Effect of β-Eudesmol on NQO1 suppression-enhanced sensitivity of cholangiocarcinoma cells to chemotherapeutic agents

Growth inhibitory effect of Leptospermum scoparium (manuka) chloroform extract on breast and liver cancer cell lines

Objective

Research has demonstrated that Leptospermum scoparium possesses various therapeutic benefits. This study set out to determine whether or not L. scoparium extracts had any effect on the ability of HepG2 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells to survive.

Materials and Methods

The antiproliferative activity of L. scoparium extracts was explored using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase assays. The most active fraction was selected to investigate its effects on apoptosis induction using flow cytometry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The constituents of this fraction were characterized using GC-MS analysis.

Results

Research demonstrated that the chloroform fraction of L. scoparium (LSCF) significantly impacted the HepG2 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Treatment with LSCF led to a notable rise in both early and late apoptotic cells. Furthermore, there was an upregulation in the mRNA levels of P53, Bax, and caspases, while the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA saw a decrease. The analysis of LSCF revealed the primary components to be cis-calamenene, beta-eudesmol, cyclododecane, and alpha-muurolene.

Conclusion

The study showed the promising antiproliferative activity of L. scoparium, suggesting its potential application for cancer treatment.

The chemical profiles and cytotoxicity of gaharu bouya oil from Borneo's Gonystylus bancanus wood

Gaharu bouya oil obtained from distillation of the woods from Gonystylus genus has attracted essential oil industry interest. However, the information about gaharu bouya essential oil profile is limited. The presence of Gonystylus species is also critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Therefore, exploring the -omics profiles of Gonystylus bancanus, a native plant from Borneo Island, is important for Indonesia to conserve the population. This research investigated the metabolite profiling of G. bancanus oil, especially the volatile components of its essential oils. Distillations were performed in two technical ways: hydrodistillation on a laboratory scale and steam distillation on an industrial scale. According to LC-MS and GC-MS profiles, both essential oils displayed similar chemical compositions. This article also discusses the similarity of the chemical contents of gaharu bouya oil and agarwood oil from the gaharu superior type (Aquilaria) to support the value of the oil. This research also investigated the cytotoxicity of gaharu bouya oil against three cell lines: HeLa, MCF-7, and HT-29.

β-eudesmol inhibits cell proliferation and induces ferroptosis via regulating MAPK signaling pathway in breast cancer

The aim of this study was to explore the influences and underlying mechanisms of β-eudesmol on breast cancer (BC). Different concentrations of β-eudesmol (0, 10, 20, and 40 μM) were taken to treat BC cells. Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry were performed to evaluate the influences of β-eudesmol on cell viability, proliferation, and apoptosis. To assess the influences of β-eudesmol on cell ferroptosis, the change of ROS, SOD, MDA, and intracellular iron and Fe2+ were determined. The protein changes of apoptosis, ferroptosis, and MAPK pathway (Bcl-2, Bax, cleaved caspase-3, SLC7A11, GPX4, SLC40A1, Transferrin, MEK1, and ERK1/2) were checked utilizing Western blot. In a concentration-dependent manner, β-eudesmol restrained cell viability and proliferation. β-eudesmol promoted cell apoptosis, as evidenced by the decline level of Bcl-2 and the raised level of Bax and cleaved caspase-3. β-eudesmol enhanced the level of ROS, MDA, iron, Fe2+, and Transferrin, and lessened SOD activity and the protein expression of SLC7A11, GPX4, SLC40A1, MEK1, and ERK1/2. Moreover, ferroptosis inhibitor Fer-1 and MEK1 overexpression both reversed the changes on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and ferroptosis induced by β-eudesmol. β-eudesmol inhibited cell proliferation and promoted cell apoptosis and ferroptosis via regulating MAPK pathway in BC.

Anticancer Activity of (±)-Kusunokinin Derivatives towards Cholangiocarcinoma Cells

This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of (±)-kusunokinin derivatives ((±)-TTPG-A and (±)-TTPG-B). The cytotoxicity effect was performed on human cancer cells, including breast cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, colon and ovarian cancer-cells, compared with normal cells, using the MTT assay. Cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis were detected using flow-cytometry analysis. We found that (±)-TTPG-B exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity on aggressive breast-cancer (MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231) and cholangiocarcinoma (KKU-M213), with an IC50 value of 0.43 ± 0.01, 1.83 ± 0.04 and 0.01 ± 0.001 µM, respectively. Interestingly, (±)-TTPG-A and (±)-TTPG-B exhibited less toxicity than (±)-kusunokinin (9.75 ± 0.39 µM) on L-929 cells (normal fibroblasts). Moreover, (±)-TTPG-A predominated the ell-cycle arrest at the S phase, while (±)-TTPG-B caused cell arrest at the G0/G1 phase, in the same way as (±)-kusunokinin in KKU-M213 cells. Both (±)-TTPG-A and (±)-TTPG-B induced apoptosis and multi-caspase activity more than (±)-kusunokinin. Taken together, we conclude that (±)-TTPG-A and (±)-TTPG-B have a strong anticancer effect on cholangiocarcinoma. Moreover, (±)-TTPG-B could be a potential candidate compound for breast cancer and cholangiocarcinoma in the future.

Research progress of ginseng in the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers

Cancer has become one of the major causes of human death. Several anticancer drugs are available; howeve their use and efficacy are limited by the toxic side effects and drug resistance caused by their continuous application. Many natural products have antitumor effects with low toxicity and fewer adverse effects. Moreover, they play an important role in enhancing the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents, reducing toxic side effects, and reversing chemoresistance. Consequently, natural drugs are being applied as potential therapeutic options in the field of antitumor treatment. As natural medicinal plants, some components of ginseng have been shown to have excellent efficacy and a good safety profile for cancer treatment. The pharmacological activities and possible mechanisms of action of ginseng have been identified. Its broad range of pharmacological activities includes antitumor, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-stress, anti-fibrotic, central nervous system modulating, cardioprotective, and immune-enhancing effects. Numerous studies have also shown that throuth multiple pathways, ginseng and its active ingredients exert antitumor effects on gastrointestinal (GI) tract tumors, such as esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers. Herein, we introduced the main components of ginseng, including ginsenosides, polysaccharides, and sterols, etc., and reviewed the mechanism of action and research progress of ginseng in the treatment of various GI tumors. Futhermore, the pathways of action of the main components of ginseng are discussed in depth to promote the clinical development and application of ginseng in the field of anti-GI tumors.

Apoptotic and Anti-metastatic Effects of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. in a Hamster Model of Cholangiocarcinoma

OBJECTIVES

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly aggressive tumor with a greater risk of distant metastasis. The promising anti-CCA activity and safety profile of Atractylodes lancea (AL) have previously been reported in a series of in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. The present study investigated the effect of AL extract on apoptosis and metastasis signaling pathways in the Opisthorchis viverrini/dimethylnitrosamine (OV/DMN)-induced CCA hamster model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Hamster liver tissues were obtained from the four groups (n = 5 per group), i.e., (i) 5-FU treated CCA (40 µg/mL); (ii) CCA; (iii) AL-treated CCA (5,000 mg/kg), and (iv) normal hamsters. Total RNA was isolated, and the expression levels of apoptosis-related and metastasis-related genes were determined by qRT-PCR analysis.

RESULTS

The expression levels of p16, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, Apaf-1, p53 and Eef1a1 were downregulated, while that of the remaining genes were upregulated in CCA hamsters compared with normal hamsters. AL treatment increased the expression of p16, caspase-9, caspase-3, Apaf-1, p53 and E-cadherin and decreased the expression of cyclin D1, cdk4, Bax, Akt/PKB, Bcl-2, Mfge-8, Lass4, S100A6, TGF-β, Smad-2, Smad-3, Smad-4, MMP-9, and N-cadherin. The expression of Eef1a1 was unchanged.

CONCLUSION

The anti-CCA activity of AL in OV/DMN-induced CCA hamsters could be due to the induction of cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase and activation of the apoptosis pathway, resulting in cancer cell death. The activation of the apoptosis pathway mainly involved the intrinsic pathway (activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9 through p53 and Mfge-8 modulation and downregulation of anti-apoptotic genes Akt and Bcl-2). In addition, AL could also inhibit the canonical TGF-β signaling pathway, MMP-9 and N-cadherin to suppress tumor metastasis.

Overcome Drug Resistance in Cholangiocarcinoma: New Insight Into Mechanisms and Refining the Preclinical Experiment Models

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive tumor characterized by a poor prognosis. Therapeutic options are limited in patients with advanced stage of CCA, as a result of the intrinsic or acquired resistance to currently available chemotherapeutic agents, and the lack of new drugs entering into clinical application. The challenge in translating basic research to the clinical setting, caused by preclinical models not being able to recapitulate the tumor characteristics of the patient, seems to be an important reason for the lack of effective and specific therapies for CCA. So, there seems to be two ways to improve patient outcomes. The first one is developing the combination therapies based on a better understanding of the mechanisms contributing to the resistance to currently available chemotherapeutic agents. The second one is developing novel preclinical experimental models that better recapitulate the genetic and histopathological features of the primary tumor, facilitating the screening of new drugs for CCA patients. In this review, we discussed the evidence implicating the mechanisms underlying treatment resistance to currently investigated drugs, and the development of preclinical experiment models for CCA.

Spectroscopic observations of β-eudesmol binding to human cytochrome P450 isoforms 3A4 and 1A2, but not to isoforms 2C9, 2C19 and 2D6

β-Eudesmol is a sesquiterpenoid component o Atractylodes lancea with cytotoxic activity against cholangiocarcinoma. Its lipophilic nature makes β-eudesmol a likely substrate of human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes.Using ligand-binding difference spectroscopy, the affinities of this compound to recombinant CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 were investigated in Escherichia coli membrane preparations.CYP3A4 showed a type I spectral change, with a binding constant Ks of 77 ± 23 (mean ± SD) μM at 0.5 μM P450 (Ks/[P450] ≈ 155). The reference substrate testosterone and the inhibitor fluconazole bound to the enzyme with apparent affinities of 86 ± 4 μM (type I) and 21 μM (type II), respectively. β-Eudesmol was bound to CYP3A4 in a non-cooperative manner (Hill coefficient n ≈ 0.8). CYP1A2 showed reverse type I difference spectra with either β-eudesmol or caffeine. The CYP1A2 affinity for β-eudesmol was higher (0.23 mM) than for caffeine (0.37 mM) but lower than for phenacetin (0.11 mM, type I). β-Eudesmol did not bind significantly to CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP2D6.Confirmation of metabolic activity and studies on the involvement of other human P450 isoforms studies are required. Double-beam spectrometry is needed to validate Ks measurements made with a plate reader.

Chemoresistance and resistance to targeted therapies in biliary tract cancer: What have we learned?

INTRODUCTION

Biliary tract cancer (BTC), including intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder cancer, is a rare and highly difficult to manage human malignancy. Besides late diagnosis and associated unresectability, frequently observed unresponsiveness towards and recurrence following chemotherapy or targeted therapy essentially contribute to the dismal prognosis of BTC patients.

AREAS COVERED

The review provides an update on individual mechanisms involved resistance of BTC towards conventional chemotherapy as well as targeted therapies. We review the distinct mechanisms of pharmacoresistance (MPRs) which have been defined in BTC cells on a molecular basis and examine the specific consequences for the various approaches of chemo-, targeted or immunomodulatory therapies.

EXPERT OPINION

Based on currently available experimental and clinical data, the present knowledge about these MPRs in BTCs are summarized. While some possible tactics for overcoming these mechanisms of resistance have been investigated, a BTC-specific and efficient approach based on comprehensive in vitro and in vivo experimental systems is not yet available. Additionally, a reliable monitoring of therapy-relevant cellular changes needs to be established which allows for choosing the optimal drug (combination) before and/or during pharmacological therapy.

Nicotinamide mononucleotide attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in rats

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective and widely used antineoplastic drug. However, its clinical application is limited due to its dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Great efforts have been made to explore the pathological mechanism of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC), but new drugs and strategies to alleviate cardiac damage are still needed. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) on DIC in rats. The results of the present study showed that DOX treatment significantly induced cardiac dysfunction and cardiac injury, whereas NMN alleviated these changes. In addition, NMN inhibited Dox-induced activation of nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-mediated inflammation, as evidenced by decreased caspase 1 and IL-1β activity. Moreover, NMN treatment increased glutathione (GSH) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in DOX-treated rats. Furthermore, NMN treatment mitigated DOX-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiac fibrosis. In conclusion, the results indicated that NMN protects against DIC in rats by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.

The Application Progress of Patient-Derived Tumor Xenograft Models After Cholangiocarcinoma Surgeries

Surgical treatment is the only possible cure for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) at present. However, the high recurrence rate of postoperative CCA leads to a very poor prognosis for patients, effective postoperative chemotherapy is hence the key to preventing the recurrence of CCA. The sensitivity of CCA to cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs and targeted drugs varies from person to person, and therefore, the screening of sensitive drugs has become an important topic after CCA surgeries. Patient-Derived tumor Xenograft models (PDX) can stably retain the genetic and pathological characteristics of primary tumors, and better simulate the tumor microenvironment of CCA. The model is also of great significance in screening therapeutic targeted drugs after CCA, analyzing predictive biomarkers, and improving signal pathways in prognosis and basic research. This paper will review the current established methods and applications of the patient-derived tumor xenograft model of cholangiocarcinoma, aiming to provide new ideas for basic research and individualized treatment of cholangiocarcinoma after surgery.

β-Elemene Enhances the Sensitivity of Osteosarcoma Cells to Doxorubicin via Downregulation of Peroxiredoxin-1

Background

Doxorubicin (Dox) resistance is a primary obstacle for the treatment of osteosarcoma. Meanwhile, β-Elemene was shown to exhibit an anti-proliferative effect on osteosarcoma cells. However, the role of a combination of Dox with β-Elemene on osteosarcoma cells remains unclear. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the role of the combination of Dox with β-Elemene on the proliferation, apoptosis and oxidative stress of Dox-resistance osteosarcoma cells.

Methods

CKC-8, EdU staining and flow cytometry assays were used to determine the viability, proliferation and apoptosis of Dox-resistance osteosarcoma cells, respectively. Meanwhile, the expression of antioxidant protein peroxiredoxin-1 (Prx-1) in Dox-resistance osteosarcoma cells was detected with Western blot assay.

Results

In this study, the inhibitory effects of Dox on the viability and proliferation of Dox-resistance osteosarcoma cells were significantly enhanced by β-Elemene. In addition, the combination of Dox and β-Elemene markedly induced the apoptosis and oxidative stress in Dox-resistance osteosarcoma cells. Moreover, combination treatment notably downregulated the expression of Prx-1 in Dox-resistance osteosarcoma cells, indicating that combination treatment inhibited the antioxidant capacity of Dox-resistance osteosarcoma cells. In vivo experiments confirmed that β-Elemene could enhance the anti-tumor effect of Dox in Saos-2/Dox xenograft model.

Conclusion

We found that β-Elemene could reverse Dox resistance in Dox-resistance osteosarcoma cells via inhibition of Prx-1. Therefore, combining Dox with β-Elemene might be considered as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of Dox-resistant osteosarcoma.

Atractylodis Rhizoma: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology and quality control

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Atractylodis Rhizoma (AR), mainly includes Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. (A. lancea) and Atractylodes chinensis (DC.) Koidz. (A. chinensis) is widely used in East Asia as a diuretic and stomachic drug, for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, digestive disorders, night blindness, and influenza as it contains a variety of sesquiterpenoids and other components of medicinal importance.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

A systematic summary on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and quality control of AR was presented to explore the future therapeutic potential and scientific potential of this plant.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A review of the literature was performed by consulting scientific databases including Google Scholar, Web of Science, Baidu Scholar, Springer, PubMed, ScienceDirect, CNKI, etc. Plant taxonomy was confirmed to the database "The Plant List".

RESULTS

Over 200 chemical compounds have been isolated from AR, notably sesquiterpenoids and alkynes. Various pharmacological activities have been demonstrated, especially improving gastrointestinal function and thus allowed to assert most of the traditional uses of AR.

CONCLUSIONS

The researches on AR are extensive, but gaps still remain. The molecular mechanism, structure-activity relationship, potential synergistic and antagonistic effects of these components need to be further elucidated. It is suggested that further studies should be carried out in the aspects of comprehensive evaluation of the quality of medicinal materials, understanding of the "effective forms" and "additive effects" of the pharmacodynamic substances based on the same pharmacophore of TCM, and its long-term toxicity in vivo and clinical efficacy.

Therapeutic potential and pharmacological activities of β-eudesmol

Herbal medicines are attracting the attention of researchers worldwide. β-Eudesmol is one of the most studied and major bioactive sesquiterpenes, mainly extracted from Atractylodes lancea (Thunb) DC. rhizomes. It has potential anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic activities and is an inhibitor of tumor growth by inhibiting angiogenesis by suppressing CREB activation of the growth factor signaling pathway. It also stimulates neurite outgrowth in rat pheochromocytoma cells with activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. It may be a promising lead compound for enhancing neural function, and it may help to explain the underlying mechanisms of neural differentiation. In this review, we summarized the currently available clinical and preclinical studies describing the therapeutic applications of β-eudesmol.

Omics-Based Platforms: Current Status and Potential Use for Cholangiocarcinoma

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has been identified as a highly malignant cancer that can be transformed from epithelial cells of the bile duct, including intrahepatic, perihilar and extrahepatic. High-resolution imaging tools (abdominal ultrasound, computed tomography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangial drainage) are recruited for diagnosis. However, the lack of early diagnostic biomarkers and treatment evaluation can lead to serious outcomes and poor prognosis (i.e., CA19-9, MUC5AC). In recent years, scientists have established a large number of omics profiles to reveal underlying mechanisms and networks (i.e., IL-6/STAT3, NOTCH). With these results, we achieved several genomic alteration events (i.e., TP53_mut, KRAS_mut) and epigenetic modifications (i.e., DNA methylation, histone modification) in CCA cells and clinical patients. Moreover, we reviewed candidate gene (such as NF-kB, YAP1) that drive gene transcription factors and canonical pathways through transcriptomics profiles (including microarrays and next-generation sequencing). In addition, the proteomics database also indicates which molecules and their directly binding status could trigger dysfunction signatures in tumorigenesis (carbohydrate antigen 19-9, mucins). Most importantly, we collected metabolomics datasets and pivotal metabolites. These results reflect the pharmacotherapeutic options and evaluate pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics in vitro and in vivo. We reversed the panels and selected many potentially small compounds from the connectivity map and L1000CDS² system. In this paper, we summarize the prognostic value of each candidate gene and correlate this information with clinical events in CCA. This review can serve as a reference for further research to clearly investigate the complex characteristics of CCA, which may lead to better prognosis, drug repurposing and treatment strategies.

Anti-Cancer Potential of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids Present in Cannabis

In recent years, and even more since its legalization in several jurisdictions, cannabis and the endocannabinoid system have received an increasing amount of interest related to their potential exploitation in clinical settings. Cannabinoids have been suggested and shown to be effective in the treatment of various conditions. In cancer, the endocannabinoid system is altered in numerous types of tumours and can relate to cancer prognosis and disease outcome. Additionally, cannabinoids display anticancer effects in several models by suppressing the proliferation, migration and/or invasion of cancer cells, as well as tumour angiogenesis. However, the therapeutic use of cannabinoids is currently limited to the treatment of symptoms and pain associated with chemotherapy, while their potential use as cytotoxic drugs in chemotherapy still requires validation in patients. Along with cannabinoids, cannabis contains several other compounds that have also been shown to exert anti-tumorigenic actions. The potential anti-cancer effects of cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids, present in cannabis, are explored in this literature review.

Molecular Diversity from Arid-Land Plants: Valorization of Terpenes and Biotransformation Products

Asteraceae plants from arid lands are a source of biomass, resin and latex rich in terpenoids with diverse biological effects. Thirty-six previously isolated terpenes, comprising sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes and quassinoids, isolated from arid-land plants and a series of metabolites from the biotransformation of some lead compounds were evaluated against insect pests (Spodoptera littoralis, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Myzus persicae and Rhopalosiphum padi), cells (insect, hamster, murine and human tumoral cells) and parasites (Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania infantum). Among the insecticidal sesquiterpenes, maalian-1α,8α-diol (12) and γ-eudesmol (17) were antifeedant against L. decemlineata, M. persicae and cytotoxic to Sf9 insect cells, and (-)-maali-3-en-8α-ol (10), (+)-maaliane-5α,8α,9α-triol (11), chrysothame (31) and holacanthone (35) were antifeedant against S. littoralis. The parasite L. infantum was slightly more sensitive than T. cruzi to the test compounds (39 % vs. 33 % of active compounds) with compound 17 and the biotransformed diterpene 27 being antiparasitic to L. infantum, with no cytotoxic effects on mammalian cells. Moreover, sesquiterpenes 3 and 17, and grindelane diterpenes 22, 23 and 26 showed selective activity against chemoresistant human colon, cervical and melanoma cancer cells. Thus, considering our results, the best candidates for future studies are compounds 17 and 3, due to their activity on insect pests, parasites (17) and tumoral cells (3, 17, 22, 23 and 26).

Signalling networks in cholangiocarcinoma: Molecular pathogenesis, targeted therapies and drug resistance

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a deadly disease. While surgery may attain cure in a minor fraction of cases, therapeutic options in either the adjuvant or advanced setting are limited. The possibility of advancing the efficacy of therapeutic approaches to CCA relies on understanding its molecular pathogenesis and developing rational therapies aimed at interfering with oncogenic signalling networks that drive and sustain cholangiocarcinogenesis. These efforts are complicated by the intricate biology of CCA, which integrates not only the driving force of tumour cell-intrinsic alterations at the genetic and epigenetic level but also pro-tumorigenic cues conveyed to CCA cells by different cell types present in the rich tumour stroma. Herein, we review our current understanding of the mechanistic bases underpinning the activation of major oncogenic pathways causative of CCA pathogenesis. We subsequently discuss how this knowledge is being exploited to implement rationale-based and genotype-matched therapeutic approaches that predictably will radically transform CCA clinical management in the next decade. We conclude by highlighting the mechanisms of therapeutic resistance in CCA and reviewing innovative approaches to combat resistance at the preclinical and clinical level.

Pharmacological effects of medicinal components of Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC

Atractylodes lancea Thunb. DC. (AL) has a long history as one of the important herbs used in East Asia. This review is on the purpose of providing a comprehensive summary of the pharmacological effects of AL and its extractions. The publication from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Wiley database was collected and summarized. The potential application of AL on the disease could be attributed to its pharmacological properties such as anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and other essential effects. Hence, this review aims at providing evidence of the pharmacological activities of AL as one of natural products used in clinical trial.