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van Veluw SJ, Benveniste H, Bakker ENTP, Carare RO, Greenberg SM, Iliff JJ, Lorthois S, Van Nostrand WE, Petzold GC, Shih AY, van Osch MJP. Is CAA a perivascular brain clearance disease? A discussion of the evidence to date and outlook for future studies. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:239. [PMID: 38801464 PMCID: PMC11130115 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The brain's network of perivascular channels for clearance of excess fluids and waste plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases including cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). CAA is the main cause of hemorrhagic stroke in the elderly, the most common vascular comorbidity in Alzheimer's disease and also implicated in adverse events related to anti-amyloid immunotherapy. Remarkably, the mechanisms governing perivascular clearance of soluble amyloid β-a key culprit in CAA-from the brain to draining lymphatics and systemic circulation remains poorly understood. This knowledge gap is critically important to bridge for understanding the pathophysiology of CAA and accelerate development of targeted therapeutics. The authors of this review recently converged their diverse expertise in the field of perivascular physiology to specifically address this problem within the framework of a Leducq Foundation Transatlantic Network of Excellence on Brain Clearance. This review discusses the overarching goal of the consortium and explores the evidence supporting or refuting the role of impaired perivascular clearance in the pathophysiology of CAA with a focus on translating observations from rodents to humans. We also discuss the anatomical features of perivascular channels as well as the biophysical characteristics of fluid and solute transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne J van Veluw
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Erik N T P Bakker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roxana O Carare
- Clinical Neurosciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Steven M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Iliff
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sylvie Lorthois
- Institut de Mécanique Des Fluides de Toulouse, IMFT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - William E Van Nostrand
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, George & Anne Ryan Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Gabor C Petzold
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Bonn, Germany
- Division of Vascular Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andy Y Shih
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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2
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Malik N, Miah MU, Galgani A, McAleese K, Walker L, LeBeau FE, Attems J, Outeiro TF, Thomas A, Koss DJ. Regional AT-8 reactive tau species correlate with intracellular Aβ levels in cases of low AD neuropathologic change. Acta Neuropathol 2024; 147:40. [PMID: 38353753 PMCID: PMC10866780 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-024-02691-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The amyloid cascade hypothesis states that Aβ aggregates induce pathological changes in tau, leading to neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and cell death. A caveat with this hypothesis is the spatio-temporal divide between plaques and NFTs. This has been addressed by the inclusion of soluble Aβ and tau species in the revised amyloid cascade hypothesis. Nevertheless, despite the potential for non-plaque Aβ to contribute to tau pathology, few studies have examined relative correlative strengths between total Aβ, plaque Aβ and intracellular Aβ with tau pathology within a single tissue cohort. Employing frozen and fixed frontal cortex grey and white matter tissue from non-AD controls (Con; n = 39) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases (n = 21), biochemical and immunohistochemical (IHC) measures of Aβ and AT-8 phosphorylated tau were assessed. Biochemical native-state dot blots from crude tissue lysates demonstrated robust correlations between total Aβ and AT-8 tau, when considered as a combined cohort (Con and AD) and when as Con and AD cases, separately. In contrast, no associations between Aβ plaques and AT-8 were reported when using IHC measurements in either Con or AD cases. However, when intracellular Aβ was measured via the Aβ specific antibody MOAB-2, a correlative relationship with AT-8 tau was reported in non-AD controls but not in AD cases. Collectively the data suggests that accumulating intracellular Aβ may influence AT-8 pathology, early in AD-related neuropathological change. Despite the lower levels of phospho-tau and Aβ in controls, the robust correlative relationships observed suggest a physiological association of Aβ production and tau phosphorylation, which may be modified during disease. This study is supportive of a revised amyloid cascade hypothesis and demonstrates regional associative relationships between tau pathology and intracellular Aβ, but not extracellular Aβ plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nauman Malik
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mohi-Uddin Miah
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alessandro Galgani
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kirsty McAleese
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lauren Walker
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Fiona E LeBeau
- Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Johannes Attems
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Goettingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alan Thomas
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - David J Koss
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
- Division of Cellular and Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK.
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3
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da Silva SP, de Castro CCM, Rabelo LN, Engelberth RC, Fernández-Calvo B, Fiuza FP. Neuropathological and sociodemographic factors associated with the cortical amyloid load in aging and Alzheimer's disease. GeroScience 2024; 46:621-643. [PMID: 37870702 PMCID: PMC10828279 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia and is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive abilities. A pathological hallmark of AD is a region-specific accumulation of the amyloid-beta protein (Aβ). Here, we explored the association between regional Aβ deposition, sociodemographic, and local biochemical factors. We quantified the Aβ burden in postmortem cortical samples from parietal (PCx) and temporal (TCx) regions of 27 cognitively unimpaired (CU) and 15 AD donors, aged 78-100 + years. Histological images of Aβ immunohistochemistry and local concentrations of pathological and inflammatory proteins were obtained at the "Aging, Dementia and TBI Study" open database. We used the area fraction fractionator stereological methodology to quantify the Aβ burden in the gray and white matter within each cortical region. We found higher Aβ burdens in the TCx of AD octogenarians compared to CU ones. We also found higher Aβ loads in the PCx of AD nonagenarians than in AD octogenarians. Moreover, AD women exhibited increased Aβ deposition compared to CU women. Interestingly, we observed a negative correlation between education years and Aβ burden in the white matter of both cortices in CU samples. In AD brains, the Aβ40, Aβ42, and pTau181 isoforms of Aβ and Tau proteins were positively correlated with the Aβ burden. Additionally, in the TCx of AD donors, the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα showed a positive correlation with the Aβ load. These novel findings contribute to understanding the interplay between sociodemographic characteristics, local inflammatory signaling, and the development of AD-related pathology in the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayonara P da Silva
- Graduate Program in Neuroengineering, Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience, Santos Dumont Institute, Macaíba, RN, 59280-000, Brazil
| | - Carla C M de Castro
- Graduate Program in Neuroengineering, Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience, Santos Dumont Institute, Macaíba, RN, 59280-000, Brazil
| | - Lívia N Rabelo
- Graduate Program in Neuroengineering, Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience, Santos Dumont Institute, Macaíba, RN, 59280-000, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Rovena C Engelberth
- Laboratory of Neurochemical Studies, Department of Physiology and Behavior, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Bernardino Fernández-Calvo
- Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Reina Sofia University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Felipe P Fiuza
- Graduate Program in Neuroengineering, Edmond and Lily Safra International Institute of Neuroscience, Santos Dumont Institute, Macaíba, RN, 59280-000, Brazil.
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Litwiniuk A, Juszczak GR, Stankiewicz AM, Urbańska K. The role of glial autophagy in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:4528-4539. [PMID: 37679471 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02242-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Although Alzheimer's disease is the most pervasive neurodegenerative disorder, the mechanism underlying its development is still not precisely understood. Available data indicate that pathophysiology of this disease may involve impaired autophagy in glial cells. The dysfunction is manifested as reduced ability of astrocytes and microglia to clear abnormal protein aggregates. Consequently, excessive accumulation of amyloid beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles activates microglia and astrocytes leading to decreased number of mature myelinated oligodendrocytes and death of neurons. These pathologic effects of autophagy dysfunction can be rescued by pharmacological activation of autophagy. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy dysfunction in glial cells in Alzheimer's disease may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies. However, such strategies need to take into consideration differences in regulation of autophagy in different types of neuroglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Litwiniuk
- Department of Neuroendocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Mazovia, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Roman Juszczak
- Department of Animal Behavior and Welfare, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Mazovia, Poland
| | - Adrian Mateusz Stankiewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Mazovia, Poland.
| | - Kaja Urbańska
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Mazovia, Poland.
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5
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Alsaqati M, Thomas RS, Kidd EJ. Upregulation of endocytic protein expression in the Alzheimer's disease male human brain. AGING BRAIN 2023; 4:100084. [PMID: 37449017 PMCID: PMC10336166 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-beta (Aβ) is produced from amyloid precursor protein (APP) primarily after APP is internalised by endocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytic processes are altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD). There is also evidence that cholesterol and flotillin affect APP endocytosis. We hypothesised that endocytic protein expression would be altered in the brains of people with AD compared to non-diseased subjects which could be linked to increased Aβ generation. We compared protein expression in frontal cortex samples from men with AD compared to age-matched, non-diseased controls. Soluble and insoluble Aβ40 and Aβ42, the soluble Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio, βCTF, BACE1, presenilin-1 and the ratio of phosphorylated:total GSK3β were significantly increased while the insoluble Aβ42:Aβ40 ratio was significantly decreased in AD brains. Total and phosphorylated tau were markedly increased in AD brains. Significant increases in clathrin, AP2, PICALM isoform 4, Rab-5 and caveolin-1 and 2 were seen in AD brains but BIN1 was decreased. However, using immunohistochemistry, caveolin-1 and 2 were decreased. The results obtained here suggest an overall increase in endocytosis in the AD brain, explaining, at least in part, the increased production of Aβ during AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma J. Kidd
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
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Sharp FR, DeCarli CS, Jin LW, Zhan X. White matter injury, cholesterol dysmetabolism, and APP/Abeta dysmetabolism interact to produce Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology: A hypothesis and review. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1096206. [PMID: 36845656 PMCID: PMC9950279 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1096206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We postulate that myelin injury contributes to cholesterol release from myelin and cholesterol dysmetabolism which contributes to Abeta dysmetabolism, and combined with genetic and AD risk factors, leads to increased Abeta and amyloid plaques. Increased Abeta damages myelin to form a vicious injury cycle. Thus, white matter injury, cholesterol dysmetabolism and Abeta dysmetabolism interact to produce or worsen AD neuropathology. The amyloid cascade is the leading hypothesis for the cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The failure of clinical trials based on this hypothesis has raised other possibilities. Even with a possible new success (Lecanemab), it is not clear whether this is a cause or a result of the disease. With the discovery in 1993 that the apolipoprotein E type 4 allele (APOE4) was the major risk factor for sporadic, late-onset AD (LOAD), there has been increasing interest in cholesterol in AD since APOE is a major cholesterol transporter. Recent studies show that cholesterol metabolism is intricately involved with Abeta (Aβ)/amyloid transport and metabolism, with cholesterol down-regulating the Aβ LRP1 transporter and upregulating the Aβ RAGE receptor, both of which would increase brain Aβ. Moreover, manipulating cholesterol transport and metabolism in rodent AD models can ameliorate pathology and cognitive deficits, or worsen them depending upon the manipulation. Though white matter (WM) injury has been noted in AD brain since Alzheimer's initial observations, recent studies have shown abnormal white matter in every AD brain. Moreover, there is age-related WM injury in normal individuals that occurs earlier and is worse with the APOE4 genotype. Moreover, WM injury precedes formation of plaques and tangles in human Familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) and precedes plaque formation in rodent AD models. Restoring WM in rodent AD models improves cognition without affecting AD pathology. Thus, we postulate that the amyloid cascade, cholesterol dysmetabolism and white matter injury interact to produce and/or worsen AD pathology. We further postulate that the primary initiating event could be related to any of the three, with age a major factor for WM injury, diet and APOE4 and other genes a factor for cholesterol dysmetabolism, and FAD and other genes for Abeta dysmetabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles S. DeCarli
- Department of Neurology, The MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Lee-Way Jin
- Department of Neurology, The MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Xinhua Zhan
- Department of Neurology, The MIND Institute, University of California at Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, United States
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7
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Pietroboni AM, Colombi A, Carandini T, Sacchi L, Fenoglio C, Marotta G, Arighi A, De Riz MA, Fumagalli GG, Castellani M, Bozzali M, Scarpini E, Galimberti D. Amyloid PET imaging and dementias: potential applications in detecting and quantifying early white matter damage. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:33. [PMID: 35151361 PMCID: PMC8841045 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Positron emission tomography (PET) with amyloid tracers (amy-PET) allows the quantification of pathological amyloid deposition in the brain tissues, including the white matter (WM). Here, we evaluate amy-PET uptake in WM lesions (WML) and in the normal-appearing WM (NAWM) of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and non-AD type of dementia. Methods Thirty-three cognitively impaired subjects underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Aβ1-42 (Aβ) determination in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and amy-PET. Twenty-three patients exhibiting concordant results in both CSF analysis and amy-PET for cortical amyloid deposition were recruited and divided into two groups, amyloid positive (A+) and negative (A−). WML quantification and brain volumes’ segmentation were performed. Standardized uptake values ratios (SUVR) were calculated in the grey matter (GM), NAWM and WML on amy-PET coregistered to MRI images. Results A+ compared to A− showed a higher WML load (p = 0.049) alongside higher SUVR in all brain tissues (p < 0.01). No correlations between CSF Aβ levels and WML and NAWM SUVR were found in A+, while, in A−, CSF Aβ levels were directly correlated to NAWM SUVR (p = 0.04). CSF Aβ concentration was the only predictor of NAWM SUVR (adj R2 = 0.91; p = 0.04) in A−. In A+ but not in A− direct correlations were identified between WM and GM SUVR (p < 0.01). Conclusions Our data provide evidence on the role of amy-PET in the assessment of microstructural WM injury in non-AD dementia, whereas amy-PET seems less suitable to assess WM damage in AD patients due to a plausible amyloid accrual therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Pietroboni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy. .,University of Milan, Milan, Italy. .,Dino Ferrari Center, Milan, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Colombi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Dino Ferrari Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Carandini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Dino Ferrari Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Sacchi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Dino Ferrari Center, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Marotta
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Arighi
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Dino Ferrari Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Milena A De Riz
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Dino Ferrari Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio G Fumagalli
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Dino Ferrari Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Castellani
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Bozzali
- 'Rita Levi Montalcini' Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Elio Scarpini
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Dino Ferrari Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via F. Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy.,University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,Dino Ferrari Center, Milan, Italy
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8
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Xu MY, Xu ZQ, Wang YJ. White Matter "Matters" in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2021; 38:323-326. [PMID: 34854054 PMCID: PMC8975923 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Man-Yu Xu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042 China ,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, 400042 China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Xu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042 China ,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, 400042 China
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Center for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, 400042, China. .,The Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400042, China.
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9
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Amyloid-Beta Peptides and Activated Astroglia Impairs Proliferation of Nerve Growth Factor Releasing Cells In Vitro: Implication for Encapsulated Cell Biodelivery-Mediated AD Therapy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112834. [PMID: 34831056 PMCID: PMC8616486 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) treatment is constrained due to the inability of peripherally administered therapeutic molecules to cross the blood–brain barrier. Encapsulated cell biodelivery (ECB) devices, a tissue-targeted approach for local drug release, was previously optimized for human mature nerve growth factor (hmNGF) delivery in AD patients but was found to have reduced hmNGF release over time. To understand the reason behind reduced ECB efficacy, we exposed hmNGF-releasing cells (NGC0211) in vitro to human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained from Subjective Cognitive Impairment (SCI), Lewy Body Dementia (LBD), and AD patients. Subsequently, we exposed NGC0211 cells directly to AD-related factors like amyloid-β peptides (Aβ40/42) or activated astrocyte-conditioned medium (Aβ40/42/IL-1β/TNFα-treated) and evaluated biochemical stress markers, cell death indicators, cell proliferation marker (Ki67), and hmNGF release. We found that all patients’ CSF significantly reduced hmNGF release from NGC0211 cells in vitro. Aβ40/42, inflammatory molecules, and activated astrocytes significantly affected NGC0211 cell proliferation without altering hmNGF release or other parameters important for essential functions of the NGC0211 cells. Long-term constant cell proliferation within the ECB device is critically important to maintain a steady cell population needed for stable mNGF release. These data show hampered proliferation of NGC0211 cells, which may lead to a decline of the NGC0211 cell population in ECBs, thereby reducing hmNGF release. Our study highlights the need for future studies to strengthen ECB-mediated long-term drug delivery approaches.
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Ma K, Xing S, Luan Y, Zhang C, Liu Y, Fei Y, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Chen X. Glypican 4 Regulates Aβ Internalization in Neural Stem Cells Partly via Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein 1. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:732429. [PMID: 34552470 PMCID: PMC8450433 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.732429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) damage has been reported in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Intracellular Aβ plays a vital role in NSC damage. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans are potent mediators of Aβ enrichment in the brain. We hypothesized the heparan sulfate proteoglycan glypican 4 (Gpc4) regulates Aβ internalization by NSCs. We evaluated Gpc4 expression in NSCs from P0–P2 generations using immunofluorescence. Adenovirus and lentivirus were used to regulate Gpc4 expression in NSCs and APP/PS1 mice, respectively. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to determine the relationship between Gpc4, Aβ, and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). Intracellular Aβ concentrations were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescence. The role of Gpc4/LRP1 on toxic/physical Aβ-induced effects was evaluated using the JC-1 kit, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUPT nick end labeling, and western blotting. Gpc4 was stably expressed in NSCs, neurons, and astrocytes. Gpc4 was upregulated by Aβ in NSCs and regulated Aβ internalization. Gpc4 attenuation reduced Aβ uptake; Gpc4 overexpression increased Aβ uptake. Gpc4 regulated Aβ internalization through LRP1 and contributed to Aβ internalization and toxic/physical concentrations of Aβ-induced mitochondrial membrane potential and cell apoptosis, partly via LRP1. Therefore, Gpc4 is a key regulator of Aβ enrichment in NSCs. Inhibiting Gpc4 rescued the Aβ-induced toxic effect and attenuated the nontoxic Aβ enrichment into intracellular toxic concentrations. Gpc4 contributed to Aβ internalization and toxic/physical concentrations of Aβ-induced mitochondrial membrane potential damage and cell apoptosis, partly via LRP1. These findings suggest a potential role of Gpc4 in treating Alzheimer’s disease at an early stage, by targeting NSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaige Ma
- Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Shan Xing
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Luan
- Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- 2018 Grade, Zonglian College, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingfei Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yulang Fei
- Medical College, Xijing University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinlin Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, China
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Zhang W, Liu W, Patel B, Chen Y, Wang K, Yang A, Meng F, Wagle Shukla A, Cen S, Yu J, Ramirez-Zamora A, Zhang J. Case Report: Deep Brain Stimulation of the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert for Advanced Alzheimer's Disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:645584. [PMID: 34122027 PMCID: PMC8188895 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.645584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced Alzheimer's disease (AD) experience cognitive impairment and physical disabilities in daily life. Currently, there are no treatments available to slow down the course of the disease, and limited treatments exist only to treat symptoms. However, deep brain stimulation of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM-DBS) has been reported to improve cognitive function in individuals with AD. Here, we report the effects of NBM-DBS on cognitive function in a subject with severe AD. An 80-year-old male with severe AD (Clinical Dementia Rating scale: 3.0 points) underwent surgery for bilateral NBM-DBS electrode placement. After 10 weeks of stimulation, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) assessment improved from a score of 5 to 9 points, and assessment using the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-cog) showed a marked reduction in total score from 43 to 33 points, suggesting cognitive benefits from NBM-DBS. The patient's postoperative course was complicated by a subdural effusion that occurred several days after surgery, with complete recovery. Interestingly, the subject also displayed abnormal thermoregulation with stimulation initiation and stimulation parameter modifications. NBM-DBS may serve as a potential therapy for severe AD patients. Clinical Trial Registration: ChiCTR1900022324.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bhavana Patel
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yingchuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kailiang Wang
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Anchao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fangang Meng
- Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Aparna Wagle Shukla
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shanshan Cen
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - John Yu
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jianguo Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Neurostimulation, Beijing, China
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12
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Benedet AL, Leuzy A, Pascoal TA, Ashton NJ, Mathotaarachchi S, Savard M, Therriault J, Kang MS, Chamoun M, Schöll M, Zimmer ER, Gauthier S, Labbe A, Zetterberg H, Rosa-Neto P, Blennow K. Stage-specific links between plasma neurofilament light and imaging biomarkers of Alzheimer's disease. Brain 2021; 143:3793-3804. [PMID: 33210117 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofilament light (NfL) is a marker of neuroaxonal injury, a prominent feature of Alzheimer's disease. It remains uncertain, however, how it relates to amyloid and tau pathology or neurodegeneration across the Alzheimer's disease continuum. The aim of this study was to investigate how plasma NfL relates to amyloid and tau PET and MRI measures of brain atrophy in participants with and without cognitive impairment. We retrospectively examined the association between plasma NfL and MRI measures of grey/white matter volumes in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative [ADNI: n = 1149; 382 cognitively unimpaired control subjects and 767 cognitively impaired participants (mild cognitive impairment n = 420, Alzheimer's disease dementia n = 347)]. Longitudinal plasma NfL was measured using single molecule array (Simoa) technology. Cross-sectional associations between plasma NfL and PET amyloid and tau measures were independently assessed in two cohorts: ADNI [n = 198; 110 cognitively unimpaired, 88 cognitively impaired (MCI n = 67, Alzheimer's disease dementia n = 21), data accessed October 2018]; and Translational Biomarkers in Aging and Dementia [TRIAD, n = 116; 74 cognitively unimpaired, 42 cognitively impaired (MCI n = 16, Alzheimer's disease dementia n = 26), data obtained November 2017 to January 2019]. Associations between plasma NfL and imaging-derived measures were examined voxel-wise using linear regression (cross-sectional) and linear mixed effect models (longitudinal). Cross-sectional analyses in both cohorts showed that plasma NfL was associated with PET findings in brain regions typically affected by Alzheimer's disease; associations were specific to amyloid PET in cognitively unimpaired and tau PET in cognitively impaired (P < 0.05). Longitudinal analyses showed that NfL levels were associated with grey/white matter volume loss; grey matter atrophy in cognitively unimpaired was specific to APOE ε4 carriers (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that plasma NfL increases in response to amyloid-related neuronal injury in preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease, but is related to tau-mediated neurodegeneration in symptomatic patients. As such, plasma NfL may a useful measure to monitor effects in disease-modifying drug trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa L Benedet
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Antoine Leuzy
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tharick A Pascoal
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Ashton
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health and Biomedical Research Unit for Dementia at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation, London, UK
| | - Sulantha Mathotaarachchi
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Melissa Savard
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Joseph Therriault
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Min Su Kang
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mira Chamoun
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Schöll
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Eduardo R Zimmer
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Departament of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Serge Gauthier
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Aurélie Labbe
- Department of Decision Sciences, HEC Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Pedro Rosa-Neto
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, The McGill University Research Centre for Studies in Aging, Montreal, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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13
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Ohm DT, Fought AJ, Martersteck A, Coventry C, Sridhar J, Gefen T, Weintraub S, Bigio E, Mesulam M, Rogalski E, Geula C. Accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles and activated microglia is associated with lower neuron densities in the aphasic variant of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:189-204. [PMID: 33010092 PMCID: PMC7855834 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) and amyloid-ß plaques (AP) that comprise Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology are associated with neurodegeneration and microglial activation. Activated microglia exist on a dynamic spectrum of morphologic subtypes that include resting, surveillant microglia capable of converting to activated, hypertrophic microglia closely linked to neuroinflammatory processes and AD neuropathology in amnestic AD. However, quantitative analyses of microglial subtypes and neurons are lacking in non-amnestic clinical AD variants, including primary progressive aphasia (PPA-AD). PPA-AD is a language disorder characterized by cortical atrophy and NFT densities concentrated to the language-dominant hemisphere. Here, a stereologic investigation of five PPA-AD participants determined the densities and distributions of neurons and microglial subtypes to examine how cellular changes relate to AD neuropathology and may contribute to cortical atrophy. Adjacent series of sections were immunostained for neurons (NeuN) and microglia (HLA-DR) from bilateral language and non-language regions where in vivo cortical atrophy and Thioflavin-S-positive APs and NFTs were previously quantified. NeuN-positive neurons and morphologic subtypes of HLA-DR-positive microglia (i.e., resting [ramified] microglia and activated [hypertrophic] microglia) were quantified using unbiased stereology. Relationships between neurons, microglia, AD neuropathology, and cortical atrophy were determined using linear mixed models. NFT densities were positively associated with hypertrophic microglia densities (P < 0.01) and inversely related to neuron densities (P = 0.01). Hypertrophic microglia densities were inversely related to densities of neurons (P < 0.01) and ramified microglia (P < 0.01). Ramified microglia densities were positively associated with neuron densities (P = 0.02) and inversely related to cortical atrophy (P = 0.03). Our findings provide converging evidence of divergent roles for microglial subtypes in patterns of neurodegeneration, which includes hypertrophic microglia likely driving a neuroinflammatory response more sensitive to NFTs than APs in PPA-AD. Moreover, the accumulation of both NFTs and activated hypertrophic microglia in association with low neuron densities suggest they may collectively contribute to focal neurodegeneration characteristic of PPA-AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T. Ohm
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s DiseaseNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Angela J. Fought
- Department of Preventive MedicineNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Adam Martersteck
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s DiseaseNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Christina Coventry
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s DiseaseNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Jaiashre Sridhar
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s DiseaseNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Tamar Gefen
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s DiseaseNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Sandra Weintraub
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s DiseaseNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Eileen Bigio
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s DiseaseNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
- Department of PathologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - M.‐Marsel Mesulam
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s DiseaseNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
- Department of NeurologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Emily Rogalski
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s DiseaseNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral SciencesNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
| | - Changiz Geula
- Mesulam Center for Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s DiseaseNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIL
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14
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Korte N, Nortley R, Attwell D. Cerebral blood flow decrease as an early pathological mechanism in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:793-810. [PMID: 32865691 PMCID: PMC7666276 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02215-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Therapies targeting late events in Alzheimer's disease (AD), including aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau, have largely failed, probably because they are given after significant neuronal damage has occurred. Biomarkers suggest that the earliest event in AD is a decrease of cerebral blood flow (CBF). This is caused by constriction of capillaries by contractile pericytes, probably evoked by oligomeric Aβ. CBF is also reduced by neutrophil trapping in capillaries and clot formation, perhaps secondary to the capillary constriction. The fall in CBF potentiates neurodegeneration by upregulating the BACE1 enzyme that makes Aβ and by promoting tau hyperphosphorylation. Surprisingly, therefore, CBF reduction may play a crucial role in driving cognitive decline by initiating the amyloid cascade itself, or being caused by and amplifying Aβ production. Here, we review developments in this area that are neglected in current approaches to AD, with the aim of promoting novel mechanism-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Korte
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ross Nortley
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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15
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Salvadores N, Gerónimo-Olvera C, Court FA. Axonal Degeneration in AD: The Contribution of Aβ and Tau. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:581767. [PMID: 33192476 PMCID: PMC7593241 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.581767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder, affecting around 35 million people worldwide. Despite enormous efforts dedicated to AD research over decades, there is still no cure for the disease. Misfolding and accumulation of Aβ and tau proteins in the brain constitute a defining signature of AD neuropathology, and mounting evidence has documented a link between aggregation of these proteins and neuronal dysfunction. In this context, progressive axonal degeneration has been associated with early stages of AD and linked to Aβ and tau accumulation. As the axonal degeneration mechanism has been starting to be unveiled, it constitutes a promising target for neuroprotection in AD. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of axonal destruction in neurodegenerative conditions is therefore critical for the development of new therapies aimed to prevent axonal loss before irreversible neuronal death occurs in AD. Here, we review current evidence of the involvement of Aβ and tau pathologies in the activation of signaling cascades that can promote axonal demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Salvadores
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Fondap Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Gerónimo-Olvera
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Fondap Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe A Court
- Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.,Fondap Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile.,Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
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16
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Abstract
The central nervous system is simply divided into two distinct anatomical regions based on the color of tissues, i.e. the gray and white matter. The gray matter is composed of neuronal cell bodies, glial cells, dendrites, immune cells, and the vascular system, while the white matter is composed of concentrated myelinated axonal fibers extending from neuronal soma and glial cells, such as oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. As neuronal cell bodies are located in the gray matter, great attention has been focused mainly on the gray matter regarding the understanding of the functions of the brain throughout the neurophysiological areas, leading to a scenario in which the function of the white matter is relatively underestimated or has not received much attention. However, increasing evidence shows that the white matter plays highly significant and pivotal functions in the brain based on the fact that its abnormalities are associated with numerous neurological diseases. In this review, we will broadly discuss the pathways and functions of myelination, which is one of the main processes that modulate the functions of the white matter, as well as the manner in which its abnormalities are related to neurological disorders.
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17
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Keable A, O’Neill R, MacGregor Sharp M, Gatherer M, Yuen HM, Johnston DA, Weller RO, Carare RO. ApoE4 Astrocytes Secrete Basement Membranes Rich in Fibronectin and Poor in Laminin Compared to ApoE3 Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124371. [PMID: 32575521 PMCID: PMC7352194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the walls of capillaries and arteries as cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) is part of the small vessel disease spectrum, related to a failure of elimination of Aβ from the brain. Aβ is eliminated along basement membranes in walls of cerebral capillaries and arteries (Intramural Peri-Arterial Drainage-IPAD), a pathway that fails with age and ApolipoproteinEε4 (ApoE4) genotype. IPAD is along basement membranes formed by capillary endothelial cells and surrounding astrocytes. Here, we examine (1) the composition of basement membranes synthesised by ApoE4 astrocytes; (2) structural differences between ApoE4 and ApoE3 astrocytes, and (3) how flow of Aβ affects Apo3/4 astrocytes. Using cultured astrocytes expressing ApoE3 or ApoE4, immunofluorescence, confocal, correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM), and a millifluidic flow system, we show that ApoE4 astrocytes synthesise more fibronectin, possess smaller processes, and become rarefied when Aβ flows over them, as compared to ApoE3 astrocytes. Our results suggest that basement membranes synthesised by ApoE4 astrocytes favour the aggregation of Aβ, its reduced clearance via IPAD, thus promoting cerebral amyloid angiopathy.
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18
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Ferrer I, Andrés-Benito P. White matter alterations in Alzheimer's disease without concomitant pathologies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2020; 46:654-672. [PMID: 32255227 PMCID: PMC7754505 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aims Most individuals with AD neuropathological changes have co‐morbidities which have an impact on the integrity of the WM. This study analyses oligodendrocyte and myelin markers in the frontal WM in a series of AD cases without clinical or pathological co‐morbidities. Methods From a consecutive autopsy series, 206 cases had neuropathological changes of AD; among them, only 33 were AD without co‐morbidities. WM alterations were first evaluated in coronal sections of the frontal lobe in every case. Then, RT‐qPCR and immunohistochemistry were carried out in the frontal WM of AD cases without co‐morbidities to analyse the expression of selected oligodendrocyte and myelin markers. Results WM demyelination was more marked in AD with co‐morbidities when compared with AD cases without co‐morbidities. Regarding the later, mRNA expression levels of MBP, PLP1, CNP, MAG, MAL, MOG and MOBP were preserved at stages I–II/0–A when compared with middle‐aged (MA) individuals, but significantly decreased at stages III–IV/0–C. This was accompanied by reduced expression of NG2 and PDGFRA mRNA, reduced numbers of NG2‐, Olig2‐ and HDAC2‐immunoreactive cells and reduced glucose transporter immunoreactivity. Partial recovery of some of these markers occurred at stages V–VI/B–C. Conclusions The present observations demonstrate that co‐morbidities have an impact on WM integrity in the elderly and in AD, and that early alterations in oligodendrocytes and transcription of genes linked to myelin proteins in WM occur in AD cases without co‐morbidities. These are followed by partial recovery attempts at advanced stages. These observations suggest that oligodendrocytopathy is part of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ferrer
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.,Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - P Andrés-Benito
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Institute of Health Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
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19
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Sphingosine Kinase 2 Potentiates Amyloid Deposition but Protects against Hippocampal Volume Loss and Demyelination in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci 2019; 39:9645-9659. [PMID: 31641049 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0524-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a potent vasculoprotective and neuroprotective signaling lipid, synthesized primarily by sphingosine kinase 2 (SK2) in the brain. We have reported pronounced loss of S1P and SK2 activity early in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, and an inverse correlation between hippocampal S1P levels and age in females, leading us to speculate that loss of S1P is a sensitizing influence for AD. Paradoxically, SK2 was reported to mediate amyloid β (Aβ) formation from amyloid precursor protein (APP) in vitro To determine whether loss of S1P sensitizes to Aβ-mediated neurodegeneration, we investigated whether SK2 deficiency worsens pathology and memory in male J20 (PDGFB-APPSwInd) mice. SK2 deficiency greatly reduced Aβ content in J20 mice, associated with significant improvements in epileptiform activity and cross-frequency coupling measured by hippocampal electroencephalography. However, several key measures of APPSwInd-dependent neurodegeneration were enhanced on the SK2-null background, despite reduced Aβ burden. These included hippocampal volume loss, oligodendrocyte attrition and myelin loss, and impaired performance in Y-maze and social novelty memory tests. Inhibition of the endosomal cholesterol exporter NPC1 greatly reduced sphingosine phosphorylation in glial cells, linking loss of SK2 activity and S1P in AD to perturbed endosomal lipid metabolism. Our findings establish SK2 as an important endogenous regulator of both APP processing to Aβ, and oligodendrocyte survival, in vivo These results urge greater consideration of the roles played by oligodendrocyte dysfunction and altered membrane lipid metabolic flux as drivers of neurodegeneration in AD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Genetic, neuropathological, and functional studies implicate both Aβ and altered lipid metabolism and/or signaling as key pathogenic drivers of Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we first demonstrate that the enzyme SK2, which generates the signaling lipid S1P, is required for Aβ formation from APP in vivo Second, we establish a new role for SK2 in the protection of oligodendrocytes and myelin. Loss of SK2 sensitizes to Aβ-mediated neurodegeneration by attenuating oligodendrocyte survival and promoting hippocampal atrophy, despite reduced Aβ burden. Our findings support a model in which Aβ-independent sensitizing influences such as loss of neuroprotective S1P are more important drivers of neurodegeneration than gross Aβ concentration or plaque density.
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20
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Quintela-López T, Ortiz-Sanz C, Serrano-Regal MP, Gaminde-Blasco A, Valero J, Baleriola J, Sánchez-Gómez MV, Matute C, Alberdi E. Aβ oligomers promote oligodendrocyte differentiation and maturation via integrin β1 and Fyn kinase signaling. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:445. [PMID: 31171765 PMCID: PMC6554322 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1636-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer´s disease (AD) is characterized by a progressive cognitive decline that correlates with the levels of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) oligomers. Strong evidences connect changes of oligodendrocyte function with the onset of neurodegeneration in AD. However, the mechanisms controlling oligodendrocyte responses to Aβ are still elusive. Here, we tested the role of Aβ in oligodendrocyte differentiation, maturation, and survival in isolated oligodendrocytes and in organotypic cerebellar slices. We found that Aβ peptides specifically induced local translation of 18.5-kDa myelin basic protein (MBP) isoform in distal cell processes concomitant with an increase of process complexity of MBP-expressing oligodendrocytes. Aβ oligomers required integrin β1 receptor, Src-family kinase Fyn and Ca2+/CaMKII as effectors to modulate MBP protein expression. The pharmacological inhibition of Fyn kinase also attenuated oligodendrocyte differentiation and survival induced by Aβ oligomers. Similarly, using ex vivo organotypic cerebellar slices Aβ promoted MBP upregulation through Fyn kinase, and modulated oligodendrocyte population dynamics by inducing cell proliferation and differentiation. Importantly, application of Aβ to cerebellar organotypic slices enhanced remyelination and oligodendrocyte lineage recovery in lysolecithin (LPC)-induced demyelination. These data reveal an important role of Aβ in oligodendrocyte lineage function and maturation, which may be relevant to AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Quintela-López
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, 48940, Spain.,CIBERNED, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Carolina Ortiz-Sanz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, 48940, Spain.,CIBERNED, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Mari Paz Serrano-Regal
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, 48940, Spain.,CIBERNED, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Adhara Gaminde-Blasco
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, 48940, Spain.,CIBERNED, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Jorge Valero
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, 48940, Spain.,IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jimena Baleriola
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, 48940, Spain.,IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology and Histology, UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Maria Victoria Sánchez-Gómez
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, 48940, Spain.,CIBERNED, Leioa, 48940, Spain
| | - Carlos Matute
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain. .,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, 48940, Spain. .,CIBERNED, Leioa, 48940, Spain.
| | - Elena Alberdi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, 48940, Spain. .,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, 48940, Spain. .,CIBERNED, Leioa, 48940, Spain.
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21
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Jean L, Brimijoin S, Vaux DJ. In vivo localization of human acetylcholinesterase-derived species in a β-sheet conformation at the core of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:6253-6272. [PMID: 30787102 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.006230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by amyloid deposition. In Alzheimer's disease (AD), β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides accumulate extracellularly in senile plaques. The AD amyloid cascade hypothesis proposes that Aβ production or reduced clearance leads to toxicity. In contrast, the cholinergic hypothesis argues for a specific pathology of brain cholinergic pathways. However, neither hypothesis in isolation explains the pattern of AD pathogenesis. Evidence suggests that a connection exists between these two scenarios: the synaptic form of human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE-S) associates with plaques in AD brains; among hAChE variants, only hAChE-S enhances Aβ fibrillization in vitro and Aβ deposition and toxicity in vivo Only hAChE-S contains an amphiphilic C-terminal domain (T40, AChE575-614), with AChE586-599 homologous to Aβ and forming amyloid fibrils, which implicates T40 in AD pathology. We previously showed that the amyloid scavenger, insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE), generates T40-derived amyloidogenic species that, as a peptide mixture, seed Aβ fibrillization. Here, we characterized 11 peptides from a T40-IDE digest for β-sheet conformation, surfactant activity, fibrillization, and seeding capability. We identified residues important for amyloidogenicity and raised polyclonal antibodies against the most amyloidogenic peptide. These new antisera, alongside other specific antibodies, labeled sections from control, hAChE-S, hAPPswe, and hAChE-S/hAPPswe transgenic mice. We observed that hAChE-S β-sheet species co-localized with Aβ in mature plaque cores, surrounded by hAChE-S α-helical species. This observation provides the first in vivo evidence of the conformation of hAChE-S species within plaques. Our results may explain the role of hAChE-S in Aβ deposition and aggregation, as amyloidogenic hAChE-S β-sheet species might seed Aβ aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Létitia Jean
- From the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom and
| | - Stephen Brimijoin
- the Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - David J Vaux
- From the Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom and
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22
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Lasala M, Fabiani C, Corradi J, Antollini S, Bouzat C. Molecular Modulation of Human α7 Nicotinic Receptor by Amyloid-β Peptides. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:37. [PMID: 30800059 PMCID: PMC6376857 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid β peptide (Aβ) is a key player in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is the primary component of senile plaques in AD patients and is also found in soluble forms. Cholinergic activity mediated by α7 nicotinic receptors has been shown to be affected by Aβ soluble forms. To shed light into the molecular mechanism of this effect, we explored the direct actions of oligomeric Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42 on human α7 by fluorescence spectroscopy and single-channel recordings. Fluorescence measurements using the conformational sensitive probe crystal violet (CrV) revealed that in the presence of Aβ α7 undergoes concentration-dependent conformational changes. Exposure of α7 to 100 pM Aβ changes CrV KD towards that of the desensitized state. However, α7 is still reactive to high carbamylcholine (Carb) concentrations. These observations are compatible with the induction of active/desensitized states as well as of a novel conformational state in the presence of both Aβ and Carb. At 100 nM Aβ, α7 adopts a resting-state-like structure which does not respond to Carb, suggesting stabilization of α7 in a blocked state. In real time, we found that Aβ is capable of eliciting α7 channel activity either in the absence or presence of the positive allosteric modulator (PAM) PNU-120596. Activation by Aβ is favored at picomolar or low nanomolar concentrations and is not detected at micromolar concentrations. At high Aβ concentrations, the mean duration of activation episodes elicited by ACh in the presence of PNU-120596 is significantly reduced, an effect compatible with slow open-channel block. We conclude that Aβ directly affects α7 function by acting as an agonist and a negative modulator. Whereas the capability of low concentrations of Aβ to activate α7 could be beneficial, the reduced α7 activity in the presence of higher Aβ concentrations or its long exposure may contribute to the cholinergic signaling deficit and may be involved in the initiation and development of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Lasala
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Camila Fabiani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Jeremías Corradi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Silvia Antollini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Bouzat
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca (INIBIBB), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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23
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McClure R, Redha R, Vinson P, Pham W. A Robust and Scalable High-Throughput Compatible Assay for Screening Amyloid-β-Binding Compounds. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 70:187-197. [PMID: 31177230 PMCID: PMC6943818 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A robust fluorescent readout assay using topologically-sensitive dyes improves the screening of novel amyloid-binding molecules. One of the key components that make this assay more realistic is the use of endogenous amyloid obtained from 5XFAD mouse brains. The assay conditions were optimized for high throughput screening operation with Z-prime values >0.6. Using a combination of library of 3,500 compounds including known drugs, natural-derived molecules and random organic molecules, 8 unique molecules were identified as potential amyloid-binding agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard McClure
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rey Redha
- Vanderbilt High-Throughput Screening Facility, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Paige Vinson
- Vanderbilt High-Throughput Screening Facility, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wellington Pham
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, Nashville, TN, USA
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24
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Tambaro S, Galan-Acosta L, Leppert A, Chen G, Biverstål H, Presto J, Nilsson P, Johansson J. Blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid passage of BRICHOS domains from two molecular chaperones in mice. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2606-2615. [PMID: 30598503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting toxicity associated with β-amyloid (Aβ) misfolding and aggregation is a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing or managing Alzheimer's disease. The BRICHOS domains from human prosurfactant protein C (proSP-C) and integral membrane protein 2B (Bri2) efficiently reduce neurotoxicity associated with Aβ42 fibril formation both in vitro and in vivo In this study, we evaluated the serum half-lives and permeability into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of recombinant human (rh) proSP-C and Bri2 BRICHOS domains injected intravenously into WT mice. We found that rh proSP-C BRICHOS has a longer blood serum half-life compared with rh Bri2 BRICHOS and passed into the CSF but not into the brain parenchyma. As judged by Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA, rh Bri2 BRICHOS passed into both the CSF and brain. Intracellular immunostaining for rh Bri2 BRICHOS was observed in the choroid plexus epithelium as well as in the cerebral cortex. Our results indicate that intravenously administered rh proSP-C and Bri2 BRICHOS domains have different pharmacokinetic properties and blood-brain/blood-CSF permeability in mice. The finding that rh Bri2 BRICHOS can reach the brain parenchyma after peripheral administration may be harnessed in the search for new therapeutic strategies for managing Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Tambaro
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Lorena Galan-Acosta
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Axel Leppert
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Gefei Chen
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Henrik Biverstål
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jenny Presto
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Per Nilsson
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jan Johansson
- From the Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
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25
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Small-molecule induction of Aβ-42 peptide production in human cerebral organoids to model Alzheimer's disease associated phenotypes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209150. [PMID: 30557391 PMCID: PMC6296660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mini-brains (MB) are cerebral organoids that recapitulate in part the complexity of the human brain in a unique three-dimensional in vitro model, yielding discrete brain regions reminiscent of the cerebral cortex. Specific proteins linked to neurodegenerative disorders are physiologically expressed in MBs, such as APP-derived amyloids (Aβ), whose physiological and pathological roles and interactions with other proteins are not well established in humans. Here, we demonstrate that neuroectodermal organoids can be used to study the Aβ accumulation implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). To enhance the process of protein secretion and accumulation, we adopted a chemical strategy of induction to modulate post-translational pathways of APP using an Amyloid-β Forty-Two Inducer named Aftin-5. Secreted, soluble Aβ fragment concentrations were analyzed in MB-conditioned media. An increase in the Aβ42 fragment secretion was observed as was an increased Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio after drug treatment, which is consistent with the pathological-like phenotypes described in vivo in transgenic animal models and in vitro in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural cultures obtained from AD patients. Notably in this context we observe time-dependent Aβ accumulation, which differs from protein accumulation occurring after treatment. We show that mini-brains obtained from a non-AD control cell line are responsive to chemical compound induction, producing a shift of physiological Aβ concentrations, suggesting that this model can be used to identify environmental agents that may initiate the cascade of events ultimately leading to sporadic AD. Increases in both Aβ oligomers and their target, the cellular prion protein (PrPC), support the possibility of using MBs to further understand the pathophysiological role that underlies their interaction in a human model. Finally, the potential application of MBs for modeling age-associated phenotypes and the study of neurological disorders is confirmed.
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26
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Nguyen TVV, Hayes M, Zbesko JC, Frye JB, Congrove NR, Belichenko NP, McKay BS, Longo FM, Doyle KP. Alzheimer's associated amyloid and tau deposition co-localizes with a homeostatic myelin repair pathway in two mouse models of post-stroke mixed dementia. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:100. [PMID: 30249297 PMCID: PMC6154927 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0603-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine the chronic impact of stroke on the manifestation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) related pathology and behavioral impairments in mice. To accomplish this goal, we used two distinct models. First, we experimentally induced ischemic stroke in aged wildtype (wt) C57BL/6 mice to determine if stroke leads to the manifestation of AD-associated pathological β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau in aged versus young adult wt mice. Second, we utilized a transgenic (Tg) mouse model of AD (hAPP-SL) to determine if stroke leads to the worsening of pre-existing AD pathology, as well as the development of pathology in brain regions not typically expressed in AD Tg mice. In the wt mice, there was delayed motor recovery and an accelerated development of cognitive deficits in aged mice compared to young adult mice following stroke. This corresponded with increased brain atrophy, increased cholinergic degeneration, and a focal increase of Aβ in areas of axonal degeneration in the ipsilateral hemisphere of the aged animals. By contrast, in the hAPP-SL mice, we found that ischemia induced aggravated behavioral deficits in conjunction with a global increase in Aβ, tau, and cholinergic pathology compared to hAPP-SL mice that underwent a sham stroke procedure. With regard to a potential mechanism, in both models, we found that the stroke-induced Aβ and tau deposits co-localized with increased levels of β-secretase 1 (BACE1), along with its substrate, neuregulin 1 (NGR1) type III, both of which are proteins integral for myelin repair. Based on these findings, we propose that the chronic sequelae of stroke may be ratcheting-up a myelin repair pathway, and that the consequent increase in BACE1 could be causing an inadvertent cleavage of its alternative substrate, AβPP, resulting in greater Aβ seeding and pathogenesis.
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27
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Molecular Mechanisms of Oligodendrocyte Regeneration in White Matter-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061743. [PMID: 29895784 PMCID: PMC6032201 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Even in adult brains, restorative mechanisms are still retained to maintain the microenvironment. Under the pathological conditions of central nervous system (CNS) diseases, several immature cells in the brain would be activated as a compensative response. As the concept of the neurovascular unit emphasizes, cell-cell interactions play important roles in this restorative process. White matter damage and oligodendrocyte loss are representative characteristics for many neurodegenerative diseases. In response to oligodendrocyte damage, residual oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) initiate their proliferation and differentiation for the purpose of remyelination. Although mechanisms of oligodendrogenesis and remyelination in CNS diseases are still mostly unknown and understudied, accumulated evidence now suggests that support from neighboring cells is necessary for OPC proliferation and differentiation. In this review, we first overview basic mechanisms of interaction between oligodendrocyte lineage cells and neighboring cells, and then introduce how oligodendrogenesis occurs under the conditions of neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on vascular cognitive impairment syndrome, Alzheimer’s disease, and multiple sclerosis.
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28
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Sankar SB, Donegan RK, Shah KJ, Reddi AR, Wood LB. Heme and hemoglobin suppress amyloid β-mediated inflammatory activation of mouse astrocytes. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:11358-11373. [PMID: 29871926 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.001050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial immune activity is a key feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given that the blood factors heme and hemoglobin (Hb) are both elevated in AD tissues and have immunomodulatory roles, here we sought to interrogate their roles in modulating β-amyloid (Aβ)-mediated inflammatory activation of astrocytes. We discovered that heme and Hb suppress immune activity of primary mouse astrocytes by reducing expression of several proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted)) and the scavenger receptor CD36 and reducing internalization of Aβ(1-42) by astrocytes. Moreover, we found that certain soluble (>75-kDa) Aβ(1-42) oligomers are primarily responsible for astrocyte activation and that heme or Hb association with these oligomers reverses inflammation. We further found that heme up-regulates phosphoprotein signaling in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, which regulates a number of immune functions, including cytokine expression and phagocytosis. The findings in this work suggest that dysregulation of Hb and heme levels in AD brains may contribute to impaired amyloid clearance and that targeting heme homeostasis may reduce amyloid pathogenesis. Altogether, we propose heme as a critical molecular link between amyloid pathology and AD risk factors, such as aging, brain injury, and stroke, which increase Hb and heme levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitara B Sankar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Rebecca K Donegan
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Kajol J Shah
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Amit R Reddi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332.
| | - Levi B Wood
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332; Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332; George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332.
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29
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Ohm DT, Kim G, Gefen T, Rademaker A, Weintraub S, Bigio EH, Mesulam MM, Rogalski E, Geula C. Prominent microglial activation in cortical white matter is selectively associated with cortical atrophy in primary progressive aphasia. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 45:216-229. [PMID: 29679378 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by selective language impairments associated with focal cortical atrophy favouring the language dominant hemisphere. PPA is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and significant accumulation of activated microglia. Activated microglia can initiate an inflammatory cascade that may contribute to neurodegeneration, but their quantitative distribution in cortical white matter and their relationship with cortical atrophy remain unknown. We investigated white matter activated microglia and their association with grey matter atrophy in 10 PPA cases with either AD or FTLD-TDP pathology. METHODS Activated microglia were quantified with optical density measures of HLA-DR immunoreactivity in two regions with peak cortical atrophy, and one nonatrophied region within the language dominant hemisphere of each PPA case. Nonatrophied contralateral homologues of the language dominant regions were examined for hemispheric asymmetry. RESULTS Qualitatively, greater densities of activated microglia were observed in cortical white matter when compared to grey matter. Quantitative analyses revealed significantly greater densities of activated microglia in the white matter of atrophied regions compared to nonatrophied regions in the language dominant hemisphere (P < 0.05). Atrophied regions of the language dominant hemisphere also showed significantly more activated microglia compared to contralateral homologues (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS White matter activated microglia accumulate more in atrophied regions in the language dominant hemisphere of PPA. While microglial activation may constitute a response to neurodegenerative processes in white matter, the resultant inflammatory processes may also exacerbate disease progression and contribute to cortical atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Ohm
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - G Kim
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - T Gefen
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Rademaker
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - S Weintraub
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E H Bigio
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - M-M Mesulam
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - E Rogalski
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - C Geula
- Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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30
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Nasrabady SE, Rizvi B, Goldman JE, Brickman AM. White matter changes in Alzheimer's disease: a focus on myelin and oligodendrocytes. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2018; 6:22. [PMID: 29499767 PMCID: PMC5834839 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-018-0515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is conceptualized as a progressive consequence of two hallmark pathological changes in grey matter: extracellular amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. However, over the past several years, neuroimaging studies have implicated micro- and macrostructural abnormalities in white matter in the risk and progression of AD, suggesting that in addition to the neuronal pathology characteristic of the disease, white matter degeneration and demyelination may be also important pathophysiological features. Here we review the evidence for white matter abnormalities in AD with a focus on myelin and oligodendrocytes, the only source of myelination in the central nervous system, and discuss the relationship between white matter changes and the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease. We review several mechanisms such as ischemia, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, iron overload, Aβ toxicity and tauopathy, which could affect oligodendrocytes. We conclude that white matter abnormalities, and in particular myelin and oligodendrocytes, could be mechanistically important in AD pathology and could be potential treatment targets.
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31
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Hoy AR, Ly M, Carlsson CM, Okonkwo OC, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Sager MA, Asthana S, Johnson SC, Alexander AL, Bendlin BB. Microstructural white matter alterations in preclinical Alzheimer's disease detected using free water elimination diffusion tensor imaging. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173982. [PMID: 28291839 PMCID: PMC5349685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain changes associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) begin decades before disease diagnosis. While β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are defining features of AD, neuronal loss and synaptic pathology are closely related to the cognitive dysfunction. Brain imaging methods that are tuned to assess degeneration of myelinated nerve fibers in the brain (collectively called white matter) include diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and related techniques, and are expected to shed light on disease-related loss of structural connectivity. Participants (N = 70, ages 47-76 years) from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention study underwent DTI and hybrid diffusion imaging to determine a free-water elimination (FWE-DTI) model. The study assessed the extent to which preclinical AD pathology affects brain white matter. Preclinical AD pathology was determined using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. The sample was enriched for AD risk (APOE ε4 and parental history of AD). AD pathology assessed by CSF analyses was significantly associated with altered microstructure on both DTI and FWE-DTI. Affected regions included frontal, parietal, and especially temporal white matter. The f-value derived from the FWE-DTI model appeared to be the most sensitive to the relationship between the CSF AD biomarkers and microstructural alterations in white matter. These findings suggest that white matter degeneration is an early pathological feature of AD that may have utility both for early disease detection and as outcome measures for clinical trials. More complex models of microstructural diffusion properties including FWE-DTI may provide increased sensitivity to early brain changes associated with AD over standard DTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Hoy
- Lieutenant, Medical Service Corp, United States Navy, Falls Church, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Radiology and Radiologic Sciences, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martina Ly
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Cynthia M. Carlsson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ozioma C. Okonkwo
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mark A. Sager
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Andrew L. Alexander
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Barbara B. Bendlin
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
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Koss DJ, Jones G, Cranston A, Gardner H, Kanaan NM, Platt B. Soluble pre-fibrillar tau and β-amyloid species emerge in early human Alzheimer's disease and track disease progression and cognitive decline. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 132:875-895. [PMID: 27770234 PMCID: PMC5106509 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Post-mortem investigations of human Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have largely failed to provide unequivocal evidence in support of the original amyloid cascade hypothesis, which postulated deposition of β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregates to be the cause of a demented state as well as inductive to tau neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Conflicting evidence suggests, however, that Aβ plaques and NFTs, albeit to a lesser extent, are present in a substantial subset of non-demented individuals. Hence, a range of soluble tau and Aβ species has more recently been implicated as the disease-relevant toxic entities. Despite the incorporation of soluble proteins into a revised amyloid cascade hypothesis, a detailed characterization of these species in the context of human AD onset, progression and cognitive decline has been lacking. Here, lateral temporal lobe samples (Brodmann area 21) of 46 human cases were profiled via tau and Aβ Western blot and native state dot blot protocols. Elevations in phospho-tau (antibodies: CP13, AT8 and PHF-1), pathological tau conformations (MC-1) and oligomeric tau (TOC1) agreed with medical diagnosis (non-AD cf. AD) and Braak stage classification (low, intermediate and high), alongside elevations in soluble Aβ species (MOAB-2 and pyro-glu Aβ) and a decline in levels of the amyloid precursor protein. Strong correlations were observed between individual Braak stages and multiple cognitive measures with all tau markers as well as total soluble Aβ. In contrast to previous reports, SDS-stable Aβ oligomers (*56) were not found to be reliable for all classifications and appeared likely to be a technical artefact. Critically, the robust predictive value of total soluble Aβ was dependent on native state quantification. Elevations in tau and Aβ within soluble fractions (Braak stage 2–3 cf. 0) were evident earlier than previously established in fibril-focused disease progression scales. Together, these data provide strong evidence that soluble forms of tau and Aβ co-localise early in AD and are closely linked to disease progression and cognitive decline.
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Hao W, Friedman A. Mathematical model on Alzheimer's disease. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10:108. [PMID: 27863488 PMCID: PMC5116206 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-016-0348-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that destroys memory and cognitive skills. AD is characterized by the presence of two types of neuropathological hallmarks: extracellular plaques consisting of amyloid β-peptides and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. The disease affects 5 million people in the United States and 44 million world-wide. Currently there is no drug that can cure, stop or even slow the progression of the disease. If no cure is found, by 2050 the number of alzheimer’s patients in the U.S. will reach 15 million and the cost of caring for them will exceed $ 1 trillion annually. Results The present paper develops a mathematical model of AD that includes neurons, astrocytes, microglias and peripheral macrophages, as well as amyloid β aggregation and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. The model is represented by a system of partial differential equations. The model is used to simulate the effect of drugs that either failed in clinical trials, or are currently in clinical trials. Conclusions Based on these simulations it is suggested that combined therapy with TNF- α inhibitor and anti amyloid β could yield significant efficacy in slowing the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenrui Hao
- Department of Mathematics, The Penn State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Avner Friedman
- Mathematical Biosciences Institute & Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA
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Storsve AB, Fjell AM, Yendiki A, Walhovd KB. Longitudinal Changes in White Matter Tract Integrity across the Adult Lifespan and Its Relation to Cortical Thinning. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156770. [PMID: 27253393 PMCID: PMC4890742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A causal link between decreases in white matter (WM) integrity and cortical degeneration is assumed, but there is scarce knowledge on the relationship between these changes across the adult human lifespan. We investigated changes in thickness throughout the cortical mantle and WM tract integrity derived from T1 and diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in 201 healthy adults aged 23-87 years over a mean interval of 3.6 years. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean (MD), radial (RD) and axial (AD) diffusivity changes were calculated for forceps minor and major and eight major white matter tracts in each hemisphere by use of a novel automated longitudinal tractography constrained by underlying anatomy (TRACULA) approach. We hypothesized that increasing MD and decreasing FA across tracts would relate to cortical thinning, with some anatomical specificity. WM integrity decreased across tracts non-uniformly, with mean annual percentage decreases ranging from 0.20 in the Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus to 0.65 in the Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus. For most tracts, greater MD increases and FA decreases related to more cortical thinning, in areas in part overlapping with but also outside the projected tract endings. The findings indicate a combination of global and tract-specific relationships between WM integrity and cortical thinning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas B. Storsve
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M. Fjell
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Unit of Neuropsychology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anastasia Yendiki
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Kristine B. Walhovd
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, 0373, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Unit of Neuropsychology, Oslo University Hospital, 0424, Oslo, Norway
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35
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Lee S, Viqar F, Zimmerman ME, Narkhede A, Tosto G, Benzinger TLS, Marcus DS, Fagan AM, Goate A, Fox NC, Cairns NJ, Holtzman DM, Buckles V, Ghetti B, McDade E, Martins RN, Saykin AJ, Masters CL, Ringman JM, Ryan NS, Förster S, Laske C, Schofield PR, Sperling RA, Salloway S, Correia S, Jack C, Weiner M, Bateman RJ, Morris JC, Mayeux R, Brickman AM. White matter hyperintensities are a core feature of Alzheimer's disease: Evidence from the dominantly inherited Alzheimer network. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:929-39. [PMID: 27016429 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are areas of increased signal on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans that most commonly reflect small vessel cerebrovascular disease. Increased WMH volume is associated with risk and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). These observations are typically interpreted as evidence that vascular abnormalities play an additive, independent role contributing to symptom presentation, but not core features of AD. We examined the severity and distribution of WMH in presymptomatic PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP mutation carriers to determine the extent to which WMH manifest in individuals genetically determined to develop AD. METHODS The study comprised participants (n = 299; age = 39.03 ± 10.13) from the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network, including 184 (61.5%) with a mutation that results in AD and 115 (38.5%) first-degree relatives who were noncarrier controls. We calculated the estimated years from expected symptom onset (EYO) by subtracting the affected parent's symptom onset age from the participant's age. Baseline MRI data were analyzed for total and regional WMH. Mixed-effects piece-wise linear regression was used to examine WMH differences between carriers and noncarriers with respect to EYO. RESULTS Mutation carriers had greater total WMH volumes, which appeared to increase approximately 6 years before expected symptom onset. Effects were most prominent for the parietal and occipital lobe, which showed divergent effects as early as 22 years before estimated onset. INTERPRETATION Autosomal-dominant AD is associated with increased WMH well before expected symptom onset. The findings suggest the possibility that WMHs are a core feature of AD, a potential therapeutic target, and a factor that should be integrated into pathogenic models of the disease. Ann Neurol 2016;79:929-939.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonjoo Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Division of Biostatistics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Fawad Viqar
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Psychology Department, Fordham University, Bronx, NY
| | - Molly E Zimmerman
- Psychology Department, Fordham University, Bronx, NY.,Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Atul Narkhede
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Giuseppe Tosto
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Tammie L S Benzinger
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Daniel S Marcus
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Anne M Fagan
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Virginia Buckles
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Bernardino Ghetti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Eric McDade
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Center of Excellence of Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Exercise, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center and Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - John M Ringman
- Memory and Aging Center, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Natalie S Ryan
- Dementia Research Center, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Förster
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) München and Tübingen and Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Laske
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) and the Section for Dementia Research, Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Stephen Salloway
- Butler Hospital and Department of Neurology, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Stephen Correia
- Department of Psychiatry, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Michael Weiner
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Departments of Psychiatry, Radiology, Medicine, and Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Randall J Bateman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - John C Morris
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Adam M Brickman
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
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