as well as expression of some hematopoietic stem cell-related genes were studied. Finally, the engraftment potential of expanded cells was also examined by the mouse intra-uterine transplantation model.

Results

Our data shows that the simultaneous use of SB431542 (TGF-β inhibitor), Chir9901 (GSK3 inhibitor), and Bpv (PTEN inhibitor) resulted in a 50-fold increase in the number of CD34⁺CD38⁻ cells. This was further reflected in approximately 3 times the increase in the clonogenic potential of the small molecule cocktail-expanded cells. These cells, also, showed a 1.5-fold higher engraftment potential in the peripheral blood of the NMRI model of in utero transplantation. These results are in total conformity with the upregulation of HOXB4, GATA2, and CD34 marker gene as well as the CXCR4 homing gene.

Conclusion

Taken together, our findings introduce a novel combination of small molecules to improve the yield of existing protocols used in the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells.

Wharton's jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into oocyte like cells in vitro by follicular fluid and cumulus cells conditioned medium

Wharton's jelly derived-mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) have a same developmental origin with primordial germ cells. WJ-MSCs perhaps differentiate into oocyte and germ like-cells (OLCs/GLCs) in the presence of appropriate inducers. Human follicular fluid (FF) and cumulus cells conditioned medium (CCM) are naturally rich sources for oocyte development. The aim of this study was to evaluate WJ-MSCs potential for differentiating into OLCs and GLCs exposed to FF and CCM. WJ-MSCs were cultured in two different induction media (10% FF, 10% CCM) for 21 days. Morphological changes and expression of developmental genes were evaluated on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 of culture. Also, on 21^st day of culture, the expression of oocyte and germ cell proteins investigated using immunofluorescence staining. Appearance of round shaped cells from 7^th day onwards indicated that WJ-MSCs can differentiate into OLCs when exposed to FF and CCM. The size of produced OLCs and expression of oocyte specific genes and proteins were increased more positively in FF group rather than CCM group. Although, WJ-MSCs could differentiate into OLCs by FF and CCM, however, the induction potential of FF for producing OLCs was better than CCM.

A humoral solution: Autologous blood products and tissue repair

Autologous blood-derived products (ABP) are the focus of growing scientific interest and are investigated and used for multiple medical indications. ABPs hold promise thanks to their availability, ease of preparation, and low risk of adverse allogenic reaction, hypersensitivity, and contamination. Compositional analysis of ABPs reveals a diverse mixture of cellular components, cytokines and growth factors that play roles in healing processes such as tissue proliferation and angiogenesis, modulation of the local environment through chemotaxis and regulation of inflammation and the extracellular matrix, as well as several immunomodulatory actions. Thus, the administration of ABP induces supraphysiological levels of components necessary for orchestrating reparative efforts in currently difficult-to-treat medical conditions. In this article, we review the variety of autologous blood-derived products, their composition, current clinical uses, regulatory climate, and mechanisms of action.

GFc7 as a Smart Growth Nanofactor for ex vivo Expansion and Cryoprotection of Humans' Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Background

Nowadays, smart synthesized nanostructures have attracted wide attention in the field of stem cell nanotechnology due to their effect on different properties of stem cells.

Methods

GFc7 growth nanofactor was synthesized based on nanochelating technology as an iron-containing copper chelator nanocomplex. The effect of this nanocomplex on the expansion and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) as well as its performance as a cryoprotectant was evaluated in the present study.

Results

The results showed that the absolute count of CD34⁺ and CD34⁺CD38^- cells on days 4, 7, 10 and 13; the percentage of lactate dehydrogenase enzyme on the same days and CD34⁺CXCR4 population on day 10 were significantly increased when they were treated with GFc7 growth nanofactor in a fetal bovine serum (FBS)-free medium. This medium also led to delayed differentiation in HSCs. One noticeable result was that CD34⁺CD38^- cells cultured in an FBS medium were immediately differentiated into CD34⁺CD38⁺ cells, while CD34⁺CD38^- cells treated with GFc7 growth nanofactor in FBS medium did not show such an immediate significant differentiation. De-freezing GFc7-treated CD34⁺ cells, which were already frozen according to cord blood bank protocols, showed a higher percentage of cell viability and a larger number of colonies according to colony-forming cell assay as compared to control.

Conclusion

It can be claimed that treating HSCs with GFc7 growth nanofactor leads to quality and quantity improvement of HSCs, both in terms of expansion in vitro and freezing and de-freezing processes.

Umbilical cord stem cells: Background, processing and applications

Stem cells have currently gained attention in the field of medicine not only due to their ability to repair dysfunctional or damaged cells, but also they could be used as drug delivery system after being engineered to do so. Human umbilical cord is attractive source for autologous and allogenic stem cells that are currently amenable to treatment of various diseases. Human umbilical cord stem cells are -in contrast to embryonic and fetal stem cells- ethically noncontroversial, inexpensive and readily available source of cells. Umbilical cord, umbilical cord vein, amnion/placenta and Wharton's jelly are all rich of many types of multipotent stem cell populations capable of forming many different cell types. This review will focus on umbilical cord stem cells processing and current application in medicine.

Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: Challenges in Clinical Applications

Stem cell therapy has garnered much attention and application in the past decades for the treatment of diseases and injuries. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are studied most extensively for their therapeutic roles, which appear to be derived from their paracrine activity. Recent studies suggest a critical therapeutic role for extracellular vesicles (EV) secreted by MSCs. EV are nano-sized membrane-bound vesicles that shuttle important biomolecules between cells to maintain physiological homeostasis. Studies show that EV from MSCs (MSC-EV) have regenerative and anti-inflammatory properties. The use of MSC-EV, as an alternative to MSCs, confers several advantages, such as higher safety profile, lower immunogenicity, and the ability to cross biological barriers, and avoids complications that arise from stem cell-induced ectopic tumor formation, entrapment in lung microvasculature, and immune rejection. These advantages and the growing body of evidence suggesting that MSC-EV display therapeutic roles contribute to the strong rationale for developing EV as an alternative therapeutic option. Despite the success in preclinical studies, use of MSC-EV in clinical settings will require careful consideration; specifically, several critical issues such as (i) production methods, (ii) quantification and characterization, (iii) pharmacokinetics, targeting and transfer to the target sites, and (iv) safety profile assessments need to be resolved. Keeping these issues in mind, the aim of this mini-review is to shed light on the challenges faced in MSC-EV research in translating successful preclinical studies to clinical platforms.

Use of Human Umbilical Cord and Its Byproducts in Tissue Regeneration

The fresh or cryopreserved human umbilical cord (HUC) and its byproducts, such as cells and extracts, have different uses in tissue regeneration. Defining what HUC byproduct is more effective in a particular application is a challenge. Furthermore, the methods of isolation, culture and preservation, may affect cell viability and regenerative properties. In this article, we review the HUC and its byproducts' applications in research and clinical practice. We present our results of successful use of HUC as a patch to treat gastroschisis and its potential to be applied in other conditions. Our in vitro results show an increase in proliferation and migration of human fibroblasts by using an acellular HUC extract. Our goal is to promote standardization of procedures and point out that applications of HUC and its byproducts, as well as the resulting advances in regenerative medicine, will depend on rigorous quality control and on more research in this area.

Translation of Cryobiological Techniques to Socially Economically Deprived Populations—Part 1: Cryogenic Preservation Strategies

Use of cold for preservation of biological materials, avoidance of food spoilage and to manage a variety of medical conditions has been known for centuries. The cryobiological science justified these applications in the 1960s increasing their use in expanding global activities. However, the engineering and technological aspects associated with cryobiology can be expensive and this raises questions about the abilities of resource-restricted low and middle income countries (LMICs) to benefit from the advances. This review was undertaken to understand where or how access to cryobiological advances currently exist and the constraints on their usage. The subject areas investigated were based on themes which commonly appear in the journal Cryobiology. This led in the final analysis for separating the review into two parts, with the first part dealing with cold applied for biopreservation of living cells and tissues in science, health care and agriculture, and the second part dealing with cold destruction of tissues in medicine. The limitations of the approaches used are recognized, but as a first attempt to address these topics surrounding access to cryobiology in LMICs, the review should pave the way for future more subject-specific assessments of the true global uptake of the benefits of cryobiology.

Multipotency of mouse trophoblast stem cells

Background

In a number of disease processes, the body is unable to repair injured tissue, promoting the need to develop strategies for tissue repair and regeneration, including the use of cellular therapeutics. Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) are considered putative stem cells as they differentiate into other subtypes of trophoblast cells. To identify cells for future therapeutic strategies, we investigated whether TSCs have properties of stem/progenitor cells including self-renewal and the capacity to differentiate into parenchymal cells of fetal organs, in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

TSCs were isolated using anti-CD117 micro-beads, from embryonic day 18.5 placentas. In vitro, CD117⁺ TSCs were cultured, at a limiting dilution in growth medium for the development of multicellular clones and in specialized medium for differentiation into lung epithelial cells, cardiomyocytes, and retinal photoreceptor cells. CD117⁺ TSCs were also injected in utero into lung, heart, and the sub-retinal space of embryonic day 13.5 fetuses, and the organs were harvested for histological assessment after a natural delivery.

Results

We first identified CD117⁺ cells within the labyrinth zone and chorionic basal plate of murine placentas in late pregnancy, embryonic day 18.5. CD117⁺ TSCs formed multicellular clones that remained positive for CD117 in vitro, consistent with self-renewal properties. The clonal cells demonstrated multipotency, capable of differentiating into lung epithelial cells (endoderm), cardiomyocytes (mesoderm), and retinal photoreceptor cells (ectoderm). Finally, injection of CD117⁺ TSCs in utero into lungs, hearts, and the sub-retinal spaces of fetuses resulted in their engraftment on day 1 after birth, and the CD117⁺ TSCs differentiated into lung alveolar epithelial cells, heart cardiomyocytes, and retina photoreceptor cells, corresponding with the organs in which they were injected.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that CD117⁺ TSCs have the properties of stem cells including clonogenicity, self-renewal, and multipotency. In utero administration of CD117⁺ TSCs engraft and differentiate into resident cells of the lung, heart, and retina during mouse development.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-020-1567-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Child with Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome underwent atypical immune reconstruction after umbilical cord blood transplantation: A case report

BACKGROUND

Timely reconstitution of a donor-derived immune system is important for recovery and long-term survival of patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We describe a case of Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) treated by umbilical cord blood transplantation (UCBT) with atypical immune reconstruction.

CASE SUMMARY

A 1-year-old Chinese male infant was diagnosed with WAS. WAS gene sequencing identified the mutation c.777 + 1G>A (IVS8). On August 8, 2017, he was admitted to our hospital for HSCT. We selected an unrelated Human leukocyte antigen 6/10-matched donor for UCBT. After HSCT, the immune reconstitution process was atypical, the lymphocytes reached 0.5 × 10⁹/L on day 23, and the neutrophils reached 0.5 × 10⁹/L on day 34. The patient’s recovery throughout the year was good.

CONCLUSION

An increase in lymphocytes (especially T cells) earlier than granulocytes may be a marker of a good prognosis in UCBT.

Characterization of an umbilical cord blood sourced product suitable for allogeneic applications

Aim: Umbilical cord blood (UCB) sourced allografts are promising interventions for tissue regeneration. As applications of these allografts and regulations governing them continue to evolve, we were prompted to identify parameters determining their quality, safety and regenerative potential. Materials & methods: Flow-cytometry, mass-spectrometry, protein multiplexing, nanoparticle tracking analysis and standard biological techniques were employed. Results: Quality attributes of a uniquely processed UCB-allograft (UCBr) were enumerated based on identity (cell viability, immunophenotyping, proteomic profiling, and quantification of relevant cytokines); safety (bioburden and microbiological screening), purity (endotoxin levels) and potency (effect of UCBr on chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes). These attributes were stable up to 24 months in cryopreserved UCBr. Conclusion: We identified a comprehensive panel of tests to establish the clinical efficacy and quality control attributes of a UCB-sourced allograft.

Progenitor Cells Derived from Drain Waste Product of Open-Heart Surgery in Children

Human cardiac progenitor cells isolated from the same host may have advantages over other sources of stem cells. The aim of this study is to establish a new source of human progenitor cells collected from a waste product, pericardiac effusion fluid, after open-heart surgery in children with congenital heart diseases. The fluid was collected every 24 h for 2 days after surgery in 37 children. Mononuclear cells were isolated and expanded in vitro. These pericardial effusion-derived progenitor cells (PEPCs) exhibiting cardiogenic lineage markers, were highly proliferative and enhanced angiogenesis in vitro. Three weeks after stem cell transplantation into the ischemic heart in mice, cardiac ejection fraction was improved significantly without detectable progenitor cells. Gene expression profiles of the repaired hearts revealed activation of several known repair mechanisms including paracrine effects, cell migration, and angiogenesis. These progenitor cells may have the potential for heart regeneration.

Extracellular vesicles from human umbilical cord blood ameliorate bone loss in senile osteoporotic mice

OBJECTIVE

Senile osteoporosis is one of the most common age-related diseases worldwide. Accumulating evidences have indicated that young blood can reverse age-related impairments. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) exert therapeutic effects in a variety of diseases by delivering bioactive molecules such as microRNAs (miRNAs). The aim of the study is to evaluate the therapeutic potential of EVs from human umbilical cord blood plasma (UCB-EVs) on senile osteoporosis and to preliminarily clarify the underlying mechanism.

METHODS

UCB-EVs were injected into the tail vein of aged (16 months old) male C57BL/6 mice. Microcomputed tomography was performed to evaluate bone mass and microarchitecture of mice. The osteogenic and osteoclastic activities were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), histological examination and western blot analysis. In vitro, qRT-PCR assay was undertaken to explore the enrichment levels of a number of miRNAs that have positive effects in reducing bone loss. The efficacy of UCB-EVs on osteoblastic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) and osteoclastogenesis of RAW264.7 cells were assessed by cytochemical staining. Gene and protein expression changes were detected by qRT-PCR and western blotting respectively. Meanwhile, the roles of the selected miRNA in the regulatory effects of UCB-EVs on BMSCs and RAW264.7 cells were evaluated by using specific miRNA inhibitor.

RESULTS

The intravenous injection of UCB-EVs for two months attenuated bone loss in old mice, as defined by increased trabecular and cortical bone mass, enhanced osteoblast formation and reduced osteoclast formation compared to the control mice. In vitro, UCB-EVs could promote the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and inhibit the osteoclastogenesis of RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, it was confirmed that miR-3960 was highly enriched in UCB-EVs and miR-3960 inhibitor reversed the stimulatory effect of UCB-EVs on osteoblastic differentiation of BMSCs.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate that UCB-EVs ameliorate age-related bone loss by stimulating bone formation and inhibiting bone resorption, and miR-3960 mediated the osteogenic effect of UCB-EVs on BMSCs. Thus, UCB-EVs may represent a promising agent for prevention of senile osteoporosis.

Survival and immunomodulation of stem cells from human extracted deciduous teeth expanded in pooled human and foetal bovine sera

The immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from autologous and allogeneic sources are useful in stimulating tissue regeneration and repair. To obtain a high number of MSCs for transplantation requires extensive in vitro expansion with culture media supplements that can cause xeno-contamination of cells potentially compromising function and clinical outcomes. In this study stem cells from human extracted deciduous teeth (SHED) were cultured in Knockout™ DMEM supplemented with either pooled human serum (pHS) or foetal bovine serum (FBS) to compare their suitability in maintaining immunomodulatory properties of cells during in vitro expansion. No significant difference in cell survival of SHED grown in pHS (pHS-SHED) or FBS (FBS-SHED) was observed when co-cultured with complement, monocytes or lymphocytes. However, significant changes in the expression of sixteen paracrine factors involved in immunomodulation were observed in the supernatants of FBS-SHED co-cultures with monocytes or lymphocytes compared to that in pHS-SHEDs after both 24 and 120 h of incubation. Further analysis of changing protein levels of paracrine factors in co-cultures using biological pathway analysis software predicted upregulation of functions associated with immunogenicity in FBS-SHED and lymphocyte co-cultures compared to pHS-SHED co-cultures. Pathway analysis also predicted significant stimulation of HMGB1 and TREM1 signalling pathways in FBS-SHED co-cultures indicating activation of immune cells and inflammation. Though FBS supplementation does not impact survival of SHED, our combinatorial biological pathway analysis supports the idea that in vitro expansion of SHEDs in pHS provides optimal conditions to minimise xeno-contamination and inflammation and maintain their immunomodulatory properties.

Upcycling umbilical cords: bridging regenerative medicine with neonatology

Preterm birth is a major health concern that affects 10% of all worldwide deliveries. Many preterm infants are discharged from the hospital with morbidities that lead to an increased risk for neurodevelopmental impairment, recurrent hospitalizations, and life-long conditions. Unfortunately, the treatment of these conditions is palliative rather than curative, which calls for novel and innovative strategies. Progress in regenerative medicine has offered therapeutic options for many of these conditions. Specifically, human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cord blood (UCB) cells have shown promise in treating adult-onset diseases. Unlike bone-marrow and embryonic derived stem cells, umbilical cord-derived cells are easily and humanely obtained, have low immunogenicity, and offer the potential of autologous therapy. While there are several studies to uphold the efficacy of umbilical cord MSCs in adult therapies, there remains an unmet need for the investigation of its use in treating neonates. The purpose of this review is to provide a summary of current information on the potential therapeutic benefits and clinical applicability of umbilical cord MSCs and UCB cells. Promising preclinical studies have now led to a research movement that is focusing on cell-based therapies for preterm infants.

GM-CSF Promotes the Expansion and Differentiation of Cord Blood Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells, Which Attenuate Xenogeneic Graft-vs.-Host Disease

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are increased in tumor patients. Studies have shown generation of MDSCs from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by various cytokine combinations. However, large scale expansion of human MDSCs has not been demonstrated or applied in clinic settings. We investigated which cytokine combinations among GM-CSF/SCF, G-CSF/SCF, or M-CSF/SCF efficiently expand and differentiate human MDSCs following culture CD34⁺ cells of umbilical cord blood (CB). GM-CSF/SCF showed the greatest expansion of MDSCs. Up to 10⁸ MDSCs (HLA-DR^lowCD11b⁺CD33⁺) could be produced from 1 unit of CB following 6 weeks of continuous culture. MDSCs produced from culture of CD34⁺ cells with GM-CSF/SCF for 6 weeks had the greatest suppressive function of T cell proliferation and had the highest expression of immunosuppressive molecules including iNOS, arginase 1 and IDO compared to those differentiated with G-CSF/SCF or M-CSF/SCF. MDSCs secreted IL-10, TGB-β, and VEGF. The infusion of expanded MDSCs significantly prolonged the survival and decreased the GVHD score in a NSG xenogeneic model of GVHD. Injected MDSCs increased IL-10 and TGF-β but decreased the level of TNF-α and IL-6 in the serum of treated mice. Notably, FoxP3 expressing regulatory T (Treg) cells were increased while IFN-γ (Th1) and IL-17 (Th17) producing T cells were decreased in the spleen of MDSC treated mice compared to untreated GVHD mice. Our results demonstrate that human MDSCs are generated from CB CD34⁺ cells using GM-CSF/SCF. These MDSCs exhibited potent immunosuppressive function, suggesting that they are useable as a treatment for inflammatory diseases such as GVHD.

Therapeutic Potential of Plasma Proteins Derived from Umbilical Cord Blood for Acute Liver Failure

There are very limited clinically viable treatment options for acute liver failure, a life-threatening condition that rapidly progresses to loss of liver function. In this study, we aim to evaluate the therapeutic potential of UCBP for acute liver failure induced in a rat model by D-galactosamine (GalN). F344 rats were randomly divided into two groups (control and UCBP-treated) after GalN injection. The therapeutic effects of UCBP were evaluated based on survival rate, H&E staining, TUNEL, PCNA staining, and in vivo BrdU labeling. Hepatocyte proliferation and the therapeutic mechanisms of UCBP were examined with BrdU and Western blot assay in vitro. The survival rate in the UCBP-treated group was found to be increased compared to the control group (85 vs 55%, P = 0.029). UCBP treatment significantly decreased apoptosis and increased cell proliferation. These effects may be secondary to specific bioactive molecules in UCBP. In vitro experiments revealed that adiponectin is one of the key biologically active components of UCBP in facilitating this result and promoting hepatocyte proliferation. Furthermore, this effect is mediated by p38/ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. Therefore, this uncomplicated and clinically accessible approach may serve as effective bridge therapy for acute liver failure.