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Souissi C, Marzouki S, Elbini-Dhouib I, Jebali J, Oliveira F, Valenzuela JG, Srairi-Abid N, Kamhawi S, Ben Ahmed M. PpSP32, the Phlebotomus papatasi immunodominant salivary protein, exerts immunomodulatory effects on human monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:1. [PMID: 36593519 PMCID: PMC9806891 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05627-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The saliva of sand flies, vectors of Leishmania parasites, contains several components that exert pharmacological activity facilitating the acquisition of blood by the insect and contributing to the establishment of infection. Previously, we demonstrated that PpSP32 is the immunodominant salivary antigen in humans exposed to Phlebotomus papatasi bites and validated its usefulness as a predictive biomarker of disease. PpSP32, whose functions are little known to date, is an intriguing protein due to its involvement in the etiopathogenesis of pemphigus, an auto-immune disease. Herein, we aimed to better decipher its role through the screening of several immunomodulatory activity either on lymphocytes or on monocytes/macrophages. METHODS Peripheral mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers were stimulated with anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies, phytohemagglutinin, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin, or lipopolysaccharide in the presence of increasing doses of PpSP32. Cell proliferation was measured after the addition of tritiated thymidine. Monocyte activation was tested by analyzing the expression of CD86 and HLA-DR molecules by flow cytometry. Cytokine production was analyzed in culture supernatants by ELISA. THP-1-derived macrophages were stimulated with LPS in the presence of increasing doses of PpSP32, and cytokine production was analyzed in culture supernatants by ELISA and multiplex technique. The effect of PpSP32 on NF-kB signaling was tested by Western blot. The anti-inflammatory activity of PpSP32 was assessed in vivo in an experimental inflammatory model of carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. RESULTS Our data showed that PpSP32 down-modulated the expression of activation markers in LPS-stimulated monocytes and THP1-derived macrophages. This protein negatively modulated the secretion of Th1 and Th2 cytokines by human lymphocytes as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines by monocytes, and THP1-derived macrophages. PpSP32 treatment led to a dose-dependent reduction of IκB phosphorylation. When PpSP32 was injected into the paw of carrageenan-injected rats, edema was significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicates that PpSP32 induces a potent immunomodulatory effect on monocytes and THP-1-derived macrophages. This inhibition could be mediated, among others, by the modulation of the NF-kB signaling pathway. The anti-inflammatory activity of PpSP32 was confirmed in vivo in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Souissi
- grid.418517.e0000 0001 2298 7385Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), LR11IPT02, Pasteur Institute de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Soumaya Marzouki
- grid.418517.e0000 0001 2298 7385Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), LR11IPT02, Pasteur Institute de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ines Elbini-Dhouib
- grid.12574.350000000122959819Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications, LR20IPT01, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jed Jebali
- grid.12574.350000000122959819Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications, LR20IPT01, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Najet Srairi-Abid
- grid.12574.350000000122959819Laboratory of Biomolecules, Venoms and Theranostic Applications, LR20IPT01, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1002 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- grid.94365.3d0000 0001 2297 5165Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD USA
| | - Melika Ben Ahmed
- grid.418517.e0000 0001 2298 7385Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections (LTCII), LR11IPT02, Pasteur Institute de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia ,grid.12574.350000000122959819Faculty of Medicine de Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Underwood J, Harvey C, Lohstroh E, Pierce B, Chambers C, Guzman Valencia S, Oliva Chávez AS. Anaplasma phagocytophilum Transmission Activates Immune Pathways While Repressing Wound Healing in the Skin. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12121965. [PMID: 36556330 PMCID: PMC9781593 DOI: 10.3390/life12121965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA), is an obligate intracellular bacterium transmitted by the bite of black-legged ticks, Ixodes scapularis. The main host cells in vertebrates are neutrophils. However, the first site of entry is in the skin during tick feeding. Given that the initial responses within skin are a crucial determinant of disease outcome in vector-borne diseases, we used a non-biased approach to characterize the transcriptional changes that take place at the bite during I. scapularis feeding and A. phagocytophilum transmission. Experimentally infected ticks were allowed to feed for 3 days on C57BL/6J mice to allow bacterial transmission and establishment. Skin biopsies were taken from the attachment site of uninfected ticks and A. phagocytophilum-infected ticks. Skin without ticks (intact skin) was used as baseline. RNA was isolated and sequenced using next-generation sequencing (NGS). The differentially expressed genes were used to identify over-represented pathways by gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment (PE). Anaplasma phagocytophilum transmission resulted in the activation of interferon signaling and neutrophil chemotaxis pathways in the skin. Interestingly, it also led to the downregulation of genes encoding extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and upregulation of metalloproteinases, suggesting that A. phagocytophilum delays wound healing responses and may increase vascular permeability at the bite site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Underwood
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
- Navy Entomology Center of Excellence, United States Navy, Jacksonville, FL 32212, USA
| | - Cristina Harvey
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Elizabeth Lohstroh
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Branden Pierce
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Cross Chambers
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | | | - Adela S. Oliva Chávez
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-845-1946
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Volpedo G, Pacheco-Fernandez T, Bhattacharya P, Oljuskin T, Dey R, Gannavaram S, Satoskar AR, Nakhasi HL. Determinants of Innate Immunity in Visceral Leishmaniasis and Their Implication in Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:748325. [PMID: 34712235 PMCID: PMC8546207 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is endemic to the tropical and subtropical regions of the world and is transmitted by the bite of an infected sand fly. The multifaceted interactions between Leishmania, the host innate immune cells, and the adaptive immunity determine the severity of pathogenesis and disease development. Leishmania parasites establish a chronic infection by subversion and attenuation of the microbicidal functions of phagocytic innate immune cells such as neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Other innate cells such as inflammatory monocytes, mast cells and NK cells, also contribute to resistance and/or susceptibility to Leishmania infection. In addition to the cytokine/chemokine signals from the innate immune cells, recent studies identified the subtle shifts in the metabolic pathways of the innate cells that activate distinct immune signal cascades. The nexus between metabolic pathways, epigenetic reprogramming and the immune signaling cascades that drive the divergent innate immune responses, remains to be fully understood in Leishmania pathogenesis. Further, development of safe and efficacious vaccines against Leishmaniasis requires a broader understanding of the early interactions between the parasites and innate immune cells. In this review we focus on the current understanding of the specific role of innate immune cells, the metabolomic and epigenetic reprogramming and immune regulation that occurs during visceral leishmaniasis, and the strategies used by the parasite to evade and modulate host immunity. We highlight how such pathways could be exploited in the development of safe and efficacious Leishmania vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Volpedo
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Thalia Pacheco-Fernandez
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Parna Bhattacharya
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Timur Oljuskin
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Ranadhir Dey
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Abhay R Satoskar
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hira L Nakhasi
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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Vojtkova B, Frynta D, Spitzova T, Lestinova T, Votypka J, Volf P, Sadlova J. Repeated Sand Fly Bites of Infected BALB/c Mice Enhance the Development of Leishmania Lesions. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2021.745104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sand fly saliva has considerable immunomodulatory effects on Leishmania infections in mammalian hosts. Studies on several Leishmania – sand fly - host combinations have demonstrated that co-inoculation with Leishmania parasites enhances pathogenicity, while pre-exposure of hosts to sand fly bites provides significant protection against infection. However, the third scenario, the effect of sand fly saliva on parasite development in hosts infected before exposure to sand flies, remains an understudied aspect of Leishmania–host–vector interaction. Here we studied the effect of exposure of L. major-infected BALB/c mice to repeated sand fly bites. Mice infected intradermally with sand fly-derived Leishmania were repeatedly bitten by Phlebotomus duboscqi females every two weeks. The lesion development was recorded weekly for ten weeks post-infection and parasite load and distribution in various organs were tested post mortem using qPCR. Repeated sand fly bites significantly enhanced the development of cutaneous lesions; they developed faster and reached larger size than in unexposed mice. Multiple sand fly bites also increased parasites load in inoculated ears. On the other hand, the distribution of parasites in mice body and their infectiousness to vectors did not differ significantly between groups. Our study provides the first evidence that multiple and repeated exposures of infected BALB/c mice to sand fly bites significantly enhance the progress of local skin infection caused by Leishmania major and increase tissue parasite load, but do not affect the visceralization of parasites. This finding appeals to adequate protection of infected humans from sand fly bites, not only to prevent transmission but also to prevent enlarged lesions.
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Guimaraes-Costa AB, Shannon JP, Waclawiak I, Oliveira J, Meneses C, de Castro W, Wen X, Brzostowski J, Serafim TD, Andersen JF, Hickman HD, Kamhawi S, Valenzuela JG, Oliveira F. A sand fly salivary protein acts as a neutrophil chemoattractant. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3213. [PMID: 34050141 PMCID: PMC8163758 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from bacterial formyl peptides or viral chemokine mimicry, a non-vertebrate or insect protein that directly attracts mammalian innate cells such as neutrophils has not been molecularly characterized. Here, we show that members of sand fly yellow salivary proteins induce in vitro chemotaxis of mouse, canine and human neutrophils in transwell migration or EZ-TAXIScan assays. We demonstrate murine neutrophil recruitment in vivo using flow cytometry and two-photon intravital microscopy in Lysozyme-M-eGFP transgenic mice. We establish that the structure of this ~ 45 kDa neutrophil chemotactic protein does not resemble that of known chemokines. This chemoattractant acts through a G-protein-coupled receptor and is dependent on calcium influx. Of significance, this chemoattractant protein enhances lesion pathology (P < 0.0001) and increases parasite burden (P < 0.001) in mice upon co-injection with Leishmania parasites, underlining the impact of the sand fly salivary yellow proteins on disease outcome. These findings show that some arthropod vector-derived factors, such as this chemotactic salivary protein, activate rather than inhibit the host innate immune response, and that pathogens take advantage of these inflammatory responses to establish in the host. Immune mimicry has been shown in chemokine like moieties from bacteria and viruses. Here, the authors characterise a sand fly salivary protein that induces neutrophil chemotaxis and explore its impact in a model of parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson B Guimaraes-Costa
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.,Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - John P Shannon
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ingrid Waclawiak
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jullyanna Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia das Leishmanioses, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Waldione de Castro
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Xi Wen
- Chemotaxis Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Joseph Brzostowski
- Twinbrook Imaging Facility, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Tiago D Serafim
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - John F Andersen
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Demarta-Gatsi C, Mécheri S. Vector saliva controlled inflammatory response of the host may represent the Achilles heel during pathogen transmission. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200155. [PMID: 34035796 PMCID: PMC8128132 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with vector-borne pathogens starts with the inoculation of these pathogens during blood feeding. In endemic regions, the population is regularly bitten by naive vectors, implicating a permanent stimulation of the immune system by the vector saliva itself (pre-immune context). Comparatively, the number of bites received by exposed individuals from non-infected vectors is much higher than the bites from infected ones. Therefore, vector saliva and the immunological response in the skin may play an important role, so far underestimated, in the establishment of anti-pathogen immunity in endemic areas. Hence, the parasite biology and the disease pathogenesis in “saliva-primed” and “saliva-unprimed” individuals must be different. This integrated view on how the pathogen evolves within the host together with vector salivary components, which are known to be endowed with a variety of pharmacological and immunological properties, must remain the focus of any investigational study dealing with vector-borne diseases. Considering this three-way partnership, the host skin (immune system), the pathogen, and the vector saliva, the approach that consists in the validation of vector saliva as a source of molecular entities with anti-disease vaccine potential has been recently a subject of active and fruitful investigation. As an example, the vaccination with maxadilan, a potent vasodilator peptide extracted from the saliva of the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis, was able to protect against infection with various leishmanial parasites. More interestingly, a universal mosquito saliva vaccine that may potentially protect against a range of mosquito-borne infections including malaria, dengue, Zika, chikungunya and yellow fever. In this review, we highlight the key role played by the immunobiology of vector saliva in shaping the outcome of vector-borne diseases and discuss the value of studying diseases in the light of intimate cross talk among the pathogen, the vector saliva, and the host immune mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Demarta-Gatsi
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France.,INSERM U1201, Paris, France.,Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), Geneva, Switzerland.,Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France
| | - Salah Mécheri
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Interactions Hôte Parasites, Paris, France.,CNRS ERL9195, Paris, France.,INSERM U1201, Paris, France
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Rêgo FD, Soares RP. Lutzomyia longipalpis: an update on this sand fly vector. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200254. [PMID: 33950136 DOI: 10.1590/0001-37652021xxxx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutzomyia longipalpis is the most important vector of Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the New World. It is a permissive vector susceptible to infection with several Leishmania species. One of the advantages that favors the study of this sand fly is the possibility of colonization in the laboratory. For this reason, several researchers around the world use this species as a model for different subjects including biology, insecticides testing, host-parasite interaction, physiology, genetics, proteomics, molecular biology, and saliva among others. In 2003, we published our first review (Soares & Turco 2003) on this vector covering several aspects of Lu. longipalpis. This current review summarizes what has been published between 2003-2020. During this period, modern approaches were incorporated following the development of more advanced and sensitive techniques to assess this sand fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe D Rêgo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30180-104 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pedro Soares
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), Instituto René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, 30180-104 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Pradhan S, Ghosh S, Hussain S, Paul J, Mukherjee B. Linking membrane fluidity with defective antigen presentation in leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2021; 43:e12835. [PMID: 33756007 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hampering-surface presentation of immunogenic peptides by class I/II MHCs is a key strategy opted by several intracellular protozoan pathogens including Leishmania to escape CD8/CD4 mediated host-protective T-cell response. Although Leishmania parasites (LP) primarily hijack/inhibit host lysosomal/proteasomal pathways to hamper antigen-processing/presentation machinery, recent pieces of evidence have linked host-membrane fluidity as a major cause of defective antigen presentation in leishmaniasis. Increased membrane fluidity severely compromised peptide-MHC stability in the lipid raft regions, thereby abrogating T-cell mediated-signalling in the infected host. LP primarily achieves this by quenching host cholesterol, which acts as cementing material in maintaining the membrane fluidity. In this review, we have particularly focused on several strategies opted by LP to hijack-host cholesterol resulting in lipid droplets accumulation around leishmania-containing parasitophorous vacuole favouring intracellular survival of LP. In fact, LP infection can result in altered cholesterol and lipid metabolism in the infected host, thereby favouring the establishment and progression of the infection. From our analysis of two genome-wide transcriptomics data sets of LP infected host, we propose a possible molecular network that connects these interrelated events of altered lipid metabolism with eventual compromised antigen presentation, still existing as a gap in our current understanding of Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Pradhan
- School of Medical Science and Technology, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Souradeepa Ghosh
- School of Medical Science and Technology, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Shahbaj Hussain
- School of Medical Science and Technology, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Joydeep Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
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RÊGO FELIPED, SOARES RODRIGOPEDRO. Lutzomyia longipalpis: an update on this sand fly vector. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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10
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Cytokine saga in visceral leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2020; 147:155322. [PMID: 33127259 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In humans, infection with Leishmania manifests into a spectrum of diseases. The manifestation of the diseases depend on the resultant evasion of the parasite to immune responses namely by macrophages, which is an exclusive host of Leishmania. The B cells valiantly mount antibody responses, however, to no avail as the Leishmania parasites occupy the intracellular niches of the macrophages and subvert the immune response. Extensive studies have been documented on the role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in protection and counter survival strategies of the parasites leading to downregulation of CMI. The present review attempts to discuss the cytokines in progression or resolution of visceral form of leishmaniasis or kala-azar, predominantly affecting the Indian subcontinent. The components/cytokine(s) responsible for the regulation of the critical balance of T helper cells and their subsets have been discussed in the perspective. Therefore, any strategy involving the treatment of visceral leishmania (VL) needs to consider the balance and regulation of T cell function.
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Th1 concomitant immune response mediated by IFN-γ protects against sand fly delivered Leishmania infection: Implications for vaccine design. Cytokine 2020; 147:155247. [PMID: 32873468 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an unresolved global health problem with a high socio-economic impact. Data generated in mouse models has revealed that the Th1 response, with IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 as prominent cytokines, predominantly controls the disease progression. Premised on these findings, all examined vaccine formulations have been aimed at generating a long-lived memory Th1 response. However, all vaccine formulations with the exception of live Leishmania inoculation (leishmanization) have failed to sufficiently protect against sand fly delivered infection. It has been recently unraveled that sand fly dependent factors may compromise pre-existing Th1 memory. Further scrutinizing the immune response after leishmanization has uncovered the prominent role of early (within hours) and robust IFN-γ production (Th1 concomitant immunity) in controlling the sand fly delivered secondary infection. The response is dependent upon parasite persistence and subclinical ongoing primary infection. The immune correlates of concomitant immunity (Resident Memory T cells and Effector T subsets) mitigate the early effects of sand fly delivered infection and help to control the disease. In this review, we have described the early events after sand fly challenge and the role of Th1 concomitant immunity in the protective immune response in leishmanized resistant mouse model, although leishmanization is under debate for human use. Undoubtedly, the lessons we learn from leishmanization must be further implemented in alternative vaccine approaches.
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Jin J, Zhao Q. Emerging role of mTOR in tumor immune contexture: Impact on chemokine-related immune cells migration. Theranostics 2020; 10:6231-6244. [PMID: 32483450 PMCID: PMC7255024 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, cell-based anti-tumor immunotherapy emerged and it has provided us with a large amount of knowledge. Upon chemokines recognition, immune cells undergo rapid trafficking and activation in disease milieu, with immune cells chemotaxis being accompanied by activation of diverse intercellular signal transduction pathways. The outcome of chemokines-mediated immune cells chemotaxis interacts with the cue of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Indeed, the mTOR cascade in immune cells involves migration and infiltration. In this review, we summarize the available mTOR-related chemokines, as well as the characterized upstream regulators and downstream targets in immune cells chemotaxis and assign potential underlying mechanisms in each evaluated chemokine. Specifically, we focus on the involvement of mTOR in chemokine-mediated immune related cells in the balance between tumor immunity and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Qijie Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
- South Sichuan Institute of Translational Medicine, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, PR China
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Parasitic load determination by differential expressions of 5-lipoxygenase and PGE2 synthases in visceral leishmaniasis. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 147:106390. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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14
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Barros MS, Lara PG, Fonseca MT, Moretti EH, Filgueiras LR, Martins JO, Capurro ML, Steiner AA, Sá-Nunes A. Aedes aegypti saliva impairs M1-associated proinflammatory phenotype without promoting or affecting M2 polarization of murine macrophages. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:239. [PMID: 31097013 PMCID: PMC6524299 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3487-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the feeding process, the mouthparts of hematophagous mosquitoes break the skin barrier and probe the host tissue to find the blood. The saliva inoculated in this microenvironment modulates host hemostasis, inflammation and adaptive immune responses. However, the mechanisms involved in these biological activities remain poorly understood and few studies explored the potential roles of mosquito saliva on the individual cellular components of the immune system. Here, we report the immunomodulatory activities of Aedes aegypti salivary cocktail on murine peritoneal macrophages. RESULTS The salivary gland extract (SGE) of Ae. aegypti inhibited the production of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-12, as well as the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and NF-κB by murine macrophages stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-γ (IFN-γ). The spare respiratory capacity, the phagocytic and microbicidal activities of these macrophages were also reduced by Ae. aegypti SGE. These phenotypic changes are consistent with SGE suppressing the proinflammatory program of M1 macrophages. On the other hand, Ae. aegypti SGE did not influence M2-associated markers (urea production, arginase-1 and mannose receptor-1 expression), either in macrophages alternatively activated by IL-4 or in those classically activated by LPS plus IFN-γ. In addition, Ae. aegypti SGE did not display any cytokine-binding activity, nor did it affect macrophage viability, thus excluding supposed experimental artifacts. CONCLUSIONS Given the importance of macrophages in a number of biological processes, our findings help to enlighten how vector saliva modulates vertebrate host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele S Barros
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Priscila G Lara
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Monique T Fonseca
- Laboratory of Sepsis Neurobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo H Moretti
- Laboratory of Sepsis Neurobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Luciano R Filgueiras
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Joilson O Martins
- Laboratory of Immunoendocrinology, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Margareth L Capurro
- Laboratory of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology on Molecular Entomology, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (INCT-EM/CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Steiner
- Laboratory of Sepsis Neurobiology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Anderson Sá-Nunes
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology on Molecular Entomology, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (INCT-EM/CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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15
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Islam A, Emran TB, Yamamoto DS, Iyori M, Amelia F, Yusuf Y, Yamaguchi R, Alam MS, Silveira H, Yoshida S. Anopheline antiplatelet protein from mosquito saliva regulates blood feeding behavior. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3129. [PMID: 30816309 PMCID: PMC6395645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39960-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The saliva of hematophagous arthropods is enriched with a complex mixture of antihemostatic molecules, the biological functions of which are largely unknown. Anopheline antiplatelet protein (AAPP) from malaria vector mosquito exhibits strong antiplatelet activity when bound directly to host collagen by its C-terminus and through its N-terminus with Ca2+-binding activity. To investigate the biological functions of AAPP in blood feeding behavior and malaria transmission, we generated transgenic Anopheles stephensi mosquito lines expressing anti-AAPP antibody single-chain fragment (scFv) in their salivary glands. The AAPP-specific collagen-binding activity was completely abolished by AAPP-scFv complex formation in the saliva. Probing and prediuresis time, feeding success, blood meal size, and fecundity, which are all fitness characteristics, were significantly reduced in the transgenic mosquitoes. However, oocysts number in these mosquitoes were not significantly reduced following blood meal intake from Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. These results show that although AAPP plays an important role in mosquito blood feeding, its neutralizing activity did not affect sporogonic development in our laboratory model, but its high fitness cost would pose a survival risk for parasite-infected mosquitoes in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashekul Islam
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Daisuke S Yamamoto
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, 329-0431, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Iyori
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Fitri Amelia
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yenni Yusuf
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ririka Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Md Shah Alam
- Laboratory of Ecology, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Henrique Silveira
- Laboratory of Vector-borne diseases and Pathogens, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, 1099-085, Portugal
| | - Shigeto Yoshida
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Applied Immunology, Kanazawa University School of Pharmacy, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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16
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Luz NF, DeSouza-Vieira T, De Castro W, Vivarini AC, Pereira L, França RR, Silveira-Mattos PS, Costa DL, Teixeira C, Meneses C, Boaventura VS, de Oliveira CI, Lopes UG, Aronson N, Andrade BB, Brodskyn CI, Valenzuela JG, Kamhawi S, Borges VM. Lutzomyia longipalpis Saliva Induces Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression at Bite Sites. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2779. [PMID: 30546363 PMCID: PMC6279893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sand flies bite mammalian hosts to obtain a blood meal, driving changes in the host inflammatory response that support the establishment of Leishmania infection. This effect is partially attributed to components of sand fly saliva, which are able to recruit and activate leukocytes. Our group has shown that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) favors Leishmania survival in infected cells by reducing inflammatory responses. Here, we show that exposure to sand fly bites is associated with induction of HO-1 in vivo. Histopathological analyses of skin specimens from human volunteers experimentally exposed to sand fly bites revealed that HO-1 and Nrf2 are produced at bite sites in the skin. These results were recapitulated in mice ears injected with a salivary gland sonicate (SGS) or exposed to sand fly bites, indicating that vector saliva may be a key factor in triggering HO-1 expression. Resident skin macrophages were the main source HO-1 at 24–48 h after bites. Additionally, assays in vivo after bites and in vitro after stimulation with saliva both demonstrated that HO-1 production by macrophages was Nrf2-dependent. Collectively, our data demonstrates that vector saliva induces early HO-1 production at the bite sites, representing a major event associated with establishment of naturally-transmitted Leishmania infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivea F Luz
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Thiago DeSouza-Vieira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Waldione De Castro
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Aislan Carvalho Vivarini
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Center of Health Science, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lais Pereira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Riam Rocha França
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Silveira-Mattos
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Diego L Costa
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | | | - Claudio Meneses
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Viviane S Boaventura
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Camila I de Oliveira
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ulisses Gazos Lopes
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Center of Health Science, Carlos Chagas Filho Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Naomi Aronson
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Claudia I Brodskyn
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Valeria M Borges
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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17
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Barbosa LA, Fiuza PP, Borges LJ, Rolim FA, Andrade MB, Luz NF, Quintela-Carvalho G, Lima JB, Almeida RP, Chan FK, Bozza MT, Borges VM, Prates DB. RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL-Associated Necroptosis Drives Leishmania infantum Killing in Neutrophils. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1818. [PMID: 30154785 PMCID: PMC6102393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Necroptosis is a pro-inflammatory cell death, which happens in the context of caspase-8 inhibition, allowing activation of the receptor interacting protein kinase 1-receptor interacting protein kinase 3-mixed lineage kinase domain-like (RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL) axis. Recently, necroptosis has emerged as a key component of resistance against pathogens including infected macrophage by Leishmania infantum, the ethiologic agent of Visceral leishmaniasis (VL). VL is the most severe form of Leishmaniasis, characterized by systemic inflammation and neutropenia. However, the role of neutrophil cell death in VL has not been characterized. Here, we showed that VL patients exhibited increased lactate dehydrogenase levels in the serum, a hallmark of cell death and tissue damage. We investigated the effect of necroptosis in neutrophil infection in vitro. Human neutrophils pretreated with zVAD-fmk (pan-caspase inhibitor) and zIETD-fmk (caspase-8 inhibitor) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) level in response to Leishmania infection, which is associated with necroptotic cell death. MLKL, an important effector molecule downstream of necroptosis pathway, was also required for Leishmania killing. Moreover, in absence of caspases-8, murine neutrophils displayed loss of membrane integrity, higher levels of ROS, and decreased L. infantum viability. Pharmacological inhibition of RIPK1 or RIPK3 increased parasite survival when caspase-8 was blocked. Electron microscopy assays revealed morphological features associated with necroptotic death in L. infantum infected-neutrophils pretreated with caspase inhibitor, whereas infected cells pretreated with RIPK1 and RIPK3 inhibitors did not show ultra-structural alterations in membrane integrity and presented viable Leishmania within parasitophorous vacuoles. Taken together, these findings suggest that inhibition of caspase-8 contributes to elimination of L. infantum in neutrophils by triggering necroptosis. Thus, targeting necroptosis may represent a new strategy to control Leishmania replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nivea F Luz
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Biomarcadores, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Graziele Quintela-Carvalho
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Laboratório de Inflamação e Biomarcadores, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano, Santa Inês, Brazil
| | - Jonilson B Lima
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Oeste da Bahia, Barreiras, Brazil
| | - Roque P Almeida
- Departamento de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Francis K Chan
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Marcelo T Bozza
- Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valeria M Borges
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Laboratório de Inflamação e Biomarcadores, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Deboraci B Prates
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Biomarcadores, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Departamento de Biomorfologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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18
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Breijo M, Esteves E, Bizzarro B, Lara PG, Assis JB, Rocha S, Pastro L, Fernández C, Meikle A, Sá-Nunes A. Hematobin is a novel immunomodulatory protein from the saliva of the horn fly Haematobia irritans that inhibits the inflammatory response in murine macrophages. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:435. [PMID: 30053916 PMCID: PMC6064106 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3017-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The horn fly Haematobia irritans is a blood-sucking ectoparasite responsible for substantial economic loss of livestock. Like other hematophagous arthropods species, the successful blood-feeding of H. irritans is highly dependent on the modulation of the host’s hemostasis and immune system. Here, we evaluated the biological activity of hematobin (HTB), a protein recently identified in the H. irritans saliva, on macrophage biology. The goal was to understand the putative interactions between the components of H. irritans saliva and the early host immune responses. Results Thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the presence or absence of recombinant HTB. The presence of the salivary protein in the cultures inhibited nitric oxide production and decreased the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression induced by LPS plus IFN-γ. The tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-12p40 (IL-12p40) levels were also reduced in the macrophages pre-incubated with HTB; these findings correlated to the decreased NF-κB expression. The biological activities described here were not associated with changes in annexin V binding to macrophages suggesting that HTB does not induce cell death. In addition, the activity of HTB seems to be specific to macrophages because no changes were observed in lymphocyte proliferation or cytokine production. Conclusions We describe here the first bioactive salivary protein of H. irritans. We characterized its ability to modulate macrophage inflammatory response, and the results can help explain how horn flies modulate the host immune system to feed on blood. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3017-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Breijo
- Unidad de Reactivos y Biomodelos de Experimentación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores, 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Eliane Esteves
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Bruna Bizzarro
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Priscila G Lara
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Josiane B Assis
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Sergio Rocha
- Unidad de Reactivos y Biomodelos de Experimentación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Gral. Flores, 2125, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Lucía Pastro
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Moleculares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Iguá, 4225, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Fernández
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Av. Alfredo Navarro, 3051, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ana Meikle
- Laboratorio de Técnicas Nucleares, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Lasplaces, 1550, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Anderson Sá-Nunes
- Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology, National Council of Scientific and Technological Development (INCT-EM/CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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19
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Vallochi AL, Teixeira L, Oliveira KDS, Maya-Monteiro CM, Bozza PT. Lipid Droplet, a Key Player in Host-Parasite Interactions. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1022. [PMID: 29875768 PMCID: PMC5974170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (lipid bodies, LDs) are dynamic organelles that have important roles in regulating lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, cell signaling, membrane trafficking, and inflammation. LD biogenesis, composition, and functions are highly regulated and may vary according to the stimuli, cell type, activation state, and inflammatory environment. Increased cytoplasmic LDs are frequently observed in leukocytes and other cells in a number of infectious diseases. Accumulating evidence reveals LDs participation in fundamental mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions, including cell signaling and immunity. LDs are sources of eicosanoid production, and may participate in different aspects of innate signaling and antigen presentation. In addition, intracellular pathogens evolved mechanisms to subvert host metabolism and may use host LDs, as ways of immune evasion and nutrients source. Here, we review mechanisms of LDs biogenesis and their contributions to the infection progress, and discuss the latest discoveries on mechanisms and pathways involving LDs roles as regulators of the immune response to protozoan infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Lima Vallochi
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Patricia T. Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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20
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Batista LFS, Utsunomiya YT, Silva TBF, Carneiro MM, Paiva JSF, Silva RB, Tomokane TY, Rossi CN, Pacheco AD, Torrecilha RBP, Silveira FT, Marcondes M, Nunes CM, Laurenti MD. Canine leishmaniasis: Genome-wide analysis and antibody response to Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197215. [PMID: 29742167 PMCID: PMC5942812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory properties of sand fly saliva favor the establishment of the Leishmania infantum infection. In contrast, an antibody response against Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva is often associated with a protective cell-mediated response against canine visceral leishmaniasis. Genetic studies may demonstrate to what extent the ability to secrete anti-saliva antibodies depends on genetic or environmental factors. However, the genetic basis of canine antibody response against sand fly saliva has not been assessed. The aim of this study was to identify chromosomal regions associated with the anti-Lu. longipalpis salivary IgG response in 189 dogs resident in endemic areas in order to provide information for prophylactic strategies. Dogs were classified into five groups based on serological and parasitological diagnosis and clinical evaluation. Anti-salivary gland homogenate (SGH) IgG levels were assessed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples and genotyped using a SNP chip with 173,662 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The following linear regression model was fitted: IgG level = mean + origin + sex + age + use of a repellent collar, and the residuals were assumed as pseudo-phenotypes for the association test between phenotypes and genotypes (GWA). A component of variance model that takes into account polygenic and sample structure effects (EMMAX) was employed for GWA. Phenotypic findings indicated that anti-SGH IgG levels remained higher in exposed and subclinically infected dogs than in severely diseased dogs even in regression model residuals. Five associated markers were identified on chromosomes 2, 20 and 31. The mapped genes included CD180 (RP105) and MITF related to the rapid activation of B lymphocytes and differentiation into antibody-secreting plasma cells. The findings pointed to chromosomal segments useful for functional confirmation studies and a search for adjuvant molecules of the anti-saliva response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F. S. Batista
- Departamento de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Escola de Saúde, Universidade Salvador, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Yuri T. Utsunomiya
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaís B. F. Silva
- Laboratório de Patologia de Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Thaíse Y. Tomokane
- Laboratório de Patologia de Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio N. Rossi
- Departmento de Clínica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Acácio D. Pacheco
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafaela B. P. Torrecilha
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Univ Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando T. Silveira
- Deparatmento de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Mary Marcondes
- Departamento de Clínica, Cirurgia e Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cáris M. Nunes
- Departmento de Saúde Animal e Produção, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Univ Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcia D. Laurenti
- Laboratório de Patologia de Doenças Infecciosas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Teixeira CR, Santos CDS, Prates DB, Dos Santos RT, Araújo-Santos T, de Souza-Neto SM, Borges VM, Barral-Netto M, Brodskyn CI. Lutzomyia longipalpis Saliva Drives Interleukin-17-Induced Neutrophil Recruitment Favoring Leishmania infantum Infection. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:881. [PMID: 29867796 PMCID: PMC5953329 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During bloodfeeding, the presence of sand fly saliva in the hemorrhagic pool where Leishmania is also inoculated modulates the development of host immune mechanisms creating a favorable environment for disease progression. To date, information obtained through experimental models suggests that sand fly saliva induces cellular recruitment and modulates production of eicosanoids. However, the effect of sand fly saliva in the different steps of the inflammatory response triggered by Leishmania remains undefined. Here we further investigate if interaction of Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland sonicate (SGS) with different host cells present during the initial inflammatory events regulate Leishmania infantum infectivity. Initially, we observed that incubation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) with Lu. longipalpis SGS in the presence of L. infantum significantly increased IL-10 but did not alter expression of IFN-γ and TNF-α by CD4+ T cells induced by the parasite alone. Interestingly, incubation of PBMC with Lu. longipalpis SGS alone or in the presence of L. infantum resulted in increased IL-17 production. The presence of IL-17 is related to neutrophil recruitment and plays an important role at the site of infection. Here, we also observed increased migration of neutrophil using an in vitro chemotactic assay following incubation with supernatants from PBMC stimulated with L. infantum and Lu. longipalpis SGS. Neutrophil migration was abrogated following neutralization of IL-17 with specific antibodies. Moreover, culture of human neutrophils with L. infantum in the presence of Lu. longipalpis SGS promoted neutrophil apoptosis resulting in increased parasite viability. Neutrophils operate as the first line of defense in the early stages of infection and later interact with different cells, such as macrophages. The crosstalk between neutrophils and macrophages is critical to determine the type of specific immune response that will develop. Here, we observed that co-culture of human macrophages with autologous neutrophils previously infected in the presence of Lu. longipalpis SGS resulted in a higher infection rate, accompanied by increased production of TGF-β and PGE2. Our results provide new insight into the contribution of Lu. longipalpis SGS to L. infantum-induced regulation of important inflammatory events, creating a favorable environment for parasite survival inside different host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Deboraci B Prates
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Departamentos de Biomorfologia e Biointeração, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Théo Araújo-Santos
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Barreiras, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria M Borges
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, iii-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia I Brodskyn
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Departamentos de Biomorfologia e Biointeração, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, iii-INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
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22
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Leishmania proteophosphoglycans regurgitated from infected sand flies accelerate dermal wound repair and exacerbate leishmaniasis via insulin-like growth factor 1-dependent signalling. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006794. [PMID: 29352310 PMCID: PMC5792026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are transmitted to vertebrate hosts by female phlebotomine sand flies as they bloodfeed by lacerating the upper capillaries of the dermis with their barbed mouthparts. In the sand fly midgut secreted proteophosphoglycans from Leishmania form a biological plug known as the promastigote secretory gel (PSG), which blocks the gut and facilitates the regurgitation of infective parasites. The interaction between the wound created by the sand fly bite and PSG is not known. Here we nanoinjected a sand fly egested dose of PSG into BALB/c mouse skin that lead to the differential expression of 7,907 transcripts. These transcripts were transiently up-regulated during the first 6 hours post-wound and enriched for pathways involved in inflammation, cell proliferation, fibrosis, epithelial cell differentiation and wound remodelling. We found that PSG significantly accelerated wound healing in vitro and in mice; which was associated with an early up-regulation of transcripts involved in inflammation (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, TNFα) and inflammatory cell recruitment (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2), followed 6 days later by enhanced expression of transcripts associated with epithelial cell proliferation, fibroplasia and fibrosis (FGFR2, EGF, EGFR, IGF1). Dermal expression of IGF1 was enhanced following an infected sand fly bite and was acutely responsive to the deposition of PSG but not the inoculation of parasites or sand fly saliva. Antibody blockade of IGF1 ablated the gel’s ability to promote wound closure in mouse ears and significantly reduced the virulence of Leishmania mexicana infection delivered by an individual sand fly bite. Dermal macrophages recruited to air-pouches on the backs of mice revealed that IGF1 was pivotal to the PSG’s ability to promote macrophage alternative activation and Leishmania infection. Our data demonstrate that through the regurgitation of PSG Leishmania exploit the wound healing response of the host to the vector bite by promoting the action of IGF1 to drive the alternative activation of macrophages. Female phlebotomine sand flies efficiently transmit Leishmania parasites, yet the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. During transmission, promastigote secretory gel (PSG) regurgitated from the blocked sand fly gut promote Leishmania infection and exacerbates disease. Here we investigate mouse ear-skin response to PSG and find that a significant proportion of up-regulated transcripts are involved in wound healing. Following a wound to skin preconditioned with PSG, key transcripts associated with inflammation and cell recruitment were enhanced by 4 hours and those associated with epithelial cell differentiation, proliferation and fibrosis were enhanced in the late phase of wound healing; including insulin growth factor-1 (IGF1) and its receptor. The presence of PSG significantly accelerated wound closure in vitro and in vivo, and this was directed by the presence of IGF1. IGF1 was essential to both the wound healing and disease-exacerbating properties of PSG, arising from its ability to alternatively activate macrophages. IGF1-blockade efficiently reduced the virulence of Leishmania infection from sand fly bite transmission indicating that it is essential to the function of PSG during natural infection. Our findings open the dual possibility of exploiting PSG, or defined components thereof, as a novel wound healing therapy and provide new targets for anti-leishmanial therapeutic design.
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23
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Quintela-Carvalho G, Luz NF, Celes FS, Zanette DL, Andrade D, Menezes D, Tavares NM, Brodskyn CI, Prates DB, Gonçalves MS, de Oliveira CI, Almeida RP, Bozza MT, Andrade BB, Borges VM. Heme Drives Oxidative Stress-Associated Cell Death in Human Neutrophils Infected with Leishmania infantum. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1620. [PMID: 29218050 PMCID: PMC5703736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Free heme is an inflammatory molecule capable of inducing migration and activation of neutrophils. Here, we examine the heme-driven oxidative stress-associated cell death mechanisms in human neutrophils infected with Leishmania infantum, an etiologic agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). We first performed exploratory analyses in a population of well characterized treatment-naïve VL patients as well as uninfected controls, who were part of previously reported studies. We noted a positive correlation between serum concentrations of heme with heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and lactate deydrogenase, as well as, a negative correlation between heme values and peripheral blood neutrophils counts. Moreover, in vitro infection with L. infantum in the presence of heme enhanced parasite burden in neutrophils, while increasing the production of reactive oxygen species and release of neutrophilic enzymes. Additional experiments demonstrated that treatment of infected neutrophils with ferrous iron (Fe+2), a key component of the heme molecule, resulted in increased parasite survival without affecting neutrophil activation status. Furthermore, stimulation of infected neutrophils with heme triggered substantial increases in HO-1 mRNA expression as well as in superoxide dismutase-1 enzymatic activity. Heme, but not Fe+2, induced oxidative stress-associated cell death. These findings indicate that heme promotes intracellular L. infantum survival via activation of neutrophil function and oxidative stress. This study opens new perspectives for the understanding of immunopathogenic mechanisms involving neutrophils in VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziele Quintela-Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Baiano (IFBaiano), Santa Inês, Brazil
| | - Nívea F Luz
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Fabiana S Celes
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Dalila L Zanette
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Daniela Andrade
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Diego Menezes
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa (ITP), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Natália M Tavares
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Claudia I Brodskyn
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Deboraci B Prates
- Departamento de Biomorfologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Marilda S Gonçalves
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Camila I de Oliveira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Roque P Almeida
- Departamento de Medicina, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Sergipe (UFS), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T Bozza
- Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Salvador, Brazil.,Universidade Salvador (UNIFACS), Laureate Universities, Salvador, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Valeria M Borges
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz (IGM), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil.,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
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24
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Scharfstein J, Ramos PIP, Barral-Netto M. G Protein-Coupled Kinin Receptors and Immunity Against Pathogens. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:29-84. [PMID: 28950949 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For decades, immunologists have considered the complement system as a paradigm of a proteolytic cascade that, acting cooperatively with the immune system, enhances host defense against infectious organisms. In recent years, advances made in thrombosis research disclosed a functional link between activated neutrophils, monocytes, and platelet-driven thrombogenesis. Forging a physical barrier, the fibrin scaffolds generated by synergism between the extrinsic and intrinsic (contact) pathways of coagulation entrap microbes within microvessels, limiting the systemic spread of infection while enhancing the clearance of pathogens by activated leukocytes. Insight from mice models of thrombosis linked fibrin formation via the intrinsic pathway to the autoactivation of factor XII (FXII) by negatively charged "contact" substances, such as platelet-derived polyphosphates and DNA from neutrophil extracellular traps. Following cleavage by FXIIa, activated plasma kallikrein (PK) initiates inflammation by liberating the nonapeptide bradykinin (BK) from an internal domain of high molecular weight kininogen (HK). Acting as a paracrine mediator, BK induces vasodilation and increases microvascular permeability via activation of endothelial B2R, a constitutively expressed subtype of kinin receptor. During infection, neutrophil-driven extravasation of plasma fuels inflammation via extravascular activation of the kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). Whether liberated by plasma-borne PK, tissue kallikrein, and/or microbial-derived proteases, the short-lived kinins activate immature dendritic cells via B2R, thus linking the infection-associated innate immunity/inflammation to the adaptive arm of immunity. As inflammation persists, a GPI-linked carboxypeptidase M removes the C-terminal arginine from the primary kinin, converting the B2R agonist into a high-affinity ligand for B1R, a GPCR subtype that is transcriptionally upregulated in injured/inflamed tissues. As reviewed here, lessons taken from studies of kinin receptor function in experimental infections have shed light on the complex proteolytic circuits that, acting at the endothelial interface, reciprocally couple immunity to the proinflammatory KKS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Scharfstein
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Center of Health Sciences (CCS), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Pablo I P Ramos
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
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25
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Lestinova T, Rohousova I, Sima M, de Oliveira CI, Volf P. Insights into the sand fly saliva: Blood-feeding and immune interactions between sand flies, hosts, and Leishmania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005600. [PMID: 28704370 PMCID: PMC5509103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniases are parasitic diseases present worldwide that are transmitted to the vertebrate host by the bite of an infected sand fly during a blood feeding. Phlebotomine sand flies inoculate into the mammalian host Leishmania parasites embedded in promastigote secretory gel (PSG) with saliva, which is composed of a diverse group of molecules with pharmacological and immunomodulatory properties. Methods and findings In this review, we focus on 3 main aspects of sand fly salivary molecules: (1) structure and composition of salivary glands, including the properties of salivary molecules related to hemostasis and blood feeding, (2) immunomodulatory properties of salivary molecules and the diverse impacts of these molecules on leishmaniasis, ranging from disease exacerbation to vaccine development, and (3) use of salivary molecules for field applications, including monitoring host exposure to sand flies and the risk of Leishmania transmission. Studies showed interesting differences between salivary proteins of Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia species, however, no data were ever published on salivary proteins of Sergentomyia species. Conclusions In the last 15 years, numerous studies have characterized sand fly salivary proteins and, in parallel, have addressed the impact of such molecules on the biology of the host–sand fly–parasite interaction. The results obtained shall pave the way for the development of field-application tools that could contribute to the management of leishmaniasis in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Lestinova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Iva Rohousova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Sima
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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26
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Chaves MM, Canetti C, Coutinho-Silva R. Crosstalk between purinergic receptors and lipid mediators in leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:489. [PMID: 27595742 PMCID: PMC5011846 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1781-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of people around the world caused by organisms of the genus Leishmania. Parasite escape mechanisms of the immune system confer the possibility of resistance and dissemination of the disease. A group of molecules that has become a target for Leishmania survival strategies are lipid mediators. Among them, leukotriene B4 (LTB4) has been described as a pro-inflammatory molecule capable of activating cells of the immune system to combat Leishmania. In an opposite way, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a lipid mediator described as a deactivator of macrophages and neutrophils. The balance of these two molecules can be generated by extracellular nucleotides, such as adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine (Ado), which activate the purinergic receptors system. Herein, we discuss the role of extracellular nucleotides and the resulting balance of LTB4 and PGE2 in Leishmania fate, survival or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M Chaves
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Laboratory of Inflammation, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Translational Research in Health and Environment in the Amazon Region, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Canetti
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Translational Research in Health and Environment in the Amazon Region, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. .,National Institute of Translational Research in Health and Environment in the Amazon Region, Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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27
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Chow SH, Deo P, Naderer T. Macrophage cell death in microbial infections. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:466-74. [PMID: 26833712 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages can respond to microbial infections with programmed cell death. The major cell death pathways of apoptosis, pyroptosis and necroptosis are tightly regulated to ensure adequate immune reactions to virulent and persistent invaders. Macrophage death eliminates the replicative niche of intracellular pathogens and induces immune attack. Not surprisingly, successful pathogens have evolved strategies to modulate macrophage cell death pathways to enable microbial survival and replication. Uncontrolled macrophage death can also lead to tissue damage, which may augment bacterial dissemination and pathology. In this review, we highlight how pathogens hijack macrophage cell death signals to promote microbial survival and immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong H Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Pankaj Deo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Thomas Naderer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and the Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, VIC, Australia
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28
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Falcão SAC, Weinkopff T, Hurrell BP, Celes FS, Curvelo RP, Prates DB, Barral A, Borges VM, Tacchini-Cottier F, de Oliveira CI. Exposure to Leishmania braziliensis triggers neutrophil activation and apoptosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003601. [PMID: 25756874 PMCID: PMC4354905 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophils are the first line of defense against invading pathogens and are rapidly recruited to the sites of Leishmania inoculation. During Leishmania braziliensis infection, depletion of inflammatory cells significantly increases the parasite load whereas co-inoculation of neutrophils plus L. braziliensis had an opposite effect. Moreover, the co-culture of infected macrophages and neutrophils also induced parasite killing leading us to ask how neutrophils alone respond to an L. braziliensis exposure. Herein we focused on understanding the interaction between neutrophils and L. braziliensis, exploring cell activation and apoptotic fate. Methods and Findings Inoculation of serum-opsonized L. braziliensis promastigotes in mice induced neutrophil accumulation in vivo, peaking at 24 h. In vitro, exposure of thyoglycollate-elicited inflammatory or bone marrow neutrophils to L. braziliensis modulated the expression of surface molecules such as CD18 and CD62L, and induced the oxidative burst. Using mCherry-expressing L. braziliensis, we determined that such effects were mainly observed in infected and not in bystander cells. Neutrophil activation following contact with L. braziliensis was also confirmed by the release of TNF-α and neutrophil elastase. Lastly, neutrophils infected with L. braziliensis but not with L. major displayed markers of early apoptosis. Conclusions We show that L. braziliensis induces neutrophil recruitment in vivo and that neutrophils exposed to the parasite in vitro respond through activation and release of inflammatory mediators. This outcome may impact on parasite elimination, particularly at the early stages of infection. Leishmania is the parasite responsible for the disease leishmaniasis, present in all continents. Leishmania parasites are spread through infected sand-flies and, during transmission into the vertebrate host, neutrophils are among the first cells to arrive at the infection site. Since neutrophils are key players at the frontline of defense against invading organisms, we investigated their response to Leishmania braziliensis. Importantly, L. braziliensis causes both Cutaneous and Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis, two clinical manifestations characterized by their chronic development and by the presence of skin lesions with tissue destruction. Upon inoculation of mice with L. braziliensis, neutrophils rapidly arrive at the site of infection. We then observed that culture of mouse neutrophils with L. braziliensis induced the expression of adhesion molecules, production of Reactive Oxygen Species and secretion of elastase and TNF-α, two important inflammatory mediators. Also, infection with L. braziliensis induced neutrophil apoptosis, a cell death mechanism key for regulating inflammation. Our results show that neutrophils respond to presence of the L. braziliensis parasites by becoming activated and undergoing apoptosis. We suggest that this outcome modifies the local environment at the site of parasite inoculation and thus contributes with parasite killing in the infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiffany Weinkopff
- Department of Biochemistry, and WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin P. Hurrell
- Department of Biochemistry, and WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Fabiana S. Celes
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Deboraci B. Prates
- Departamento de Biomorfologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Aldina Barral
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Valeria M. Borges
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Tacchini-Cottier
- Department of Biochemistry, and WHO-Immunology Research and Training Center, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Camila I. de Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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29
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Cantacessi C, Dantas-Torres F, Nolan MJ, Otranto D. The past, present, and future of Leishmania genomics and transcriptomics. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:100-8. [PMID: 25638444 PMCID: PMC4356521 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It has been nearly 10 years since the completion of the first entire genome sequence of a Leishmania parasite. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses have advanced our understanding of the biology of Leishmania, and shed new light on the complex interactions occurring within the parasite-host-vector triangle. Here, we review these advances and examine potential avenues for translation of these discoveries into treatment and control programs. In addition, we argue for a strong need to explore how disease in dogs relates to that in humans, and how an improved understanding in line with the 'One Health' concept may open new avenues for the control of these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz-PE, Brazil; Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Matthew J Nolan
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, UK
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
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30
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Tsetse GmmSRPN10 has anti-complement activity and is important for successful establishment of trypanosome infections in the fly midgut. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e3448. [PMID: 25569180 PMCID: PMC4287558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complement cascade in mammalian blood can damage the alimentary tract of haematophagous arthropods. As such, these animals have evolved their own repertoire of complement-inactivating factors, which are inadvertently exploited by blood-borne pathogens to escape complement lysis. Unlike the bloodstream stages, the procyclic (insect) stage of Trypanosoma brucei is highly susceptible to complement killing, which is puzzling considering that a tsetse takes a bloodmeal every 2–4 days. In this study, we identified four tsetse (Glossina morsitans morsitans) serine protease inhibitors (serpins) from a midgut expressed sequence tag (EST) library (GmmSRPN3, GmmSRPN5, GmmSRPN9 and GmmSRPN10) and investigated their role in modulating the establishment of a T. brucei infection in the midgut. Although not having evolved in a common blood-feeding ancestor, all four serpins have an active site sharing remarkable homology with the human complement C1-inhibitor serpin, SerpinG1. RNAi knockdown of individual GmmSRPN9 and GmmSRPN10 genes resulted in a significant decreased rate of infection by procyclic form T. brucei. Furthermore, recombinant GmmSRPN10 was both able to inhibit the activity of human complement-cascade serine proteases, C1s and Factor D, and to protect the in vitro killing of procyclic trypanosomes when incubated with complement-activated human serum. Thus, the secretion of serpins, which may be part of a bloodmeal complement inactivation system in tsetse, is used by procyclic trypanosomes to evade an influx of fresh trypanolytic complement with each bloodmeal. This highlights another facet of the complicated relationship between T. brucei and its tsetse vector, where the parasite takes advantage of tsetse physiology to further its chances of propagation and transmission. Blood feeding arthropods are exploited by blood borne parasites as vectors of transmission. Trypanosoma brucei, a salivarian trypanosome species, must survive, migrate and differentiate in the tsetse until they become mature, mammalian-infective forms within the fly salivary glands. This constitutes a significant challenge to trypanosomes as the major parasite form colonising the tsetse midgut is sensitive to lysis by blood complement, which is introduced into the tsetse gut whenever the fly feeds. In this study, we show that T. brucei may avoid being eliminated by bloodmeal complement by benefitting from a complement-inhibiting enzyme secreted by the fly itself. We showed that this serine protease inhibitor (serpin) enzyme, Serpin10, can inactivate triggers of the complement cascade, protect tsetse-infective trypanosomes from complement lysis, and is important for trypanosome establishment in the tsetse midgut. Taken together, we propose that GmmSRPN10 may be part of a repertoire of complement-inhibiting proteins secreted by tsetse that are utilized by T. brucei to evade complement lysis in the tsetse midgut.
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Araújo-Santos T, Prates DB, França-Costa J, Luz NF, Andrade BB, Miranda JC, Brodskyn CI, Barral A, Bozza PT, Borges VM. Prostaglandin E2/leukotriene B4 balance induced by Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva favors Leishmania infantum infection. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:601. [PMID: 25526785 PMCID: PMC4282730 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0601-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eicosanoids and sand fly saliva have a critical role in the Leishmania infection. Here, we evaluated the effect of Lutzomyia longipalpis salivary gland sonicate (SGS) on neutrophil and monocyte recruitment and activation of eicosanoid production in a murine model of inflammation. Methods C57BL/6 mice were inoculated intraperitonealy with Lutzomyia longipalpis SGS or Leishmania infantum or both, followed by analyses of cell recruitment, parasite load and eicosanoid production. Results Intraperitoneal injection of Lutzomyia longipalpis SGS together with Leishmania infantum induced an early increased parasite viability in monocytes and neutrophils. L. longipalpis SGS increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), but reduced leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production ex vivo in peritoneal leukocytes. In addition, the pharmacological inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) with NS-398 decreased parasite viability inside macrophages during Leishmania infection in the presence of L. longipalpis SGS arguing that PGE2 production is associated with diminished parasite killing. Conclusions These findings indicate that L. longipalpis SGS is a critical factor driving immune evasion of Leishmania through modulation of PGE2/LTB4 axis, which may represent an important mechanism on establishment of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Araújo-Santos
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Present address: Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Western Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil.
| | - Deboraci Brito Prates
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Departamento de Biomorfologia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40110-100, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline França-Costa
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Nívea F Luz
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 20893, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - José Carlos Miranda
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil.
| | - Claudia I Brodskyn
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, iii-INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Aldina Barral
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, iii-INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Valéria Matos Borges
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, BA, Brazil. .,Institute for Investigation in Immunology, iii-INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil.
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Beschin A, Van Den Abbeele J, De Baetselier P, Pays E. African trypanosome control in the insect vector and mammalian host. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:538-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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The role of inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and regulatory cytokines in patients infected with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Amazonas State, Brazil. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:481750. [PMID: 25295285 PMCID: PMC4177821 DOI: 10.1155/2014/481750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors discuss in this paper the role of inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and regulatory cytokines in patients infected with different species of Leishmania in Amazonas State, Brazil. A comparative analysis was made of serum concentrations of these cytokines in the peripheral blood of 33 patients infected with cutaneous leishmaniasis. The isolates were identified as Leishmania guyanensis, L. naiffi, and L. amazonensis. Most (64%) of the patients were male ranging in age from 18 to 58 years. Protein expression profiles of IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 cytokines were shown to vary significantly between infected and noninfected (control group) individuals and according to the Leishmania species. Infection caused by L. guyanensis accounted for 73% of the cases and patients with this parasite also showed higher concentrations of IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 when compared to infection by L. amazonensis. Patients with infection caused by L. naiffi showed higher concentration of the cytokines analyzed when compared to uninfected patients; however, there was no statistically significant difference with the other species analyzed.
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Abdeladhim M, Kamhawi S, Valenzuela JG. What's behind a sand fly bite? The profound effect of sand fly saliva on host hemostasis, inflammation and immunity. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 28:691-703. [PMID: 25117872 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sand flies are blood-feeding insects and vectors of the Leishmania parasite. For many years, saliva of these insects has represented a gold mine for the discovery of molecules with anti-hemostatic and immuno-modulatory activities. Furthermore, proteins in sand fly saliva have been shown to be a potential vaccine against leishmaniasis and also markers of vector exposure. A bottleneck to progress in these areas of research has been the identification of molecules responsible for the observed activities and properties of saliva. Over the past decade, rapid advances in transcriptomics and proteomics resulted in the completion of a number of sialomes (salivary gland transcriptomes) and the expression of several recombinant salivary proteins from different species of sand fly vectors. This review will provide readers with a comprehensive update of recent advances in the characterization of these salivary molecules and their biological activities and offer insights pertaining to their protective effect against leishmaniasis and their potential as markers of vector exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Abdeladhim
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, United States
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, United States.
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, United States.
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Araújo-Santos T, Rodríguez NE, Moura-Pontes S, Dixt UG, Abánades DR, Bozza PT, Wilson ME, Borges VM. Role of prostaglandin F2α production in lipid bodies from Leishmania infantum chagasi: insights on virulence. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1951-61. [PMID: 24850789 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid bodies (LB; lipid droplets) are cytoplasmic organelles involved in lipid metabolism. Mammalian LBs display an important role in host-pathogen interactions, but the role of parasite LBs in biosynthesis of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) has not been investigated. We report herein that LBs increased in abundance during development of Leishmania infantum chagasi to a virulent metacyclic stage, as did the expression of PGF2α synthase (PGFS). The amount of parasite LBs and PGF2α were modulated by exogenous arachidonic acid. During macrophage infection, LBs were restricted to parasites inside the parasitophorous vacuoles (PV). We detected PGF2α receptor (FP) on the Leishmania PV surface. The blockage of FP with AL8810, a selective antagonist, hampered Leishmania infection, whereas the irreversible inhibition of cyclooxygenase with aspirin increased the parasite burden. These data demonstrate novel functions for parasite-derived LBs and PGF2α in the cellular metabolism of Leishmania and its evasion of the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Araújo-Santos
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil University of Iowa and the Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa
| | | | - Sara Moura-Pontes
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel R Abánades
- Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mary E Wilson
- University of Iowa and the Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa
| | - Valéria Matos Borges
- Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ) Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil Institute for Investigation in Immunology, iii-INCT (National Institute of Science and Technology), São Paulo, Brazil
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Bernard Q, Jaulhac B, Boulanger N. Smuggling across the Border: How Arthropod-Borne Pathogens Evade and Exploit the Host Defense System of the Skin. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1211-1219. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Chagas AC, Oliveira F, Debrabant A, Valenzuela JG, Ribeiro JMC, Calvo E. Lundep, a sand fly salivary endonuclease increases Leishmania parasite survival in neutrophils and inhibits XIIa contact activation in human plasma. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003923. [PMID: 24516388 PMCID: PMC3916414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the host's first line of defense against infections, and their extracellular traps (NET) were recently shown to kill Leishmania parasites. Here we report a NET-destroying molecule (Lundep) from the salivary glands of Lutzomyia longipalpis. Previous analysis of the sialotranscriptome of Lu. longipalpis showed the potential presence of an endonuclease. Indeed, not only was the cloned cDNA (Lundep) shown to encode a highly active ss- and dsDNAse, but also the same activity was demonstrated to be secreted by salivary glands of female Lu. longipalpis. Lundep hydrolyzes both ss- and dsDNA with little sequence specificity with a calculated DNase activity of 300000 Kunitz units per mg of protein. Disruption of PMA (phorbol 12 myristate 13 acetate)- or parasite-induced NETs by treatment with recombinant Lundep or salivary gland homogenates increases parasite survival in neutrophils. Furthermore, co-injection of recombinant Lundep with metacyclic promastigotes significantly exacerbates Leishmania infection in mice when compared with PBS alone or inactive (mutagenized) Lundep. We hypothesize that Lundep helps the parasite to establish an infection by allowing it to escape from the leishmanicidal activity of NETs early after inoculation. Lundep may also assist blood meal intake by lowering the local viscosity caused by the release of host DNA and as an anticoagulant by inhibiting the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Salivary components from disease vectors help the arthropod to acquire blood. Here we show that an arthropod vector salivary enzyme affects the innate immune system of the host—mainly the destruction of neutrophil traps—allowing the Leishmania parasite to evade the host immune response and to cause an infection. This work highlights the relevance of vector salivary components in parasite transmission and further suggests the inclusion of these proteins as components for an anti-Leishmania vaccine. Importantly, because salivary proteins are always present at the site of natural transmission, this work further encourages the testing of vaccine candidates using the natural route of transmission—the bites of an arthropod vector—instead of current practices based solely on needle injection of parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrezza C. Chagas
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alain Debrabant
- Laboratory of Emerging Pathogens, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - José M. C. Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Oliveira F, de Carvalho AM, de Oliveira CI. Sand-fly saliva-leishmania-man: the trigger trio. Front Immunol 2013; 4:375. [PMID: 24312093 PMCID: PMC3832839 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are worldwide diseases transmitted to the vertebrate host by the bite of an infected sand-fly. Sand-fly biting and parasite inoculation are accompanied by the injection of salivary molecules, whose immunomodulatory properties are actively being studied. This mini review focuses on how the interactions between sand-fly saliva and the immune system may shape the outcome of infection, given its immunomodulatory properties, in experimental models and in the endemic area. Additionally, we approach the recent contributions regarding the identification of individual salivary components and how these are currently being considered as additional components of a vaccine against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Rockville, MD , USA
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Santos DM, Carneiro MW, de Moura TR, Soto M, Luz NF, Prates DB, Irache JM, Brodskyn C, Barral A, Barral-Netto M, Espuelas S, Borges VM, de Oliveira CI. PLGA nanoparticles loaded with KMP-11 stimulate innate immunity and induce the killing of Leishmania. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:985-95. [PMID: 23603355 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We recently demonstrated that immunization with polyester poly(lactide-co-glycolide acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles loaded with the 11-kDa Leishmania vaccine candidate kinetoplastid membrane protein 11 (KMP-11) significantly reduced parasite load in vivo. Presently, we explored the ability of the recombinant PLGA nanoparticles to stimulate innate responses in macrophages and the outcome of infection with Leishmania braziliensis in vitro. Incubation of macrophages with KMP-11-loaded PLGA nanoparticles significantly decreased parasite load. In parallel, we observed the augmented production of nitric oxide, superoxide, TNF-α and IL-6. An increased release of CCL2/MCP-1 and CXCL1/KC was also observed, resulting in macrophage and neutrophil recruitment in vitro. Lastly, the incubation of macrophages with KMP-11-loaded PLGA nanoparticles triggered the activation of caspase-1 and the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18, suggesting inflammasome participation. Inhibition of caspase-1 significantly increased the parasite load. We conclude that KMP-11-loaded PLGA nanoparticles promote the killing of intracellular Leishmania parasites through the induction of potent innate responses. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this novel study, KMP-11-loaded PLGA nanoparticles are demonstrated to promote the killing of intracellular Leishmania parasites through enhanced innate immune responses by multiple mechanisms. Future clinical applications would have a major effect on our efforts to address parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M Santos
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Gomes R, Oliveira F. The immune response to sand fly salivary proteins and its influence on leishmania immunity. Front Immunol 2012; 3:110. [PMID: 22593758 PMCID: PMC3349933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease transmitted by bites of phlebotomine sand flies. During Leishmania transmission, sand fly saliva is co-inoculated with parasites into the skin of the mammalian host. Sand fly saliva consists of roughly thirty different salivary proteins, many with known roles linked to blood feeding facilitation. Apart from the anti-hemostatic capacity of saliva, several sand fly salivary proteins have been shown to be immunogenic. Immunization with a single salivary protein or exposure to uninfected bites was shown to result in a protective immune response against leishmaniasis. Antibodies to saliva were not required for this protection. A strong body of evidence points to the role for saliva-specific T cells producing IFN-γ in the form of a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction at the bite site as the main protective response. Herein, we review the immunity to sand fly salivary proteins in the context of its vector-parasite-host combinations and their vaccine potential, as well as some recent advances to shed light on the mechanism of how an immune response to sand fly saliva protects against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regis Gomes
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease Rockville, MD, USA
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Ribeiro-Gomes FL, Sacks D. The influence of early neutrophil-Leishmania interactions on the host immune response to infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:59. [PMID: 22919650 PMCID: PMC3417510 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the first cells recruited to the dermal site of Leishmania infection following injection by needle or sand fly bite. The role of neutrophils in either promoting or suppressing host immunity remains controversial. We discuss the events driving neutrophil recruitment, their interaction with the parasite and apoptotic fate, and the nature of their encounters with other innate cells. We suggest that the influence of the neutrophil response on infection outcome critically depends on the timing of their recruitment and the tissue environment in which it occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia L Ribeiro-Gomes
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA
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New Insights on the Inflammatory Role of Lutzomyia longipalpis Saliva in Leishmaniasis. J Parasitol Res 2012; 2012:643029. [PMID: 22506098 PMCID: PMC3306990 DOI: 10.1155/2012/643029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When an haematophagous sand fly vector insect bites a vertebrate host, it introduces its mouthparts into the skin and lacerates blood vessels, forming a hemorrhagic pool which constitutes an intricate environment of cell interactions. In this scenario, the initial performance of host, parasite, and vector “authors” will heavily influence the course of Leishmania infection. Recent advances in vector-parasite-host interaction have elucidated “co-authors” and “new roles” not yet described. We review here the stimulatory role of Lutzomyia longipalpis saliva leading to inflammation and try to connect them in an early context of Leishmania infection.
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