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Bülow S, Ederer KU, Holzinger JM, Zeller L, Werner M, Toelge M, Pfab C, Hirsch S, Göpferich F, Hiergeist A, Berberich-Siebelt F, Gessner A. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein instructs dendritic cells to elicit Th22 cell response. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113929. [PMID: 38457343 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-derived bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is known for its bactericidal activity against gram-negative bacteria and neutralization of lipopolysaccharide. Here, we define BPI as a potent activator of murine dendritic cells (DCs). As shown in GM-CSF-cultured, bone-marrow-derived cells (BMDCs), BPI induces a distinct stimulation profile including IL-2, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor expression. Conventional DCs also respond to BPI, while M-CSF-cultivated or peritoneal lavage macrophages do not. Subsequent to BPI stimulation of BMDCs, CD4+ T cells predominantly secrete IL-22 and, when naive, preferentially differentiate into T helper 22 (Th22) cells. Congruent with the tissue-protective properties of IL-22 and along with impaired IL-22 induction, disease severity is significantly increased during dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in BPI-deficient mice. Importantly, physiological diversification of intestinal microbiota fosters BPI-dependent IL-22 induction in CD4+ T cells derived from mesenteric lymph nodes. In conclusion, BPI is a potent activator of DCs and consecutive Th22 cell differentiation with substantial relevance in intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid Bülow
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Katharina U Ederer
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jonas M Holzinger
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Zeller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Maren Werner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martina Toelge
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Pfab
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Hirsch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Göpferich
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiergeist
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - André Gessner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene Regensburg, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Gerlach RG, Wittmann I, Heinrich L, Pinkenburg O, Meyer T, Elpers L, Schmidt C, Hensel M, Schnare M. Subversion of a family of antimicrobial proteins by Salmonella enterica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1375887. [PMID: 38505286 PMCID: PMC10948614 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1375887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a food-borne pathogen able to cause a wide spectrum of diseases ranging from mild gastroenteritis to systemic infections. During almost all stages of the infection process Salmonella is likely to be exposed to a wide variety of host-derived antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). AMPs are important components of the innate immune response which integrate within the bacterial membrane, thus forming pores which lead ultimately to bacterial killing. In contrast to other AMPs Bactericidal/Permeability-increasing Protein (BPI) displayed only weak bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects towards Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium (STM) cultures. Surprisingly, we found that sub-antimicrobial concentrations of BPI fold-containing (BPIF) superfamily members mediated adhesion of STM depending on pre-formed type 1 fimbriae. BPIF proteins directly bind to type 1 fimbriae through mannose-containing oligosaccharide modifications. Fimbriae decorated with BPIF proteins exhibit extended binding specificity, allowing for bacterial adhesion on a greater variety of abiotic and biotic surfaces likely promoting host colonization. Further, fimbriae significantly contributed to the resistance against BPI, probably through sequestration of the AMP before membrane interaction. In conclusion, functional subversion of innate immune proteins of the BPIF family through binding to fimbriae promotes Salmonella virulence by survival of host defense and promotion of host colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman G. Gerlach
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Irene Wittmann
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-University (FAU) Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Olaf Pinkenburg
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Torben Meyer
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Laura Elpers
- Division of Microbiology and CellNanOs – Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, School of Biology/Chemistry, University Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | | | - Michael Hensel
- Division of Microbiology and CellNanOs – Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück, School of Biology/Chemistry, University Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Markus Schnare
- Institute for Immunology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Tian L, Yu Y, Mao Z, Xu D, Zhang H, Qiao M, Chen T, Liu W. Genes and Pathways Underpinning Klinefelter Syndrome at Bulk and Single-Cell Levels. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10689-6. [PMID: 38374521 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10689-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is the most frequent genetic anomaly in infertile men. Given its unclear mechanism, we aim to investigate critical genes and pathways in the pathogenesis of KS based on three bulk and one single-cell transcriptome data sets from Gene Expression Omnibus. We merged two data sets (GSE42331 and GSE47584) with human KS whole blood samples. When comparing the control and KS samples, five hub genes, including defensin alpha 4 (DEFA4), bactericidal permeability increasing protein (BPI), myeloperoxidase (MPO), intelectin 1 (ITLN1), and Xg Glycoprotein (XG), were identified. Besides, infiltrated degree of certain immune cells such as CD56bright NK cell were positively associated with the expression of ITLN1 and XG. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis identified upregulated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway in KS. Gene set enrichment analysis followed by gene set variation analysis confirmed the upregulation of G2M checkpoint and heme metabolism in KS. Thereafter, the GSE200680 data set was used for external validation of the expression variation of hub genes from healthy to KS testicular samples, and each hub gene yielded excellent discriminatory capability for KS without exception. At the single-cell level, the GSE136353 data set was utilized to evaluate intercellular communication between different cell types in KS patient, and strong correlations were detected between macrophages/ dendritic cells/ NK cells and the other cell types. Collectively, we provided hub genes, pathways, immune cell infiltration degree, and cell-cell communication in KS, warranting novel insights into the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Tian
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yu
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqing Mao
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Xu
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengkai Qiao
- Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, 210003, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wen Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250001, Shandong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Reproductive Health, Jinan, China.
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Contini C, Serrao S, Manconi B, Olianas A, Iavarone F, Guadalupi G, Messana I, Castagnola M, Masullo C, Bizzarro A, Turck CW, Maccarrone G, Cabras T. Characterization of Cystatin B Interactome in Saliva from Healthy Elderly and Alzheimer’s Disease Patients. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030748. [PMID: 36983903 PMCID: PMC10054399 DOI: 10.3390/life13030748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystatin B is a small, multifunctional protein involved in the regulation of inflammation, innate immune response, and neuronal protection and found highly abundant in the brains of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recently, our study demonstrated a significant association between the level of salivary cystatin B and AD. Since the protein is able to establish protein-protein interaction (PPI) in different contexts and aggregation-prone proteins and the PPI networks are relevant for AD pathogenesis, and due to the relevance of finding new AD markers in peripheral biofluids, we thought it was interesting to study the possible involvement of cystatin B in PPIs in saliva and to evaluate differences and similarities between AD and age-matched elderly healthy controls (HC). For this purpose, we applied a co-immunoprecipitation procedure and a bottom-up proteomics analysis to purify, identify, and quantify cystatin B interactors. Results demonstrated for the first time the existence of a salivary cystatin B-linked multi-protein complex composed by 82 interactors and largely expressed in the body. Interactors are involved in neutrophil activation, antimicrobial activity, modulation of the cytoskeleton and extra-cellular matrix (ECM), and glucose metabolism. Preliminary quantitative data showed significantly lower levels of triosophosphate isomerase 1 and higher levels of mucin 7, BPI, and matrix Gla protein in AD with respect to HC, suggesting implications associated with AD of altered glucose metabolism, antibacterial activities, and calcification-associated processes. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD039286 and PXD030679.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Contini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simone Serrao
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Barbara Manconi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Alessandra Olianas
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Policlinico Universitario “A. Gemelli” Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Guadalupi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Proteomics Laboratory, European Center for Brain Research, (IRCCS) Santa Lucia Foundation, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Masullo
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology Section, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Christoph W. Turck
- Proteomics and Biomarkers, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Giuseppina Maccarrone
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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Ederer KU, Holzinger JM, Maier KT, Zeller L, Werner M, Toelge M, Gessner A, Bülow S. A Polymorphism of Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Affects Its Neutralization Efficiency towards Lipopolysaccharide. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031324. [PMID: 35163248 PMCID: PMC8836039 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative sepsis driven by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has detrimental outcomes, especially in neonates. The neutrophil-derived bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) potently neutralizes LPS. Interestingly, polymorphism of the BPI gene at position 645 (rs4358188) corresponds to a favorable survival rate of these patients in the presence of at least one allele 645 A as opposed to 645 G. When we exploited the existing X-ray crystal structure, the corresponding amino acid at position 216 was revealed as surface exposed and proximal to the lipid-binding pocket in the N-terminal domain of BPI. Our further analysis predicted a shift in surface electrostatics by a positively charged lysine (BPI216K) exchanging a negatively charged glutamic acid (BPI216E). To investigate differences in interaction with LPS, we expressed both BPI variants recombinantly. The amino acid exchange neither affected affinity towards LPS nor altered bactericidal activity. However, when stimulating human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, BPI216K exhibited a superior LPS-neutralizing capacity (IC50 12.0 ± 2.5 pM) as compared to BPI216E (IC50 152.9 ± 113.4 pM, p = 0.0081) in respect to IL-6 secretion. In conclusion, we provide a functional correlate to a favorable outcome of sepsis in the presence of BPI216K.
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Theprungsirikul J, Skopelja-Gardner S, Burns AS, Wierzbicki RM, Rigby WFC. Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Preeminently Mediates Clearance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa In Vivo via CD18-Dependent Phagocytosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:659523. [PMID: 33981306 PMCID: PMC8107240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.659523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection mysteriously occurs in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), bronchiectasis (BE), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the absence of neutrophil dysfunction or neutropenia and is strongly associated with autoimmunity to bactericidal permeability-increasing protein (BPI). Here, we define a critical role for BPI in in vivo immunity against P. aeruginosa. Wild type and BPI-deficient (Bpi-/-) mice were infected with P. aeruginosa, and bacterial clearance, cell infiltrates, cytokine production, and in vivo phagocytosis were quantified. Bpi-/- mice exhibited a decreased ability to clear P. aeruginosa in vivo in concert with increased neutrophil counts and cytokine release. Bpi-/- neutrophils displayed decreased phagocytosis that was corrected by exogenous BPI in vitro. Exogenous BPI also enhanced clearance of P. aeruginosa in Bpi-/- mice in vivo by increasing P. aeruginosa uptake by neutrophils in a CD18-dependent manner. These data indicate that BPI plays an essential role in innate immunity against P. aeruginosa through its opsonic activity and suggest that perturbations in BPI levels or function may contribute to chronic lung infection with P. aeruginosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jomkuan Theprungsirikul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Sladjana Skopelja-Gardner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Ashley S. Burns
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Rachel M. Wierzbicki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - William F. C. Rigby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States
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Kong Q, Lv Z, Kang Y, An Y, Liu Z, Zhang J. Bactericidal Permeability Increasing Protein Deficiency Aggravates Acute Colitis in Mice by Increasing the Serum Levels of Lipopolysaccharide. Front Immunol 2021; 11:614169. [PMID: 33552078 PMCID: PMC7858664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.614169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to understand the role of bactericidal permeability increasing protein (BPI) in the pathogenesis of experimental murine colitis. Methods We used the Cre-LoxP system to generate BPI knockout (BPI KO) mice. Acute colitis was induced in BPI KO mice and wild-type (WT) mice by subjecting the mice to 5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Mice were observed for symptoms of experimental colitis. The survival of BPI KO mice to infection with Acinetobacter baumannii, a gram-negative bacterium, was also assessed. Results Southern blot, RT-PCR, and western blot results showed that the 2nd and 3rd exons of the murine Bpi gene were knocked out systemically, confirming successful construction of the BPI KO mouse. BPI KO mice subjected to DSS showed increased symptoms of experimental colitis, increased colonic mucosal damage, increased epithelial permeability, elevated levels of serum LPS, and a disrupted fecal microbiome as compared with WT mice. Furthermore, BPI KO mice challenged intraperitoneally with A. baumannii died sooner than WT mice, and the total number of bacteria in the abdominal cavity, spleen, and liver was increased in BPI KO mice as compared to WT mice. Conclusions We successfully generated BPI KO mice. The BPI KO mice developed worse colitis than WT mice by increased colitis symptoms and colonic mucosal damage, elevated levels of serum LPS, and a disrupted microbiome. BPI could be a potential target for treatment of ulcerative colitis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingli Kong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Lv
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Kang
- Department of Research and Development, NVSI National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yunqing An
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlong Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, CAMS Key Laboratory for T cell and Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Beijing, China
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8
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Arnhold J. The Dual Role of Myeloperoxidase in Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8057. [PMID: 33137905 PMCID: PMC7663354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The heme protein myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a major constituent of neutrophils. As a key mediator of the innate immune system, neutrophils are rapidly recruited to inflammatory sites, where they recognize, phagocytose, and inactivate foreign microorganisms. In the newly formed phagosomes, MPO is involved in the creation and maintenance of an alkaline milieu, which is optimal in combatting microbes. Myeloperoxidase is also a key component in neutrophil extracellular traps. These helpful properties are contrasted by the release of MPO and other neutrophil constituents from necrotic cells or as a result of frustrated phagocytosis. Although MPO is inactivated by the plasma protein ceruloplasmin, it can interact with negatively charged components of serum and the extracellular matrix. In cardiovascular diseases and many other disease scenarios, active MPO and MPO-modified targets are present in atherosclerotic lesions and other disease-specific locations. This implies an involvement of neutrophils, MPO, and other neutrophil products in pathogenesis mechanisms. This review critically reflects on the beneficial and harmful functions of MPO against the background of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, 04 107 Leipzig, Germany
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9
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Fingerhut L, Dolz G, de Buhr N. What Is the Evolutionary Fingerprint in Neutrophil Granulocytes? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4523. [PMID: 32630520 PMCID: PMC7350212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years of evolution, thousands of different animal species have evolved. All these species require an immune system to defend themselves against invading pathogens. Nevertheless, the immune systems of different species are obviously counteracting against the same pathogen with different efficiency. Therefore, the question arises if the process that was leading to the clades of vertebrates in the animal kingdom-namely mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and fish-was also leading to different functions of immune cells. One cell type of the innate immune system that is transmigrating as first line of defense in infected tissue and counteracts against pathogens is the neutrophil granulocyte. During the host-pathogen interaction they can undergo phagocytosis, apoptosis, degranulation, and form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In this review, we summarize a wide spectrum of information about neutrophils in humans and animals, with a focus on vertebrates. Special attention is kept on the development, morphology, composition, and functions of these cells, but also on dysfunctions and options for cell culture or storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Fingerhut
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
- Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gaby Dolz
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional, Heredia 40104, Costa Rica;
| | - Nicole de Buhr
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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Prochazkova P, Roubalova R, Dvorak J, Navarro Pacheco NI, Bilej M. Pattern recognition receptors in annelids. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:103493. [PMID: 31499098 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The existence of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on immune cells was discussed in 1989 by Charles Janeway, Jr., who proposed a general concept of the ability of PRRs to recognize and bind conserved molecular structures of microorganisms known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Upon PAMP engagement, PRRs trigger intracellular signaling cascades resulting in the expression of various proinflammatory molecules. These recognition molecules represent an important and efficient innate immunity tool of all organisms. As invertebrates lack the instruments of the adaptive immune system, based on "true" lymphocytes and functional antibodies, the importance of PRRs are even more fundamental. In the present review, the structure, specificity, and expression profiles of PRRs characterized in annelids are discussed, and their role in innate defense is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - R Roubalova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Dvorak
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - N I Navarro Pacheco
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Bilej
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v. v. i., Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Male infertility has become a very serious problem in the human reproduction system, but the molecular mechanism of infertility remains largely unknown.
Fertilization is the phenomenon in which a sperm and oocyte find each other, interact, and fuse. Sperm-oocyte fusion-related factors on the sperm side play
crucial roles in male infertility. For example, IZUMO1 is well-known as a sperm protein essential for fusion of a sperm and oocyte, but its dysfunction or
mutation can result in male infertility. Recent studies showed a novel sperm protein named Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), which takes part
in the sperm-oocyte fusion process. The complexity and expected redundancy of the factors involved makes the process intricate, with a still poorly understood
mechanism, which is difficult to comprehend in full detail. This review summarizes the known molecules involved in the process of sperm-oocyte fusion, mainly
focusing on the relevant factors on the sperm side, whose dysregulation may potentially be associated with male infertility. New insights may come from these
molecules in this review, can facilitate the development of new treatments of male infertility, and may have a diagnostic value in infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Mou
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center, Institute of Translational Medicine, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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12
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Balakrishnan A, DasSarma P, Bhattacharjee O, Kim JM, DasSarma S, Chakravortty D. Halobacterial nano vesicles displaying murine bactericidal permeability-increasing protein rescue mice from lethal endotoxic shock. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33679. [PMID: 27646594 PMCID: PMC5028748 DOI: 10.1038/srep33679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) had been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and endotoxin neutralizing activity by interacting with LPS of Gram-negative bacteria. The current study examines the feasibility of using murine BPI (mBPI) expressed on halophilic Archaeal gas vesicle nanoparticles (GVNPs) for the treatment of endotoxemia in high-risk patients, using a murine model of D-galactosamine-induced endotoxic shock. Halobacterium sp. NRC-1was used to express the N-terminal 199 amino acid residues of mBPI fused to the GVNP GvpC protein, and bound to the surface of the haloarchaeal GVNPs. Our results indicate that delivery of mBPIN-GVNPs increase the survival rate of mice challenged with lethal concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and D-galactosamine. Additionally, the mBPIN-GVNP-treated mice displayed reduced symptoms of inflammation, including inflammatory anemia, recruitment of neutrophils, liver apoptosis as well as increased pro-inflammatory serum cytokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Balakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Priya DasSarma
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Jong Myoung Kim
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shiladitya DasSarma
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dipshikha Chakravortty
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Center for Biosystem Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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13
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Lv Z, Fan Y, Xu Q, Kong Q, Li C, Liu Z, Wang W, An Y. Long-term anti-endotoxin/E. coli efficacy in mice transfected with AAV2/1-muBPI25 -muFcγ1. APMIS 2016; 124:888-95. [PMID: 27501062 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bactericidal/permeability increasing (BPI) is an antibiotic protein which kills Gram-negative bacteria and neutralizes endotoxin. We have previously developed a recombinant adeno-associated virus which contains human BPI amino acid residues 1-199 and Fc fragment of human IgG1 gene (AAV-hBPI-Fc) and shown that the recombinant virus can protect mice from lethal endotoxemia. However, whether AAV-hBPI-Fc can be used in vivo for the long term remains unclear. To address this, we established an adeno-associated virus-containing mouse BPI and Fc fragment genes (muBPI-Fc) and compared antigenicity of these recombinant proteins in murine models. Immunohistochemistry showed the expression of both fusion proteins at injected sites. ELISA and Western blotting showed that the muBPI-Fc protein was detected in serum up to 8 weeks after injection, without generation of autoantibodies against muBPI-Fc. In contrast, expressed hBPI-Fc protein was only detected on the 2nd week, whereas the autoantibody against hBPI-Fc protein occurred in serum from the 4th week to the end of study. muBPI-Fc also reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines and protected mice from endotoxemia and bacteremia. Our data showed that AAV-muBPI-Fc has potential long-term efficacy as an anti-endotoxin and has anti-bacterial activity in mice, suggesting the potential clinical application of AAV-hBPI-Fc, such as in endotoxin shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Lv
- The Department of Immunology and The Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqiang Fan
- The Department of Immunology and The Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Xu
- The Department of Immunology and The Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingli Kong
- The Department of Immunology and The Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Li
- The Department of Immunology and The Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenlong Liu
- The Department of Immunology and The Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Department of Immunology and The Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yunqing An
- The Department of Immunology and The Research Centre of Microbiome, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Baron OL, Deleury E, Reichhart JM, Coustau C. The LBP/BPI multigenic family in invertebrates: Evolutionary history and evidences of specialization in mollusks. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 57:20-30. [PMID: 26608112 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
LBPs (lipopolysaccharide binding proteins) and BPIs (bactericidal permeability increasing proteins) are important proteins involved in defense against bacterial pathogens. We recently discovered a novel biocidal activity of a LBP/BPI from the gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata and demonstrated its role in parental immune protection of eggs, highlighting the importance of LBP/BPIs in invertebrate immunity. Here we characterize four additional LBP/BPI from B. glabrata, presenting conserved sequence architecture and exon-intron structure. Searches of invertebrate genomes revealed that existence of LBP/BPIs is not a conserved feature since they are absent from phyla such as arthropods and platyhelminths. Analyses of LBP/BPI transcripts from selected mollusk species showed recent parallel duplications in some species, including B. glabrata. In this snail species, LBP/BPI members vary in their expression tissue localization as well as their change in expression levels after immune challenges (Gram-negative bacterium; Gram-positive bacterium or yeast). These results, together with the predicted protein features provide evidences of functional specialization of LBP/BPI family members in molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lucia Baron
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 Route des Chappes, 06 900 Sophia Antipolis, France; Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UPR9022 CNRS, 15 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
| | - Emeline Deleury
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 Route des Chappes, 06 900 Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Reichhart
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UPR9022 CNRS, 15 rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
| | - Christine Coustau
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 400 Route des Chappes, 06 900 Sophia Antipolis, France.
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Škanta F, Procházková P, Roubalová R, Dvořák J, Bilej M. LBP/BPI homologue in Eisenia andrei earthworms. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:1-6. [PMID: 26297397 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
LBP/BPIs are pattern recognition receptors that are often present in vertebrates and in invertebrates, and they play a defense role against pathogens. We have identified 1698 bp cDNA sequence from the Eisenia andrei earthworm with predicted amino acid sequence that shares homology with the LBP/BPI family (EaLBP/BPI). Sequence analysis of EaLBP/BPI proved the existence of two conserved domains with the potential ability to bind LPS. The predicted molecular mass of the EaLBP/BPI protein is 53.5 kDa, and its high basicity (pI 9.8) is caused by its high arginine content. Constitutive transcription of the Ealbp/bpi gene was shown in all tested tissues, with the highest level in coelomocytes and seminal vesicles; the lowest level was detected in the intestine. On the contrary, another earthworm LPS-binding molecule CCF (coelomic cytolytic factor) was expressed only in the intestine and coelomocytes. In E. andrei coelomocytes, the transcription of Ealbp/bpi gene was up-regulated in response to bacterial stimulation, reaching a maximum at 8 and 16 h post stimulation with Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- František Škanta
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Procházková
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, 142 20, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Roubalová
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Dvořák
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bilej
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague 4, 142 20, Czech Republic
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16
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Zhou ZP, Xia XY, Guo QS, Xu C. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein originates in both the testis and the epididymis and localizes in mouse spermatozoa. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:309-13. [PMID: 24457839 PMCID: PMC3955346 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is an endogenous antibiotic protein with activity against gram-negative bacteria. In the present study, we examined the expression of BPI in postnatal mouse testes and epididymides as well as the subcellular localization within epididymal spermatozoa. Our results showed that, BPI mRNA was expressed in testis and epididymis independently. Throughout the epididymis, the BPI protein level gradually decreased in the epididymal epithelium in a spatial manner, specialized within the cytoplasm of clear cells in the cauda part. We detected BPI proteins in intact acrosome, implying its testicular origin; on the other hand, after the acrosome reaction, BPI proteins were observed dispersed across the entire sperm head, especially enriched at the equatorial segment. Our findings suggested a dual origin of the BPI that generated both in the testis and epididymis, and associated with mouse spermatozoa. BPI protein might be involved in the dynamics modification of the sperm plasma membrane and also the fertilization process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chen Xu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai, China
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17
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Redgrove KA, McLaughlin EA. The Role of the Immune Response in Chlamydia trachomatis Infection of the Male Genital Tract: A Double-Edged Sword. Front Immunol 2014; 5:534. [PMID: 25386180 PMCID: PMC4209867 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the world, with more than 100 million cases reported annually. While there have been extensive studies into the adverse effects that CT infection has on the female genital tract, and on the subsequent ability of these women to conceive, studies into the consequences on male fertility have been limited and controversial. This is in part due to the asymptomatic nature of the infection, where it is estimated that 50% of men with Chlamydia fail to show any symptoms. It is accepted, however, that acute and/or persistent CT infection is the causative agent for conditions such as urethritis, epididymitis, epididymo-orchitis, and potentially prostatitis. As with most infections, the immune system plays a fundamental role in the body’s attempts to eradicate the infection. The first and most important immune response to Chlamydia infection is a local one, whereby immune cells such as leukocytes are recruited to the site of infections, and subsequently secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as interferon gamma. Immune cells also work to initiate and potentiate chronic inflammation through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the release of molecules with degradative properties including defensins, elastase, collagenase, cathespins, and lysozyme. This long-term inflammation can lead to cell proliferation (a possible precursor to cancer), tissue remodeling, and scarring, as well as being linked to the onset of autoimmune responses in genetically disposed individuals. This review will focus on the ability of the immune system to recognize and clear acute and persistent chlamydial infections in the male genital tract, and on the paradoxical damage that chronic inflammation resulting from the infection can cause on the reproductive health of the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Redgrove
- Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Biology and Chemical Biology, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia ; School of Environmental and Life Science, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia
| | - Eileen A McLaughlin
- Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Biology and Chemical Biology, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia ; School of Environmental and Life Science, University of Newcastle , Callaghan, NSW , Australia
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18
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Li K, Liu Y, Xia X, Wang L, Lu M, Hu Y, Xu C. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein in the reproductive system of male mice may be involved in the sperm-oocyte fusion. Reproduction 2013; 146:135-44. [PMID: 23740083 DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is a 455-residue (∼55 kDa) protein found mainly in the primary (azurophilic) granules of human neutrophils. BPI is an endogenous antibiotic protein that belongs to the family of mammalian lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding and lipid transport proteins. Its major function is to kill Gram-negative bacteria, thereby protecting the host from infection. In addition, BPI can inhibit angiogenesis, suppress LPS-mediated platelet activation, increase DNA synthesis, and activate ERK/Akt signaling. In this study, we found that Bpi was expressed in the testis and epididymis but not in the seminal vesicles, prostate, and solidification glands. BPI expression in the epididymis increased upon upregulation of testosterone, caused by injection of GNRH. In orchidectomized mice, BPI expression was significantly reduced, but its expression was restored to 30% of control levels in orchidectomized mice that received supplementary testosterone. The number of sperm fused per egg significantly decreased after incubation with anti-BPI antiserum. These results suggest that BPI may take part in the process of sperm-oocyte fusion and play a unique and significant role in reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 280 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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Li D, Liu Y, Yang Y, Chen JH, Yang J, Zou LY, Tian ZQ, Lv J, Xia PY. Looped host defense peptide CLP-19 binds to microtubules and inhibits surface expression of TLR4 on mouse macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6083-92. [PMID: 23667111 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The looped host defense peptide CLP-19 is derived from a highly functional core region of the Limulus anti-LPS factor and exerts robust anti-LPS activity by directly interacting with LPS in the extracellular space. We previously showed that prophylactic administration of CLP-19 even 20 h prior to LPS challenge might significantly increase the survival rate in a lethal endotoxin shock mouse model. Such an effect may be associated with immune regulation of CLP-19. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, peptide affinity chromatography, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting procedures were used to identify α- and β-tubulin as direct and specific binding partners of CLP-19 in the mouse macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Bioinformatic analysis using the AutoDock Vina molecular docking and PyMOL molecular graphics system predicted that CLP-19 would bind to the functional residues of both α- and β-tubulin and would be located within the groove of microtubules. Tubulin polymerization assay revealed that CLP-19 might induce polymerization of microtubules and prevent depolymerization. The immunoregulatory effect of CLP-19 involving microtubules was investigated by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting, which showed that CLP-19 prophylactic treatment of RAW 264.7 cells significantly inhibited LPS-induced surface expression of TLR4. Taken together, these results suggest that CLP-19 binding to microtubules disrupts the dynamic equilibrium of microtubules, reducing the efficacy of microtubule-dependent vesicular transport that would otherwise translocate TLR4 from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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20
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The bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) in the innate defence of the lower airways. Biochem Soc Trans 2011; 39:1045-50. [PMID: 21787345 DOI: 10.1042/bst0391045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human BPI (bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein), stored in primary azurophilic granula of neutrophil granulocytes and produced by mucosal epithelia, has been known for decades to bind LPS (lipopolysaccharide) with very high affinity and to efficiently kill Gram-negative bacteria. Thus BPI potentially represents a central component of the innate immune system to directly combat microbes and modulate subsequent adaptive immune responses. Especially in the lungs, which are frequently exposed to a variety of inhaled pathogens, antimicrobial innate defence molecules such as BPI, are of exceptional relevance. In the present review, we highlight possible functions of BPI during acute pneumonia and CF (cystic fibrosis)-associated chronic infections in the lung.
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Chiang SC, Veldhuizen EJ, Barnes FA, Craven CJ, Haagsman HP, Bingle CD. Identification and characterisation of the BPI/LBP/PLUNC-like gene repertoire in chickens reveals the absence of a LBP gene. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:285-95. [PMID: 20959152 PMCID: PMC3253384 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Palate, lung and nasal epithelial clone (PLUNC) proteins are structural homologues to the innate defence molecules LPS-binding protein (LBP) and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI). PLUNCs make up the largest portion of the wider BPI/LBP/PLUNC-like protein family and are amongst the most rapidly evolving mammalian genes. In this study we systematically identified and characterised BPI/LBP/PLUNC-like protein-encoding genes in the chicken genome. We identified eleven complete genes (and a pseudogene). Five of them are clustered on a >50 kb locus on chromosome 20, immediately adjacent to BPI. In addition to BPI, we have identified presumptive orthologues LPLUNCs 2, 3, 4 and 6, and BPIL-2. We find no evidence for the existence of single domain containing proteins in birds. Strikingly our analysis also suggests that there is no LBP orthologue in chicken. This observation may in part account for the relative resistance to LPS toxicity observed in birds. Our results indicate significant differences between the avian and mammalian repertoires of BPI/LBP/PLUNC-like genes at the genomic and transcriptional levels and provide a framework for further functional analyses of this gene family in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chieh Chiang
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Edwin J.A. Veldhuizen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.165, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frances A. Barnes
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - C. Jeremy Craven
- Krebs Institute for Biomolecular Research, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Henk P. Haagsman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.165, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Colin D. Bingle
- Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
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Detection of Avian Beta-defensins mRNA and Proteins in Male Reproductive Organs in Chicken. J Poult Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.011042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Canny G, Levy O. Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) and BPI homologs at mucosal sites. Trends Immunol 2009; 29:541-7. [PMID: 18838299 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2008.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Revised: 07/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
At mucosal surfaces, we must co-exist with a high density of diverse microorganisms; therefore, protection against these occurs on multiple levels. Leukocyte- and epithelial derived-antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) comprise an essential component of immune defense. These molecules possess antibacterial, antifungal and signalling properties and probably contribute to defence and maintenance of homeostasis between the host and commensal microorganisms. Among these AMPs is bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), an antimicrobial protein with potent endotoxin-neutralising activity, and several homologs. This review explores the roles of BPI and and its homologs at the mucosal interface. Congeners of BPI are under biopharmaceutical development as novel anti-infective agents, highlighting the potential therapeutic relevance of this protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Canny
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Medical Genetics, Central University Hospital of Vaud (CHUV), 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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24
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Nagaosa K, Nakashima C, Kishimoto A, Nakanishi Y. Immune response to bacteria in seminiferous epithelium. Reproduction 2009; 137:879-88. [PMID: 19225044 DOI: 10.1530/rep-08-0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The luminal part of the seminiferous epithelium, a tissue compartment protected by the blood-testis barrier, has been considered a site of immune privilege. However, there are reports describing the production of anti-microbial peptides and the expression of Toll-like receptors in cells present in the seminiferous epithelium, evoking the possibility that this tissue compartment is immunologically active at least with regard to the innate immune response. To test this, we injected Escherichia coli into seminiferous tubules of live mice and examined the fate of bacteria, the production of chemokines and inflammatory cytokines, and the infiltration of neutrophils. The bacteria actively propagated and reached a maximal level in a day, but started to decrease after 5 days and completely disappeared in 2 months. The expression of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha became evident in macrophages present in the interstitial compartment of testes as early as 1-3 h after the inoculation of bacteria. Neutrophils first accumulated in the interstitial space at 9-12 h and entered the tubules after a day. On the other hand, impairment of spermatogenesis was observed a day after bacteria injection and seemed unrecoverable even after the bacteria were eliminated. By contrast, bacteria injected into the interstitial compartment were more rapidly cleared with no damage in the seminiferous epithelium. These results suggest the existence of immunity against invading microbes in the seminiferous epithelium although its effectiveness in maintaining tissue homeostasis remains equivocal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaz Nagaosa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
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25
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Wittmann I, Schönefeld M, Aichele D, Groer G, Gessner A, Schnare M. Murine Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein Inhibits the Endotoxic Activity of Lipopolysaccharide and Gram-Negative Bacteria. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:7546-52. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.11.7546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Tanaka M, Gombart AF, Koeffler HP, Shiohara M. Expression of bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein requires C/EBP epsilon. Int J Hematol 2007; 85:304-11. [PMID: 17483073 DOI: 10.1532/ijh97.05162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is a 55-kd cationic protein found mainly in neutrophil primary granules. BPI shows cytotoxicity against Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we studied the role of a myeloid-specific transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein epsilon (C/EBP epsilon), in the regulation of BPI gene expression. A patient with neutrophil-specific granule deficiency with a homozygous inactivating mutation in the CEBP epsilon gene showed severely impaired expression of both BPI messenger RNA (mRNA) and BPI protein. Both U937 and NB4 cells treated with 10-7 M all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) for 6 days displayed increased levels of BPI protein and accompanying up-regulated C/EBP epsilon expression. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed binding of the C/EBP epsilon protein to the C/EBP-binding site in the BPI gene promoter. U937 cells stably transfected with a zinc-inducible C/EBP epsilon expression vector showed a 30-fold increase in BPI mRNA levels compared with cells transfected with control empty vector after culturing for 48 hours with 100 microM ZnSO4. BPI mRNA expression was severely reduced in the bone marrow of C/EBP epsilon-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. Expression of BPI in human cord blood cells was increased by incubation with 10-7 MATRA for 48 hours. These results demonstrate the requirement for C/EBP epsilon in mediating BPI gene expression in myeloid cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Tanaka
- Department of Pediatrics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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27
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Solstad T, Stenvik J, Jørgensen TØ. mRNA expression patterns of the BPI/LBP molecule in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:260-71. [PMID: 17442589 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 09/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) are important components of the mammalian innate defence system against Gram-negative infections. cDNA encoding a protein related to mammalian BPI and LBP have been cloned from several teleosts including the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). Using real-time PCR an increase in cod BPI/LBP expression in whole blood and peritoneal cells was demonstrated one, two and four days after intraperitoneal injection of inactivated Vibrio anguillarum. Although constitutively produced in the head kidney, a moderate rise of BPI/LBP mRNA production was seen on day two in this organ. After seven days the BPI/LBP mRNA levels at the three locations examined were almost back to normal. In situ hybridisation demonstrated a leucocytic localisation and morphology of the BPI/LBP expressing cells in various tissues. A combination of in situ hybridisation and peroxidase staining of head kidney leucocytes showed that the BPI/LBP producing cells are peroxidase positive and possible neutrophil like cells. The results suggest that the cod BPI/LBP is important in the first-line defence against bacterial infections and has a function more related to the mammalian BPI molecule than the LBP counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terese Solstad
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, The Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsø, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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Schultz H, Weiss JP. The bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) in infection and inflammatory disease. Clin Chim Acta 2007; 384:12-23. [PMID: 17678885 PMCID: PMC2695927 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) and their endotoxin present a constant environmental challenge. Endotoxins can potently signal mobilization of host defenses against invading GNB but also potentially induce severe pathophysiology, necessitating controlled initiation and resolution of endotoxin-induced inflammation to maintain host integrity. The bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI) is a pluripotent protein expressed, in humans, mainly neutrophils. BPI exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against GNB and potent endotoxin-neutralizing activity. BPI mobilized with neutrophils in response to invading GNB can promote intracellular and extracellular bacterial killing, endotoxin neutralization and clearance, and delivery of GNB outer membrane antigens to dendritic cells. Tissue expression by dermal fibroblasts and epithelia could further amplify local levels of BPI and local interaction with GNB and endotoxin, helping to constrain local tissue infection and inflammation and prevent systemic infection and systemic inflammation. This review article focuses on the structural and functional properties of BPI with respect to its contribution to host defense during GNB infections and endotoxin-induced inflammation and the genesis of autoantibodies against BPI that can blunt BPI activity and potentially contribute to chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Schultz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, and Iowa City VAMC, USA, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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Niemann CU, Abrink M, Pejler G, Fischer RL, Christensen EI, Knight SD, Borregaard N. Neutrophil elastase depends on serglycin proteoglycan for localization in granules. Blood 2007; 109:4478-86. [PMID: 17272511 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-02-001719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGranule proteins play a major role in bacterial killing by neutrophils. Serglycin proteoglycan, the major intracellular proteoglycan of hematopoietic cells, has been proposed to play a role in sorting and packing of granule proteins. We examined the content of major neutrophil granule proteins in serglycin knockout mice and found neutrophil elastase absent from mature neutrophils as shown by activity assay, Western blotting, and immunocytochemistry, whereas neutrophil elastase mRNA was present. The localization of other neutrophil granule proteins did not differ between wild-type and serglycin knockout mice. Differential counts and neutrophil ultrastructure were unaffected by the lack of serglycin, indicating that defective localization of neutrophil elastase does not induce neutropenia itself, albeit mutations in the neutrophil elastase gene can cause severe congenital neutropenia or cyclic neutropenia. The virulence of intraperitoneally injected Gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae) was increased in serglycin knockout mice compared with wild-type mice, as previously reported for neutrophil elastase knockout mice. Thus, serglycin proteoglycan has an important role in localizing neutrophil elastase in azurophil granules of neutrophils, while localization of other granule proteins must be mediated by other mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten U Niemann
- Rigshospitalet, Department of Hematology, Granulocyte Research Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Canny G, Cario E, Lennartsson A, Gullberg U, Brennan C, Levy O, Colgan SP. Functional and biochemical characterization of epithelial bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290:G557-67. [PMID: 16282362 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00347.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells of many mucosal organs have adapted to coexist with microbes and microbial products. In general, most studies suggest that epithelial cells benefit from interactions with commensal microorganisms present at the lumenal surface. However, potentially injurious molecules found in this microenvironment also have the capacity to elicit local inflammatory responses and even systemic disease. We have recently demonstrated that epithelia cells express the anti-infective molecule bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI). Here, we extend these findings to examine molecular mechanisms of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) BPI expression and function. Initial experiments revealed a variance of BPI mRNA and protein expression among various IEC lines. Studies of BPI promoter expression in IECs identified regulatory regions of the BPI promoter and revealed a prominent role for CCAAT/enhancer binding protein and especially Sp1/Sp3 in the basal regulation of BPI. To assess the functional significance of this protein, we generated an IEC line stably transfected with full-length BPI. We demonstrated that, whereas epithelia express markedly less BPI protein than neutrophils, epithelial BPI contributes significantly to bacterial killing and attenuating bacterial-elicted proinflammatory signals. Additional studies in murine tissue ex vivo revealed that BPI is diffusely expressed along the crypt-villous axis and that epithelial BPI levels decrease along the length of the intestine. Taken together, these data confirm the transcriptional regulation of BPI in intestinal epithelia and provide insight into the relevance of BPI as an anti-infective molecule at intestinal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Canny
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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31
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Ecroyd H, Belghazi M, Dacheux JL, Gatti JL. The epididymal soluble prion protein forms a high-molecular-mass complex in association with hydrophobic proteins. Biochem J 2006; 392:211-9. [PMID: 16029166 PMCID: PMC1317680 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that a 'soluble' form of PrP (prion protein), not associated with membranous vesicles, exists in the male reproductive fluid [Ecroyd, Sarradin, Dacheux and Gatti (2004) Biol. Reprod. 71, 993-1001]. Attempts to purify this 'soluble' PrP indicated that it behaves like a high-molecular-mass complex of more than 350 kDa and always co-purified with the same set of proteins. The main associated proteins were sequenced by MS and were found to match to clusterin (apolipoprotein J), BPI (bacterial permeability-increasing protein), carboxylesterase-like urinary excreted protein (cauxin), beta-mannosidase and beta-galactosidase. Immunoblotting and enzymatic assay confirmed the presence of clusterin and a cauxin-like protein and showed that a 17 kDa hydrophobic epididymal protein was also associated with this complex. These associated proteins were not separated by a high ionic strength treatment but were by 2-mercaptoethanol, probably due to its action on reducing disulphide bonds that maintain the interaction of components of the complex. Our results suggest that the associated PrP retains its GPI (glycosylphosphatidylinositol) anchor, in contrast with brain-derived PrP, and that it is resistant to cleavage by phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. Based on these results, the identity of the associated proteins and the overall biochemical properties of this protein ensemble, we suggest that 'soluble' PrP can form protein complexes that are maintained by hydrophobic interactions, in a similar manner to lipoprotein vesicles or micellar complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heath Ecroyd
- *Gamète Male et Fertilité, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA-Nouzilly, 37380 Monnaie, France
| | - Maya Belghazi
- †Service de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Protéomique, UMR 6175, INRA-CNRS-Haras Nationaux-Université de Tours, Station de Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA-Nouzilly, 37380 Monnaie, France
| | - Jean-Louis Dacheux
- *Gamète Male et Fertilité, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA-Nouzilly, 37380 Monnaie, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- *Gamète Male et Fertilité, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, INRA-Nouzilly, 37380 Monnaie, France
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Eckert M, Wittmann I, Röllinghoff M, Gessner A, Schnare M. Endotoxin-induced expression of murine bactericidal permeability/increasing protein is mediated exclusively by toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-beta-dependent pathways. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:522-8. [PMID: 16365446 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.1.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial effector proteins are a key mechanism for the innate immune system to combat pathogens once they infect the host. We report the identification and cloning of the mouse homologue of human bactericidal permeability/increasing protein (BPI). Mouse BPI is constitutively expressed in lymphatic organs and tissues as well as in mouse testis. Upon stimulation with different TLR ligands, mouse BPI is strongly expressed in granulocytes and, surprisingly, in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Mouse BPI is most strongly induced by bacterial LPS through a signaling pathway that is completely dependent on TLR4-Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-beta. Functional studies revealed that mouse BPI does have the potential to neutralize LPS and inhibits bacterial growth. Mouse BPI is expressed in granulocytes and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells, and the transcriptional activation is controlled by TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Eckert
- Institute for Clinical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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