Stem cells: past, present, and future

Human neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles protect against ischemic stroke by activating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202511000-00028/figure1/v/2024-12-20T164640Z/r/image-tiff Human neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles exhibit analogous functions to their parental cells, and can thus be used as substitutes for stem cells in stem cell therapy, thereby mitigating the risks of stem cell therapy and advancing the frontiers of stem cell-derived treatments. This lays a foundation for the development of potentially potent new treatment modalities for ischemic stroke. However, the precise mechanisms underlying the efficacy and safety of human neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles remain unclear, presenting challenges for clinical translation. To promote the translation of therapy based on human neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles from the bench to the bedside, we conducted a comprehensive preclinical study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of human neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in the treatment of ischemic stroke. We found that administration of human neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles to an ischemic stroke rat model reduced the volume of cerebral infarction and promoted functional recovery by alleviating neuronal apoptosis. The human neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles reduced neuronal apoptosis by enhancing phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, and protein kinase B, and these effects were reversed by treatment with a phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor. These findings suggest that human neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles play a neuroprotective role in ischemic stroke through activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway. Finally, we showed that human neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles have a good in vivo safety profile. Therefore, human neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles are a promising potential agent for the treatment of ischemic stroke.

Navigating the ethical terrain: Off-label and experimental treatments in medical case reports

This article explores the ethical considerations surrounding the reporting of off-label and experimental treatments in medical case reports, with a focus on fields such as oncology, psychiatry, and pediatrics. It emphasizes the balance between innovation and evidence-based medicine, highlighting the critical role of case reports in disseminating clinical experiences and advancing medical knowledge. The discussion delves into the ethical framework guiding case reporting, including principles of patient autonomy, informed consent, non-maleficence, beneficence, justice, and transparency. Challenges such as negative outcome reporting, commercial interests, and the balance between innovation and caution are examined. Recommendations for ethical vigilance, the development of comprehensive guidelines, and the role of regulatory bodies are proposed to ensure patient safety and uphold scientific integrity. The article concludes by underscoring the importance of a collaborative effort among clinicians, researchers, ethicists, and regulatory bodies to foster the responsible advancement of medical science while adhering to the highest ethical standards.

Injectable acellular matrix microgel assembly with stem cell recruitment and chondrogenic differentiation functions promotes microfracture-based articular cartilage regeneration

Articular cartilage repair and regeneration is still a significant challenge despite years of research. Although microfracture techniques are commonly used in clinical practice, the newborn cartilage is usually fibrocartilage rather than hyaline cartilage, which is mainly attributed to the inadequate microenvironment for effectively recruiting, anchoring, and inducing bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to differentiate into hyaline cartilage. This paper introduces a novel cartilage acellular matrix (CACM) microgel assembly with excellent microporosity, injectability, tissue adhesion, BMSCs recruitment and chondrogenic differentiation capabilities to improve the microfracture-based articular cartilage regeneration. Specifically, the sustained release of simvastatin (SIM) from the SIM@CACM microgel assembly efficiently recruits BMSCs in the early stage of cartilage regeneration, while the abundant interconnected micropores and high specific area assure the quick adhesion, proliferation and infiltration of BMSCs. Additionally, the active factors within the CACM matrix, appropriate mechanical properties of the microgel assembly, and excellent tissue adhesion provide a conductive environment for the continuous chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs into hyaline cartilage. Owing to the synergistic effect of the above-mentioned factors, good articular cartilage repair and regeneration is achieved.

Enhanced secretion of growth factors from ADSCs using an enzymatic antioxidant hydrogel in inflammatory environments and its therapeutic effect

A catalytic ROS-scavenging hydrogel (HGel) was developed to enhance the growth factor secretion and the therapeutic efficacy of human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) in inflammatory environments. The HGel is composed of heparin and hyaluronic acid, further functionalized with hemin to endow superoxide dismutase and catalase activities. The functionalization of hemin enables the HGel to effectively scavenge ROS (superoxide and H2O2), thereby protecting encapsulated hADSCs from oxidative stress and maintaining their metabolic activities. As a result, the HGel enhanced growth factor secretion of hADSCs in inflammatory conditions compared to non-functionalized, bare heparin/hyaluronic acid hydrogel (Gel). The therapeutic efficacy of the hADSC-encapsulated HGel (C/HGel) was evaluated in a diabetic wound model. The C/HGel significantly accelerated wound closure, reduced ROS levels, mitigated inflammation, and promoted angiogenesis compared to the hADSC-encapsulated Gel (C/Gel) as well as the HGel itself. The HGel has the potential to be utilized as an excellent cell carrier for stem cell therapy in various inflammatory diseases. Overall, this study demonstrated a strategy of enhancing growth factor secretion from stem cells using catalytic antioxidant hydrogels for superior regenerative effects in cell therapy.

A theoretical model for focal adhesion and cytoskeleton formation in non-motile cells

To function and survive cells need to be able to sense and respond to their local environment through mechanotransduction. Crucially, mechanical and biochemical perturbations initiate cell signalling cascades, which can induce responses such as growth, apoptosis, proliferation and differentiation. At the heart of this process are actomyosin stress fibres (SFs), which form part of the cell cytoskeleton, and focal adhesions (FAs), which bind this cytoskeleton to the extra-cellular matrix (ECM). The formation and maturation of these structures (connected by a positive feedback loop) is pivotal in non-motile cells, where SFs are generally of ventral type, interconnecting FAs and producing isometric tension. In this study we formulate a one-dimensional bio-chemo-mechanical continuum model to describe the coupled formation and maturation of ventral SFs and FAs. We use a set of reaction-diffusion-advection equations to describe three sets of biochemical events: the polymerisation of actin and subsequent bundling into activated SFs; the formation and maturation of cell-substrate adhesions; and the activation of signalling proteins in response to FA and SF formation. The evolution of these key proteins is coupled to a Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic description of the cell cytoplasm and the ECM. We employ this model to understand how cells respond to external and intracellular cues in vitro and are able to reproduce experimentally observed phenomena including non-uniform cell striation and cells forming weaker SFs and FAs on softer substrates.

Autologous Fat Injection for Rhinoplasty: A Systematic Review of Satisfaction, Reinjection and Fat Retention

BACKGROUND

Autologous fat injection has been proposed as a potential alternative to traditional rhinoplasty. However, the technique has been criticized for its disappointing retention and the potential complications associated with underfilling.

OBJECTIVE

To summarize data on patient satisfaction, retention, complications and reinjection to provide a reference for fat injection for rhinoplasty.

METHODS

Literature search was conducted on four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane Library) using the keywords "rhinoplasty", "nasal tip", "nasal augmentation", "augmentation rhinoplasty", "revisional rhinoplasty" and "nasal revision" in conjunction with "fat", "lipofilling", "lipoinjection" and "adipose graft". Under eligibility criteria, two reviewers conducted an examination of each potential study.

RESULT

Eleven studies with a total of 849 patients were included in the systematic review and all patients received at least one fat injection. In nine studies that evaluated patient satisfaction, a total of 820 patients exhibited an high satisfaction ranging from 63 to 100% (approximately 81.2%). Complications associated with fat injection are uncommon, with edema and bruising being the most frequently reported. Three studies measured fat retention, which were < 50% (at 6 months after injection), 44.54% (range 21-74%) (at 3 months after injection) and 50.5% ± 7.0% (at 6 months after injection). A minimum of 18.61% (158) of the 849 patients enrolled underwent one or more injections. At 1-year follow-up, the reinjection rate is at least 19.27%.

CONCLUSION

Autologous fat injection is safe and effective for rhinoplasty. The resorbability of fat requires additional injections in certain noses where deformities are evident.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors  www.springer.com/00266 .

Advances in research on the carcinogenic mechanisms and therapeutic potential of YAP1 in bladder cancer (Review)

Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system with high morbidity and no clear pathogenesis. The Hippo signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates organ size and maintains tissue homeostasis. Yes‑associated protein 1 (YAP1) is a key effector of this pathway and regulates downstream target genes by binding to transcriptional co‑activators with PDZ binding sequences (TAZ). Several studies have demonstrated that YAP1 is overexpressed in bladder cancer and is involved in adverse outcomes such as bladder cancer occurrence, progression, resistance to cisplatin and the recurrence of tumours. The present review summarized the involvement of YAP1 in bladder cancer disease onset and progression, and the mechanism of YAP1 involvement in bladder cancer treatment. In addition, this study further explored the potential of YAP1 in the diagnosis and treatment of bladder cancer. This study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of YAP1 in the treatment of bladder cancer.

The impact of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on stem cells: Mechanisms and implications for human health

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds, either natural or man-made, that interfere with the normal functioning of the endocrine system. There is increasing evidence that exposure to EDCs can have profound adverse effects on reproduction, metabolic disorders, neurological alterations, and increased risk of hormone-dependent cancer. Stem cells (SCs) are integral to these pathological processes, and it is therefore crucial to understand how EDCs may influence SC functionality. This review examines the literature on different types of EDCs and their effects on various types of SCs, including embryonic, adult, and cancer SCs. Possible molecular mechanisms through which EDCs may influence the phenotype of SCs are also evaluated. Finally, the possible implications of these effects on human health are discussed. The available literature demonstrates that EDCs can influence the biology of SCs in a variety of ways, including by altering hormonal pathways, DNA damage, epigenetic changes, reactive oxygen species production and alterations in the gene expression patterns. These disruptions may lead to a variety of cell fates and diseases later in adulthood including increased risk of endocrine disorders, obesity, infertility, reproductive abnormalities, and cancer. Therefore, the review emphasizes the importance of raising broader awareness regarding the intricate impact of EDCs on human health.

Cannabidiol effects in stem cells: A systematic review

Stem cells play a critical role in human tissue regeneration and repair. In addition, cancer stem cells (CSCs), subpopulations of cancer cells sharing similar characteristics as normal stem cells, are responsible for tumor metastasis and resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy and to tumor relapse. Interestingly, all stem cells have cannabinoid receptors, such as cannabidiol (CBD), that perform biological functions. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the effect of CBD on both somatic stem cells (SSCs) and CSCs. Of the 276 articles analyzed, 38 were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 27 studied the effect of CBD on SSCs, finding that 44% focused on CBD differentiation effect and 56% on its protective activity. On the other hand, 11 articles looked at the effect of CBD on CSCs, including glioblastoma (64%), lung cancer (27%), and breast cancer (only one article). Our results showed that CBD exerted a differentiating and protective effect on SCCs. In addition, this molecule demonstrated an antiproliferative effect on some CSCs, although most of the analyses were performed in vitro. Therefore, although in vivo studies should be necessary to justify its clinical use, CBD and its receptors could be a specific target to act on both SSCs and CSCs.

Cortical, striatal, and thalamic populations self-organize into a functionally connected circuit with long-term memory properties

The human brain is a complex organ with an intricate neuronal connectivity and diverse functional regions. Neurological disorders often disrupt the delicate balance among these anatomical compartments, resulting in severe impairments. The available therapeutic options constitute an incomplete solution as many patients respond partially, highlighting the need for continued research into causes and treatments. Bottom-up approaches, like in vitro models, offer insights into brain functions as they recreate the in vivo microenvironment that allows studying how specific features affect physiological and pathological conditions. In this work, we engineered the cortical-striatal-thalamic (CST) circuit, involved in many brain functions such as action initiation and selection, using a three-compartment polymeric device. We characterized the emerging spontaneous electrophysiological activity by using Micro-Electrode Arrays (MEAs). Cortical neurons exhibited complex bursting activity, which influenced the entire circuit. Striatal and thalamic neurons displayed predominantly tonic firing when isolated, while interconnections with the cortex synchronized and organized their neuronal activity, highlighting the cortical pivotal role in bursting activity and information processing. The CST circuit demonstrated self-organization abilities and displayed high entropy values, indicative of dynamic richness and information encoding potential. Furthermore, we proved the CST's involvement in learning and memory. Our CST model provides a platform for further exploration into brain circuitry and potential therapeutic interventions, underscoring the necessity of realistic in vitro models to fully understand neurological diseases' pathophysiology.

Mechanism of inflammatory response and therapeutic effects of stem cells in ischemic stroke: current evidence and future perspectives

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, with an increasing trend and tendency for onset at a younger age. China, in particular, bears a high burden of stroke cases. In recent years, the inflammatory response after stroke has become a research hotspot: understanding the role of inflammatory response in tissue damage and repair following ischemic stroke is an important direction for its treatment. This review summarizes several major cells involved in the inflammatory response following ischemic stroke, including microglia, neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, and astrocytes. Additionally, we have also highlighted the recent progress in various treatments for ischemic stroke, particularly in the field of stem cell therapy. Overall, understanding the complex interactions between inflammation and ischemic stroke can provide valuable insights for developing treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes. Stem cell therapy may potentially become an important component of ischemic stroke treatment.

Exploring the ncRNA landscape in exosomes: Insights into wound healing mechanisms and therapeutic applications

Exosomal non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, have emerged as crucial modulators in cellular signaling, influencing wound healing processes. Stem cell-derived exosomes, which serve as vehicles for these ncRNAs, show remarkable therapeutic potential due to their ability to modulate wound healing stages, from initial inflammation to collagen formation. These ncRNAs act as molecular signals, regulating gene expression and protein synthesis necessary for cellular responses in healing. Wound healing is a complex, staged process involving inflammation, hemostasis, fibroblast proliferation, angiogenesis, and tissue remodeling. Stem cell-derived exosomal ncRNAs enhance these stages by reducing excessive inflammation, promoting anti-inflammatory responses, guiding fibroblast and keratinocyte maturation, enhancing vascularization, and ensuring organized collagen deposition. Their molecular cargo, particularly ncRNAs, specifically targets pathways to aid chronic wound repair and support scarless regeneration. This review delves into the unique composition and signaling roles of Stem cell-derived exosomes and ncRNAs, highlighting their impact across wound healing stages and their potential as innovative therapeutics. Understanding the interaction between exosomal ncRNAs and cellular signaling pathways opens new avenues in regenerative medicine, positioning Stem cell-derived exosomes and their ncRNAs as promising molecular-level interventions in wound healing.

Advances in Engineering Myeloid Cells for Cell Therapy Applications

Myeloid cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, play crucial roles in the innate immune system, contributing to immune defense, tissue homeostasis, and organ development. They have tremendous potential as therapeutic tools for diseases such as cancer and autoimmune disorders, but harnessing cell engineering strategies to enhance potency and expand applications is challenging. Recent advancements in stem cell research have made it possible to differentiate human embryonic stem cells and induce pluripotent stem cells into various cell types, including myeloid cells, offering a promising new approach to generate myeloid cells for cell therapy. In this review, we explore the latest techniques for the genetic engineering of myeloid cells, discussing both established and emerging methodologies. We examine the challenges faced in this field and the therapeutic potential of engineered myeloid cells. We also describe examples of engineered macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in various disease contexts. By providing a detailed overview of the current state and future directions, we aim to highlight progress and ongoing efforts toward harnessing the full therapeutic potential of genetically engineered myeloid cells.

HucMSCs can alleviate abnormal vasculogenesis induced by high glucose through the MAPK signaling pathway

Vascular complications caused by diabetes mellitus contribute a major threat to increased disability and mortality of diabetic patients, which are characterized by damaged endothelial cells and angiogenesis. Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) have been demonstrated to alleviate endothelial cell damage and improve angiogenesis. However, these investigations overlooked the pivotal role of vasculogenesis. In this study, we utilized blood vessel organoids (BVOs) to investigate the impact of high glucose on vasculogenesis and subsequent angiogenesis. We found that BVOs in the vascular lineage induction stage were more sensitive to high glucose and more susceptible to affect endothelial cell differentiation and function. Moreover, hucMSCs can alleviate the high glucose-induced inhibition of endothelial cell differentiation and dysfunction through MAPK signaling pathway downregulation, with the MAPK activator dimethyl fumarate further illustrating the results. Thereby, we demonstrated that high glucose can lead to abnormal vasculogenesis and impact subsequent angiogenesis, and hucMSCs can alleviate this effect.

Ultrasmall Antioxidant Copper Nanozyme to Enhance Stem Cell Microenvironment for Promoting Diabetic Wound Healing

Purpose

Stem cell therapy is a promising approach for treating chronic diabetic wounds. However, its effectiveness is significantly limited by the high oxidative stress environment and persistent inflammation induced by diabetes. Strategies to overcome these challenges are essential to enhance the therapeutic potential of stem cell therapy.

Methods

Cu5.4O ultrasmall nanoparticles (Cu5.4O-USNPs), known for their excellent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging properties, were utilized to protect adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) from oxidative stress injury. In vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate the viability, paracrine activity, and anti-inflammatory capabilities of ADSCs loaded with Cu5.4O-USNPs under oxidative stress conditions. In vivo experiments in diabetic mice were performed to assess the therapeutic effects of Cu5.4O-USNP-loaded ADSCs on wound healing, including their impact on inflammation, collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, and wound closure.

Results

ADSCs treated with Cu5.4O-USNPs showed significantly enhanced viability, paracrine activity, and anti-inflammatory properties under oxidative stress conditions in vitro. In diabetic mice, Cu5.4O-USNP-loaded ADSCs reduced inflammatory responses in wound tissues, promoted collagen synthesis and angiogenesis, and accelerated diabetic wound healing. These findings suggest that Cu5.4O-USNPs effectively mitigate the adverse effects of oxidative stress and inflammation, enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of ADSCs.

Conclusion

This study presents a simple and effective approach to improve the therapeutic potential of stem cell therapy for diabetic wounds. By incorporating Cu5.4O-USNPs, the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capabilities of ADSCs are significantly enhanced, offering a promising strategy for ROS-related tissue repair and chronic wound healing.

Beyond antibiotics: mesenchymal stem cells and bacteriophages-new approaches to combat bacterial resistance in wound infections

Wound management is a major global health problem. With the rising incidence of diabetic wounds, accidents, and other injuries, the demand for prompt wound treatment has become increasingly critical. Millions of people suffer from serious, large wounds resulting from major accidents, surgeries, and wars. These wounds require considerable time to heal and are susceptible to infection. Furthermore, chronic wounds, particularly in elderly and diabetic patients, often require frequent medical interventions to prevent complications. Consequently, wound management imposes a significant economic burden worldwide. The complications arising from wound infections can vary from localized issues to systemic effects. The most severe local complication of wound infection is the non-healing, which results from the disruption of the wound-healing process. This often leads to significant pain, discomfort, and psychological trauma for the patient. Systemic complications may include cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and septicemia. Mesenchymal stem cells are characterized by their high capacity for division, making them suitable candidates for the treatment of tissue damage. Additionally, they produce antimicrobial peptides and various cytokines, which enhance their antimicrobial activity. Evidence shows that phages are effective in treating wound-related infections, and phage therapy has proven to be highly effective for patients when administered correctly. The purpose of this article is to explore the use of bacteriophages and mesenchymal stem cells in wound healing and infection management.

Multiomics analyses reveal adipose-derived stem cells inhibit the inflammatory response of M1-like macrophages through secreting lactate

BACKGROUND

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are widely used in the field of regenerative medicine because of their various functions, including anti-inflammatory effects. ADSCs are considered to exert their anti-inflammatory effects by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines and extracellular vesicles. Although recent studies have reported that metabolites have a variety of physiological activities, whether those secreted by ADSCs have anti-inflammatory properties remains unclear. Here, we performed multiomics analyses to examine the effect of ADSC-derived metabolites on M1-like macrophages, which play an important role in inflammatory responses.

METHODS

The concentration of metabolites in the culture supernatant of ADSCs was quantified using capillary electrophoresis time-of-flight mass spectrometry. To evaluate their effects on inflammatory responses, M1-like macrophages were exposed to the conditioned ADSC medium or their metabolites, and RNA sequencing was used to detect gene expression changes. Immunoblotting was performed to examine how the metabolite suppresses inflammatory processes. To clarify the contribution of the metabolite in the conditioned medium to its anti-inflammatory effects, metabolite uptake was pharmacologically inhibited, and gene expression and the tumor necrosis factor-α concentration were measured by quantitative PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively.

RESULTS

Metabolomic analysis showed large amounts of lactate in the culture supernatant. The conditioned medium and lactate significantly suppressed or increased the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory gene expressions. However, sequencing and immunoblotting analysis revealed that lactate did not induce polarization from M1- to M2-like macrophages. Based on a recent report that the immunosuppressive effect of lactate depends on epigenetic reprogramming, histone acetylation was investigated, and H3K27ac expression was upregulated. In addition, 7ACC2, which specifically inhibits the monocarboxylate transporter 1, significantly inhibited the anti-inflammatory effect of the conditioned ADSC medium on M1-like macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results showed that ADSCs suppress pro-inflammatory effects of M1-like macrophages by secreting lactate. This study adds to our understanding of the importance of metabolites and is also expected to elucidate new mechanisms of ADSC treatments.

Nanotechnology at the crossroads of stem cell medicine

Nanotechnology in stem cell medicine is an interdisciplinary field which has gained a lot of interest recently. This domain addresses key challenges associated with stem cell medicine such as cell isolation, targeted delivery, and tracking. Nanotechnology-based approaches, including magnetic cell sorting, fluorescent tagging, and drug or biomolecule conjugation for delivery, have enhanced precision in stem cell isolation and guided cell migration, increasing the therapeutic potential. Recent studies have focused on using nanomaterials and scaffolds to drive stem cell differentiation by activating specific molecular pathways, achieved through embedding biomolecules within the scaffold or through the scaffold's material composition and structure alone. These innovations hold promise in therapeutic applications across various diseases, including cancer stem cell targeting, neurodegenerative disorders, pre-eclampsia, cardiovascular conditions, and organoid development. This review examines recent advancements in the field, explores potential applications like biosensors and nanochips, and highlights the challenges and research gaps.

New insights into methods to measure biological age: a literature review

Biological age is a concept that reflects the physiological state of an individual rather than the chronological time since birth. It can help assess the risk of age-related diseases and mortality and the effects of interventions to slow down or reverse aging. However, there is no consensus on measuring biological age best, and different methods may yield different results. In this paper, which includes 140 relevant pieces of literature, out of 33,000, we review some new methods to measure biological age based on recent advances in biotechnology and data science. We discussed some novel biomarkers and algorithms that can capture the dynamic and multidimensional aspects of aging at different levels. We evaluate their performance and validity using various datasets and criteria and compare them with existing methods. We also discuss their potential applications and implications for aging research and clinical practice. We conclude that the new methods offer more accurate and reliable estimates of biological age and open new avenues for understanding and modulating the aging process.

Stem cells and bio scaffolds for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases: new insights

Mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular diseases are common worldwide. In order to improve survival and quality of life for this patient population, extensive efforts are being made to establish effective therapeutic modalities. New treatment options are needed, it seems. In addition to treating cardiovascular diseases, cell therapy is one of the most promising medical platforms. One of the most effective therapeutic approaches in this area is stem cell therapy. In stem cell biology, multipotent stem cells and pluripotent stem cells are divided into two types. There is evidence that stem cell therapy could be used as a therapeutic approach for cardiovascular diseases based on multiple lines of evidence. The effectiveness of stem cell therapies in humans has been studied in several clinical trials. In spite of the challenges associated with stem cell therapy, it appears that resolving them may lead to stem cells being used in cardiovascular disease patients. This may be an effective therapeutic approach. By mounting these stem cells on biological scaffolds, their effect can be enhanced.

The role of stem cells in the management of neonatal posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus

PURPOSE

Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a common complication of prematurity as it affects 12.4% of preterm infants weighing under 1500 g. Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH) is an important complication of neonatal IVH and can have serious long-term consequences such as cognitive impairment and cerebral palsy. The purpose of this review is to determine whether stem cell transplantation can play a role in the treatment of neonatal IVH mainly focusing on the prevention of the catastrophic sequelae of neonatal IVH, as well as to the improve outcome of these patients.

METHODS

A literature search was performed using the PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus databases, and after meticulous screening, eight articles were finally selected. The authors included both animal and human studies in this narrative review.

RESULTS

Our review included eight articles, five animal studies and three human studies, including one phase 1 clinical trial, one pilot study, and one case report. Intraventricular transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) early after IVH diagnosis seems to prevent the development of PHH, improve myelination, and reduce periventricular cell death, inflammation, and reactive gliosis. It also seems to be a safe and well-tolerated procedure in preterm infants.

CONCLUSION

Animal and human study findings regarding stem cell transplantation in the treatment of IVH show promising results in reducing the risk of PHH. Further research with larger series is needed to better determine its safety and efficacy. Larger studies such as randomized controlled trials could establish the efficacy and tolerability of the treatment.

Advances in nanotechnology-based approaches for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), one of the most common types of cancers occurring in the head and neck region, is often associated with high mortality rates due to its invasiveness and morbidity. The mainstream treatment methods in clinical settings, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, may cause poor overall survival rate and prognosis, with issues such as drug resistance, damage to adjacent healthy tissues, and potential recurrences. Other treatment approaches such as immunotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal therapy (PPT) also suffer from inefficient tumor targeting and suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. Early detection is vital for HNSCC patients, but it is always limited by insensitivity and confusing clinical manifestations. Hence, it is highly desirable to develop optimized therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. With the boom in nanomaterials, nanotechnology-conducted HNSCC therapy has attracted widespread attention. Nanoparticles (NPs) are distinguished by their unique morphology and superior physicochemical property, and some can exhibit direct antitumor activity, while others serve as promising candidates for drug delivery. In addition, NPs offer the potential for structural modification for drug delivery and tumor targeting, enabling specific delivery to tumor cells through conjugation with biomarker ligands and improving cargo biocompatibility. This work reviews current therapies and diagnosis methods for HNSCC, highlights the characteristics of the major NPs, surveys their uses and advantages in the treatment of HNSCC, and discusses the obstacles and prospects in clinical applications, aiming to enlighten future research directions for nanotechnology-based therapy for HNSCC.

Harnessing the potential of tissue engineering to target male infertility: Insights into testicular regeneration

Male infertility is among one of the most challenging health concerns in the world. Traditional therapeutic interventions such as semen and testicular tissue cryopreservation aim to restore or preserve male fertility. However, these methods are subject to limitations that impact their efficacy and are infeasible in cases such as patients who cannot produce mature sperm due to genetic or pathological disorders. Moreover, with the number of cases of prepubertal boys who must undergo gonadotoxic treatments rising, alternatives have been sought for fertility preservation to enhance reproductive rates in vitro and in vivo. Tissue engineering is a promising area that can address aspects that current therapies may not fully encompass through the creation of bioartificial testicular structures or 3D culture systems that allow the establishment of the essential conditions for sperm production. This study aims to first give a brief overview of stem cell therapy in treating male infertility and then go more in-depth regarding the novel methods and procedures based on tissue engineering that have the potential to offer new treatments for infertility caused by testicular disorders and defects.

Emerging technologies in regenerative medicine: The future of wound care and therapy

Wound healing, an intricate biological process, comprises orderly phases of simple biological processed including hemostasis, inflammation, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, and ECM remodeling. The regulation of the shift in these phases can be influenced by systemic or environmental conditions. Any untimely transitions between these phases can lead to chronic wounds and scarring, imposing a significant socio-economic burden on patients. Current treatment modalities are largely supportive in nature and primarily involve the prevention of infection and controlling inflammation. This often results in delayed healing and wound complications. Recent strides in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering offer innovative and patient-specific solutions. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their secretome have gained specific prominence in this regard. Additionally, technologies like tissue nano-transfection enable in situ gene editing, a need-specific approach without the requirement of complex laboratory procedures. Innovating approaches like 3D bioprinting and ECM bioscaffolds also hold the potential to address wounds at the molecular and cellular levels. These regenerative approaches target common healing obstacles, such as hyper-inflammation thereby promoting self-recovery through crucial signaling pathway stimulation. The rationale of this review is to examine the benefits and limitations of both current and emerging technologies in wound care and to offer insights into potential advancements in the field. The shift towards such patient-centric therapies reflects a paradigmatic change in wound care strategies.

3-D bioprinted human-derived skin organoids accelerate full-thickness skin defects repair

The healing of large skin defects remains a significant challenge in clinical settings. The lack of epidermal sources, such as autologous skin grafting, limits full-thickness skin defect repair and leads to excessive scar formation. Skin organoids have the potential to generate a complete skin layer, supporting in-situ skin regeneration in the defect area. In this study, skin organoid spheres, created with human keratinocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, showed a specific structure with a stromal core surrounded by surface keratinocytes. We selected an appropriate bioink and innovatively combined an extrusion-based bioprinting technique with dual-photo source cross-linking technology to ensure the overall mechanical properties of the 3D bioprinted skin organoid. Moreover, the 3D bioprinted skin organoid was customized to match the size and shape of the wound site, facilitating convenient implantation. When applied to full-thickness skin defects in immunodeficient mice, the 3D bioprinted human-derived skin organoid significantly accelerated wound healing through in-situ regeneration, epithelialization, vascularization, and inhibition of excessive inflammation. The combination of skin organoid and 3D bioprinting technology can overcome the limitations of current skin substitutes, offering a novel treatment strategy to address large-area skin defects.

Exploring stem cell technology: Pioneering new pathways for female fertility preservation and restoration

The fertility of women is crucial for the well-being of individuals and families. However, various factors such as chemotherapy, lifestyle changes, among others, may lead to a decline in female fertility, thus emphasizing the significance of preserving and restoring fertility. Stem cells, with their unique capacity for self-renewal and pluripotent differentiation, have made significant strides in areas such as ovarian tissue cryopreservation, in vitro culture of frozen-thawed ovarian tissue, and construction of ovarian-like organs. This review aims to summarize the latest findings in these fields, highlighting the pivotal role, mechanisms, and future prospects of stem cell technology in preserving and restoring female fertility. Additionally, the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration is underscored, as personalized stem cell therapy regimens tailored through interdisciplinary cooperation between reproductive medicine and stem cell fields hold promise in providing reliable solutions for the preservation and restoration of female fertility.

Stem cells in pulmonary hypertension: Current understanding and future challenges

Stem cells possess the unique ability to develop into different cell types within the body. Researchers are exploring the use of different types of stem cells to potentially repair damaged blood vessels, reduce inflammation, and improve overall vascular function, all of which are crucial factors in pulmonary hypertension (PH). While it is important to acknowledge that further clinical studies and trials are necessary to fully understand the efficacy and safety of stem cell therapy for PH, ongoing research and initial findings present promising avenues for potentially developing new treatments or therapeutic strategies for PH.

TGFβ family signaling in human stem cell self-renewal and differentiation

Human stem cells are undifferentiated cells with the capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into distinct cell lineages, playing important role in the development and maintenance of diverse tissues and organs. The microenvironment of stem cell provides crucial factors and components that exert significant influence over the determination of cell fate. Among these factors, cytokines from the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily, including TGFβ, bone morphogenic protein (BMP), Activin and Nodal, have been identified as important regulators governing stem cell maintenance and differentiation. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the pivotal roles played by TGFβ superfamily signaling in governing human embryonic stem cells, somatic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and cancer stem cells. Furthermore, we summarize the latest research and advancements of TGFβ family in various cancer stem cells and stem cell-based therapy, discussing their potential clinical applications in cancer therapy and regeneration medicine.

Mesenchymal stem cells and mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: attractive therapeutic approaches for female reproductive dysfunction

Infertility is a reproductive health problem in the male or female reproductive system. Traditional assisted reproductive technology (ART) has been unable to solve various cases of infertility for years. Clinical researchers have sought to treat infertility using new methods that are more effective and noninvasive than the old methods. Recently, Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSCs-derived Exosomes (MSC-Exos) via paracrine activity play an important role in treating various causes of infertility and improving pregnancy outcomes. In this review, we focus on the roles of MSCs and MSC-Exos cell therapy in female infertility in the different types of female reproductive disorders.

Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Corneal Epithelial Cells: Current Progress

The limited availability of corneal tissue grafts poses significant challenges in the treatment of corneal blindness. Novel treatment utilizes stem cell grafts transplanted from the healthy side of the cornea to the damaged side. However, this procedure is only possible for those who have one-sided corneal blindness. Human stem cells offer promising potential for corneal tissue engineering, providing an alternative solution. Among the different types of stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) stand out due to their abundance and ease of isolation. Human MSCs can be derived from bone marrow, adipose, and umbilical cord tissues. Differentiating MSC toward corneal tissue can be achieved through several methods including chemical induction and co-culture with adult corneal cells such as human limbal epithelial stem cells (LESCs) and human corneal epithelial cells (hTCEpi). Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are the most common type of MSC that has been studied for corneal differentiation. Corneal epithelial cells are the most common corneal cell type targeted by researchers for corneal differentiation. Chemical induction with small molecules, especially bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and epidermal growth factor (EGF), has gained more popularity in corneal epithelial cell differentiation. This review highlights the current progress in utilizing MSCs for corneal differentiation studies, showcasing their potential to revolutionize treatments for corneal blindness.

Advanced therapy to cure diabetes: mission impossible is now possible?

Cell and Gene therapy are referred to as advanced therapies that represent overlapping fields of regenerative medicine. They have similar therapeutic goals such as to modify cellular identity, improve cell function, or fight a disease. These two therapeutic avenues, however, possess major differences. While cell therapy involves introduction of new cells, gene therapy entails introduction or modification of genes. Furthermore, the aim of cell therapy is often to replace, or repair damaged tissue, whereas gene therapy is used typically as a preventive approach. Diabetes mellitus severely affects the quality of life of afflicted individuals and has various side effects including cardiovascular, ophthalmic disorders, and neuropathy while putting enormous economic pressure on both the healthcare system and the patient. In recent years, great effort has been made to develop cutting-edge therapeutic interventions for diabetes treatment, among which cell and gene therapies stand out. This review aims to highlight various cell- and gene-based therapeutic approaches leading to the generation of new insulin-producing cells as a topmost "panacea" for treating diabetes, while deliberately avoiding a detailed molecular description of these approaches. By doing so, we aim to target readers who are new to the field and wish to get a broad helicopter overview of the historical and current trends of cell- and gene-based approaches in β-cell regeneration.

Impact of Hyaluronic Acid and Other Re-Epithelializing Agents in Periodontal Regeneration: A Molecular Perspective

This narrative review delves into the molecular mechanisms of hyaluronic acid (HA) and re-epithelializing agents in the context of periodontal regeneration. Periodontitis, characterized by chronic inflammation and the destruction of tooth-supporting tissues, presents a significant challenge in restorative dentistry. Traditional non-surgical therapies (NSPTs) sometimes fail to fully manage subgingival biofilms and could benefit from adjunctive treatments. HA, with its antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, and osteoinductive properties, offers promising therapeutic potential. This review synthesizes the current literature on the bioactive effects of HA and re-epithelializing agents, such as growth factors and biomaterials, in promoting cell migration, proliferation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis. By modulating signaling pathways like the Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, and CD44 interaction pathways, HA enhances wound healing processes and tissue regeneration. Additionally, the role of HA in facilitating cellular crosstalk between epithelial and connective tissues is highlighted, as it impacts the inflammatory response and ECM remodeling. This review also explores the combined use of HA with growth factors and cytokines in wound healing, revealing how these agents interact synergistically to optimize periodontal regeneration. Future perspectives emphasize the need for further clinical trials to evaluate the long-term outcomes of these therapies and their potential integration into periodontal treatment paradigms.

Electrical impedance sensing in stem cell research: Insights, applications, and future directions

The exceptional differentiation abilities of stem cells make them ideal candidates for cell replacement therapies. Considering their great potential, researchers should understand how stem cells interact with other cell types. The production of high-quality differentiated cells is crucial for favorable treatment and makes them an ideal choice for clinical applications. Label-free stem cell monitoring approaches are anticipated to be more effective in this context, as they ensure quality of differentiation while preserving the therapeutic potential. Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS) is a nonintrusive technique that enables cell quantification through continuous monitoring of adherent cell behavior using electronic transcellular impedance measurements. This technique also facilitates the study of cell growth, motility, differentiation, drug effects, and cell barrier functions. Therefore, numerous studies have identified ECIS as an effective method for monitoring stem cell quality and differentiation. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of ECIS's achievements in examining cell behaviors and the potential applications of ECIS arrays in preclinical stem cell research. Moreover, we highlight our present knowledge concerning ECIS's contributions in examining cell behaviors and speculate about the future uses of ECIS arrays in preclinical stem cell research. This review also aims to stimulate research on electrochemical biosensors for future applications in regenerative medicine.

A Roadmap of Peptide-Based Materials in Neural Regeneration

Injuries to the nervous system lead to irreversible damage and limited functional recovery. The peripheral nervous system (PNS) can self-regenerate to some extent for short nerve gaps. In contrast, the central nervous system (CNS) has an intrinsic limitation to self-repair owing to its convoluted neural microenvironment and inhibitory response. The primary phase of CNS injury, happening within 48 h, results from external impacts like mechanical stress. Afterward, the secondary phase of the injury occurs, originating from neuronal excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. No golden standard to treat injured neurons exists, and conventional medicine serves only as a protective approach to alleviating the symptoms of chronic injury. Synthetic peptides provide a promising approach for neural repair, either as soluble drugs or by using their intrinsic self-assembly propensity to serve as an extracellular matrix (ECM) mimic for cell adhesion and to incorporate bioactive epitopes. In this review, an overview of nerve injury models, common in vitro models, and peptide-based therapeutics such as ECM mimics is provided. Due to the complexity of treating neuronal injuries, a multidisciplinary collaboration between biologists, physicians, and material scientists is paramount. Together, scientists with complementary expertise will be required to formulate future therapeutic approaches for clinical use.

The molecular features of lung cancer stem cells in dedifferentiation process-driven epigenetic alterations

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) may be dedifferentiated somatic cells following oncogenic processes, representing a subpopulation of cells able to promote tumor growth with their capacities for proliferation and self-renewal, inducing lineage heterogeneity, which may be a main cause of resistance to therapies. It has been shown that the "less differentiated process" may have an impact on tumor plasticity, particularly when non-CSCs may dedifferentiate and become CSC-like. Bidirectional interconversion between CSCs and non-CSCs has been reported in other solid tumors, where the inflammatory stroma promotes cell reprogramming by enhancing Wnt signaling through nuclear factor kappa B activation in association with intracellular signaling, which may induce cells' pluripotency, the oncogenic transformation can be considered another important aspect in the acquisition of "new" development programs with oncogenic features. During cell reprogramming, mutations represent an initial step toward dedifferentiation, in which tumor cells switch from a partially or terminally differentiated stage to a less differentiated stage that is mainly manifested by re-entry into the cell cycle, acquisition of a stem cell-like phenotype, and expression of stem cell markers. This phenomenon typically shows up as a change in the form, function, and pattern of gene and protein expression, and more specifically, in CSCs. This review would highlight the main epigenetic alterations, major signaling pathways and driver mutations in which CSCs, in tumors and specifically, in lung cancer, could be involved, acting as key elements in the differentiation/dedifferentiation process. This would highlight the main molecular mechanisms which need to be considered for more tailored therapies.

Pseudo-trajectory inference for identifying essential regulations and molecules in cell fate decisions

Cell fate decision is crucial in biological development and plays fundamental roles in normal development and functional maintenance of organisms. By identifying key regulatory interactions and molecules involved in these fate decisions, we can shed light on the intricate mechanisms underlying the cell fates. This understanding ultimately reveals the fundamental principles driving biological development and the origins of various diseases. In this study, we present an overarching framework which integrates pseudo-trajectory inference and differential analysis to determine critical regulatory interactions and molecules during cell fate transitions. To demonstrate feasibility and reliability of the approach, we employ the differentiation networks of hepatobiliary system and embryonic stem cells as representative model systems. By applying pseudo-trajectory inference to biological data, we aim to identify critical regulatory interactions and molecules during the cell fate transition processes. Consistent with experimental observations, the approach can allow us to infer dynamical cell fate decision processes and gain insights into the underlying mechanisms which govern cell state decisions.

Synergy between pluripotent stem cell-derived macrophages and self-renewing macrophages: Envisioning a promising avenue for the modelling and cell therapy of infectious diseases

As crucial phagocytes of the innate immune system, macrophages (Mϕs) protect mammalian hosts, maintain tissue homeostasis and influence disease pathogenesis. Nonetheless, Mϕs are susceptible to various pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and parasites, which cause various infectious diseases, necessitating a deeper understanding of pathogen-Mϕ interactions and therapeutic insights. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have been efficiently differentiated into PSC-derived Mϕs (PSCdMϕs) resembling primary Mϕs, advancing the modelling and cell therapy of infectious diseases. However, the mass production of PSCdMϕs, which lack proliferative capacity, relies on large-scale expansions of PSCs, thereby increasing both costs and culture cycles. Notably, Mϕs deficient in the MafB/c-Maf genes have been reported to re-enter the cell cycle with the stimulation of specific growth factor cocktails, turning into self-renewing Mϕs (SRMϕs). This review summarizes the applications of PSCdMϕs in the modelling and cell therapy of infectious diseases and strategies for establishing SRMϕs. Most importantly, we innovatively propose that PSCs can serve as a gene editing platform to creating PSC-derived SRMϕs (termed PSRMϕs), addressing the resistance of Mϕs against genetic manipulation. We discuss the challenges and possible solutions in creating PSRMϕs. In conclusion, this review provides novel insights into the development of physiologically relevant and expandable Mϕ models, highlighting the enormous potential of PSRMϕs as a promising avenue for the modelling and cell therapy of infectious diseases.

Navigating stem cell culture: insights, techniques, challenges, and prospects

Stem cell research holds huge promise for regenerative medicine and disease modeling, making the understanding and optimization of stem cell culture a critical aspect of advancing these therapeutic applications. This comprehensive review provides an in-depth overview of stem cell culture, including general information, contemporary techniques, encountered problems, and future perspectives. The article begins by explaining the fundamental characteristics of various stem cell types, elucidating the importance of proper culture conditions in maintaining pluripotency or lineage commitment. A detailed exploration of established culture techniques sheds light on the evolving landscape of stem cell culture methodologies. Common challenges such as genetic stability, heterogeneity, and differentiation efficiency are thoroughly discussed, with insights into cutting-edge strategies and technologies aimed at addressing these hurdles. Moreover, the article delves into the impact of substrate materials, culture media components, and biophysical cues on stem cell behavior, emphasizing the intricate interplay between the microenvironment and cell fate decisions. As stem cell research advances, ethical considerations and regulatory frameworks become increasingly important, prompting a critical examination of these aspects in the context of culture practices. Lastly, the article explores emerging perspectives, including the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in optimizing culture conditions, and the potential applications of stem cell-derived products in personalized medicine. This comprehensive overview aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers and clinicians, fostering a deeper understanding of stem cell culture and its key role in advancing regenerative medicine and biomedical research.

Post-symptomatic administration of hMSCs exerts therapeutic effects in SCA2 mice

BACKGROUND

Defects in the ataxin-2 (ATXN-2) protein and CAG trinucleotide repeat expansion in its coding gene, Atxn-2, cause the neurodegenerative disorder spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). While clinical studies suggest potential benefits of human-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) for treating various ataxias, the exact mechanisms underlying their therapeutic effects and interaction with host tissue to stimulate neurotrophin expression remain unclear specifically in the context of SCA2.

METHODS

Human bone marrow-derived MSCs (hMSCs) were injected into the cisterna magna of 26-week-old wild-type and SCA2 mice. Mice were assessed for impaired motor coordination using the accelerating rotarod, open field test, and composite phenotype scoring. At 50 weeks, the cerebellum vermis was harvested for protein assessment and immunohistochemical analysis.

RESULTS

Significant loss of NeuN and calbindin was observed in 25-week-old SCA2 mice. However, after receiving multiple injections of hMSCs starting at 26 weeks of age, these mice exhibited a significant improvement in abnormal motor performance and a protective effect on Purkinje cells. This beneficial effect persisted until the mice reached 50 weeks of age, at which point they were sacrificed to study further mechanistic events triggered by the administration of hMSCs. Calbindin-positive cells in the Purkinje cell layer expressed bone-derived neurotrophic factor after hMSC administration, contributing to the protection of cerebellar neurons from cell death.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, repeated administration of hMSCs shows promise in alleviating SCA2 symptoms by preserving Purkinje cells, improving neurotrophic support, and reducing inflammation, ultimately leading to the preservation of locomotor function in SCA2 mice.

Electroacupuncture combined with NSCs-Exo alters the response of hippocampal neurons in a chronic unpredictable mild stress paradigm in ovx rats

Electroacupuncture (EA) is a form of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) that combines acupuncture with microcurrents mimicking the body's bioelectricity to prevent and treat diseases. Previous studies have demonstrated its antidepressant-like effects in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced ovariectomy (OVX) rats. Neural stem cell-derived exosomes (NSCs-Exo) are heterogeneous and targeted, effectively promoting nerve regeneration and repairing neuronal damage, while potentially conveying the effects of EA. However, the precise mechanism remains unclear. In this study, perimenopausal depressive disorder (PDD) rat model were established using a two-step protocol CUMS + OVX. Treatment with EA combined with NSCs-Exo (EA-Exo) significantly improved depression-like behaviors in PDD rats, as indicated by increased sucrose intake in the Sucrose Preference Test (SPT), reduced immobility in the Forced Swimming Test (FST), and prolonged activity in the Out-of-Field Test (OFT). EA-Exo treatment improved depression-like behaviors by increasing serum levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and decreasing immobility in the FST. It also alleviated OVX-CUMS-induced disturbances in energy metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative stress responses by enhancing serum levels of 5-HT, dopamine (DA), ATP, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and interleukin-10 (IL-10), while reducing cyclic AMP (cAMP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, EA-Exo treatment reversed structural and functional impairments in hippocampal synapses and mitochondria. This was evidenced by reductions in hippocampal synaptic plasticity proteins PSD95, SYN, and GAP43, as well as decreased expression of energy metabolism pathway proteins AMPK, NRF1, PGC1α, and TFAM. These findings suggest that EA-Exo ameliorates depressive behavior in OVX-CUMS rats by modulating synaptic plasticity and activating the AMPK/NRF1/PGC1α/TFAM signaling pathway.

Bioengineering the Junctional Epithelium in 3D Oral Mucosa Models

Two-dimensional (2D) culture models and animal experiments have been widely used to study the pathogenesis of periodontal and peri-implant diseases and to test new treatment approaches. However, neither of them can reproduce the complexity of human periodontal tissues, making the development of a successful 3D oral mucosal model a necessity. The soft-tissue attachment formed around a tooth or an implant function like a biologic seal, protecting the deeper tissues from bacterial infection. The aim of this review is to explore the advancements made so far in the biofabrication of a junctional epithelium around a tooth-like or an implant insert in vitro. This review focuses on the origin of cells and the variety of extracellular components and biomaterials that have been used for the biofabrication of 3D oral mucosa models. The existing 3D models recapitulate soft-tissue attachment around implant abutments and hydroxyapatite discs. Hereby, the qualitative and quantitative assessments performed for evidencing the soft-tissue attachment are critically reviewed. In perspective, the design of sophisticated 3D models should work together for oral immunology and microbiology biofilms to accurately reproduce periodontal and peri-implant diseases.

The global evolution and impact of systems biology and artificial intelligence in stem cell research and therapeutics development: a scoping review

Advanced bioinformatics analysis, such as systems biology (SysBio) and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches, including machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL), is increasingly present in stem cell (SC) research. An approximate timeline on these developments and their global impact is still lacking. We conducted a scoping review on the contribution of SysBio and AI analysis to SC research and therapy development based on literature published in PubMed between 2000 and 2024. We identified an 8 to 10-fold increase in research output related to all 3 search terms between 2000 and 2021, with a 10-fold increase in AI-related production since 2010. Use of SysBio and AI still predominates in preclinical basic research with increasing use in clinically oriented translational medicine since 2010. SysBio- and AI-related research was found all over the globe, with SysBio output led by the (US, n = 1487), (UK, n = 1094), Germany (n = 355), The Netherlands (n = 339), Russia (n = 215), and France (n = 149), while for AI-related research the US (n = 853) and UK (n = 258) take a strong lead, followed by Switzerland (n = 69), The Netherlands (n = 37), and Germany (n = 19). The US and UK are most active in SCs publications related to AI/ML and AI/DL. The prominent use of SysBio in ESC research was recently overtaken by prominent use of AI in iPSC and MSC research. This study reveals the global evolution and growing intersection among AI, SysBio, and SC research over the past 2 decades, with substantial growth in all 3 fields and exponential increases in AI-related research in the past decade.

Self-Assembly at Curved Biointerfaces

Most of the biological interfaces are curved. Understanding the organizational structures and interaction patterns at such curved biointerfaces is therefore crucial not only for deepening our comprehension of the principles that govern life processes but also for designing and developing targeted drugs aimed at diseased cells and tissues. Despite the considerable efforts dedicated to this area of research, our understanding of curved biological interfaces is still limited. Many aspects of these interfaces remain elusive, presenting both challenges and opportunities for further exploration. In this review, we summarize the structural characteristics of biological interfaces found in nature, the current research status of materials associated with curved biointerfaces, and the theoretical advancements achieved to date. Finally, we outline future trends and challenges in the theoretical and technological development of curved biointerfaces. By addressing these challenges, people could bridge the knowledge gap and unlock the full potential of curved biointerfaces for scientific and technological advancements, ultimately benefiting various fields and improving human health and well-being.

Embryotrophic effect of exogenous protein contained adipose-derived stem cell extracellular vesicles

BACKGROUND

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) regulate cell metabolism and various biological processes by delivering specific proteins and nucleic acids to surrounding cells. We aimed to investigate the effects of the cargo contained in EVs derived from adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) on the porcine embryonic development.

METHODS

ASCs were isolated from porcine adipose tissue and characterized using ASC-specific markers via flow cytometry. EVs were subsequently extracted from the conditioned media of the established ASCs. These EVs were added to the in vitro culture environment of porcine embryos to observe qualitative improvements in embryonic development. Furthermore, the proteins within the EVs were analyzed to investigate the underlying mechanisms.

RESULTS

We observed a higher blastocyst development rate and increased mitochondrial activity in early stage embryos in the ASC-EVs-supplemented group than in the controls (24.8% ± 0.8% vs. 28.6% ± 1.1%, respectively). The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay of blastocysts also revealed significantly reduced apoptotic cells in the ASC-EVs-supplemented group. Furthermore, through proteomics, we detected the proteins in ASC-EVs and blastocysts from each treatment group. This analysis revealed a higher fraction of proteins in the ASC-EVs-supplemented group than in the controls (1,547 vs. 1,495, respectively). Gene analysis confirmed that ASC-EVs showed a high expression of tyrosine-protein kinase (SRC), whereas ASC-EVs supplemented blastocysts showed a higher expression of Cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1). SRC is postulated to activate protein kinase B (AKT), which inhibits the forkhead box O signaling pathway and activates CDK1. Subsequently, CDK1 activation influences the cell cycle, thereby affecting in vitro embryonic development.

CONCLUSION

ASC-EVs promote mitochondrial activity, which is crucial for the early development of blastocysts and vital in the downregulation of apoptosis. Additionally, ASC-EVs supply SRC to porcine blastocysts, thereby elongating the cell cycle.

Optimizing CRISPR/Cas9 precision: Mitigating off-target effects for safe integration with photodynamic and stem cell therapies in cancer treatment

CRISPR/Cas9 precision genome editing has revolutionized cancer treatment by introducing specific alterations to the cancer genome. But the therapeutic potential of CRISPR/Cas9 is limited by off-target effects, which can cause undesired changes to genomic regions and create major safety concerns. The primary emphasis lies in their implications within the realm of cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT), where precision is paramount. PDT is a promising cancer treatment method; nevertheless, its effectiveness is severely limited and readily leads to recurrence due to the therapeutic resistance of cancer stem cells (CSCs). With a focus on targeted genome editing into cancer cells during PDT and stem cell treatment (SCT), the review aims to further the ongoing search for safer and more accurate CRISPR/Cas9-mediated methods. At the core of this exploration are recent advancements and novel techniques that offer promise in mitigating the risks associated with off-target effects. With a focus on cancer PDT and SCT, this review critically assesses the landscape of off-target effects in CRISPR/Cas9 applications, offering a comprehensive knowledge of their nature and prevalence. A key component of the review is the assessment of cutting-edge delivery methods, such as technologies based on nanoparticles (NPs), to optimize the distribution of CRISPR components. Additionally, the study delves into the intricacies of guide RNA design, focusing on advancements that bolster specificity and minimize off-target effects, crucial elements in ensuring the precision required for effective cancer PDT and SCT. By synthesizing insights from various methodologies, including the exploration of innovative genome editing tools and leveraging robust validation methods and bioinformatics tools, the review aspires to chart a course towards more reliable and precise CRISPR-Cas9 applications in cancer PDT and SCT. For safe PDT and SCT integration in cancer therapy, CRISPR/Cas9 precision optimization is essential. Utilizing sophisticated molecular and computational techniques to address off-target effects is crucial to realizing the therapeutic promise of these technologies, which will ultimately lead to the development of individualized and successful cancer treatment strategies. Our long-term goals are to improve precision genome editing for more potent cancer therapy approaches by refining the way CRISPR/Cas9 is integrated with photodynamic and stem cell therapies.

Exosome-mediated renal protection: Halting the progression of fibrosis

Renal fibrosis is a complex and multifactorial process that involves inflammation, cell proliferation, collagen, and fibronectin deposition in the kidney, ultimately leading to chronic kidney disease and even end-stage renal disease. The main goal of treatment is to slow down or halt the progression of fibrosis and to improve or preserve kidney function. Despite significant progress made in understanding the underlying mechanisms of renal fibrosis, current therapies have limited renal protection as the disease progresses. Exosomes derived from stem cells are a newer area of research for the treatment of renal fibrosis. Exosomes as nano-sized extracellular vesicles carry proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which can be taken up by local or distant cells, serving as mediators of intercellular communication and as drug delivery vehicles. Exosomes deliver molecules that reduce inflammation, renal fibrosis and extracellular matrix protein production, and promote tissue regeneration in animal models of kidney disease. Additionally, they have several advantages over stem cells, such as being non-immunogenic, having low risk of tumor formation, and being easier to produce and store. This review describes the use of natural and engineered exosomes containing therapeutic agents capable of mediating anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic processes during both acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease. Exosome-based therapies will be compared with stem cell-based treatments for tissue regeneration, with a focus on renal protection. Finally, future directions and strategies for improving the therapeutic efficacy of exosomes are discussed.

The Roles of Micro- and Nanoscale Materials in Cell-Engineering Systems

Customizable manufacturing of ex vivo cell engineering is driven by the need for innovations in the biomedical field and holds substantial potential for addressing current therapeutic challenges; but it is still only in its infancy. Micro- and nanoscale-engineered materials are increasingly used to control core cell-level functions in cellular engineering. By reprogramming or redirecting targeted cells for extremely precise functions, these advanced materials offer new possibilities. This influences the modularity of cell reprogramming and reengineering, making these materials part of versatile and emerging technologies. Here, the roles of micro- and nanoscale materials in cell engineering are highlighted, demonstrating how they can be adaptively controlled to regulate cellular reprogramming and core cell-level functions, including differentiation, proliferation, adhesion, user-defined gene expression, and epigenetic changes. The current reprogramming routes used to achieve pluripotency from somatic cells and the significant potential of induced pluripotent stem cell technology for translational biomedical research are covered. Recent advances in nonviral intracellular delivery modalities for cell reprogramming and their constraints are evaluated. This paper focuses on emerging physical and combinatorial approaches of intracellular delivery for cell engineering, revealing the capabilities and limitations of these routes. It is showcased how these programmable materials are continually being explored as customizable tools for inducing biophysical stimulation. Harnessing the power of micro- and nanoscale-engineered materials will be a step change in the design of cell engineering, producing a suite of powerful tools for addressing potential future challenges in therapeutic cell engineering.

Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Colony Migration Is Related to Culture Environment and Morphological Phenotype

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are an important tool in the field of regenerative medicine due to their ability to differentiate towards all tissues of the adult organism. An important task in the study of hPSCs is to understand the factors that influence the maintenance of pluripotent and clonal characteristics of colonies represented by their morphological phenotype. Such factors include the ability of colonies to migrate during growth. In this work, we measured and analyzed the migration trajectories of hPSC colonies obtained from bright-field images of three cell lines, including induced hPSC lines AD3 and HPCASRi002-A (CaSR) and human embryonic stem cell line H9. To represent the pluripotent status, the colonies were visually phenotyped into two classes having a "good" or "bad" morphological phenotype. As for the migration characteristics, we calculated the colony speed and distance traveled (mobility measures), meandering index (motion persistence measures), outreach ratio (trajectory tortuosity characteristic), as well as the velocity autocorrelation function. The analysis revealed that the discrimination of phenotypes by the migration characteristics depended on both the cell line and growth environment. In particular, when the mTESR1/Matrigel culture environment was used, "good" AD3 colonies demonstrated a higher average migration speed than the "bad" ones. The reverse relationship between average speeds of "good" and "bad" colonies was found for the H9 line. The CaSR cell line did not show significant differences in the migration speed between the "good" and "bad" phenotypes. We investigated the type of motion exhibited by the colonies by applying two diffusion models to the mean squared displacement dynamics, one model corresponding to normal and the other to anomalous diffusion. The type of diffusion and diffusion parameter values resulting from the model fitting to data demonstrated a similar cell line, environment, and phenotype dependency. Colonies mainly showed a superdiffusive behavior for the mTESR1/Matrigel culture conditions, characterized by longer migration steps compared to the normal random walk. The specific properties of migration features and the patterns of their variation demonstrated in our work can be useful for the development and/or improvement of automated solutions for quality control of hPSCs.

Optimization and Implication of Adipose-Derived Stem Cells in Craniofacial Bone Regeneration and Repair

Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have emerged as a promising resource for craniofacial bone regeneration due to their high abundance and easy accessibility, significant osteogenic potential, versatile applications, and potential for personalized medicine, which underscore their importance in this field. This article reviews the current progress of preclinical studies that describe the careful selection of specific ADSC subpopulations, key signaling pathways involved, and usage of various strategies to enhance the osteogenic potential of ADSCs. Additionally, clinical case reports regarding the application of ADSCs in the repair of calvarial defects, cranio-maxillofacial defects, and alveolar bone defects are also discussed.