1
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Khalid R, Kim J, Mahmood N, Cabrera H, Mehmood MQ, Danner A, Zubair M, Rho J. Fluid-Infiltrated Metalens-Driven Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces for Optical Wireless Communications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2406690. [PMID: 39340831 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202406690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
A reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), a leading-edge technology, represents a new paradigm for adaptive control of electromagnetic waves between a source and a user. While RIS technology has proven effective in manipulating radio frequency waves using passive elements such as diodes and MEMS, its application in the optical domain is challenging. The main difficulty lies in meeting key performance indicators, with the most critical being accurate and self-adjusting positioning. This work presents an alternative RIS design methodology driven by an all-silicon structure and fluid infiltration, to achieve real-time control of focal length toward a designated user, thereby enabling secure data transmission. To validate the concept, both numerical simulations and experimental investigations of the RIS design methodology are conducted to demonstrate the performance of fluid-infiltrated metalens-driven RIS for this application. When combined with different fluids, the resulting ultra-compact RIS exhibits exceptional varifocal abilities, ranging from 0.4 to 0.5 mm, thereby confirming the adaptive tuning capabilities of the design. This may significantly enhance the modulation of optical waves and promote the development of RIS-based applications in wireless communications and secure data-transmission integrated photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramna Khalid
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
- SZCU-ITU Joint International MetaCenter for Advanced Photonics and Electronics, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Jaekyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- SZCU-ITU Joint International MetaCenter for Advanced Photonics and Electronics, Suzhou City University, Suzhou, 215104, China
| | - Humberto Cabrera
- MLab, STI Unit, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, 34151, Italy
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
- SZCU-ITU Joint International MetaCenter for Advanced Photonics and Electronics, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Aaron Danner
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
- SZCU-ITU Joint International MetaCenter for Advanced Photonics and Electronics, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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2
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Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Huang T, Li Z, Chen P, Lu YQ, Yu S, Zhang S, Zheng G. Electrically tunable planar liquid-crystal singlets for simultaneous spectrometry and imaging. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:242. [PMID: 39245765 PMCID: PMC11381520 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01608-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Conventional hyperspectral cameras cascade lenses and spectrometers to acquire the spectral datacube, which forms the fundamental framework for hyperspectral imaging. However, this cascading framework involves tradeoffs among spectral and imaging performances when the system is driven toward miniaturization. Here, we propose a spectral singlet lens that unifies optical imaging and computational spectrometry functions, enabling the creation of minimalist, miniaturized and high-performance hyperspectral cameras. As a paradigm, we capitalize on planar liquid crystal optics to implement the proposed framework, with each liquid-crystal unit cell acting as both phase modulator and electrically tunable spectral filter. Experiments with various targets show that the resulting millimeter-scale hyperspectral camera exhibits both high spectral fidelity ( > 95%) and high spatial resolutions ( ~1.7 times the diffraction limit). The proposed "two-in-one" framework can resolve the conflicts between spectral and imaging resolutions, which paves a practical pathway for advancing hyperspectral imaging systems toward miniaturization and portable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhou
- Electronic Information School, and School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- NUS Graduate School, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yiheng Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Yingxin Xie
- Electronic Information School, and School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tian Huang
- Electronic Information School, and School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zile Li
- Electronic Information School, and School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Peng Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Yan-Qing Lu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Key Laboratory of Intelligent Optical Sensing and Manipulation, and College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Shaohua Yu
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guoxing Zheng
- Electronic Information School, and School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan, 430206, China.
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3
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Zhang G, Chen Y, Zheng Z, Shao R, Zhou J, Zhou Z, Jiao L, Zhang J, Wang H, Kong Q, Sun C, Ni K, Wu J, Chen J, Gong X. Thin film ferroelectric photonic-electronic memory. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:206. [PMID: 39179550 PMCID: PMC11344043 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01555-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
To reduce system complexity and bridge the interface between electronic and photonic circuits, there is a high demand for a non-volatile memory that can be accessed both electrically and optically. However, practical solutions are still lacking when considering the potential for large-scale complementary metal-oxide semiconductor compatible integration. Here, we present an experimental demonstration of a non-volatile photonic-electronic memory based on a 3-dimensional monolithic integrated ferroelectric-silicon ring resonator. We successfully demonstrate programming and erasing the memory using both electrical and optical methods, assisted by optical-to-electrical-to-optical conversion. The memory cell exhibits a high optical extinction ratio of 6.6 dB at a low working voltage of 5 V and an endurance of 4 × 104 cycles. Furthermore, the multi-level storage capability is analyzed in detail, revealing stable performance with a raw bit-error-rate smaller than 5.9 × 10-2. This ground-breaking work could be a key technology enabler for future hybrid electronic-photonic systems, targeting a wide range of applications such as photonic interconnect, high-speed data communication, and neuromorphic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Zijie Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Rui Shao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Jiuren Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Zuopu Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Leming Jiao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Jishen Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Qiwen Kong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Kai Ni
- Department of Microelectronic Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - Jixuan Wu
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jiezhi Chen
- School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiao Gong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore.
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4
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Muhammad N, Su Z, Jiang Q, Wang Y, Huang L. Radiationless optical modes in metasurfaces: recent progress and applications. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:192. [PMID: 39152114 PMCID: PMC11329644 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01548-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 07/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Non-radiative optical modes attracted enormous attention in optics due to strong light confinement and giant Q-factor at its spectral position. The destructive interference of multipoles leads to zero net-radiation and strong field trapping. Such radiationless states disappear in the far-field, localize enhanced near-field and can be excited in nano-structures. On the other hand, the optical modes turn out to be completely confined due to no losses at discrete point in the radiation continuum, such states result in infinite Q-factor and lifetime. The radiationless states provide a suitable platform for enhanced light matter interaction, lasing, and boost nonlinear processes at the state regime. These modes are widely investigated in different material configurations for various applications in both linear and nonlinear metasurfaces which are briefly discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseer Muhammad
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhaoxian Su
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Qiang Jiang
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongtian Wang
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lingling Huang
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China, Beijing, 100081, China.
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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5
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Liu W, Wang SR, Dai JY, Zhang L, Chen Q, Cheng Q, Cui TJ. Arbitrarily rotating polarization direction and manipulating phases in linear and nonlinear ways using programmable metasurface. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:172. [PMID: 39025829 PMCID: PMC11258343 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Independent controls of various properties of electromagnetic (EM) waves are crucially required in a wide range of applications. Programmable metasurface is a promising candidate to provide an advanced platform for manipulating EM waves. Here, we propose an approach that can arbitrarily control the polarization direction and phases of reflected waves in linear and nonlinear ways using a stacked programmable metasurface. Further, we extend the space-time-coding theory to incorporate the dimension of polarization, which provides an extra degree of freedom for manipulating EM waves. As proof-of-principle application examples, we consider polarization rotation, phase manipulation, and beam steering at linear and nonlinear frequencies. For validation, we design, fabricate, and measure a metasurface sample. The experimental results show good agreement with theoretical predictions and simulations. The proposed approach has a wide range of applications in various areas, such as imaging, data storage, and wireless communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Si Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Jun Yan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qiao Chen
- Electrical Engineering Department, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 41258, Sweden.
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
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6
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Khalid R, Wu QYS, Mahmood N, Deng J, Nemati A, Sreekanth KV, Cabrera H, Mehmood MQ, Teng J, Zubair M. Fluid-responsive tunable metasurfaces for high-fidelity optical wireless communication. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 38994895 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00592a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Optical wireless communication (OWC), with its blazing data transfer speed and unparalleled security, is a futuristic technology for wireless connectivity. Despite the significant advancements in OWC, the realization of tunable devices for on-demand and versatile connectivity still needs to be explored. This presents a considerable limitation in utilizing adaptive technologies to improve signal directivity and optimize data transfer. This study proposes a unique platform that utilizes tunable, fluid-responsive multifunctional metasurfaces offering dynamic and unprecedented control over electromagnetic wave manipulation to enhance the performance of OWC networks. We have achieved real-time, on-demand beam steering with vary-focusing capability by integrating the fabricated metasurfaces with different isotropic fluids. Furthermore, the designed metasurfaces are capable of polarization-based switching of the diffracted light beams to enhance overall productivity. Our research has showcased the potential of fluid-responsive tunable metasurfaces in revolutionizing OWC networks by significantly improving transmission reliability and signal quality through real-time adjustments. The proposed methodology is verified by designing and fabricating an all-dielectric metasurface measuring 500 μm × 500 μm and experimentally investigating its fluid-responsive vary-focal capability. By incorporating fluid-responsive properties into spin-decoupled metasurfaces, we aim to develop advanced high-tech optical devices and systems to simplify beam-steering and improve performance, adaptability, and functionality, making the devices suitable for various practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramna Khalid
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), 54000 Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Qing Yang Steve Wu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), 54000 Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Jie Deng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Arash Nemati
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Kandammathe Valiyaveedu Sreekanth
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Humberto Cabrera
- MLab, STI Unit, The Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, 34151, Italy
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), 54000 Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University of the Punjab (ITU), 54000 Lahore, Pakistan.
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7
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Sui X, He Z, Chu D, Cao L. Non-convex optimization for inverse problem solving in computer-generated holography. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:158. [PMID: 38982035 PMCID: PMC11233576 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01446-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Computer-generated holography is a promising technique that modulates user-defined wavefronts with digital holograms. Computing appropriate holograms with faithful reconstructions is not only a problem closely related to the fundamental basis of holography but also a long-standing challenge for researchers in general fields of optics. Finding the exact solution of a desired hologram to reconstruct an accurate target object constitutes an ill-posed inverse problem. The general practice of single-diffraction computation for synthesizing holograms can only provide an approximate answer, which is subject to limitations in numerical implementation. Various non-convex optimization algorithms are thus designed to seek an optimal solution by introducing different constraints, frameworks, and initializations. Herein, we overview the optimization algorithms applied to computer-generated holography, incorporating principles of hologram synthesis based on alternative projections and gradient descent methods. This is aimed to provide an underlying basis for optimized hologram generation, as well as insights into the cutting-edge developments of this rapidly evolving field for potential applications in virtual reality, augmented reality, head-up display, data encryption, laser fabrication, and metasurface design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Sui
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Engineering, Centre for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Zehao He
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Daping Chu
- Department of Engineering, Centre for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
- Cambridge University Nanjing Centre of Technology and Innovation, 23 Rongyue Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Liangcai Cao
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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8
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He W, Cheng X, Hu S, Ren Z, Yu Z, Wan S, Hu Y, Jiang T. Color coded metadevices toward programmed terahertz switching. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:142. [PMID: 38914544 PMCID: PMC11196690 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Terahertz modulators play a critical role in high-speed wireless communication, non-destructive imaging, and so on, which have attracted a large amount of research interest. Nevertheless, all-optical terahertz modulation, an ultrafast dynamical control approach, remains to be limited in terms of encoding and multifunction. Here we experimentally demonstrated an optical-programmed terahertz switching realized by combining optical metasurfaces with the terahertz metasurface, resulting in 2-bit dual-channel terahertz encoding. The terahertz metasurface, made up of semiconductor islands and artificial microstructures, enables effective all-optical programming by providing multiple frequency channels with ultrafast modulation at the nanosecond level. Meanwhile, optical metasurfaces covered in terahertz metasurface alter the spatial light field distribution to obtain color code. According to the time-domain coupled mode theory analysis, the energy dissipation modes in terahertz metasurface can be independently controlled by color excitation, which explains the principle of 2-bit encoding well. This work establishes a platform for all-optical programmed terahertz metadevices and may further advance the application of composite metasurface in terahertz manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibao He
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Nanhu Laser Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Energy Laser Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang'ai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Nanhu Laser Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Energy Laser Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Siyang Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Ziheng Ren
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongyi Yu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Shun Wan
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yuze Hu
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China.
| | - Tian Jiang
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China.
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9
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Tezsezen E, Yigci D, Ahmadpour A, Tasoglu S. AI-Based Metamaterial Design. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:29547-29569. [PMID: 38808674 PMCID: PMC11181287 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The use of metamaterials in various devices has revolutionized applications in optics, healthcare, acoustics, and power systems. Advancements in these fields demand novel or superior metamaterials that can demonstrate targeted control of electromagnetic, mechanical, and thermal properties of matter. Traditional design systems and methods often require manual manipulations which is time-consuming and resource intensive. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in optimizing metamaterial design can be employed to explore variant disciplines and address bottlenecks in design. AI-based metamaterial design can also enable the development of novel metamaterials by optimizing design parameters that cannot be achieved using traditional methods. The application of AI can be leveraged to accelerate the analysis of vast data sets as well as to better utilize limited data sets via generative models. This review covers the transformative impact of AI and AI-based metamaterial design for optics, acoustics, healthcare, and power systems. The current challenges, emerging fields, future directions, and bottlenecks within each domain are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Tezsezen
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Koç
University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
| | - Defne Yigci
- School
of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
| | - Abdollah Ahmadpour
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University
Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
| | - Savas Tasoglu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University
Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
- Koç
University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
- Bogaziçi
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Bogaziçi
University, Istanbul 34684, Türkiye
- Koç
University Arçelik Research Center for Creative Industries
(KUAR), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Türkiye
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10
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Li H, Yang R, Zhang Y, Dou L, Luo Y, Liang H, Fan Y, Wei Z. Electrically tunable on-chip quantum Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm with lithium niobate metasurfaces. RSC Adv 2024; 14:18311-18316. [PMID: 38854828 PMCID: PMC11160385 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra02001d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Owing to the inherent advantages of parallelism, rapid processing speed, and minimal energy consumption, optical analog computing has witnessed a progressive development. Quantum optical computing exceeds the capabilities of classical computing in terms of computational speed in numerous tasks. However, existing metamaterial-based quantum Deutsch-Jozsa (DJ) algorithm devices have large structural dimensions and are not suitable for miniaturized optical computing systems. Furthermore, most reported on-chip metasurface devices, rendered monofunctional after fabrication, do not possess sophisticated optical systems. In this work, we develop an electrically tunable on-chip DJ algorithm device on a lithium-niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) platform. The on-chip device consists of various etched slots, each with carefully designed size. By applying different external voltages to each individual unit, precise phase redistribution across the device is attainable, enabling the realization of tunable DJ algorithm. Notably, we can determine whether the oracle metasurface yields a constant or balance function by measuring the output electric field. The on-chip device is miniaturized and easy to integrate while enabling functional reconfiguration, which paves the way for numerous applications in optical computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Li
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Ruisheng Yang
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials Shanghai 200092 China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Digital Optics, Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Shanghai 200093 China
| | - Linyuan Dou
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Yijie Luo
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Haigang Liang
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Yuancheng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Light Field Manipulation and Information Acquisition, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an 710129 China
| | - Zeyong Wei
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials Shanghai 200092 China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Digital Optics, Tongji University Shanghai 200092 China
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11
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Luo Y, Yang R, Xie L, Xu W, Fan Y, Wei Z, Wang Z, Cheng X. Interlayer coupled dual-layer metagratings for broadband and high-efficiency anomalous reflection. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:21594-21605. [PMID: 38859509 DOI: 10.1364/oe.524006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Recent progress in metagratings highlights the promise of high-performance wavefront engineering devices, notably for their exterior capability to steer beams with near-unitary efficiency. However, the narrow operating bandwidth of conventional metagratings remains a significant limitation. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a dual-layer metagrating, incorporating enhanced interlayer couplings to realize high-efficiency and broadband anomalous reflection within the microwave frequency band. The metagrating facilitated by both intralayer and interlayer couplings is designed through the combination of eigenmode expansion (EME) algorithm and particle swarm optimization (PSO) to significantly streamline the computational process. Our metagrating demonstrates the capacity to reroute a normally incident wave to +1 order diffraction direction across a broad spectrum, achieving an average efficiency approximately 90% within the 14.7 to 18 GHz range. This study may pave the way for future applications in sophisticated beam manipulations, including spatial dispersive devices, by harnessing the intricate dynamics of multi-layer metagratings with complex interlayer and intralayer interactions.
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12
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Meng H, Gao Y, Wang X, Li X, Wang L, Zhao X, Sun B. Quantum dot-enabled infrared hyperspectral imaging with single-pixel detection. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:121. [PMID: 38802359 PMCID: PMC11130170 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Near-infrared (NIR) hyperspectral imaging is a powerful technique that enables the capture of three-dimensional (3D) spectra-spatial information within the NIR spectral range, offering a wide array of applications. However, the high cost associated with InGaAs focal plane array (FPA) has impeded the widespread adoption of NIR hyperspectral imaging. Addressing this challenge, in this study, we adopt an alternative approach-single-pixel detection for NIR hyperspectral imaging. Our investigation reveals that single-pixel detection outperforms conventional FPA, delivering a superior signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for both spectral and imaging reconstruction. To implement this strategy, we leverage self-assembled colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) and a digital micromirror device (DMD) for NIR spectral and spatial information multiplexing, complemented by single-pixel detection for simultaneous spectral and image reconstruction. Our experimental results demonstrate successful NIR hyperspectral imaging with a detection window about 600 nm and an average spectral resolution of 8.6 nm with a pixel resolution of 128 × 128. The resulting spectral and spatial data align well with reference instruments, which validates the effectiveness of our approach. By circumventing the need for expensive and bulky FPA and wavelength selection components, our solution shows promise in advancing affordable and accessible NIR hyperspectral imaging technologies, thereby expanding the range of potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyan Meng
- School of Information Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Information Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering (CORE), Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xuhong Wang
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering (CORE), Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xianye Li
- School of Mechanical, Electrical and Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering (CORE), Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering (CORE), Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- School of Information Sciences and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
- Center for Optics Research and Engineering (CORE), Key Laboratory of Laser & Infrared System (Shandong University), Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
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13
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Zhou X, Wang H, Liu S, Wang H, Chan JYE, Pan CF, Zhao D, Yang JKW, Qiu CW. Arbitrary engineering of spatial caustics with 3D-printed metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3719. [PMID: 38698001 PMCID: PMC11065864 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Caustics occur in diverse physical systems, spanning the nano-scale in electron microscopy to astronomical-scale in gravitational lensing. As envelopes of rays, optical caustics result in sharp edges or extended networks. Caustics in structured light, characterized by complex-amplitude distributions, have innovated numerous applications including particle manipulation, high-resolution imaging techniques, and optical communication. However, these applications have encountered limitations due to a major challenge in engineering caustic fields with customizable propagation trajectories and in-plane intensity profiles. Here, we introduce the "compensation phase" via 3D-printed metasurfaces to shape caustic fields with curved trajectories in free space. The in-plane caustic patterns can be preserved or morphed from one structure to another during propagation. Large-scale fabrication of these metasurfaces is enabled by the fast-prototyping and cost-effective two-photon polymerization lithography. Our optical elements with the ultra-thin profile and sub-millimeter extension offer a compact solution to generating caustic structured light for beam shaping, high-resolution microscopy, and light-matter-interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.
| | - Shuxi Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - John You En Chan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Feng Pan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Daomu Zhao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
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14
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He G, Zheng Y, Zhou C, Li S, Shi Z, Deng Y, Zhou ZK. Multiplexed manipulation of orbital angular momentum and wavelength in metasurfaces based on arbitrary complex-amplitude control. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:98. [PMID: 38678015 PMCID: PMC11055872 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Due to its unbounded and orthogonal modes, the orbital angular momentum (OAM) is regarded as a key optical degree of freedom (DoF) for future information processing with ultra-high capacity and speed. Although the manipulation of OAM based on metasurfaces has brought about great achievements in various fields, such manipulation currently remains at single-DoF level, which means the multiplexed manipulation of OAM with other optical DoFs is still lacking, greatly hampering the application of OAM beams and advancement of metasurfaces. In order to overcome this challenge, we propose the idea of multiplexed coherent pixel (MCP) for metasurfaces. This approach enables the manipulation of arbitrary complex-amplitude under incident lights of both plane and OAM waves, on the basis of which we have realized the multiplexed DoF control of OAM and wavelength. As a result, the MCP method expands the types of incident lights which can be simultaneously responded by metasurfaces, enriches the information processing capability of metasurfaces, and creates applications of information encryption and OAM demultiplexer. Our findings not only provide means for the design of high-security and high-capacity metasurfaces, but also raise the control and application level of OAM, offering great potential for multifunctional nanophotonic devices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoli He
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yaqin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Changda Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Siyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhonghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yanhui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhang-Kai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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15
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Li W, Yu Q, Qiu JH, Qi J. Intelligent wireless power transfer via a 2-bit compact reconfigurable transmissive-metasurface-based router. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2807. [PMID: 38561373 PMCID: PMC10984985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46984-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things, numerous devices have been deployed in complex environments for environmental monitoring and information transmission, which brings new power supply challenges. Wireless power transfer is a promising solution since it enables power delivery without cables, providing well-behaved flexibility for power supplies. Here we propose a compact wireless power transfer framework. The core components of the proposed framework include a plane-wave feeder and a transmissive 2-bit reconfigurable metasurface-based beam generator, which constitute a reconfigurable power router. The combined profile of the feeder and the beam generator is 0.8 wavelengths. In collaboration with a deep-learning-driven environment sensor, the router enables object detection and localization, and intelligent wireless power transfer to power-consuming targets, especially in dynamic multitarget environments. Experiments also show that the router is capable of simultaneous wireless power and information transfer. Due to the merits of low cost and compact size, the proposed framework may boost the commercialization of metasurface-based wireless power transfer routers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Li
- Department of Microwave Engineering, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Qiyue Yu
- Department of Communication Engineering, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Hui Qiu
- Department of Microwave Engineering, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaran Qi
- Department of Microwave Engineering, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.
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16
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Lin R, Valuckas V, Do TTH, Nemati A, Kuznetsov AI, Teng J, Ha ST. Schrödinger's Red Beyond 65,000 Pixel-Per-Inch by Multipolar Interaction in Freeform Meta-Atom through Efficient Neural Optimizer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2303929. [PMID: 38093513 PMCID: PMC10987134 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Freeform nanostructures have the potential to support complex resonances and their interactions, which are crucial for achieving desired spectral responses. However, the design optimization of such structures is nontrivial and computationally intensive. Furthermore, the current "black box" design approaches for freeform nanostructures often neglect the underlying physics. Here, a hybrid data-efficient neural optimizer for resonant nanostructures by combining a reinforcement learning algorithm and Powell's local optimization technique is presented. As a case study, silicon nanostructures with a highly-saturated red color are designed and experimentally demonstrated. Specifically, color coordinates of (0.677, 0.304) in the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) chromaticity diagram - close to the ideal Schrödinger's red, with polarization independence, high reflectance (>85%), and a large viewing angle (i.e., up to ± 25°) is achieved. The remarkable performance is attributed to underlying generalized multipolar interferences within each nanostructure rather than the collective array effects. Based on that, pixel size down to ≈400 nm, corresponding to a printing resolution of 65000 pixels per inch is demonstrated. Moreover, the proposed design model requires only ≈300 iterations to effectively search a thirteen-dimensional (13D) design space - an order of magnitude more efficient than the previously reported approaches. The work significantly extends the free-form optical design toolbox for high-performance flat-optical components and metadevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Lin
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08‐03Singapore138634Republic of Singapore
| | - Vytautas Valuckas
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08‐03Singapore138634Republic of Singapore
| | - Thi Thu Ha Do
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08‐03Singapore138634Republic of Singapore
| | - Arash Nemati
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08‐03Singapore138634Republic of Singapore
| | - Arseniy I. Kuznetsov
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08‐03Singapore138634Republic of Singapore
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08‐03Singapore138634Republic of Singapore
| | - Son Tung Ha
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR)Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE)2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08‐03Singapore138634Republic of Singapore
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17
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Liu X, Fu G, Song S, Huang Y, Liu M, Liu G, Liu Z. Tunability-selective lithium niobate light modulators via high-Q resonant metasurface. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1536-1539. [PMID: 38489444 DOI: 10.1364/ol.513631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we propose and demonstrate an efficient light modulator by intercalating the nonlinear thin film into the optical resonator cavities, which introduce the ultra-sharp resonances and simultaneously lead to the spatially overlapped optical field between the nonlinear material and the resonators. Differential field intensity distributions in the geometrical perturbation-assisted optical resonator make the high quality-factor resonant modes and strong field confinement. Multiple channel light modulation is achieved in such layered system, which enables the capability for tunability-selective modulation. The maximal modulation tunability is up to 1.968 nm/V, and the figure of merit (FOM) reaches 65.6 V-1, showing orders of magnitude larger than that of the previous state-of-the-art modulators. The electrical switch voltage is down to 0.015 V, the maximal switching ratio is 833%, and the extinction ratio is also up to 9.70 dB. These features confirm the realization of high-performance modulation and hold potential for applications in switches, communication and information, augmented and virtual reality, etc.
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18
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Barad D, Dash JC, Sarkar D, Srinivasulu P. Dual-band dual-polarized sub-6 GHz phased array antenna with suppressed higher order modes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6139. [PMID: 38480858 PMCID: PMC10937952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This manuscript proposes a dual-band dual-polarized 64-element phased array antenna (PAA) with suppressed higher order modes (HoMs). Each array element is a microstrip patch structure with complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) loading, allowing for simultaneous dual-band and dual-polarization performance at 3.45 GHz and 3.87 GHz. The proposed PAA exhibits impedance matching of ≤ - 20 dB at 3.45 GHz and 3.87 GHz while limiting the mutual coupling below - 19 dB between the adjacent elements at both the operating bands. The proposed design includes a plated through hole placed near the CSRR loading to suppress any higher-order modes (HOMs). Two antenna prototypes, without and with HOMs suppression techniques are fabricated and measured. In addition, we demonstrate the beam steering of the proposed PAA up to ± 60 0 using an off-the-shelf 6-bit phase shifter module. The proposed 64 -element array achieves a gain of 23 dBi, and shows a minimal steering loss of ≃ 3 dB over the steering angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debaprasad Barad
- Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Science(IISc), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560021, India.
| | - Jogesh Chandra Dash
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NIT, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Debdeep Sarkar
- Electrical Communication Engineering, Indian Institute of Science(IISc), Bangalore, Karnataka, 560021, India
| | - P Srinivasulu
- RF and Radar Group, Astra Microwave Private Limited, Hyderabad, Telangana, 501218, India
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19
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Luo M, Zhou Y, Zhao X, Guo Z, Li Y, Wang Q, Liu J, Luo W, Shi Y, Liu AQ, Wu X. High-Sensitivity Optical Sensors Empowered by Quasi-Bound States in the Continuum in a Hybrid Metal-Dielectric Metasurface. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6477-6486. [PMID: 38350867 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Enhancing light-matter interaction is a key requisite in the realm of optical sensors. Bound states in the continuum (BICs), possessing high quality factors (Q factors), have shown great advantages in sensing applications. Recent theories elucidate the ability of BICs with hybrid metal-dielectric architectures to achieve high Q factors and high sensitivities. However, the experimental validation of the sensing performance in such hybrid systems remains equivocal. In this study, we propose two symmetry-protected quasi-BIC modes in a metal-dielectric metasurface. Our results demonstrate that, under the normal incidence of light, the quasi-BIC mode dominated by dielectric can achieve a high Q factor of 412 and a sensing performance with a high bulk sensitivity of 492.7 nm/RIU (refractive index unit) and a figure of merit (FOM) of 266.3 RIU-1, while the quasi-BIC mode dominated by metal exhibits a stronger surface affinity in the biotin-streptavidin bioassay. These findings offer a promising approach for implementing metasurface-based sensors, representing a paradigm for high-sensitivity biosensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Luo
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Zhihe Guo
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Wei Luo
- Institute of Quantum Technologies (IQT), Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yuzhi Shi
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Ai Qun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Institute of Quantum Technologies (IQT), Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures, Department of Optical Science and Engineering, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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20
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Gharbieh S, Milbrandt J, Reig B, Mercier D, Allain M, Clemente A. Design of a binary programmable transmitarray based on phase change material for beam steering applications in D-band. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2966. [PMID: 38316832 PMCID: PMC11303715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper introduces the design of a reconfigurable transmitarray operating within the D-band frequency range (110-170 GHz). The transmitarray unit cell is composed of three metal layers and two quartz dielectric substrates. It achieves a 1-bit phase shift resolution through the alternating states of two innovative switches integrated into the active transmitting patch of the unit cell. To address the challenge of miniaturization in the D-band, compact switches compatible with the proposed unit cell dimensions are introduced. These switches are constructed using phase change materials (PCM) that change between amorphous and crystalline states when exposed to heat. The paper includes a full-wave simulation of the unit cell, demonstrating an insertion loss below 1.5 dB across a wide frequency band of 27%. Additionally, a 10 [Formula: see text] 10 elements transmitarray is synthesized using a numerical tool and its theoretical results are compared to full-wave electromagnetic simulations for validation purposes. The results indicate that by incorporating the proposed switches into the unit cell, the transmitarray achieves promising reconfiguration capabilities within the D-band. Moreover, the paper presents the architecture of a command line designed to bias the PCM switches. Notably, this command line represents a novel approach, as it enables individual biasing of each PCM switch using direct current (DC). The influence of these command lines on the transmitarray's performance is thoroughly investigated. Although there is a compromise in the 1-dB gain bandwidth, the overall behavior of the transmitarray remains encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno Reig
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Denis Mercier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Leti, 38000, Grenoble, France
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21
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Hou Y, Xu Y, Du B, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Electrically tunable dual polarization states of light using lithium niobate-based nanograting. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:470-473. [PMID: 38300032 DOI: 10.1364/ol.511314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Tuning polarization states of light electrically has unique advantages in the integration of optoelectronic devices. Here, a lithium niobate-based nanograting is proposed to dynamically tune the polarization state of both the reflected and transmitted lights simultaneously in the near-infrared range. By judiciously designing the nanograting, a quasi-bound state in the continuum (qBIC) is excited under the excitation of an obliquely incident plane wave. The excited mode with a high quality-factor and enhanced local electric field can respond to a refractive index change in nanograting structures as small as 10-4 level, which can be generated with a low external voltage via the electro-optic effect. As a result, both the polarization states of reflected and transmitted lights can be dynamically tuned from a right circular polarization to a linear polarization state. The proposed lithium niobate-based nanograting for tuning dual polarization states of light with a qBIC mode suggests a promising electrical scheme for achieving high speed optoelectronic devices.
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22
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Jiang RZ, Ma Q, Gu Z, Liang JC, Xiao Q, Cheng Q, Cui TJ. Simultaneously Intelligent Sensing and Beamforming Based on an Adaptive Information Metasurface. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306181. [PMID: 38064159 PMCID: PMC10870054 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Due to its ability to adapt to a variety of electromagnetic (EM) environments, the sensing-enabled metasurface has garnered significant attention. However, large-scale EM-field sensing to obtain more information is still very challenging. Here, an adaptive information metasurface is proposed to enable intelligent sensing and wave manipulating simultaneously or more specifically, to realize intelligent target localization and beam tracking adaptively. The metasurface is composed of an array of meta-atoms, and each is loaded with two PIN diodes and a sensing-channel structure, for polarization-insensitive and programmable beamforming and sensing. By controlling the state of the PIN diode, the proposed meta-atom has 1-bit phase response in the designed frequency band, while the sensing loss keeps higher than -10 dB for both "ON" and "OFF" states. Hence there is nearly no interaction between the beamforming and sensing modes. Experiments are conducted to show multiple functions of the metasurface, including intelligent target sensing and self-adaptive beamforming, and the measured results are in good agreement with the numerical simulations and theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhe Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesInstitute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
- Zhangjiang Laboratory100 Haike Road, PudongShanghai201210China
| | - Qian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesInstitute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Ze Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesInstitute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Jing Cheng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesInstitute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Qiang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesInstitute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesInstitute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter WavesInstitute of Electromagnetic SpaceSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
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23
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Zhou Y, Wang S, Yin J, Wang J, Manshaii F, Xiao X, Zhang T, Bao H, Jiang S, Chen J. Flexible Metasurfaces for Multifunctional Interfaces. ACS NANO 2024; 18:2685-2707. [PMID: 38241491 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces, capable of manipulating the properties of light with a thickness at the subwavelength scale, have been the subject of extensive investigation in recent decades. This research has been mainly driven by their potential to overcome the limitations of traditional, bulky optical devices. However, most existing optical metasurfaces are confined to planar and rigid designs, functions, and technologies, which greatly impede their evolution toward practical applications that often involve complex surfaces. The disconnect between two-dimensional (2D) planar structures and three-dimensional (3D) curved surfaces is becoming increasingly pronounced. In the past two decades, the emergence of flexible electronics has ushered in an emerging era for metasurfaces. This review delves into this cutting-edge field, with a focus on both flexible and conformal design and fabrication techniques. Initially, we reflect on the milestones and trajectories in modern research of optical metasurfaces, complemented by a brief overview of their theoretical underpinnings and primary classifications. We then showcase four advanced applications of optical metasurfaces, emphasizing their promising prospects and relevance in areas such as imaging, biosensing, cloaking, and multifunctionality. Subsequently, we explore three key trends in optical metasurfaces, including mechanically reconfigurable metasurfaces, digitally controlled metasurfaces, and conformal metasurfaces. Finally, we summarize our insights on the ongoing challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Zhou
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Shaolei Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Junyi Yin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Farid Manshaii
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Hong Bao
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Hangzhou Institute of Technology, Xidian University, Hangzhou 311200, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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24
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Zhang C, Chen L, Lin Z, Song J, Wang D, Li M, Koksal O, Wang Z, Spektor G, Carlson D, Lezec HJ, Zhu W, Papp S, Agrawal A. Tantalum pentoxide: a new material platform for high-performance dielectric metasurface optics in the ultraviolet and visible region. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:23. [PMID: 38246925 PMCID: PMC10800353 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Dielectric metasurfaces, composed of planar arrays of subwavelength dielectric structures that collectively mimic the operation of conventional bulk optical elements, have revolutionized the field of optics by their potential in constructing high-efficiency and multi-functional optoelectronic systems on chip. The performance of a dielectric metasurface is largely determined by its constituent material, which is highly desired to have a high refractive index, low optical loss and wide bandgap, and at the same time, be fabrication friendly. Here, we present a new material platform based on tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) for implementing high-performance dielectric metasurface optics over the ultraviolet and visible spectral region. This wide-bandgap dielectric, exhibiting a high refractive index exceeding 2.1 and negligible extinction coefficient across a broad spectrum, can be easily deposited over large areas with good quality using straightforward physical vapor deposition, and patterned into high-aspect-ratio subwavelength nanostructures through commonly-available fluorine-gas-based reactive ion etching. We implement a series of high-efficiency ultraviolet and visible metasurfaces with representative light-field modulation functionalities including polarization-independent high-numerical-aperture lensing, spin-selective hologram projection, and vivid structural color generation, and the devices exhibit operational efficiencies up to 80%. Our work overcomes limitations faced by scalability of commonly-employed metasurface dielectrics and their operation into the visible and ultraviolet spectral range, and provides a novel route towards realization of high-performance, robust and foundry-manufacturable metasurface optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
| | - Lu Chen
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Zhelin Lin
- School of Optical and Electronic Information & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Junyeob Song
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Danyan Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Moxin Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Information & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Okan Koksal
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Zi Wang
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Grisha Spektor
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - David Carlson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Henri J Lezec
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Wenqi Zhu
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Scott Papp
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Amit Agrawal
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
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25
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Murataj I, Angelini A, Cara E, Porro S, Beckhoff B, Kayser Y, Hönicke P, Ciesielski R, Gollwitzer C, Soltwisch V, Perez-Murano F, Fernandez-Regulez M, Carignano S, Boarino L, Castellino M, Ferrarese Lupi F. Hybrid Metrology for Nanostructured Optical Metasurfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:57992-58002. [PMID: 37991460 PMCID: PMC10739581 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have garnered increasing research interest in recent years due to their remarkable advantages, such as efficient miniaturization and novel functionalities compared to traditional optical elements such as lenses and filters. These advantages have facilitated their rapid commercial deployment. Recent advancements in nanofabrication have enabled the reduction of optical metasurface dimensions to the nanometer scale, expanding their capabilities to cover visible wavelengths. However, the pursuit of large-scale manufacturing of metasurfaces with customizable functions presents challenges in controlling the dimensions and composition of the constituent dielectric materials. To address these challenges, the combination of block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly and sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS), offers an alternative for fabrication of high-resolution dielectric nanostructures with tailored composition and optical functionalities. However, the absence of metrological techniques capable of providing precise and reliable characterization of the refractive index of dielectric nanostructures persists. This study introduces a hybrid metrology strategy that integrates complementary synchrotron-based traceable X-ray techniques to achieve comprehensive material characterization for the determination of the refractive index on the nanoscale. To establish correlations between material functionality and their underlying chemical, compositional and dimensional properties, TiO2 nanostructures model systems were fabricated by SIS of BCPs. The results from synchrotron-based analyses were integrated into physical models, serving as a validation scheme for laboratory-scale measurements to determine effective refractive indices of the nanoscale dielectric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irdi Murataj
- Advanced
Materials and Life Science Division, Istituto
Nazionale Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135, Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Angelo Angelini
- Advanced
Materials and Life Science Division, Istituto
Nazionale Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cara
- Advanced
Materials and Life Science Division, Istituto
Nazionale Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Samuele Porro
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Burkhard Beckhoff
- Physikalisch-Technische
Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yves Kayser
- Physikalisch-Technische
Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Hönicke
- Physikalisch-Technische
Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard Ciesielski
- Physikalisch-Technische
Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Gollwitzer
- Physikalisch-Technische
Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Soltwisch
- Physikalisch-Technische
Bundesanstalt (PTB), Abbestraße 2-12, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefano Carignano
- ICCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Carrer Martí i Franquès,
1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luca Boarino
- Advanced
Materials and Life Science Division, Istituto
Nazionale Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Micaela Castellino
- Dipartimento
di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico
di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129, Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Ferrarese Lupi
- Advanced
Materials and Life Science Division, Istituto
Nazionale Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, 10135, Torino, Italy
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26
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Xiong J, Zhang ZH, Li Z, Zheng P, Li J, Zhang X, Gao Z, Wei Z, Zheng G, Wang SP, Liu HC. Perovskite single-pixel detector for dual-color metasurface imaging recognition in complex environment. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:286. [PMID: 38008796 PMCID: PMC10679139 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Highly efficient multi-dimensional data storage and extraction are two primary ends for the design and fabrication of emerging optical materials. Although metasurfaces show great potential in information storage due to their modulation for different degrees of freedom of light, a compact and efficient detector for relevant multi-dimensional data retrieval is still a challenge, especially in complex environments. Here, we demonstrate a multi-dimensional image storage and retrieval process by using a dual-color metasurface and a double-layer integrated perovskite single-pixel detector (DIP-SPD). Benefitting from the photoelectric response characteristics of the FAPbBr2.4I0.6 and FAPbI3 films and their stacked structure, our filter-free DIP-SPD can accurately reconstruct different colorful images stored in a metasurface within a single-round measurement, even in complex environments with scattering media or strong background noise. Our work not only provides a compact, filter-free, and noise-robust detector for colorful image extraction in a metasurface, but also paves the way for color imaging application of perovskite-like bandgap tunable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Xiong
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zhang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Lasers, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Zile Li
- Electronic Information School, and School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peixia Zheng
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Electronic Information School, and School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zihan Gao
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhipeng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of High Power Semiconductor Lasers, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, China
| | - Guoxing Zheng
- Electronic Information School, and School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shuang-Peng Wang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.
| | - Hong-Chao Liu
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China.
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27
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Wen E, Yang X, Sievenpiper DF. Real-data-driven real-time reconfigurable microwave reflective surface. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7736. [PMID: 38007465 PMCID: PMC10676374 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulating the electromagnetic (EM) scattering behavior from an arbitrary surface dynamically on arbitrary design goals is an ultimate ambition for many EM stealth and communication problems, yet it is nearly impossible to accomplish with conventional analysis and optimization techniques. Here we present a reconfigurable conformal metasurface prototype as well as a workflow that enables it to respond to multiple design targets on the reflection pattern with extremely low on-site computing power and time. The metasurface is driven by a sequential tandem neural network which is pre-trained using actual experimental data, avoiding any possible errors that may arise from calculation, simulation, or manufacturing tolerances. This platform empowers the surface to operate accurately in a complex environment including varying incident angle and operating frequency, or even with other scatterers present close to the surface. The proposed data-driven approach requires minimum amount of prior knowledge and human effort yet provides maximized versatility on the reflection control, stepping towards the end form of intelligent tunable EM surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erda Wen
- Department of ECE, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- Department of ECE, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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28
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Li T, Chu Z, Han Y, Yan M, Li Y, Qu S, Wang J, Feng C, Li L. Dispersion-boosting wideband electromagnetic transparency under extreme angles for TE-polarized waves. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:37882-37891. [PMID: 38017908 DOI: 10.1364/oe.488414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Half-wave wall is the most common method of achieving electromagnetic (EM) transparency. Transmission windows can be formed when reflected waves are out of phase. Due to the interference mechanism, these windows are dependent on the frequency and incident angle of EM waves, leading to limited bandwidth, especially under extreme angles. In this letter, we propose to extend the bandwidth of the transmission window under extreme angles by utilizing dispersion. To this end, long metallic wires are embedded into the half-wave wall matrix, without increasing the physical thickness. Due to the plasma-like behavior of metallic wires under TE-polarization, the effective permittivity of the half-wave wall, rather than keeping constant, increases with frequency nonlinearly. Such a dispersion will boost wideband transparency in two aspects. On one hand, an additional transmission window will be generated where the effective permittivity equals that of the air; on the other hand, the 1st- and 2nd-order half-wave windows will be made quite closer. By tailoring the dispersion, the three windows can be merged to enable wideband transparency under extreme incident angles. A proof-of-principle prototype was designed, fabricated, and measured to verify this strategy. Both simulated and measured results show that the prototype can operate in the whole Ku-band under incident angle [70°, 85°] for TE-polarized waves. This work provides an effective method of achieving wideband EM transparency under extreme angles and may find applications in radar, communications, and others.
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29
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Zhang Y, Feng Y, Zhao J. Graphene-Enabled Tunable Phase Gradient Metasurface for Broadband Dispersion Manipulation of Terahertz Wave. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2006. [PMID: 38004863 PMCID: PMC10672863 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing demand for the miniaturization and flexibility of optical devices, graphene-based metasurfaces have emerged as a promising ideal design platform for realizing planar and tunable electromagnetic or optical devices. In this paper, we propose a tunable metasurface with low-dispersion phase gradient characteristics that is composed of an array of double-layer graphene ribbons sandwiched with a thin insulating layer and a polymer substrate layer with a gold ground plane. As two typical proof-of-concept examples, metasurfaces act as a planar prism and a planar lens, respectively, and the corresponding performances of tunable broadband dispersion are demonstrated through full-wave simulation experiments. By changing the Fermi level of each graphene ribbon individually to introduce abrupt phase shifts along the metasurface, the broadband continuous dispersion effect of abnormal reflection and beam focusing is achieved within a terahertz (THz) frequency region from 3.0 THz to 4.0 THz, and the dispersion results can be freely regulated by reconfiguring the sequence of Fermi levels via the bias voltage. The presented graphene metasurface provides an avenue for the dispersion manipulation of a broadband terahertz wave and may have great prospects in the fields of optics, imaging, and wireless communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Zhang
- School of Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing 210023, China;
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Yijun Feng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Junming Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China;
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30
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Li W, Chen B, Hu X, Guo H, Wang S, Wu J, Fan K, Zhang C, Wang H, Jin B, Chen J, Wu P. Modulo-addition operation enables terahertz programmable metasurface for high-resolution two-dimensional beam steering. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi7565. [PMID: 37851805 PMCID: PMC10584335 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Electrically controlled terahertz (THz) beamforming antennas are essential for various applications such as wireless communications, security checks, and radar to improve coverage and information capacity. The emerging programmable metasurface provides a flexible, cost-effective platform for THz beam steering. However, scaling such arrays to achieve high-gain beam steering faces several technical challenges. Here, we propose a pixelated liquid crystal THz metasurface with a crossbar structure, thereby increasing the array scale to more than 3000. The coding pattern on the programmable device is generated by the modulo-addition of the coding sequences on the top and bottom layers. We experimentally demonstrate the programmable liquid crystal metasurface capable of active beam deflection in the upper half-space. This scale-up of programmable devices opens exciting opportunities in pencil beamforming, high-speed information processing, and optical computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Li
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Benwen Chen
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinyu Hu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hangbing Guo
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingbo Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Kebin Fan
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Caihong Zhang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Huabing Wang
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Biaobing Jin
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Peiheng Wu
- Research Institute of Superconductor Electronics (RISE), School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
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31
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Fazal D, Umar Khan Q, Hong IP. Multiband antenna design with enhanced radiations using characteristic mode analysis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17829. [PMID: 37857795 PMCID: PMC10587356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, a multiband patch antenna design based on the superposition of multiple modes at the same resonant frequency is presented. The concept of the contribution of lower order modes (LOMs) with the higher order dominant modes (HODMs) is investigated using characteristic mode analysis (CMA). In order to provide similar broadside radiations in three bands, the radiating capability of the LOMs is enhanced in the resonant frequencies of HODMs. These HODMs when excited alone provide null in the broadside radiations of the antenna. Using a single feed, enhancement in the broadside radiations of the antenna is achieved with the superposition of multiple modes at the same resonant frequency. Based on the proposed concept two antennas have been designed and fabricated. The antenna provides stable and enhanced radiations. simulated and measured results are in good agreement. These antennas find application in many applications including communication systems, base station antennas, 5G communications, satellite communication etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilaawaiz Fazal
- Smart Natural Space Research Center, Kongju National University, Cheonan, 31080, South Korea
| | - Qasim Umar Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ic-Pyo Hong
- Department of Smart Information Technology Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, 31080, South Korea.
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32
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Fayyaz U, Niazi SA, AlJaloud K, Aziz A, Malik WA, Hussain R. Realization of circular polarized multiple band multi-mode OAM antenna using a ring patch for IoT applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17060. [PMID: 37816752 PMCID: PMC10564919 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43836-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A multiband and multi-mode antenna with circular polarized conical patterns is suitable for achieving desired spectral efficiency, increased capacity, and spatial diversity for IoT applications. However, simultaneous excitation of such circular polarized multiple Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) modes through a single patch antenna is challenging due to the complexity of simultaneously fulfilling distinct requirements of each mode. In this paper, a ring patch antenna is designed to excite different OAM states at different frequencies simultaneously. First, characteristic mode analysis is used to analyze the possibility of simultaneous excitation of multiple OAM modes at corresponding frequencies through a simple ring patch antenna. Then, a dual port ring patch antenna is designed and fabricated to verify the capability of generating multiple OAM states at corresponding frequencies. Furthermore, it also presents the guidance to suppress unwanted OAM modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umar Fayyaz
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Shahab Ahmad Niazi
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Khaled AlJaloud
- College of Engineering, Muzahimiyah Branch, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2454, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aziz
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, 63100, Pakistan
| | - Waqar Ahmad Malik
- Department of Avionics Engineering, College of Aeronautical Engineering(CAE), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Risalpur, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Rifaqat Hussain
- Antenna and Electromagnetics Research Group, School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Marry University of London, London, UK
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33
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Deng Z, Li Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Li W, Zhu Z, Guan C, Shi J. Diverse ranking metamaterial inverse design based on contrastive and transfer learning. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:32865-32874. [PMID: 37859079 DOI: 10.1364/oe.502006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials, thoughtfully designed, have demonstrated remarkable success in the manipulation of electromagnetic waves. More recently, deep learning can advance the performance in the field of metamaterial inverse design. However, existing inverse design methods based on deep learning often overlook potential trade-offs of optimal design and outcome diversity. To address this issue, in this work we introduce contrastive learning to implement a simple but effective global ranking inverse design framework. Viewing inverse design as spectrum-guided ranking of the candidate structures, our method creates a resemblance relationship of the optical response and metamaterials, enabling the prediction of diverse structures of metamaterials based on the global ranking. Furthermore, we have combined transfer learning to enrich our framework, not limited in prediction of single metamaterial representation. Our work can offer inverse design evaluation and diverse outcomes. The proposed method may shrink the gap between flexibility and accuracy of on-demand design.
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Chen J, Zong S, Liu X, Liu G, Zhan X, Liu Z. Gradient-assisted metasurface absorber with dual-band chiral switching and quasi-linearly tunable circular dichroism. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:4917-4920. [PMID: 37707936 DOI: 10.1364/ol.500248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Chiral metasurfaces with tunable or switchable circular dichroism (CD) responses hold great potential for advanced optical devices. In this work, we theoretically propose and numerically demonstrate a chiral metasurface absorber composed of periodically serrated Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) resonators. By harnessing strong plasmonic resonance using the gradient geometry, we achieve a strongly enhanced chiral response with a CD value of 0.98 at λ2 = 2359 nm and a CD value of 0.7 at λ1 = 2274 nm. Additionally, by controlling the gradient difference in the serrated GST resonator, we can modify the CD intensity in multiple dimensions and near-perfectly optimize the chiral properties. Furthermore, it is worth noting that the CD value can be strongly varied by adjusting the phase transition characteristics of GST in the range of 0.007 to 0.7 at λ1 and 0.002 to 0.98 at λ2, corresponding to a switch between "on" and "off" states. The findings give new insight into multi-functional chiroptics and hold wide applications.
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Abstract
Metalenses have the potential to revolutionize optical devices into the next generation of consumer devices. Through new inventive strategies, metalenses with advanced functionalities have been released to integrate multiple responses into a single flat device. Here, we design metalenses that are sensitive to the incident spin angular momentum to provide three distinct modes based on the handedness of the incident and transmitted light. Propagation phase is employed to encode a hyperbolic lens phase to the metalens, while geometric phase is exploited for additional spin-selective properties. We experimentally demonstrate two different metalenses: the co-polarized channels function as a standard metalens, while the cross-polarized channels (1) deflect and (2) introduce orbital angular momentum to the transmitted light. We experimentally characterize the metalenses and prove their use for spin-selective imaging of visible light. We envision that such trichannel metalenses could be employed in chiral bioimaging, optical computing, and computer vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhwa Seong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Lan F, Wang L, Zeng H, Liang S, Song T, Liu W, Mazumder P, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Mittleman DM. Real-time programmable metasurface for terahertz multifunctional wave front engineering. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:191. [PMID: 37550383 PMCID: PMC10406829 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01228-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) technologies have become a focus of research in recent years due to their prominent role in envisioned future communication and sensing systems. One of the key challenges facing the field is the need for tools to enable agile engineering of THz wave fronts. Here, we describe a reconfigurable metasurface based on GaN technology with an array-of-subarrays architecture. This subwavelength-spaced array, under the control of a 1-bit digital coding sequence, can switch between an enormous range of possible configurations, providing facile access to nearly arbitrary wave front control for signals near 0.34 THz. We demonstrate wide-angle beam scanning with 1° of angular precision over 70 GHz of bandwidth, as well as the generation of multi-beam and diffuse wave fronts, with a switching speed up to 100 MHz. This device, offering the ability to rapidly reconfigure a propagating wave front for beam-forming or diffusively scattered wide-angle coverage of a scene, will open new realms of possibilities in sensing, imaging, and networking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lan
- Sichuan THz Communication Technology Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313000, China
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Luyang Wang
- Sichuan THz Communication Technology Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Hongxin Zeng
- Sichuan THz Communication Technology Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Shixiong Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Solid-State Microwave Devices and Circuits, Hebei Semiconductor Research Institute, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - Tianyang Song
- Sichuan THz Communication Technology Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Wenxin Liu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100094, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, Beijing, 101408, China
| | - Pinaki Mazumder
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ziqiang Yang
- Sichuan THz Communication Technology Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313000, China
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Sichuan THz Communication Technology Engineering Research Center, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Huzhou, 313000, China.
- Zhangjiang Laboratory, Shanghai, 201204, China.
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Zhao H, Hu S, Zhang H, Wang Z, Dong H, del Hougne P, Cui TJ, Li L. Intelligent indoor metasurface robotics. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwac266. [PMID: 37396141 PMCID: PMC10309179 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intelligent indoor robotics is expected to rapidly gain importance in crucial areas of our modern society such as at-home health care and factories. Yet, existing mobile robots are limited in their ability to perceive and respond to dynamically evolving complex indoor environments because of their inherently limited sensing and computing resources that are, moreover, traded off against their cruise time and payload. To address these formidable challenges, here we propose intelligent indoor metasurface robotics (I2MR), where all sensing and computing are relegated to a centralized robotic brain endowed with microwave perception; and I2MR's limbs (motorized vehicles, airborne drones, etc.) merely execute the wirelessly received instructions from the brain. The key aspect of our concept is the centralized use of a computation-enabled programmable metasurface that can flexibly mold microwave propagation in the indoor wireless environment, including a sensing and localization modality based on configurational diversity and a communication modality to establish a preferential high-capacity wireless link between the I2MR's brain and limbs. The metasurface-enhanced microwave perception is capable of realizing low-latency and high-resolution three-dimensional imaging of humans, even around corners and behind thick concrete walls, which is the basis for action decisions of the I2MR's brain. I2MR is thus endowed with real-time and full-context awareness of its operating indoor environment. We implement, experimentally, a proof-of-principle demonstration at ∼2.4 GHz, in which I2MR provides health-care assistance to a human inhabitant. The presented strategy opens a new avenue for the conception of smart and wirelessly networked indoor robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhuo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hao Dong
- Center on Frontiers of Computing Studies, School of Computer Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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38
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Wang W, Zhang W. Signal processing for RIS-assisted millimeter-wave/terahertz communications. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad168. [PMID: 37389144 PMCID: PMC10306356 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The model-free and learning-based configuration of RIS is a new signal processing paradigm to overcome the challenges of embracing RIS in millimeter wave/Terahertz communications.
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Jakšić Z, Devi S, Jakšić O, Guha K. A Comprehensive Review of Bio-Inspired Optimization Algorithms Including Applications in Microelectronics and Nanophotonics. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:278. [PMID: 37504166 PMCID: PMC10807478 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8030278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of artificial intelligence in everyday life is becoming all-pervasive and unavoidable. Within that vast field, a special place belongs to biomimetic/bio-inspired algorithms for multiparameter optimization, which find their use in a large number of areas. Novel methods and advances are being published at an accelerated pace. Because of that, in spite of the fact that there are a lot of surveys and reviews in the field, they quickly become dated. Thus, it is of importance to keep pace with the current developments. In this review, we first consider a possible classification of bio-inspired multiparameter optimization methods because papers dedicated to that area are relatively scarce and often contradictory. We proceed by describing in some detail some more prominent approaches, as well as those most recently published. Finally, we consider the use of biomimetic algorithms in two related wide fields, namely microelectronics (including circuit design optimization) and nanophotonics (including inverse design of structures such as photonic crystals, nanoplasmonic configurations and metamaterials). We attempted to keep this broad survey self-contained so it can be of use not only to scholars in the related fields, but also to all those interested in the latest developments in this attractive area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoran Jakšić
- Center of Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Swagata Devi
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, B V Raju Institute of Technology Narasapur, Narasapur 502313, India;
| | - Olga Jakšić
- Center of Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Koushik Guha
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Silchar, Silchar 788010, India;
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40
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Farrahi T, Giakos GK. Next-Generation Reconfigurable Nanoantennas and Polarization of Light. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1132. [PMID: 37374717 DOI: 10.3390/mi14061132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed at the design, calibration, and development of a near-infrared (NIR) liquid crystal multifunctional automated optical polarimeter, which is aimed at the study and characterization of the polarimetric properties of polymer optical nanofilms. The characterization of these novel nanophotonic structures has been achieved, in terms of Mueller matrix and Stokes parameter analyses. The nanophotonic structures of this study consisted of (a) a matrix consisting of two different polymer domains, namely polybutadiene (PB) and polystyrene (PS), functionalized with gold nanoparticles; (b) cast and annealed Poly (styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) (PS-PMMA) diblock copolymers; (c) a matrix of a block copolymer (BCP) domain, PS-b-PMMA or Poly (styrene-block-methy methacrylate), functionalized with gold nanoparticles; and (d) different thicknesses of PS-b-P2VP diblock copolymer functionalized with gold nanoparticles. In all cases, backscattered infrared light was studied and related to the polarization figures-of-merit (FOM). The outcome of this study indicates that functionalized polymer nanomaterials, depending upon their structure and composition, exhibit promising optical characteristics, modulating and manipulating the polarimetric properties of light. The fabrication of technologically useful, tunable, conjugated polymer blends with an optimized refractive index, shape, size, spatial orientation, and arrangement would lead to the development of new nanoantennas and metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Farrahi
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Colorado, CO 80302, USA
| | - George K Giakos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Manhattan College, New York, NY 10463, USA
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Thangarasu D, Palaniswamy SK, Thipparaju RR, Alzaidi MS, Kumar S, Elkamchouchi DH. Multifunctional twelve port frequency agile diversity antenna for indoor wireless applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7979. [PMID: 37198290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent resurgence of new-generation reconfigurable technologies delivers a plethora of various applications in all public, private and enterprise solutions over the globe. In this paper, a frequency reconfigurable polarization and pattern diverse Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna is presented for indoor scenarios. The MIMO antenna is comprised of twelve radiating elements, and polarization and pattern diversity is obtained by arranging them in three different planes: Horizontal Plane (HP), Vertical Plane-I (VP-I), and Vertical Plane-II (VP-II). The proposed antenna operates in mode I (wideband) and mode II (multiband), by combining two different radiators using PIN diodes. The antenna dynamically switches between Mode I (wideband) and mode II (multiband). Mode, I cover the ultra-wideband (UWB) range from 2.3 to 12 GHz, while mode II covers GSM (1.85-1.9 GHz), Wi-Fi and LTE-7 (2.419-2.96 GHz), 5G (3.15-3.28 GHz and 3.45-3.57 GHz), public safety WLAN (4.817-4.94 GHz), and WLAN (5.11-5.4 GHz) frequency bands. The peak gain and efficiency of the MIMO antenna are 5.2 dBi and 80%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Thangarasu
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Palaniswamy
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Rama Rao Thipparaju
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
| | - Mohammed S Alzaidi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Dalia H Elkamchouchi
- Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Wang S, Yang Y. Metasurface designed with quantitative field distributions. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:114. [PMID: 37160909 PMCID: PMC10169793 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01155-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A new method for designing metasurfaces has been proposed and demonstrated, which allows for the generation of precise quantitative field distributions. This unique approach involves combining a tandem neural network with an iterative algorithm to optimize the metasurface design, enabling accurate control over the intensity and polarization of the resulting field. This strategy is both efficient and robust and has the potential to accelerate the development of metasurface devices with complex functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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43
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Vosoughitabar S, Wu CTM. Programming nonreciprocity and harmonic beam steering via a digitally space-time-coded metamaterial antenna. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7338. [PMID: 37147398 PMCID: PMC10163271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancement in digital coding metasurfaces incorporating spatial and temporal modulation has enabled simultaneous control of electromagnetic (EM) waves in both space and frequency domains by manipulating incident EM waves in a transmissive or reflective fashion, resulting in time-reversal asymmetry. Here we show in theory and experiment that a digitally space-time-coded metamaterial (MTM) antenna with spatiotemporal modulation at its unit cell level can be regarded as a radiating counterpart of such digital metasurface, which will enable nonreciprocal EM wave transmission and reception via surface-to-leaky-wave transformation and harmonic frequency generation. Operating in the fast wave (radiation) region, the space-time-coded MTM antenna is tailored in a way such that the propagation constant of each programmable unit cell embedded with varactor diodes can toggle between positive and negative phases, which is done through providing digital sequences by using a field-programmable gate array (FPGA). Owing to the time-varying coding sequence, harmonic frequencies are generated with different main beam directions. Furthermore, the space time modulation of the digitally coded MTM antenna allows for nonreciprocal transmission and reception of EM waves by breaking the time-reversal symmetry, which may enable many applications, such as simultaneous transmitting and receiving, unidirectional transmission, radar sensing, and multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) beamformer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Vosoughitabar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA
| | - Chung-Tse Michael Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, USA.
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44
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Asad A, Kim J, Khaliq HS, Mahmood N, Akbar J, Chani MTS, Kim Y, Jeon D, Zubair M, Mehmood MQ, Massoud Y, Rho J. Spin-isolated ultraviolet-visible dynamic meta-holographic displays with liquid crystal modulators. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 8:759-766. [PMID: 37128758 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00555g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wearable displays or head-mounted displays (HMDs) have the ability to create a virtual image in the field of view of one or both eyes. Such displays constitute the main platform for numerous virtual reality (VR)- and augmented reality (AR)-based applications. Meta-holographic displays integrated with AR technology have potential applications in the advertising, media, and healthcare sectors. In the previous decade, dielectric metasurfaces emerged as a suitable choice for designing compact devices for highly efficient displays. However, the small conversion efficiency, narrow bandwidth, and costly fabrication procedures limit the device's functionalities. Here, we proposed a spin-isolated dielectric multi-functional metasurface operating at broadband optical wavelengths with high transmission efficiency in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible (Vis) regimes. The proposed metasurface comprised silicon nitride (Si3N4)-based meta-atoms with high bandgap, i.e., ∼ 5.9 eV, and encoded two holographic phase profiles. Previously, the multiple pieces of holographic information incorporated in the metasurfaces using interleaved and layer stacking techniques resulted in noisy and low-efficiency outputs. A single planar metasurface integrated with a liquid crystal was demonstrated numerically and experimentally in the current work to validate the spin-isolated dynamic UV-Vis holographic information at broadband wavelengths. In our opinion, the proposed metasurface can have promising applications in healthcare, optical security encryption, anti-counterfeiting, and UV-Vis nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqsa Asad
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hafiz Saad Khaliq
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia
| | - Jehan Akbar
- Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
| | | | - Yeseul Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongmin Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Lahore 54600, Pakistan.
| | - Yehia Massoud
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Saudi Arabia
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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45
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Shen Z, Zhao F, Jin C, Wang S, Cao L, Yang Y. Monocular metasurface camera for passive single-shot 4D imaging. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1035. [PMID: 36823191 PMCID: PMC9950364 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36812-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a grand challenge for an imaging system to simultaneously obtain multi-dimensional light field information, such as depth and polarization, of a scene for the accurate perception of the physical world. However, such a task would conventionally require bulky optical components, time-domain multiplexing, and active laser illumination. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a compact monocular camera equipped with a single-layer metalens that can capture a 4D image, including 2D all-in-focus intensity, depth, and polarization of a target scene in a single shot under ambient illumination conditions. The metalens is optimized to have a conjugate pair of polarization-decoupled rotating single-helix point-spread functions that are strongly dependent on the depth of the target object. Combined with a straightforward, physically interpretable image retrieval algorithm, the camera can simultaneously perform high-accuracy depth sensing and high-fidelity polarization imaging over an extended depth of field for both static and dynamic scenes in both indoor and outdoor environments. Such a compact multi-dimensional imaging system could enable new applications in diverse areas ranging from machine vision to microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Shen
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Feng Zhao
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Chunqi Jin
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Shuai Wang
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Liangcai Cao
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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46
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Zhou Z, Ou X, Fang Y, Alkhazraji E, Xu R, Wan Y, Bowers JE. Prospects and applications of on-chip lasers. ELIGHT 2023; 3:1. [PMID: 36618904 PMCID: PMC9810524 DOI: 10.1186/s43593-022-00027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Integrated silicon photonics has sparked a significant ramp-up of investment in both academia and industry as a scalable, power-efficient, and eco-friendly solution. At the heart of this platform is the light source, which in itself, has been the focus of research and development extensively. This paper sheds light and conveys our perspective on the current state-of-the-art in different aspects of application-driven on-chip silicon lasers. We tackle this from two perspectives: device-level and system-wide points of view. In the former, the different routes taken in integrating on-chip lasers are explored from different material systems to the chosen integration methodologies. Then, the discussion focus is shifted towards system-wide applications that show great prospects in incorporating photonic integrated circuits (PIC) with on-chip lasers and active devices, namely, optical communications and interconnects, optical phased array-based LiDAR, sensors for chemical and biological analysis, integrated quantum technologies, and finally, optical computing. By leveraging the myriad inherent attractive features of integrated silicon photonics, this paper aims to inspire further development in incorporating PICs with on-chip lasers in, but not limited to, these applications for substantial performance gains, green solutions, and mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhican Zhou
- Integrated Photonics Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah Province Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiangpeng Ou
- Integrated Photonics Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah Province Saudi Arabia
| | - Yuetong Fang
- Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangdong, China
| | - Emad Alkhazraji
- Integrated Photonics Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah Province Saudi Arabia
| | - Renjing Xu
- Function Hub, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangdong, China
| | - Yating Wan
- Integrated Photonics Lab, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Makkah Province Saudi Arabia
- Institute for Energy Efficiency, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
| | - John E Bowers
- Institute for Energy Efficiency, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106 USA
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47
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Mehmood MQ, Seong J, Naveed MA, Kim J, Zubair M, Riaz K, Massoud Y, Rho J. Single-Cell-Driven Tri-Channel Encryption Meta-Displays. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2203962. [PMID: 36285678 PMCID: PMC9762282 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202203962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Multi-functional metasurfaces have attracted great attention due to the significant possibilities to realize highly integrated and ultra-compact meta-devices. Merging nano-printing and holographic information multiplexing is one of the effective ways to achieve multi-functionality, and such a merger can increase the information encoding capacity. However, the current approaches rely on stacking layers and interleaving, where multiple resonators effectively combine different functionalities on the cost of efficiency, design complexity, and challenging fabrication. To address such challenges, a single meta-nanoresonator-based tri-functional metasurface is proposed by combining the geometric phase-based spin-decoupling and Malus's law intensity modulation. The proposed strategy effectively improves information capacity owing to the orientation degeneracy of spin-decoupling rather than layer stacking or super-cell designs. To validate the proposed strategy, a metasurface demonstrating two helicity-dependent holographic outputs is presented in far-field, whereas a continuous nano-printing image is in near-field. It is also employed on CMOS-compatible and cost-effective hydrogen amorphous silicon providing transparent responses for the whole visible band. As a result, the proposed metasurface has high transmission efficiency in the visible regime and verifies the design strategy without adding extra complexities to conventional nano-pillar geometry. Therefore, the proposed metasurface opens new avenues in multi-functional meta-devices design and has promising applications in anti-counterfeiting, optical storage and displays..
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- MicroNano LabElectrical Engineering DepartmentInformation Technology University (ITU) of the PunjabFerozepur RoadLahore54600Pakistan
| | - Junhwa Seong
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Ashar Naveed
- MicroNano LabElectrical Engineering DepartmentInformation Technology University (ITU) of the PunjabFerozepur RoadLahore54600Pakistan
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- MicroNano LabElectrical Engineering DepartmentInformation Technology University (ITU) of the PunjabFerozepur RoadLahore54600Pakistan
| | - Kashif Riaz
- MicroNano LabElectrical Engineering DepartmentInformation Technology University (ITU) of the PunjabFerozepur RoadLahore54600Pakistan
| | - Yehia Massoud
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955Saudi Arabia
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
- POSCO‐POSTECH‐RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and MetaphotonicsPohang37673Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
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48
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Zhu R, Liu D, Shen L, Zhuang Y, Bi G, Cai T. Huygens' metasurface-based surface plasmon coupler with near-unit efficiency. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5708-5711. [PMID: 37219309 DOI: 10.1364/ol.468696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and their counterparts at low frequency (i.e., spoof SPPs) have been attracting a lot of attention recently due to their potential application for routing information with high speeds and bandwidth. To further develop integrated plasmonics, a high-efficiency surface plasmon coupler is required for full elimination of the intrinsic scattering and reflection when exciting the highly confined plasmonic modes, but a solution to this challenge has remained elusive so far. To take on this challenge, here we propose a feasible spoof SPP coupler based on a transparent Huygens' metasurface, which is able to realize more than 90% efficiency in near- and far-field experiments. To be specific, electrical and magnetic resonators are designed separately on both sides of the metasurface to satisfy the impedance-matching condition everywhere, leading to full conversion of plane wave propagation into surface wave propagation. Moreover, a well-optimized plasmonic metal which is able to support an eigen SPP is designed. This proposed high-efficiency spoof SPP coupler based on a Huygens' metasurface may pave the way for the development of high-performance plasmonic devices.
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49
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Ke JC, Chen X, Tang W, Chen MZ, Zhang L, Wang L, Dai JY, Yang J, Zhang JW, Wu L, Cheng Q, Jin S, Cui TJ. Space-frequency-polarization-division multiplexed wireless communication system using anisotropic space-time-coding digital metasurface. Natl Sci Rev 2022; 9:nwac225. [PMID: 36452428 PMCID: PMC9701098 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwac225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, wireless communications based on digital coding metasurfaces have gained research interest owing to their simplified architectures and low cost. However, in most of the metasurface-based wireless systems, a single-polarization scenario is used, limiting the channel capacities. To solve the problem, multiplexing methods have been adopted, but the system complexity is inevitably increased. Here, a space-frequency-polarization-division multiplexed wireless communication system is proposed using an anisotropic space-time-coding digital metasurface. By separately designing time-varying control voltage sequences for differently oriented varactor diodes integrated on the metasurface, we achieve frequency-polarization-division multiplexed modulations. By further introducing different time-delay gradients to the control voltage sequences in two polarization directions, we successfully obtain space-frequency-polarization-division multiplexed modulations to realize a wireless communication system with a new architecture. The new communication system is designed with compact dual-polarized meta-elements, and can improve channel capacity and space utilization. Experimental results demonstrate the high-performance and real-time transmission capability of the proposed communication system, confirming its potential application in multiple-user collaborative wireless communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Wankai Tang
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Ming Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Jun Yan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Jin Yang
- SoutheastUniversity Wuxi Campus, Wuxi214061, China
| | - Jun Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Lijie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Shi Jin
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing210096,China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, China
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50
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Bibbò L, Carotenuto R, Della Corte F. An Overview of Indoor Localization System for Human Activity Recognition (HAR) in Healthcare. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:8119. [PMID: 36365817 PMCID: PMC9656911 DOI: 10.3390/s22218119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The number of older people needing healthcare is a growing global phenomenon. The assistance in long-term care comprises a complex of medical, nursing, rehabilitation, and social assistance services. The cost is substantial, but technology can help reduce spending by ensuring efficient health services and improving the quality of life. Advances in artificial intelligence, wireless communication systems, and nanotechnology allow the creation of intelligent home care systems avoiding hospitalization with evident cost containment. They are capable of ensuring functions of recognition of activities, monitoring of vital functions, and tracking. However, it is essential to also have information on location in order to be able to promptly intervene in case of unforeseen events or assist people in carrying out activities in order to avoid incorrect behavior. In addition, the automatic detection of physical activities performed by human subjects is identified as human activity recognition (HAR). This work presents an overview of the positioning system as part of an integrated HAR system. Lastly, this study contains each technology's concepts, features, accuracy, advantages, and limitations. With this work, we want to highlight the relationship between HAR and the indoor positioning system (IPS), which is poorly documented in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Bibbò
- Department of Information, Infrastructure and Sustainable Energy Engineering, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, 89060 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Riccardo Carotenuto
- Department of Information, Infrastructure and Sustainable Energy Engineering, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, 89060 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Francesco Della Corte
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy
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