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Donadoni M, Cakir S, Bellizzi A, Swingler M, Sariyer IK. Modeling HIV-1 infection and NeuroHIV in hiPSCs-derived cerebral organoid cultures. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01204-z. [PMID: 38600307 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01204-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic is an ongoing global health problem affecting 38 million people worldwide with nearly 1.6 million new infections every year. Despite the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART), a large percentage of people with HIV (PWH) still develop neurological deficits, grouped into the term of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Investigating the neuropathology of HIV is important for understanding mechanisms associated with cognitive impairment seen in PWH. The major obstacle for studying neuroHIV is the lack of suitable in vitro human culture models that could shed light into the HIV-CNS interactions. Recent advances in induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) culture and 3D brain organoid systems have allowed the generation of 2D and 3D culture methods that possess a potential to serve as a model of neurotropic viral diseases, including HIV. In this study, we first generated and characterized several hiPSC lines from healthy human donor skin fibroblast cells. hiPSCs were then used for the generation of microglia-containing human cerebral organoids (hCOs). Once fully characterized, hCOs were infected with HIV-1 in the presence and absence of cART regimens and viral infection was studied by cellular, molecular/biochemical, and virological assays. Our results revealed that hCOs were productively infected with HIV-1 as evident by viral p24-ELISA in culture media, RT-qPCR and RNAscope analysis of viral RNA, as well as ddPCR analysis of proviral HIV-1 in genomic DNA samples. More interestingly, replication and gene expression of HIV-1 were also greatly suppressed by cART in hCOs as early as 7 days post-infections. Our results suggest that hCOs derived from hiPSCs support HIV-1 replication and gene expression and may serve as a unique platform to better understand neuropathology of HIV infection in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Donadoni
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Senem Cakir
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anna Bellizzi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Swingler
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Inflammation, Center for Neurovirology and Gene Editing, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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2
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Di Liberto G, Egervari K, Kreutzfeldt M, Schürch CM, Hewer E, Wagner I, Du Pasquier R, Merkler D. OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:2730-2741. [PMID: 35808999 PMCID: PMC9420019 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell activation is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. During HIV infection, neuroinflammation is associated with cognitive impairment, even during sustained long-term suppressive antiretroviral therapy. However, the cellular subsets contributing to neuronal damage in the CNS during HIV infection remain unclear. Using post-mortem brain samples from eight HIV patients and eight non-neurological disease controls, we identify a subset of CNS phagocytes highly enriched in LGALS3, CTSB, GPNMB and HLA-DR, a signature identified in the context of ageing and neurodegeneration. In HIV patients, the presence of this phagocyte phenotype was associated with synaptic stripping, suggesting an involvement in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. Taken together, our findings elucidate some of the molecular signatures adopted by CNS phagocytes in HIV-positive patients and contribute to the understanding of how HIV might pave the way to other forms of cognitive decline in ageing HIV patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Liberto
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kristof Egervari
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian M Schürch
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ekkehard Hewer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Renaud Du Pasquier
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Service of Neurology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Correspondence to: Doron Merkler Centre Médical Universitaire (CMU) 1, rue Michel Servet 1211 Geneva, Switzerland E-mail:
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3
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Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation is observed in HIV+ individuals on suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and is thought to cause HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. We have recently reported that expression of HIV intron-containing RNA (icRNA) in productively infected monocyte-derived macrophages induces pro-inflammatory responses. Microglia, yolk sac-derived brain-resident tissue macrophages, are the primary HIV-1 infected cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that persistent expression of HIV icRNA in primary human microglia induces innate immune activation. We established multiple orthogonal primary human microglia-like cell cultures including peripheral blood monocyte-derived microglia (MDMG) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia. Unlike MDMG, human iPSC-derived microglia (hiMG), which phenotypically mimic primary CNS microglia, were robustly infected with replication competent HIV-1, and establishment of productive HIV-1 infection and de novo viral gene expression led to pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Blocking of HIV-1 icRNA expression, but not multiply spliced viral RNA, either via infection with virus expressing a Rev-mutant deficient for HIV icRNA nuclear export or infection in the presence of small molecule inhibitor of CRM1-mediated viral icRNA nuclear export pathway, attenuated induction of innate immune responses. These studies suggest that Rev-CRM1-dependent nuclear export and cytosolic sensing of HIV-1 icRNA induces pro-inflammatory responses in productively infected microglia. Novel strategies targeting HIV icRNA expression specifically are needed to suppress HIV-induced neuroinflammation.
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HIV-1 Persistence and Chronic Induction of Innate Immune Responses in Macrophages. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070711. [PMID: 32630058 PMCID: PMC7412260 DOI: 10.3390/v12070711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of HIV-1 infection is chronic inflammation, which plays a significant role in disease pathogenesis. Acute HIV infection induces robust inflammatory responses, which are insufficient to prevent or eliminate virus in mucosal tissues. While establishment of viral set-point is coincident with downregulation of acute innate responses, systemic inflammatory responses persist during the course of chronic HIV infection. Since the introduction of combination antiviral therapy (cART), most HIV-1+ individuals can suppress viremia under detection levels for decades. However, chronic immune activation persists and has been postulated to cause HIV associated non-AIDS complications (HANA). Importantly, inflammatory cytokines and activation markers associated with macrophages are strongly and selectively correlated with the incidence of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND), cardiovascular dysfunctions (CVD) and other HANA conditions. In this review, we discuss the roles of macrophages in facilitating viral persistence and contributing to generation of persistent inflammatory responses.
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Temereanca A, Ene L, Rosca A, Diaconu CC, Luca A, Burlacu R, Radoi R, Bulacu-Talnariu A, Marcotte TD, Achim CL, Ruta S. Neurocognitive Impairment in the Combined Antiretroviral Therapy Era in a Romanian Cohort of Young Adults with Chronic HIV Infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2020; 36:367-372. [PMID: 31476875 PMCID: PMC7232656 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) continue to be reported even in patients with successful antiretroviral treatment. We investigated the prevalence of neurocognitive impairment and possible HIV-associated determinants of cognition in a Romanian cohort of young adults, parenterally infected with HIV during their first years of life. Two hundred fourteen treatment-experienced HIV-positive individuals [median age: 24 years, males: 48%, median duration on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART): 12 years] underwent standard immunologic and virological monitoring and antiretroviral resistance testing using pol gene sequencing in both plasma and, when available, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) paired samples. Neurocognitive impairment was assessed using a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery, and a global deficit score (GDS) was calculated (cutoff ≥0.5). Cognitive impairment was detected in 35% of the study participants, without any association with sex, median age, CD4 cell count (actual or nadir), CSF and plasma viral load (actual or zenith), AIDS diagnosis, duration of HIV infection, and cART characteristics. Participants carrying resistant viruses tended to be more frequently cognitively impaired (p = 0.36), with a higher median GDS value (p = 0.06) compared with participants harboring wild-type HIV, although the figures did not reach statistical significance. No signs of virological compartmentalization were observed based on CSF versus plasma viral load and on the profile of pol sequences. A moderate rate of mild neurocognitive impairment is still present in young adults with chronic HIV infection acquired in early childhood despite successful cART, without any association with classic markers of HIV infection. New biomarkers reflecting persistent central nervous system inflammation and neuronal injury may be more relevant for the development of HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aura Temereanca
- Virology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Viral Emerging Diseases Department, Ştefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Luminita Ene
- HIV/AIDS Department, Dr Victor Babes Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adelina Rosca
- Virology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Viral Emerging Diseases Department, Ştefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen C. Diaconu
- Viral Emerging Diseases Department, Ştefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Luca
- HIV/AIDS Department, Dr Victor Babes Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Burlacu
- HIV/AIDS Department, Dr Victor Babes Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana Radoi
- HIV/AIDS Department, Dr Victor Babes Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adina Bulacu-Talnariu
- HIV/AIDS Department, Dr Victor Babes Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Thomas D. Marcotte
- Pathology Department, University of California at San Diego, Gilman, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Cristian L. Achim
- Pathology Department, University of California at San Diego, Gilman, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Simona Ruta
- Virology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Viral Emerging Diseases Department, Ştefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Bucharest, Romania
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Zhang B, Li Q, Jia S, Li F, Li Q, Li J. LincRNA-EPS in biomimetic vesicles targeting cerebral infarction promotes inflammatory resolution and neurogenesis. J Transl Med 2020; 18:110. [PMID: 32122362 PMCID: PMC7052981 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02278-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory damage following stroke aggravates brain damage, resulting in long-term neurological sequelae. The purpose of this study was to identify ways to reduce inflammatory reactions and to accelerate neuron regeneration after cerebral apoplexy. METHODS We formulated a biomimetic vesicle, the leukosome, constituted by liposome, artificial long intergenic noncoding RNA (lincRNA)-EPS, and membrane proteins derived from macrophages and their physical-chemical characteristics were evaluated. Migration distance and cytotoxic levels were measured to determine the effect of lncEPS-leukosomes on lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia. An in vivo transient middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (tMCAO) model was established in mice, which were treated with lncEPS-leukosomes. Vesicle seepage, infiltration of inflammatory cells, cytotoxic levels in the cerebrospinal fluid, and neural stem cell (NSC) density were measured. RESULTS Biomimetic vesicles with a homogeneous size increased lincRNA-EPS levels in activated microglia by 77.9%. In vitro studies showed that lincRNA-EPS inhibited the migration and cytotoxic levels of activated microglia by 63.2% and 43.6%, respectively, which promoted NSC proliferation and anti-apoptotic ability. In vivo data showed that leukosomes targeted to inflamed sites and lncEPS-leukosomes decreased the infiltration of inflammatory cells and cytotoxic levels by 81.3% and 48.7%, respectively. In addition, lncEPS-leukosomes improved neuron density in the ischemic core and boundary zone after tMCAO. CONCLUSIONS The biomimetic vesicles formulated in this study targeted inflammatory cells and accelerated neuron regeneration by promoting inflammation resolution. This study may provide a promising treatment approach for accelerated neuron regeneration after cerebral apoplexy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuwei Jia
- Department of Physiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingsong Li
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiebing Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Perrone L, Squillaro T, Napolitano F, Terracciano C, Sampaolo S, Melone MAB. The Autophagy Signaling Pathway: A Potential Multifunctional Therapeutic Target of Curcumin in Neurological and Neuromuscular Diseases. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081881. [PMID: 31412596 PMCID: PMC6723827 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the major intracellular machinery for degrading proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, and organelles. This cellular process is essential for the maintenance of the correct cellular balance in both physiological and stress conditions. Because of its role in maintaining cellular homeostasis, dysregulation of autophagy leads to various disease manifestations, such as inflammation, metabolic alterations, aging, and neurodegeneration. A common feature of many neurologic and neuromuscular diseases is the alteration of the autophagy-lysosomal pathways. For this reason, autophagy is considered a target for the prevention and/or cure of these diseases. Dietary intake of polyphenols has been demonstrated to prevent/ameliorate several of these diseases. Thus, natural products that can modulate the autophagy machinery are considered a promising therapeutic strategy. In particular, curcumin, a phenolic compound widely used as a dietary supplement, exerts an important effect in modulating autophagy. Herein, we report on the current knowledge concerning the role of curcumin in modulating the autophagy machinery in various neurological and neuromuscular diseases as well as its role in restoring the autophagy molecular mechanism in several cell types that have different effects on the progression of neurological and neuromuscular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Perrone
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University Grenoble Alpes, 2231 Rue de la Piscine, 38400 Saint-Martin-d'Hères, France
| | - Tiziana Squillaro
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Napolitano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Terracciano
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Sampaolo
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosa Anna Beatrice Melone
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, 2nd Division of Neurology, Center for Rare Diseases and InterUniversity Center for Research in Neurosciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", via Sergio Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Department of Biology, BioLife Building (015-00)1900 North 12th Street, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122-6078, USA.
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8
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Yu H, Wang X, Kang F, Chen Z, Meng Y, Dai M. Propofol attenuates inflammatory damage on neurons following cerebral infarction by inhibiting excessive activation of microglia. Int J Mol Med 2018; 43:452-460. [PMID: 30431058 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Yu
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhi Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Fuxin Kang
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Zhile Chen
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Yunxia Meng
- Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
| | - Mingming Dai
- Department of Internal Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570311, P.R. China
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9
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Chen G, Liu S, Pan R, Li G, Tang H, Jiang M, Xing Y, Jin F, Lin L, Dong J. Curcumin Attenuates gp120-Induced Microglial Inflammation by Inhibiting Autophagy via the PI3K Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:1465-1477. [PMID: 30155758 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-018-0616-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microglial inflammation plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. A previous study indicated that curcumin relieved microglial inflammatory responses. However, the mechanism of this process remained unclear. Autophagy is a lysosome-mediated cell content-dependent degradation pathway, and uncontrolled autophagy leads to enhanced inflammation. The role of autophagy in curcumin-attenuating BV2 cell inflammation caused by gp120 was investigated with or without pretreatment with the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA and blockers of NF-κB, IKK, AKT, and PI3K, and we then detected the production of the inflammatory mediators monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL17 using ELISA, and autophagy markers ATG5 and LC3 II by Western Blot. The autophagic flux was observed by transuding mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenovirus. The effect of the blockers on gp120-induced BV2 cells was examined by the expression of p-AKT, p-IKK, NF-κB, and p65 in the nuclei and LC3 II and ATG5. gp120 promoted the expression of MCP-1 and IL-17, enhanced autophagic flux, and up-regulated the expression of LC3 II and ATG5, while the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA down-regulated the phenomena above. Curcumin has similar effects with 3-MA, in which curcumin inhibited NF-κB by preventing the translocation of NF-κB p65. Curcumin also inhibited the phosphorylation of p-PI3K, p-AKT, and p-IKK, which leads to down-regulation of NF-κB. Curcumin reduced autophagy via PI3K/AKT/IKK/NF-κB, thereby reducing BV2 cellular inflammation induced by gp120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiling Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory of Pathophysiology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.,GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Sisi Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory of Pathophysiology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.,GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Guangming Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory of Pathophysiology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.,GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Haijie Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory of Pathophysiology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.,GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingliang Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory of Pathophysiology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.,GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanyan Xing
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory of Pathophysiology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.,GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Fujun Jin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory of Pathophysiology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.,GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqing Lin
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory of Pathophysiology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.,GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Dong
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China. .,Laboratory of Pathophysiology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China. .,GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
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10
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Bosco DB, Zheng J, Xu Z, Peng J, Eyo UB, Tang K, Yan C, Huang J, Feng L, Wu G, Richardson JR, Wang H, Wu LJ. RNAseq analysis of hippocampal microglia after kainic acid-induced seizures. Mol Brain 2018; 11:34. [PMID: 29925434 PMCID: PMC6011524 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia have been shown to be of critical importance to the progression of temporal lobe epilepsy. However, the broad transcriptional changes that these cells undergo following seizure induction is not well understood. As such, we utilized RNAseq analysis upon microglia isolated from the hippocampus to determine expression pattern alterations following kainic acid induced seizure. We determined that microglia undergo dramatic changes to their expression patterns, particularly with regard to mitochondrial activity and metabolism. We also observed that microglia initiate immunological activity, specifically increasing interferon beta responsiveness. Our results provide novel insights into microglia transcriptional regulation following acute seizures and suggest potential therapeutic targets specifically in microglia for the treatment of seizures and epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale B. Bosco
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Jiaying Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Zhiyan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu China
| | - Jiyun Peng
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Ukpong B. Eyo
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
| | - Ke Tang
- Admera Health LLC, South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA
| | - Cheng Yan
- Admera Health LLC, South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA
| | - Jun Huang
- Admera Health LLC, South Plainfield, NJ 07080 USA
| | - Lijie Feng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032 Anhui China
| | - Gongxiong Wu
- One Harvard Street Institute of Health, Brookline, MA 02446 USA
| | - Jason R. Richardson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44272 USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001 Jiangsu China
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905 USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
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11
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Ciavarra RP, Machida M, Lundberg PS, Gauronskas P, Wellman LL, Steel C, Aflatooni JO, Sanford LD. Controllable and uncontrollable stress differentially impact pathogenicity and survival in a mouse model of viral encephalitis. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 319:130-141. [PMID: 29580714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intranasal instillation of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) into mice given controllable stress (modeled by escapable foot shock, ES) resulted in enhanced pathogenicity and decreased survival relative to infected mice given uncontrollable stress (modeled by inescapable foot shock, IS) and non-shocked control mice. Survival likely reflected differential cytokine gene expression that may have been regulated by miR146a, a predicted stress-responsive upstream regulator. Controllability also enhanced the accumulation of brain T resident memory cells that persisted long after viral clearance. The unexpected facilitatory effect of ES on antiviral neuroimmune responses and pathogenicity may arise from differential immunoactivating and immunosuppressive effects of uncontrollable and controllable stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Ciavarra
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States; Department of Microbiology and Molecular and Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 W Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States.
| | - Mayumi Machida
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Patric S Lundberg
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Phillip Gauronskas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Laurie L Wellman
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Christina Steel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Justin O Aflatooni
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Larry D Sanford
- Sleep Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Anatomy, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
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12
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Methylglyoxal-bis-guanylhydrazone inhibits osteopontin expression and differentiation in cultured human monocytes. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29538412 PMCID: PMC5851547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte activation and polarization play essential roles in many chronic inflammatory diseases. An imbalance of M1 and M2 macrophage activation (pro-inflammatory and alternatively activated, respectively) is believed to be a key aspect in the etiology of these diseases, thus a therapeutic approach that regulates macrophage activation could be of broad clinical relevance. Methylglyoxal-bis-guanylhydrazone (MGBG), a regulator of polyamine metabolism, has recently been shown to be concentrated in monocytes and macrophages, and interfere with HIV integration into the DNA of these cells in vitro. RNA expression analysis of monocytes from HIV+ and control donors with or without MGBG treatment revealed the only gene to be consistently down regulated by MGBG to be osteopontin (OPN). The elevated expression of this pro-inflammatory cytokine and monocyte chemoattractant is associated with various chronic inflammatory diseases. We demonstrate that MGBG is a potent inhibitor of secreted OPN (sOPN) in cultured monocytes with 50% inhibition achieved at 0.1 μM of the drug. Furthermore, inhibition of OPN RNA transcription in monocyte cultures occurs at similar concentrations of the drug. During differentiation of monocytes into macrophages in vitro, monocytes express cell surface CD16 and the cells undergo limited DNA synthesis as measured by uptake of BrdU. MGBG inhibited both activities at similar doses to those regulating OPN expression. In addition, monocyte treatment with MGBG inhibited differentiation into both M1 and M2 classes of macrophages at non-toxic doses. The inhibition of differentiation and anti-OPN effects of MGBG were specific for monocytes in that differentiated macrophages were nearly resistant to MGBG activities. Thus MGBG may have potential therapeutic utility in reducing or normalizing OPN levels and regulating monocyte activation in diseases that involve chronic inflammation.
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13
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Russell RA, Chojnacki J, Jones DM, Johnson E, Do T, Eggeling C, Padilla-Parra S, Sattentau QJ. Astrocytes Resist HIV-1 Fusion but Engulf Infected Macrophage Material. Cell Rep 2017; 18:1473-1483. [PMID: 28178524 PMCID: PMC5316642 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 disseminates to diverse tissues and establishes long-lived viral reservoirs. These reservoirs include the CNS, in which macrophage-lineage cells, and as suggested by many studies, astrocytes, may be infected. Here, we have investigated astrocyte infection by HIV-1. We confirm that astrocytes trap and internalize HIV-1 particles for subsequent release but find no evidence that these particles infect the cell. Astrocyte infection was not observed by cell-free or cell-to-cell routes using diverse approaches, including luciferase and GFP reporter viruses, fixed and live-cell fusion assays, multispectral flow cytometry, and super-resolution imaging. By contrast, we observed intimate interactions between HIV-1-infected macrophages and astrocytes leading to signals that might be mistaken for astrocyte infection using less stringent approaches. These results have implications for HIV-1 infection of the CNS, viral reservoir formation, and antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Russell
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jakub Chojnacki
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Daniel M Jones
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging Core, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Errin Johnson
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Thao Do
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Christian Eggeling
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Sergi Padilla-Parra
- Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Cellular Imaging Core, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Quentin J Sattentau
- The Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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14
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Chang L, Lim A, Lau E, Alicata D. Chronic Tobacco-Smoking on Psychopathological Symptoms, Impulsivity and Cognitive Deficits in HIV-Infected Individuals. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12:389-401. [PMID: 28303534 PMCID: PMC5529218 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals (HIV+) has 2-3 times the rate of tobacco smoking than the general population, and whether smoking may lead to greater psychiatric symptoms or cognitive deficits remains unclear. We evaluated the independent and combined effects of being HIV+ and chronic tobacco-smoking on impulsivity, psychopathological symptoms and cognition. 104 participants [27 seronegative (SN)-non-Smokers, 26 SN-Smokers, 29 HIV+ non-Smokers, 22 HIV+ Smokers] were assessed for psychopathology symptoms (Symptom Checklist-90, SCL-90), depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale, CES-D), impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, BIS), decision-making (The Iowa Gambling Task, IGT, and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, WCST), and cognition (seven neurocognitive domains). Both HIV+ and Smoker groups had higher SCL-90 and CES-D scores, with highest scores in HIV+ Smokers. On BIS, both HIV+ and Smokers had higher Total Impulsiveness scores, with higher behavioral impulsivity in Smokers, highest in HIV+ Smokers. Furthermore, across the four groups, HIV+ Smokers lost most money and made fewest advantageous choices on the IGT, and had highest percent errors on WCST. Lastly, HIV+ had lower z-scores on all cognitive domains, with the lowest scores in HIV+ Smokers. These findings suggest that HIV-infection and chronic tobacco smoking may lead to additive deleterious effects on impulsivity, psychopathological (especially depressive) symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. Although greater impulsivity may be premorbid in HIV+ and Smokers, the lack of benefits of nicotine in chronic Smokers on attention and psychopathology, especially those with HIV-infection, may be due to the negative effects of chronic smoking on dopaminergic and cardio-neurovascular systems. Tobacco smoking may contribute to psychopathology and neurocognitive disorders in HIV+ individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chang
- Neuroscience & MR Research Program, Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical Center, 1356 Lusitana Street, 7th Floor, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
| | - Ahnate Lim
- Neuroscience & MR Research Program, Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical Center, 1356 Lusitana Street, 7th Floor, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Eric Lau
- Neuroscience & MR Research Program, Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical Center, 1356 Lusitana Street, 7th Floor, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Daniel Alicata
- Neuroscience & MR Research Program, Department of Medicine, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii and Queen's Medical Center, 1356 Lusitana Street, 7th Floor, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
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15
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Jaureguiberry-Bravo M, Wilson R, Carvallo L, Berman JW. Opioids and Opioid Maintenance Therapies: Their Impact on Monocyte-Mediated HIV Neuropathogenesis. Curr HIV Res 2017; 14:417-430. [PMID: 27009099 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x14666160324124132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 enters the CNS within two weeks after peripheral infection and results in chronic neuroinflammation that leads to HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in more than 50% of infected people. HIV enters the CNS by transmigration of infected monocytes across the blood brain barrier. Intravenous drug abuse is a major risk factor for HIV-1 infection, and opioids have been shown to alter the progression and severity of HAND. Methadone and buprenorphine are opioid derivates that are used as opioid maintenance therapies. They are commonly used to treat opioid dependency in HIV infected substance abusers, but their effects on monocyte migration relevant to the development of cognitive impairment are not well characterized. CONCLUSION Here, we will discuss the effects of opioids and opioid maintenance therapies on the inflammatory functions of monocytes and macrophages that are related to the development of neuroinflammation in the context of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Joan W Berman
- Department, of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, F727, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave. Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
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16
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Yankam Njiwa J, Costes N, Bouillot C, Bouvard S, Fieux S, Becker G, Levigoureux E, Kocevar G, Stamile C, Langlois JB, Bolbos R, Bonnet C, Bezin L, Zimmer L, Hammers A. Quantitative longitudinal imaging of activated microglia as a marker of inflammation in the pilocarpine rat model of epilepsy using [ 11C]-( R)-PK11195 PET and MRI. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:1251-1263. [PMID: 27381824 PMCID: PMC5414902 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16653615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation may play a role in the development of epilepsy after brain insults. [11C]-( R)-PK11195 binds to TSPO, expressed by activated microglia. We quantified [11C]-( R)-PK11195 binding during epileptogenesis after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE), a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Nine male rats were studied thrice (D0-1, D0 + 6, D0 + 35, D0 = SE induction). In the same session, 7T T2-weighted images and DTI for mean diffusivity (MD) and fractional anisotropy (FA) maps were acquired, followed by dynamic PET/CT. On D0 + 35, femoral arterial blood was sampled for rat-specific metabolite-corrected arterial plasma input functions (AIFs). In multiple MR-derived ROIs, we assessed four kinetic models (two with AIFs; two using a reference region), standard uptake values (SUVs), and a model with a mean AIF. All models showed large (up to two-fold) and significant TSPO binding increases in regions expected to be affected, and comparatively little change in the brainstem, at D0 + 6. Some individuals showed increases at D0 + 35. AIF models yielded more consistent increases at D0 + 6. FA values were decreased at D0 + 6 and had recovered by D0 + 35. MD was increased at D0 + 6 and more so at D0 + 35. [11C]-( R)-PK11195 PET binding and MR biomarker changes could be detected with only nine rats, highlighting the potential of longitudinal imaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Costes
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France
| | - C Bouillot
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France
| | - S Bouvard
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France.,3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - S Fieux
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France
| | - G Becker
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France
| | - E Levigoureux
- 3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,4 Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - R Bolbos
- 3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - C Bonnet
- 3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - L Bezin
- 3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - L Zimmer
- 2 CERMEP-Imagerie du Vivant, Lyon, France.,3 Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,4 Hospices Civils de Lyon, France
| | - A Hammers
- 1 Neurodis Foundation, Lyon, France.,6 Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, King's College London & Guy's and St Thomas' PET Centre, King's College London, London, UK
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17
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Wang DC, Wang X, Chen C. Effects of anti-human T lymphocyte immune globulins in patients: new or old. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1796-9. [PMID: 27084794 PMCID: PMC4988288 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple studies demonstrated that anti‐human T lymphocyte immune globulins (ATG) can decrease the incidence of acute and chronic graft rejection in cell or organ transplants. However, further in‐depth study indicates that different subgroups may benefit from either different regimes or alteration of them. Studies among renal transplant patients indicate that low immunological risk patients may not gain the same amount of benefit and thus tilt the risk versus benefit consideration. This may hold true for low immunological risk patients receiving other organ transplants and would be worth further investigation. The recovery time of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells also bears consideration and the impact that it has on the severity and incidence of opportunistic infections closely correlated with the dosage of ATG. The use of lower doses of ATG in combination with other induction medications may offer a solution. The finding that ATG may lose efficacy in cases of multiple transplants or re‐transplants in the case of heart transplants may hold true for other transplantations. This may lead to reconsideration of which induction therapies would be most beneficial in the clinical setting. These studies on ATG done on different patient groups will naturally not be applicable to all, but the evidence accrued from them as a whole may offer us new and different perspectives on how to approach and potentially solve the clinical question of how to best reduce the mortality associated with chronic host‐versus‐graft disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chengshui Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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18
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Saylor D, Dickens AM, Sacktor N, Haughey N, Slusher B, Pletnikov M, Mankowski JL, Brown A, Volsky DJ, McArthur JC. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder--pathogenesis and prospects for treatment. Nat Rev Neurol 2016; 12:234-48. [PMID: 26965674 DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 553] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, several advancements have improved the care of HIV-infected individuals. Most importantly, the development and deployment of combination antiretroviral therapy (CART) has resulted in a dramatic decline in the rate of deaths from AIDS, so that people living with HIV today have nearly normal life expectancies if treated with CART. The term HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) has been used to describe the spectrum of neurocognitive dysfunction associated with HIV infection. HIV can enter the CNS during early stages of infection, and persistent CNS HIV infection and inflammation probably contribute to the development of HAND. The brain can subsequently serve as a sanctuary for ongoing HIV replication, even when systemic viral suppression has been achieved. HAND can remain in patients treated with CART, and its effects on survival, quality of life and everyday functioning make it an important unresolved issue. In this Review, we describe the epidemiology of HAND, the evolving concepts of its neuropathogenesis, novel insights from animal models, and new approaches to treatment. We also discuss how inflammation is sustained in chronic HIV infection. Moreover, we suggest that adjunctive therapies--treatments targeting CNS inflammation and other metabolic processes, including glutamate homeostasis, lipid and energy metabolism--are needed to reverse or improve HAND-related neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Saylor
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Alex M Dickens
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Ned Sacktor
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Norman Haughey
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Barbara Slusher
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Mikhail Pletnikov
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Amanda Brown
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - David J Volsky
- The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Justin C McArthur
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Meyer 6113, 600 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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19
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Role of the macrophage in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and other comorbidities in patients on effective antiretroviral treatment. J Neurovirol 2015; 21:235-41. [PMID: 25933548 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0346-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has altered the outcomes of HIV infection in treated populations by greatly reducing the incidence of opportunistic infections, cancer, and HIV-associated dementia. Despite these benefits, treated patients remain at high risk of chronic diseases affecting the peripheral organs and brain. Generally, these morbidities are attributed to persistence of latent HIV in resting T cells, chronic inflammation, and metabolic effects of ART. This review makes the case that monocytes/macrophages warrant attention as persistent reservoirs of HIV under ART, source of systemic and brain inflammation, and important targets for HIV eradication to control chronic HIV diseases.
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