1
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Gestier S, Finlaison DS, Parrish K, Kirkland PD. The potential for bluetongue virus serotype 16 to cause disease in sheep in New South Wales, Australia. Aust Vet J 2023; 101:510-521. [PMID: 37772318 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
BLUETONGUE VIRUS SEROTYPE 16 DETECTION IN NSW: In coastal New South Wales (NSW), bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 1 and 21 are endemic and transmitted in most years without evidence of disease. However, serotype 16 (BTV-16) infection was detected for the first time in NSW in November 2016 in cattle undergoing testing for export. Retrospective testing of blood samples collected from sentinel cattle as part of the National Arbovirus Monitoring Program (NAMP) established that the first detected transmission of BTV-16 in NSW occurred in April 2016 in sentinel cattle on the NSW North Coast. Subsequently, until 2022, BTV-16 has been transmitted in most years and was the predominant serotype in the 2018-2019 transmission season. The data available suggests that BTV-16 may have become endemic in NSW. EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES: During experimental infection studies with BTV-16, all sheep were febrile, with the peak of viremia occurring 6-10 days after inoculation. There was nasal and oral hyperaemia in most sheep with several animals developing a nasal discharge and nasal oedema. All sheep developed coronitis of varying severity, with most also developing haemorrhages along the coronary band. There was a high incidence of haemorrhage in the pulmonary artery, epicardial petechiae, extensive pericardial haemorrhages and moderate body cavity effusions including pericardial effusions. CONCLUSION: Overall, experimental pathogenicity findings suggest moderate disease may occur in sheep in the field. These findings, when combined with climatic variability that could result in an expansion of the range of Culicoides brevitarsis into major sheep-producing areas of the state, suggest that there is an increasing risk of bluetongue disease in NSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gestier
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture, Institute Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - D S Finlaison
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture, Institute Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - K Parrish
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture, Institute Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P D Kirkland
- Virology Laboratory, Elizabeth Macarthur Agriculture, Institute Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Kampen H, Werner D. Biting Midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) as Vectors of Viruses. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2706. [PMID: 38004718 PMCID: PMC10673010 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides occur almost globally and can regionally and seasonally reach high abundances. Most species are hematophagous, feeding on all groups of vertebrates, including humans. In addition to being nuisance pests, they are able to transmit disease agents, with some viruses causing high morbidity and/or mortality in ruminants, horses and humans. Despite their impact on animal husbandry, public health and tourism, knowledge on the biology and ecology of culicoid biting midges and their interactions with ingested pathogens or symbiotic microorganisms is limited. Research is challenging due to unknown larval habitats, the insects' tiny size, the inability to establish and breed most species in the laboratory and the laborious maintenance of colonies of the few species that can be reared in the laboratory. Consequently, the natural transmission of pathogens has experimentally been demonstrated for few species while, for others, only indirect evidence of vector potential exists. Most experimental data are available for Culicoides sonorensis and C. nubeculosus, the only species kept in western-world insectaries. This contribution gives an overview on important biting midge vectors, transmitted viruses, culicoid-borne viral diseases and their epidemiologies and summarizes the little knowledge on interactions between biting midges, their microflora and culicoid-borne arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Kampen
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Doreen Werner
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research, 15374 Muencheberg, Germany;
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3
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Agnihotri K, Oakey J, Smith C, Weir R, Pyke A, Melville L. Genome-scale molecular and phylogenetic characterization of Middle Point orbiviruses from Australia. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34870577 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle Point orbivirus (MPOV) is an Australian arbovirus, belongs to the Yunnan orbivirus species found in China. First detected and reported from Beatrice Hill, Northern Territory (NT), MPOV has to date, only been exclusively reported from the NT, Australia. Whilst genetic characterization of MPOV has been previously described, only restricted to sequence information for segments 2 and 3 coding core protein VP2 and outer capsid protein VP3, respectively. This study presents for the first time nearly full-length genome sequences of MPOV, which represent 24 isolates collected over a span of more than 20 years from 1997 to 2018. Whilst the majority of isolates were sampled at Beatrice Hill, NT where MPOV is most frequently isolated, this report also describes the first two isolations of MPOV from Queensland (QLD), Australia. One of which is the first non-bovine isolate obtained from the mosquito vector Aedes vittiger. We further compared these MPOV sequences with known sequences of the Yunnan orbivirus and other known orbivirus sequences of mosquito origin found in Australia. The phylogenetic analyses indicate the Australian MPOV sequences are more closely related to each other than other known sequences of Yunnan orbivirus. Furthermore, MPOV sequences are closely related to sequences from the Indonesian isolate JKT-8650. The clustering of Australian sequences in the phylogenetic tree suggests the monophyletic lineage of MPOV circulating in Australia. Further, ongoing surveillance is required to assess the existence and prevalence of this or other yet undetected lineages of MPOV and other orbiviruses in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Agnihotri
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Coopers Plains, 4108, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jane Oakey
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Coopers Plains, 4108, Queensland, Australia
| | - Craig Smith
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Queensland Government, Health and Food Sciences Precinct, 39 Coopers Plains, 4108, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard Weir
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade, Berrimah, 0801, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Alyssa Pyke
- Public Health Virology, Forensic and Scientific Services, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Coopers Plains, 4108, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lorna Melville
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Industry, Tourism and Trade, Berrimah, 0801, Northern Territory, Australia
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4
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Saminathan M, Singh KP, Khorajiya JH, Dinesh M, Vineetha S, Maity M, Rahman AF, Misri J, Malik YS, Gupta VK, Singh RK, Dhama K. An updated review on bluetongue virus: epidemiology, pathobiology, and advances in diagnosis and control with special reference to India. Vet Q 2021; 40:258-321. [PMID: 33003985 PMCID: PMC7655031 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1831708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is an economically important, non-contagious viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants. BT is caused by BT virus (BTV) and it belongs to the genus Orbivirus and family Reoviridae. BTV is transmitted by Culicoides midges and causes clinical disease in sheep, white-tailed deer, pronghorn antelope, bighorn sheep, and subclinical manifestation in cattle, goats and camelids. BT is a World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) listed multispecies disease and causes great socio-economic losses. To date, 28 serotypes of BTV have been reported worldwide and 23 serotypes have been reported from India. Transplacental transmission (TPT) and fetal abnormalities in ruminants had been reported with cell culture adopted live-attenuated vaccine strains of BTV. However, emergence of BTV-8 in Europe during 2006, confirmed TPT of wild-type/field strains of BTV. Diagnosis of BT is more important for control of disease and to ensure BTV-free trade of animals and their products. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, agar gel immunodiffusion assay and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are found to be sensitive and OIE recommended tests for diagnosis of BTV for international trade. Control measures include mass vaccination (most effective method), serological and entomological surveillance, forming restriction zones and sentinel programs. Major hindrances with control of BT in India are the presence of multiple BTV serotypes, high density of ruminant and vector populations. A pentavalent inactivated, adjuvanted vaccine is administered currently in India to control BT. Recombinant vaccines with DIVA strategies are urgently needed to combat this disease. This review is the first to summarise the seroprevalence of BTV in India for 40 years, economic impact and pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Saminathan
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karam Pal Singh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | | | - Murali Dinesh
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sobharani Vineetha
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Madhulina Maity
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - At Faslu Rahman
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jyoti Misri
- Animal Science Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- Division of Biological Standardization, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Director, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
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5
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Kopanke J, Lee J, Stenglein M, Mayo C. In Vitro Reassortment between Endemic Bluetongue Viruses Features Global Shifts in Segment Frequencies and Preferred Segment Combinations. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020405. [PMID: 33669284 PMCID: PMC7920030 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arthropod-borne pathogen that is associated with sometimes severe disease in both domestic and wild ruminants. Predominantly transmitted by Culicoides spp. biting midges, BTV is composed of a segmented, double-stranded RNA genome. Vector expansion and viral genetic changes, such as reassortment between BTV strains, have been implicated as potential drivers of ongoing BTV expansion into previously BTV-free regions. We used an in vitro system to investigate the extent and flexibility of reassortment that can occur between two BTV strains that are considered enzootic to the USA, BTV-2 and BTV-10. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was coupled with plaque isolation and a novel, amplicon-based sequencing approach to quantitate the viral genetic diversity generated across multiple generations of in vitro propagation. We found that BTV-2 and BTV-10 were able to reassort across multiple segments, but that a preferred BTV-2 viral backbone emerged in later passages and that certain segments were more likely to be found in reassortant progeny. Our findings indicate that there may be preferred segment combinations that emerge during BTV reassortment. Moreover, our work demonstrates the usefulness of WGS and amplicon-based sequencing approaches to improve understanding of the dynamics of reassortment among segmented viruses such as BTV.
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6
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White JR, Williams DT, Davies K, Wang J, Chen H, Certoma A, Davis SS, Weir RP, Melville LF, Eagles D. Bluetongue virus serotype 12 enters Australia - a further incursion of novel western lineage genome segments. J Gen Virol 2020; 102. [PMID: 33331813 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus (genus: Orbivirus) that occurs worldwide. It infects domestic and wild ruminant species and can cause disease in livestock, producing high economic impact. Recently, it gained extra prominence throughout Europe, with disease occurring in regions traditionally free of BTV. BTV enters Australia from Southeast Asia via wind-borne infected Culicoides spp. The first Australian isolation was 1975 (BTV-20) and further serotypes were isolated between 1979-86 (BTV-1, -3, -9, -15, -16, -21, -23). Despite increased, more sensitive, monitoring, no more were detected in over two decades, implying a stable BTV episystem of eastern ancestry. Isolations of BTV-2, -7 and -5 then occurred between 2007-15, with the latter two possessing genome segments with high sequence identity to western isolates. We report on the first isolation and genomic characterization of BTV-12, which revealed that three more novel western topotype gene segments have entered northern Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R White
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (formerly: Australian Animal Health Laboratory), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - David T Williams
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (formerly: Australian Animal Health Laboratory), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly Davies
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (formerly: Australian Animal Health Laboratory), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jianning Wang
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (formerly: Australian Animal Health Laboratory), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Honglei Chen
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (formerly: Australian Animal Health Laboratory), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrea Certoma
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (formerly: Australian Animal Health Laboratory), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Richard P Weir
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Northern Territory Government, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Lorna F Melville
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Resources, Northern Territory Government, Berrimah, Northern Territory, Australia
| | - Debbie Eagles
- CSIRO Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (formerly: Australian Animal Health Laboratory), Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Global emergence and evolutionary dynamics of bluetongue virus. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21677. [PMID: 33303862 PMCID: PMC7729867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78673-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) epidemics are responsible for worldwide economic losses of up to US$ 3 billion. Understanding the global evolutionary epidemiology of BTV is critical in designing intervention programs. Here we employed phylodynamic models to quantify the evolutionary characteristics, spatiotemporal origins, and multi-host transmission dynamics of BTV across the globe. We inferred that goats are the ancestral hosts for BTV but are less likely to be important for cross-species transmission, sheep and cattle continue to be important for the transmission and maintenance of infection between other species. Our models pointed to China and India, countries with the highest population of goats, as the likely ancestral country for BTV emergence and dispersal worldwide over 1000 years ago. However, the increased diversification and dispersal of BTV coincided with the initiation of transcontinental livestock trade after the 1850s. Our analysis uncovered important epidemiological aspects of BTV that may guide future molecular surveillance of BTV.
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8
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Mayo C, McDermott E, Kopanke J, Stenglein M, Lee J, Mathiason C, Carpenter M, Reed K, Perkins TA. Ecological Dynamics Impacting Bluetongue Virus Transmission in North America. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:186. [PMID: 32426376 PMCID: PMC7212442 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted to domestic and wild ruminants by certain species of Culicoides midges. The disease resulting from infection with BTV is economically important and can influence international trade and movement of livestock, the economics of livestock production, and animal welfare. Recent changes in the epidemiology of Culicoides-transmitted viruses, notably the emergence of exotic BTV genotypes in Europe, have demonstrated the devastating economic consequences of BTV epizootics and the complex nature of transmission across host-vector landscapes. Incursions of novel BTV serotypes into historically enzootic countries or regions, including the southeastern United States (US), Israel, Australia, and South America, have also occurred, suggesting diverse pathways for the transmission of these viruses. The abundance of BTV strains and multiple reassortant viruses circulating in Europe and the US in recent years demonstrates considerable genetic diversity of BTV strains and implies a history of reassortment events within the respective regions. While a great deal of emphasis is rightly placed on understanding the epidemiology and emergence of BTV beyond its natural ecosystem, the ecological contexts in which BTV maintains an enzootic cycle may also be of great significance. This review focuses on describing our current knowledge of ecological factors driving BTV transmission in North America. Information presented in this review can help inform future studies that may elucidate factors that are relevant to longstanding and emerging challenges associated with prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christie Mayo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Emily McDermott
- Entomology Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer Kopanke
- Office of the Campus Veterinarian, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Mark Stenglein
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Justin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Candace Mathiason
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Molly Carpenter
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kirsten Reed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - T. Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
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9
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Duan YL, Miao HS, Liao DF, Kou ML, Li ZH, Wang Z, Li HC, Li L. The serologic investigation and viral isolation of bluetongue virus in Shangri-La in Southwest China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2353-2361. [PMID: 31298817 PMCID: PMC6899809 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue is an arthropod-borne viral disease of ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV). In China, BTV is relatively common in Yunnan Province with the exception of northern regions around Shangri-La, where the average altitude is approximately 3,450 metres. Recently, the seroprevalence of BTV has been measured in yaks in Shangri-La; therefore, this study investigated BTV infections in this area. The serological investigation in five villages in Shangri-La showed that there were sporadic BTV infections in yaks (20 of 507 positive) during 2014 to 2017, while the seroprevalence of BTV at three goat farms in a nearby river valley was 35%-65% in 2017. Subsequently, 20 sentinel goats were kept on two separate farms in the river valley and monitored for seroconversion between May and September of 2017. Five of the sentinel animals were tested positive for antibodies to BTV by C-ELISA during the study period, and 13 BTV isolates were isolated from ten sentinel animals. All isolates were identified as the same serotype, and the complete nucleotide sequence of one was determined. The genomic sequences showed that the isolated BTV strain belonged to serotype 21 and had approximately 99.8%-100% homology with three Indonesian BTV-21 strains (D151, RIVS-66 and RIVS-60) between their coding sequences (CDSs) except for Seg4 (99.5%). Besides, our data suggested that this BTV-21 strain might have also infected some local yaks and sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang Duan
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hai Sheng Miao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - De Fang Liao
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Mei Ling Kou
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhan Hong Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Zhong Dian Animal Disease Control Center, Shangri-La, Yunnan, China
| | - Hua Chun Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Le Li
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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10
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Evolutionary history of Simbu serogroup orthobunyaviruses in the Australian episystem. Virology 2019; 535:32-44. [PMID: 31261025 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Orthobunyaviruses of the Simbu serogroup are transmitted by insects (primarily biting midges) and infect mammals and/or birds. Many have been associated with disease in livestock or humans. The orthobunyavirus genome comprises three negative-sense RNA segments (L, M and S). We report the complete coding sequences of 57 isolates of Simbu serogroup viruses collected in Australia during 1968-1984. Phylogenetic analysis identified novel genogroups of Akabane virus (AKAV), Aino virus (AINOV) and Peaton virus, and provided evidence of constrained movement of AKAV between epidemiological systems in the northern and eastern regions of the continent. Differential clustering of AKAV isolates in trees inferred from L, M and S segments was indicative of intratypic segment reassortment. Similarly, intertypic segment reassortment was detected between AKAV and Tinaroo virus, and between AINOV and Douglas virus. L segments representing novel genogroups were detected in AINOV reassortants, suggesting the presence of unidentified Simbu group viruses in the episystem.
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11
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Maina S, Barbetti MJ, Edwards OR, Minemba D, Areke MW, Jones RAC. Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Genomic Sequences from Papua New Guinea: Lack of Genetic Connectivity with Northern Australian or East Timorese Genomes, and New Recombination Findings. PLANT DISEASE 2019; 103:1326-1336. [PMID: 30995424 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-18-1666-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) isolates were obtained in Papua New Guinea (PNG) from cucumber (Cucumis sativus) or pumpkin (Cucurbita spp.) plants showing mosaic symptoms growing at Kongop in the Mount Hagen District, Western Highlands Province, or Zage in the Goroka District, Eastern Highlands Province. The samples were blotted onto FTA cards, which were sent to Australia, where they were subjected to high-throughput sequencing. When the coding regions of the nine new ZYMV genomic sequences found were compared with those of 64 other ZYMV sequences from elsewhere, they grouped together, forming new minor phylogroup VII within ZYMV's major phylogroup A. Genetic connectivity was lacking between ZYMV genomic sequences from PNG and its neighboring countries, Australia and East Timor; the closest match between a PNG and any other genomic sequence was a 92.8% nucleotide identity with a sequence in major phylogroup A's minor phylogroup VI from Japan. When the RDP5.2 recombination analysis program was used to compare 66 ZYMV sequences, evidence was obtained of 30 firm recombination events involving 41 sequences, and all isolates from PNG were recombinants. There were 21 sequences without recombination events in major phylogroup A, whereas there were only 4 such sequences within major phylogroup B. ZYMV's P1, Cl, N1a-Pro, P3, CP, and NIb regions contained the highest evidence of recombination breakpoints. Following removal of recombinant sequences, seven minor phylogroups were absent (I, III, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII), leaving only minor phylogroups II and IX. By contrast, when a phylogenetic tree was constructed using recombinant sequences with their recombinationally derived tracts removed before analysis, five previous minor phylogroups remained unchanged within major phylogroup A (II, III, IV, V, and VII) while four formed two new merged phylogroups (I/VI and VIII/IX). Absence of genetic connectivity between PNG, Australian, and East Timorese ZYMV sequences, and the 92.8% nucleotide identity between a PNG sequence and the closest sequence from elsewhere, suggest that a single introduction may have occurred followed by subsequent evolution to adapt to the PNG environment. The need for enhanced biosecurity measures to protect against potentially damaging virus movements crossing the seas separating neighboring countries in this region of the world is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Maina
- 1 School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, and
- 2 UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- 3 Cooperative Research Centre for Plant Biosecurity, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Martin J Barbetti
- 1 School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, and
- 2 UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- 3 Cooperative Research Centre for Plant Biosecurity, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Owain R Edwards
- 3 Cooperative Research Centre for Plant Biosecurity, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- 4 Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Land and Water, Floreat Park, WA 6014, Australia
| | - David Minemba
- 1 School of Agriculture and Environment, Faculty of Science, and
- 5 The National Agricultural Research Institute, PO Box 4415, Lae, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea
| | - Michael W Areke
- 6 National Agriculture Quarantine and Inspection Authority, PO Box 741, Port Moresby, National Capital District, Papua New Guinea; and
| | - Roger A C Jones
- 2 UWA Institute of Agriculture, Faculty of Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- 3 Cooperative Research Centre for Plant Biosecurity, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- 7 Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, WA, Australia
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12
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White JR, Williams DT, Wang J, Chen H, Melville LF, Davis SS, Weir RP, Certoma A, Di Rubbo A, Harvey G, Lunt RA, Eagles D. Identification and genomic characterization of the first isolate of bluetongue virus serotype 5 detected in Australia. Vet Med Sci 2019; 5:129-145. [PMID: 30747479 PMCID: PMC6556758 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV), transmitted by midges (Culicoides sp), is distributed worldwide and causes disease in ruminants. In particular, BT can be a debilitating disease in sheep causing serious trade and socio-economic consequences at both local and global levels. Across Australia, a sentinel cattle herd surveillance program monitors the BTV activity. Prior to 2014, BTV-1, -2, -3, -7, -9, -15, -16, -20, -21 and -23 had been isolated in Australia, but no bluetongue disease has occurred in a commercial Australian flock. We routinely use a combination of serology, virus isolation, RT-PCR and next generation and conventional nucleotide sequencing technologies to detect and phylogenetically characterize incursions of novel BTV strains into Australia. Screening of Northern Territory virus isolates in 2015 revealed BTV-5, a serotype new to Australia. We derived the complete genome of this isolate and determined its phylogenetic relationship with exotic BTV-5 isolates. Gene segments 2, 6, 7 and 10 exhibited a close relationship with the South African prototype isolate RSArrrr/5. This was the first Australian isolation of a Western topotype of segment 10. Serological surveillance data highlighted the antigenic cross-reactivity between BTV-5 and BTV-9. Phylogenetic investigation of segments 2 and 6 of these serotypes confirmed their unconventional relationships within the BTV serogroup. Our results further highlighted a need for a revision of the current serologically based system for BTV strain differentiation and importantly, implied a potential for genome segments of pathogenic Western BTV strains to rapidly enter Southeast Asia. This emphasized a need for continued high-level surveillance of vectors and viruses at strategic locations in the north of Australia The expansion of routine characterization and classification of BTV to a whole genome approach is recommended, to better monitor the presence and level of establishment of novel Western topotype segments within the Australian episystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. White
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | | | - Jianning Wang
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Honglei Chen
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Lorna F. Melville
- Department of Primary Industry and ResourcesBerrimah Veterinary LaboratoriesNorthern Territory GovernmentBerrimahNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Steven S. Davis
- Department of Primary Industry and ResourcesBerrimah Veterinary LaboratoriesNorthern Territory GovernmentBerrimahNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Richard P. Weir
- Department of Primary Industry and ResourcesBerrimah Veterinary LaboratoriesNorthern Territory GovernmentBerrimahNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Andrea Certoma
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Antonio Di Rubbo
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Gemma Harvey
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Ross A. Lunt
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
| | - Debbie Eagles
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health LaboratoryGeelongVictoriaAustralia
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13
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Maclachlan NJ, Zientara S, Wilson WC, Richt JA, Savini G. Bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses: recent developments with these globally re-emerging arboviral infections of ruminants. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 34:56-62. [PMID: 30654271 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD) are globally re-emerging diseases of domestic and wild ruminants, respectively caused by BT virus (BTV) and EHD virus. Both viruses are transmitted by hematophagous midges; however, newly recognized BTV serotypes may be transmitted horizontally without requirement for any biological vector. The global range of these viruses and/or their associated diseases have changed remarkably in recent years, most notably with the invasion of Europe by multiple serotypes of BTV since 1998. Although not zoonoses, the unanticipated emergence of BT and EHD in several different areas of the world provides a uniquely sobering and unambiguous reminder of the potential consequences of climate change on the distribution and severity of vector-borne diseases. Recent experiences with these viruses have also emphasized the need for effective, DIVA-compatible vaccines to combat anticipated future incursions, as existing vaccines have serious inherent deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel James Maclachlan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Stephan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRA, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, Maisons-Alfort 94700, France
| | - William C Wilson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise, OIE Reference Laboratory for BTV, Teramo, Italy
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