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Xiao Y, McGhee CNJ, Zhang J. Adult stem cells in the eye: Identification, characterisation, and therapeutic application in ocular regeneration - A review. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2024; 52:148-166. [PMID: 38214071 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Adult stem cells, present in various parts of the human body, are undifferentiated cells that can proliferate and differentiate to replace dying cells within tissues. Stem cells have specifically been identified in the cornea, trabecular meshwork, crystalline lens, iris, ciliary body, retina, choroid, sclera, conjunctiva, eyelid, lacrimal gland, and orbital fat. The identification of ocular stem cells broadens the potential therapeutic strategies for untreatable eye diseases. Currently, stem cell transplantation for corneal and conjunctival diseases remains the most common stem cell-based therapy in ocular clinical management. Lens epithelial stem cells have been applied in the treatment of paediatric cataracts. Several early-phase clinical trials for corneal and retinal regeneration using ocular stem cells are also underway. Extensive preclinical studies using ocular stem cells have been conducted, showing encouraging outcomes. Ocular stem cells currently demonstrate great promise in potential treatments of eye diseases. In this review, we focus on the identification, characterisation, and therapeutic application of adult stem cells in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charles N J McGhee
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Soleimani M, Mirshahi R, Cheraqpour K, Baharnoori SM, Massoumi H, Chow C, Shahjahan S, Momenaei B, Ashraf MJ, Koganti R, Ghassemi M, Anwar KN, Jalilian E, Djalilian AR. Intrastromal versus subconjunctival injection of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells for promoting corneal repair. Ocul Surf 2023; 30:187-195. [PMID: 37758115 PMCID: PMC10841412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Different approaches to delivery of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) for ameliorating corneal injuries have been investigated. This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of intrastromal and subconjunctival injection of human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hBM-MSCs) in a corneal epithelial injury model. METHODS Twenty-four C57BL/6J mice underwent total corneal and limbal epithelial debridement. Then, the mice were divided into three different groups: (1) intrastromal hBM-MSCs injection, (2) subconjunctival hBM-MSCs injection, and (3) injection of frozen medium as a control. Mice were monitored by slit lamp and underwent anterior segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT). Following euthanasia, the corneas were further evaluated by histology and immunostaining. RESULTS hBM-MSC injection successfully healed epithelial defects regardless of the delivery route (P < 0.001). However, intrastromal injection was superior to subconjunctival injection in reducing defect area (P = 0.001). Intrastromal injection of hBM-MSCs also significantly reduced corneal opacity and neovascularization and improved ASOCT parameters compared to subconjunctival injection or no treatment (P < 0.001, P = 0.003, and P < 0.001, respectively). Although both of the treatment groups were positive for CK12 and had reduced levels of MUC5AC compared to the control, CK12 staining was stronger in the intrastromal group compared to the subconjunctival group. Also, persistency of MSCs was confirmed by in vivo (up to 2 weeks) and in vitro assessments (up to 4 weeks). CONCLUSIONS Although the injection of hBM-MSC using both intrastromal and subconjunctival methods improve wound healing and reduce neovascularization and opacity, the intrastromal approach is superior in terms of corneal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Soleimani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Reza Mirshahi
- Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kasra Cheraqpour
- Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mahbod Baharnoori
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Hamed Massoumi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Collin Chow
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, USA.
| | | | - Bita Momenaei
- Wills Eye Hospital, Mid Atlantic Retina, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Mohammad Javad Ashraf
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Raghuram Koganti
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Mahmood Ghassemi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Khandaker N Anwar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Elmira Jalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Ali R Djalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Arts JA, Laberthonnière C, Lima Cunha D, Zhou H. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing: Opportunities and Challenges for Studies on Corneal Biology in Health and Disease. Cells 2023; 12:1808. [PMID: 37443842 PMCID: PMC10340756 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and major cell types of the multi-layer human cornea have been extensively studied. However, various cell states in specific cell types and key genes that define the cell states are not fully understood, hindering our comprehension of corneal homeostasis, related diseases, and therapeutic discovery. Single-cell RNA sequencing is a revolutionary and powerful tool for identifying cell states within tissues such as the cornea. This review provides an overview of current single-cell RNA sequencing studies on the human cornea, highlighting similarities and differences between them, and summarizing the key genes that define corneal cell states reported in these studies. In addition, this review discusses the opportunities and challenges of using single-cell RNA sequencing to study corneal biology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A. Arts
- Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (J.A.A.)
| | - Camille Laberthonnière
- Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (J.A.A.)
| | - Dulce Lima Cunha
- Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (J.A.A.)
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (J.A.A.)
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Sasamoto Y, Wu S, Lee CAA, Jiang JY, Ksander BR, Frank MH, Frank NY. Epigenetic Regulation of Corneal Epithelial Differentiation by TET2. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2841. [PMID: 36769164 PMCID: PMC9917645 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic DNA modification by 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC), generated by the Ten-eleven translocation (TET) dioxygenases, regulates diverse biological functions in many organ tissues, including the mammalian eye. For example, 5hmC has been shown to be involved in epigenetic regulation of retinal gene expression. However, a functional role of 5hmC in corneal differentiation has not been investigated to date. Here, we examined 5hmC and TET function in the human cornea. We found 5hmC highly expressed in MUC16-positive terminally differentiated cells that also co-expressed the 5hmC-generating enzyme TET2. TET2 knockdown (KD) in cultured corneal epithelial cells led to significant reductions of 5hmC peak distributions and resulted in transcriptional repression of molecular pathways involved in corneal differentiation, as evidenced by downregulation of MUC4, MUC16, and Keratin 12. Additionally, integrated TET2 KD RNA-seq and genome-wide Reduced Representation Hydroxymethylation Profiling revealed novel epigenetically regulated genes expressed by terminally differentiated cells, including KRT78, MYEOV, and MAL. In aggregate, our findings reveal a novel function of TET2 in the epigenetic regulation of corneal epithelial gene expression and identify novel TET2-controlled genes expressed in differentiated corneal epithelial cells. These results point to potential roles for TET2 induction strategies to enhance treatment of corneal diseases associated with abnormal epithelial maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Sasamoto
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Siyuan Wu
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Jason Y. Jiang
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bruce R. Ksander
- Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Markus H. Frank
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth 6027, WA, Australia
| | - Natasha Y. Frank
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA 02132, USA
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Looking into the Eyes—In Vitro Models for Ocular Research. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169158. [PMID: 36012421 PMCID: PMC9409455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal research undoubtedly provides scientists with virtually unlimited data but inflicts pain and suffering on animals. Currently, legislators and scientists alike are promoting alternative in vitro approaches allowing for an accurate evaluation of processes occurring in the body without animal sacrifice. Historically, one of the most infamous animal tests is the Draize test, mainly performed on rabbits. Even though this test was considered the gold standard for around 50 years, the Draize test fails to mimic human response mainly due to human and rabbit eye physiological differences. Therefore, many alternative assays were developed to evaluate ocular toxicity and drug effectiveness accurately. Here we review recent achievements in tissue engineering of in vitro 2D, 2.5D, 3D, organoid and organ-on-chip ocular models, as well as in vivo and ex vivo models in terms of their advantages and limitations.
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Sasamoto Y, Lee CAA, Wilson BJ, Buerger F, Martin G, Mishra A, Kiritoshi S, Tran J, Gonzalez G, Hildebrandt F, Jo VY, Lian CG, Murphy GF, Ksander BR, Frank MH, Frank NY. Limbal BCAM expression identifies a proliferative progenitor population capable of holoclone formation and corneal differentiation. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111166. [PMID: 35947947 PMCID: PMC9480518 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The corneal epithelium is renowned for high regenerative potential, which is dependent on the coordinated function of its diverse progenitor subpopulations. However, the molecular pathways governing corneal epithelial progenitor differentiation are incompletely understood. Here, we identify a highly proliferative limbal epithelial progenitor subpopulation characterized by expression of basal cell adhesion molecule (BCAM) that is capable of holocone formation and corneal epithelial sheet generation. BCAM-positive cells can be found among ABCB5-positive limbal stem cells (LSCs) as well as among ABCB5-negative limbal epithelial cell populations. Mechanistically, we show that BCAM is functionally required for cellular migration and differentiation and that its expression is regulated by the transcription factor p63. In aggregate, our study identifies limbal BCAM expression as a marker of highly proliferative corneal epithelial progenitor cells and defines the role of BCAM as a critical molecular mediator of corneal epithelial differentiation. Using scRNA sequencing of ABCB5-positive human limbal stem cells, Sasamoto et al. identify a BCAM-positive highly proliferative limbal epithelial progenitor subpopulation that is capable of holocone formation and corneal epithelial sheet generation. BCAM regulated by the stem cell transcription factor p63 is functionally required for corneal cell migration and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Sasamoto
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Catherine A A Lee
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian J Wilson
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Florian Buerger
- Department of Nephrology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Martin
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ananda Mishra
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shoko Kiritoshi
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Johnathan Tran
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Vickie Y Jo
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christine G Lian
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - George F Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Ksander
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markus H Frank
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Natasha Y Frank
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
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Wang Y, Xu L, Zhao J, Liang J, Zhang Z, Li Q, Zhang J, Wan P, Wu Z. Reconstructing auto tissue engineering lamellar cornea with aspartic acid modified acellular porcine corneal stroma and preconditioned limbal stem cell for corneal regeneration. Biomaterials 2022; 289:121745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sasamoto Y, Lee CAA, Yoshihara M, Martin G, Ksander BR, Frank MH, Frank NY. High expression of SARS-CoV2 viral entry-related proteins in human limbal stem cells. Ocul Surf 2022; 23:197-200. [PMID: 34653711 PMCID: PMC8511872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2). While the ocular surface is considered one of the major SARS-CoV2 transmission routes, the specific cellular tropism of SARS-CoV2 is not fully understood. In the current study, we evaluated the expression and regulation of two SARS-CoV2 viral entry proteins, TMPRSS2 and ACE2, in human ocular epithelial cells and stem cells. METHODS TMPRSS2 and ACE2 expression in ABCB5-positive limbal stem cells (LSCs) were assessed by RNAseq, flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. PAX6, TMPRSS2, and ACE2 mRNA expression values were obtained from the GSE135455 and DRA002960 RNA-seq datasets. siRNA-mediated PAX6 knockdown (KD) was performed in limbal and conjunctival epithelial cells. TMPRSS2 and ACE2 expression in the PAX6 KD cells was analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS We found that ABCB5-positive LSCs express high levels of TMPRSS2 and ACE2 compared to ABCB5-negative limbal epithelial cells. Mechanistically, gene knockout and overexpression models revealed that the eye transcription factor PAX6 negatively regulates TMPRSS2 expression. Therefore, low levels of PAX6 in ABCB5-positive LSCs promote TMPRSS2 expression, and high levels of TMPRSS2 and ACE2 expression by LSCs indicate enhanced susceptibility to SARS-CoV2 infection in this stem cell population. CONCLUSIONS Our study points to a need for COVID-19 testing of LSCs derived from donor corneas before transplantation to patients with limbal stem cell deficiency. Furthermore, our findings suggest that expandable human ABCB5+ LSC cultures might represent a relevant novel model system for studying cellular SARS-CoV2 viral entry mechanisms and evaluating related targeting strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Sasamoto
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Catherine A A Lee
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Masahito Yoshihara
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabrielle Martin
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Bruce R Ksander
- Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Markus H Frank
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Natasha Y Frank
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, United States.
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Abdul-Al M, Kyeremeh GK, Saeinasab M, Heidari Keshel S, Sefat F. Stem Cell Niche Microenvironment: Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:bioengineering8080108. [PMID: 34436111 PMCID: PMC8389324 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8080108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea comprises a pool of self-regenerating epithelial cells that are crucial to preserving clarity and visibility. Limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs), which live in a specialized stem cell niche (SCN), are crucial for the survival of the human corneal epithelium. They live at the bottom of the limbal crypts, in a physically enclosed microenvironment with a number of neighboring niche cells. Scientists also simplified features of these diverse microenvironments for more analysis in situ by designing and recreating features of different SCNs. Recent methods for regenerating the corneal epithelium after serious trauma, including burns and allergic assaults, focus mainly on regenerating the LESCs. Mesenchymal stem cells, which can transform into self-renewing and skeletal tissues, hold immense interest for tissue engineering and innovative medicinal exploration. This review summarizes all types of LESCs, identity and location of the human epithelial stem cells (HESCs), reconstruction of LSCN and artificial stem cells for self-renewal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Abdul-Al
- Department of Biomedical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford BD71DP, UK; (M.A.-A.); (G.K.K.)
| | - George Kumi Kyeremeh
- Department of Biomedical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford BD71DP, UK; (M.A.-A.); (G.K.K.)
| | - Morvarid Saeinasab
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779 48974, Iran;
| | - Saeed Heidari Keshel
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 19839 69411, Iran;
| | - Farshid Sefat
- Department of Biomedical and Electronics Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Bradford, Bradford BD71DP, UK; (M.A.-A.); (G.K.K.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Polymer Science & Technology (Polymer IRC), University of Bradford, Bradford BD71DP, UK
- Correspondence:
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Van Meenen J, Ní Dhubhghaill S, Van den Bogerd B, Koppen C. An Overview of Advanced In Vitro Corneal Models: Implications for Pharmacological Testing. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2021; 28:506-516. [PMID: 33878935 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2021.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is an important barrier to consider when developing ophthalmic formulations, but proper modeling of this multilayered tissue remains a challenge. This is due to the varying properties associated with each layer in addition to the dynamics of the tear film. Hence, the most representative models to date rely on animals. Animal models, however, differ from humans in several aspects and are subject to ethical limitations. Consequently, in vitro approaches are being developed to address these issues. This review focuses on the barrier properties of the cornea and evaluates the most advanced three-dimensional cultures of human corneal equivalents in literature. Their application potential is subsequently assessed and discussed in the context of preclinical testing along with our perspective toward the future. Impact statement Most ocular drugs are applied topically, with the transcorneal pathway as the main administration route. Animal corneas are currently the only advanced models available, contributing to the drug attrition rate. Anatomical and physiological interspecies differences might account for a poor translatability of preclinical results to clinical trials, urging researchers to devise better corneal equivalents. This review elaborates on the emerging generation of three-dimensional in vitro models, which comprises spheroids, organoids, and organs-on-chips, which can serve as a stepping stone for advancements in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Van Meenen
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science, Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Sorcha Ní Dhubhghaill
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science, Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Bert Van den Bogerd
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science, Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Carina Koppen
- Antwerp Research Group for Ocular Science, Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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Abstract
Purpose: To review the surgical management options in ocular chemical burn, including newer advances.Methods: Online literature search of published articles over last 5 years on surgical management of ocular chemical burn and newer advances were performed on December 30, 2020.Results: Following literature search and screening using adequate filters, 67 review articles on surgical management of ocular chemical burns were retrieved. The review talks about the surgical management options starting from Debridement in acute stage to various visual rehabilitative procedures in the chronic stage. The review also highlights the evolving surgical advances in this field.Conclusion: It is imperative to choose adequate surgical tool wherever applicable; current review discusses the role of each surgical option at different clinical stages in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanshi Awasthi
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Prabhakar Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
| | - Amit Raj
- Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, India
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Process development and safety evaluation of ABCB5 + limbal stem cells as advanced-therapy medicinal product to treat limbal stem cell deficiency. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:194. [PMID: 33741066 PMCID: PMC7980611 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While therapeutic success of the limbal tissue or cell transplantation to treat severe cases of limbal stem cell (LSC) deficiency (LSCD) strongly depends on the percentage of LSCs within the transplanted cells, prospective LSC enrichment has been hampered by the intranuclear localization of the previously reported LSC marker p63. The recent identification of the ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCB5 as a plasma membrane-spanning marker of LSCs that are capable of restoring the cornea and the development of an antibody directed against an extracellular loop of the ABCB5 molecule stimulated us to develop a novel treatment strategy based on the utilization of in vitro expanded allogeneic ABCB5+ LSCs derived from human cadaveric limbal tissue. Methods We developed and validated a Good Manufacturing Practice- and European Pharmacopeia-conform production and quality-control process, by which ABCB5+ LSCs are derived from human corneal rims, expanded ex vivo, isolated as homogenous cell population, and manufactured as an advanced-therapy medicinal product (ATMP). This product was tested in a preclinical study program investigating the cells’ engraftment potential, biodistribution behavior, and safety. Results ABCB5+ LSCs were reliably expanded and manufactured as an ATMP that contains comparably high percentages of cells expressing transcription factors critical for LSC stemness maintenance (p63) and corneal epithelial differentiation (PAX6). Preclinical studies confirmed local engraftment potential of the cells and gave no signals of toxicity and tumorgenicity. These findings were sufficient for the product to be approved by the German Paul Ehrlich Institute and the U.S. Food & Drug Administration to be tested in an international multicenter phase I/IIa clinical trial (NCT03549299) to evaluate the safety and therapeutic efficacy in patients with LSCD. Conclusion Building upon these data in conjunction with the previously shown cornea-restoring capacity of human ABCB5+ LSCs in animal models of LSCD, we provide an advanced allogeneic LSC-based treatment strategy that shows promise for replenishment of the patient’s LSC pool, recreation of a functional barrier against invading conjunctival cells and restoration of a transparent, avascular cornea. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02272-2.
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Differences in sphere-forming cells from keratoconic and normal corneal tissue: Implications for keratoconus pathogenesis. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108301. [PMID: 33086037 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Keratoconus is primarily an anterior corneal disorder of unclear aetiology. Stem cells may play a role in the perpetuation of keratoconus, although this has yet to be definitively established. Sphere-forming cells from normal human donor corneas have previously been shown to be a heterogenous mix of epithelial, stromal, stem and progenitor cell components which have potential for treatment of corneal dystrophies. Our work set out to isolate and characterise sphere-forming cells from human keratoconic tissue. Keratoconic donor corneas were successfully used to culture sphere-forming cells in vitro. Time lapse imaging of these spheres on a collagen surface over 8 days revealed keratoconic spheres lack the ability to maintain a central core and have diminished ability to repopulate the surface. Immunocytochemistry showed positive labelling for the stem cell marker 'Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette sub-family B member 5 (ABCB5)' indicating stem cell retention and the myofibroblast marker alpha smooth muscle actin indicating wound repair while droplet digital Polymerase Chain Reaction confirmed an increase in expression of stem and stromal cell markers in keratoconic spheres compared to spheres cultured from normal donors at day 7 post-placement. Keratoconic sphere-forming cells showed a diminished repopulation ability, a faster wound healing response and lack of central core retention. These results suggest stem cells in keratoconus may be in an elevated state of wound repair and unable to respond appropriately to further injury in corneal maintenance. Sphere forming cell populations in keratoconus appear to be different to those isolated from normal corneas and this may be an important consideration in unearthing keratoconus aetiology.
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14
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Azmi SM, Salih M, Abdelrazeg S, Roslan FF, Mohamed R, Tan JJ, Shaharuddin B. Human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells: a promising strategy for corneal epithelial regeneration. Regen Med 2020; 15:1381-1397. [PMID: 32253974 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2019-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: As a strategy to improve the outcome of ex vivo cultivated corneal epithelial transplantation, the role of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) is investigated in promoting corneal epithelial growth and functions. Materials & methods: Human telomerase-immortalized corneal epithelial cells were characterized and its functions evaluated by scratch migration assay, cellular senescence, HLA expression and spheres formation with hUC-MSC. Results: Expression of corneal epithelial markers was influenced by the duration and method of co-culture. Indirect co-culture improved cellular migration and delayed senescence when treated after 3 and 5 days. hUC-MSC downregulated expression of HLA Class I and II in IFN-γ-stimulated human telomerase-immortalized corneal epithelial cells. Conclusion: hUC-MSC promote corneal epithelial growth and functions after treatment with hUC-MSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Maisura Azmi
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, SAINS@BERTAM, Kepala Batas, Penang 13200, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Salih
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, SAINS@BERTAM, Kepala Batas, Penang 13200, Malaysia.,Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, National University Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Samar Abdelrazeg
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, SAINS@BERTAM, Kepala Batas, Penang 13200, Malaysia.,Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, National University Sudan, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Fatin Fazrina Roslan
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, SAINS@BERTAM, Kepala Batas, Penang 13200, Malaysia
| | - Rafeezul Mohamed
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, SAINS@BERTAM, Kepala Batas, Penang 13200, Malaysia
| | - Jun Jie Tan
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, SAINS@BERTAM, Kepala Batas, Penang 13200, Malaysia
| | - Bakiah Shaharuddin
- Regenerative Medicine Cluster, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, SAINS@BERTAM, Kepala Batas, Penang 13200, Malaysia
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15
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Serna-Ojeda JC, García-Mejía M, Graue-Hernández EO, Navas A, Garfias Y. Short-Term Results Analysis in the Allogenic Transplantation of Limbal Stem Cells Expanded on Amniotic Membrane in Patients with Bilateral Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2020; 36:238-246. [PMID: 32077779 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2019.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The objective of this study was to describe the short-term results of allogenic transplantation of limbal stem cells expanded on amniotic membrane for the ocular surface reconstruction. Methods: Prospective nonrandomized, nonmasked study in a single ophthalmological center. Ten patients with bilateral total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) were included. Expression and presence of ABCB5 and Δp63α in amniotic membrane-cultured limbal epithelial stem cells were analyzed, in relationship with clinical changes after allogenic transplantation. An objective evaluation was performed to determine corneal transparency and superficial vascularization. Results: In a median follow-up time of 11.6 months, 7 patients (70%) were considered as failure compared with the preoperative status. ABCB5 and Δp63α are expressed in similar amount in the limbal epithelial cells expanded in vitro and transplanted in patients with bilateral LSCD. Conclusions: Transplantation of allogenic epithelial limbal cells expanded in amniotic membrane could be considered in patients with LSCD due to burns or congenital etiologies such as aniridia, but its benefit is limited for patients with immunologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Serna-Ojeda
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery Department, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico.,Instituto Visión Láser, Aguascalientes, Mexico.,Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariana García-Mejía
- Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique O Graue-Hernández
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery Department, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Navas
- Cornea and Refractive Surgery Department, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yonathan Garfias
- Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology, Conde de Valenciana, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Wadhwa H, Ismail S, McGhee JJ, Van der Werf B, Sherwin T. Sphere-forming corneal cells repopulate dystrophic keratoconic stroma: Implications for potential therapy. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:35-54. [PMID: 32110274 PMCID: PMC7031758 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i1.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Keratoconus is a degenerative corneal disease characterised by aberrant cell behaviour and loss of matrix that can result in vision loss. Cells extracted from peripheral corneas can form stem cell-enriched spheres, which have shown the potential to repopulate the normal peripheral corneal stroma in vitro upon sphere implantation but have not been previously studied in keratoconic tissue. AIM To investigate the therapeutic potential of stem cell-enriched spheres formed from extracted peripheral human corneal cells when introduced to keratoconic tissue. METHODS Stem cell-enriched spheres were formed from extracts of normal cadaveric human peripheral corneal cells. These spheres were implanted into incisions created in full thickness and onto the surface of 10 µm thin sections of keratoconic and normal stromal tissues in vitro. Tissue sections were used to maximise use of limited keratoconic tissue available for research. Living cells were stained with Calcein-AM and visualised with stereo and fluorescence microscopy to assess survival and behaviours between the time of implantation day 0 and 14 d (D14) from implantation. Sphere cells in implanted tissues were characterised for stem cell and differentiation markers using immunohistochemistry and droplet digital PCR to assess the potential implications of these characteristics in the use of spheres in keratoconus treatment. RESULTS Spheres were successfully implanted into full-thickness central corneal tissue and onto the surface of 10 µm thin en face tissue sections. No observable differences were seen in sphere migration, proliferation or differentiation in keratoconic tissue compared to normal between day 0 and D14. Spheres stained positively with Calcein-AM up to D14. Cell migration increased from day 0 to D14, occurring radially in three dimensions from the sphere and in alignment with tissue edges. Cell proliferation marker, EdU, was detected at day 10. Implanted spheres stained positively for putative stem cell markers ∆Np63α and ABCB5, while ABCG2, ABCB5, ∆Np63 and p63α were detectable by droplet digital PCR up to D14. Double immunolabelling revealed absence of ABCB5 staining in migrated cells but positive staining of alpha smooth muscle actin (myofibroblast marker) in some migrated cells. Droplet digital PCR showed similar expression patterns of differentiation markers but a reduction in stem cell markers between normal and keratoconic tissue with an increase in stromal cell markers and a reduction in epithelial cell markers, indicating an appropriate response to repopulating diseased tissue. CONCLUSION Cells from implanted stem cell-enriched spheres can repopulate a keratoconic corneal stromal surface in a directed manner and exhibit migratory stromal cell phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Wadhwa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Salim Ismail
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer J McGhee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Bert Van der Werf
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Trevor Sherwin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.
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17
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Strategies for reconstructing the limbal stem cell niche. Ocul Surf 2019; 17:230-240. [PMID: 30633966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial cell layer that covers the surface of the cornea provides a protective barrier while maintaining corneal transparency. The rapid and effective turnover of these epithelial cells depends, in part, on the limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs) located in a specialized microenvironment known as the limbal niche. Many disorders affecting the regeneration of the corneal epithelium are related to deficiency and/or dysfunction of LESCs and the limbal niche. Current approaches for regenerating the corneal epithelium following significant injuries such as burns and inflammatory attacks are primarily aimed at repopulating the LESCs. This review summarizes and assesses the clinical feasibility and efficacy of current and emerging approaches for reconstruction of the limbal niche. In particular, the application of mesenchymal stem cells along with appropriate biological scaffolds appear to be promising strategies for long-term revitalization of the limbal niche.
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18
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Guo P, Sun H, Zhang Y, Tighe S, Chen S, Su CW, Liu Y, Zhao H, Hu M, Zhu Y. Limbal niche cells are a potent resource of adult mesenchymal progenitors. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:3315-3322. [PMID: 29679460 PMCID: PMC6010802 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Limbal niche cells located in the limbal Palisades of Vogt are mesenchymal stem cells that reside next to limbal basal epithelial cells. Limbal niche cells are progenitors that express embryonic stem cell markers such as Nanog, Nestin, Oct4, Rex1, Sox2 and SSEA4, mesenchymal cell markers such as CD73, CD90 and CD105, and angiogenesis markers such as Flk-1, CD31, CD34, VWF, PDGFRβ and α-SMA, but negative for CD45. In addition, the stemness of limbal niche cells can be maintained during their cell culture in a three-dimension environment. Furthermore, expanded limbal niche cells have the capability to undergo adipogenesis, chondrogenesis, osteogenesis and endogenesis in vitro, indicating that they are in fact a valuable resource of adult progenitors. Furthermore studies on how the limbal niche cells regulate the aforementioned stemness and corneal fate decision are warranted, as those investigations will shed new light on how mesenchymal progenitors reverse limbal stem cell deficiency and lead to new methods for limbal niche cell treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Guo
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Department of Ophthalmology, School of Optometry & Ophthalmology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- R and D Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sean Tighe
- R and D Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Chen-Wei Su
- R and D Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yongsong Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yan' An Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yan' An Hospital of Kunming, Kunming, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, China
| | - Yingting Zhu
- R and D Department, Tissue Tech, Inc., Miami, FL, USA
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19
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Chen Z, You J, Liu X, Cooper S, Hodge C, Sutton G, Crook JM, Wallace GG. Biomaterials for corneal bioengineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 13:032002. [PMID: 29021411 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa92d2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Corneal transplantation is an important surgical treatment for many common corneal diseases. However, a worldwide shortage of tissue from suitable corneal donors has meant that many people are not able to receive sight-restoring operations. In addition, rejection is a major cause of corneal transplant failure. Bioengineering corneal tissue has recently gained widespread attention. In order to facilitate corneal regeneration, a range of materials is currently being investigated. The ideal substrate requires sufficient tectonic durability, biocompatibility with cultured cellular elements, transparency, and perhaps biodegradability and clinical compliance. This review considers the anatomy and function of the native cornea as a precursor to evaluating a variety of biomaterials for corneal regeneration including key characteristics for optimal material form and function. The integration of appropriate cells with the most appropriate biomaterials is also discussed. Taken together, the information provided offers insight into the requirements for fabricating synthetic and semisynthetic corneas for in vitro modeling of tissue development and disease, pharmaceutical screening, and in vivo application for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Squires Way, Fairy Meadow, New South Wales 2519, Australia
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20
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Murata D, Akieda S, Misumi K, Nakayama K. Osteochondral Regeneration with a Scaffold-Free Three-Dimensional Construct of Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Pigs. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2017; 15:101-113. [PMID: 30603538 PMCID: PMC6171634 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-017-0091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteochondral lesion is a major joint disease in humans. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the regeneration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone, using three-dimensional constructs of autologous adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells without any biocompatible scaffolds. Mesenchymal stromal cells were harvested by liposuction from seven pigs, isolated enzymatically, and expanded until construct creation. The pig models had two osteochondral defects (cylindrical defects with a diameter of 5.2 mm and a depth of 5 mm) in one of their patello-femoral grooves. A columnar structure consisting of approximately 770 spheroids of 5 × 104 autologous mesenchymal stromal cells were implanted into one of the defects (implanted defect), while the other defect was not implanted (control). The defects were evaluated pathologically at 6 months (in three pigs) and 12 months (in five pigs) after implantation. At 6 months after surgery, histopathology revealed active endochondral ossification underneath the plump fibrocartilage in the implanted defects, but a deficiency of fibrocartilaginous coverage in the controls. At 12 months after surgery, the fibrocartilage was transforming into hyaline cartilage as thick as the surrounding normal cartilage and the subchondral bone was thickening in the implanted defects. The histological averages of the implanted sites were significantly higher than those in the control sites at both 6 and 12 months after surgery. The implantation of a scaffold-free three-dimensional construct of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells into an osteochondral defect can induce regeneration of hyaline cartilage and subchondral bone structures over a period of 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Murata
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 21-24 Korimoto 1-chome, Kagoshima, 890-0065 Japan
| | - Shizuka Akieda
- Cyfuse Biomedical K.K, 1-1 Maidashi 3-chome, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Misumi
- 1Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, 21-24 Korimoto 1-chome, Kagoshima, 890-0065 Japan
| | - Koichi Nakayama
- 3Department of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Honjyo 1-chome, Honjyo-cho, Saga, 840-8502 Japan
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21
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Gonzalez G, Sasamoto Y, Ksander BR, Frank MH, Frank NY. Limbal stem cells: identity, developmental origin, and therapeutic potential. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 7. [PMID: 29105366 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The cornea is our window to the world and our vision is critically dependent on corneal clarity and integrity. Its epithelium represents one of the most rapidly regenerating mammalian tissues, undergoing full-turnover over the course of approximately 1-2 weeks. This robust and efficient regenerative capacity is dependent on the function of stem cells residing in the limbus, a structure marking the border between the cornea and the conjunctiva. Limbal stem cells (LSC) represent a quiescent cell population with proliferative capacity residing in the basal epithelial layer of the limbus within a cellular niche. In addition to LSC, this niche consists of various cell populations such as limbal stromal fibroblasts, melanocytes and immune cells as well as a basement membrane, all of which are essential for LSC maintenance and LSC-driven regeneration. The LSC niche's components are of diverse developmental origin, a fact that had, until recently, prevented precise identification of molecularly defined LSC. The recent success in prospective LSC isolation based on ABCB5 expression and the capacity of this LSC population for long-term corneal restoration following transplantation in preclinical in vivo models of LSC deficiency underline the considerable potential of pure LSC formulations for clinical therapy. Additional studies, including genetic lineage tracing of the developmental origin of LSC will further improve our understanding of this critical cell population and its niche, with important implications for regenerative medicine. WIREs Dev Biol 2018, 7:e303. doi: 10.1002/wdev.303 This article is categorized under: Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Stem Cells and Disease Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Tissue Stem Cells and Niches Adult Stem Cells, Tissue Renewal, and Regeneration > Regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Gonzalez
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuzuru Sasamoto
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Ksander
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markus H Frank
- Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Natasha Y Frank
- Department of Medicine, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Umbilical cord stem cells in the treatment of corneal disease. Surv Ophthalmol 2017; 62:803-815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Mathan JJ, Ismail S, McGhee JJ, Sherwin T. Implantation of Human Peripheral Corneal Spheres into Cadaveric Human Corneal Tissue. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2412. [PMID: 34541142 PMCID: PMC8413631 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem and progenitor cells isolated from human limbal tissue can be cultured in vitro as spheres. These spheres have potential for use as transplantable elements for the repopulation of corneal tissue ( Mathan et al., 2016 ). Herein we describe the detailed protocol for the implantation of human corneal spheres into cadaveric human corneal tissue. This protocol describes the procedure for sphere formation and culture, preparation of tissue for sphere implantation, corneal limbus microsurgery and sphere implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy John Mathan
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, the University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Salim Ismail
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, the University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Jane McGhee
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, the University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Trevor Sherwin
- Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, the University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
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