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Dobovišek L, Borštnar S, Debeljak N, Kranjc Brezar S. Cannabinoids and triple-negative breast cancer treatment. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1386548. [PMID: 39176080 PMCID: PMC11338791 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1386548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for about 10-20% of all breast cancer cases and is associated with an unfavorable prognosis. Until recently, treatment options for TNBC were limited to chemotherapy. A new successful systemic treatment is immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, but new tumor-specific biomarkers are needed to improve patient outcomes. Cannabinoids show antitumor activity in most preclinical studies in TNBC models and do not appear to have adverse effects on chemotherapy. Clinical data are needed to evaluate efficacy and safety in humans. Importantly, the endocannabinoid system is linked to the immune system and immunosuppression. Therefore, cannabinoid receptors could be a potential biomarker for immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy or a novel mechanism to reverse resistance to immunotherapy. In this article, we provide an overview of the currently available information on how cannabinoids may influence standard therapy in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Dobovišek
- Division of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Borštnar
- Division of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Debeljak
- Medical Centre for Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Kranjc Brezar
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Barker H, Ferraro MJ. Exploring the versatile roles of the endocannabinoid system and phytocannabinoids in modulating bacterial infections. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0002024. [PMID: 38775488 PMCID: PMC11237442 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00020-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS), initially identified for its role in maintaining homeostasis, particularly in regulating brain function, has evolved into a complex orchestrator influencing various physiological processes beyond its original association with the nervous system. Notably, an expanding body of evidence emphasizes the ECS's crucial involvement in regulating immune responses. While the specific role of the ECS in bacterial infections remains under ongoing investigation, compelling indications suggest its active participation in host-pathogen interactions. Incorporating the ECS into the framework of bacterial pathogen infections introduces a layer of complexity to our understanding of its functions. While some studies propose the potential of cannabinoids to modulate bacterial function and immune responses, the outcomes inherently hinge on the specific infection and cannabinoid under consideration. Moreover, the bidirectional relationship between the ECS and the gut microbiota underscores the intricate interplay among diverse physiological processes. The ECS extends its influence far beyond its initial discovery, emerging as a promising therapeutic target across a spectrum of medical conditions, encompassing bacterial infections, dysbiosis, and sepsis. This review comprehensively explores the complex roles of the ECS in the modulation of bacteria, the host's response to bacterial infections, and the dynamics of the microbiome. Special emphasis is placed on the roles of cannabinoid receptor types 1 and 2, whose signaling intricately influences immune cell function in microbe-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey Barker
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mariola J. Ferraro
- Microbiology and Cell Science Department, IFAS, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Kwon EK, Choi Y, Sim S, Ye YM, Shin YS, Park HS, Ban GY. Cannabinoid receptor 2 as a regulator of inflammation induced oleoylethanolamide in eosinophilic asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:998-1009.e9. [PMID: 38061443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oleoylethanolamide (OEA), an endogenously generated cannabinoid-like compound, has been reported to be increased in patients with severe asthma and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease. Recruitment of activated eosinophils in the airways is a hallmark of bronchial asthma. OBJECTIVE We explored the direct contribution of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), a cognate receptor of OEA, which induces eosinophil activation in vitro and in vivo. METHODS We investigated OEA signaling in the eosinophilic cell line dEol-1 in peripheral blood eosinophils from people with asthma. In order to confirm whether eosinophil activation by OEA is CB2 dependent or not, CB2 small interfering RNA and the CB2 antagonist SR144528 were used. The numbers of airway inflammatory cells and the levels of cytokines were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and airway hyperresponsiveness was examined in the BALB/c mice. RESULTS CB2 expression was increased after OEA treatment in both peripheral blood eosinophils and dEol-1 cells. It was also elevated after OEA-induced recruitment of eosinophils to the lungs in vivo. However, SR144528 treatment reduced the activation of peripheral blood eosinophils from asthmatic patients. Furthermore, CB2 knockdown decreased the activation of dEol-1 cells and the levels of inflammatory and type 2 cytokines. SR144528 treatment alleviated airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophil recruitment to the lungs in vivo. CONCLUSION CB2 may contribute to the pathogenesis of eosinophilic asthma. Our results provide new insight into the molecular mechanism of signal transduction by OEA in eosinophilic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Kwon
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngwoo Choi
- Department of Biomaterials Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Pusan National University, Miryang, Korea
| | - Soyoon Sim
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Young-Min Ye
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ga-Young Ban
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Allergy and Clinical Immunology Research Center, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Korea.
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Horton KKA, Campanaro CK, Clifford C, Nethery DE, Strohl KP, Jacono FJ, Dick TE. Cannabinoid Receptor mRNA Expression in Central and Peripheral Tissues in a Rodent Model of Peritonitis. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023; 8:510-526. [PMID: 35446129 PMCID: PMC10249742 DOI: 10.1089/can.2021.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Our laboratory investigates changes in the respiratory pattern during systemic inflammation in various rodent models. The endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) regulates cytokine production and mitigates inflammation. Inflammation not only affects cannabinoid (CB) 1 and CB2 receptor gene expression (Cnr1 and Cnr2), but also increases the predictability of the ventilatory pattern. Objectives: Our primary objective was to track ventilatory pattern variability and transcription of Cnr1 and Cnr2 mRNA, and of Il1b, Il6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (Tnfa) mRNAs at multiple time points in central and peripheral tissues during systemic inflammation induced by peritonitis. Methods: In male Sprague Dawley rats (n=24), we caused peritonitis by implanting a fibrin clot containing either 0 or 25×106 Escherichia coli intraperitoneally. We recorded breathing with whole-animal plethysmography at baseline and 1 h before euthanasia. We euthanized the rats at 3, 6, or 12 h after inoculation and harvested the pons, medulla, lung, and heart for gene expression analysis. Results: With peritonitis, Cnr1 mRNA more than Cnr2 mRNA was correlated to Il1b, Il6, and Tnfa mRNAs in medulla, pons, and lung and changed oppositely in the pons, medulla, and lung. These changes were associated with increased predictability of ventilatory pattern. Specifically, nonlinear complexity index correlated with increased Cnr1 mRNA in the pons and medulla, and coefficient of variation for cycle duration correlated with Cnr1 and Cnr2 mRNAs in the lung. Conclusion: The mRNAs for ECS receptors varied with time during the central and peripheral inflammatory response to peritonitis. These changes occurred in the brainstem, which contains the network that generates breathing pattern and thus, may participate in ventilatory pattern changes during systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kofi-Kermit A. Horton
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Cara K. Campanaro
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Caitlyn Clifford
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - David E. Nethery
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kingman P. Strohl
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Frank J. Jacono
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas E. Dick
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Nagashima K, Fujii N, Oka S, Yamashita A, Itagaki F, Yasuno N, Watanabe M, Kishimoto S. Peptides Derived from Soybean β-Conglycinin Induce the Migration of Human Peripheral Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:898-906. [PMID: 37394641 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Food-derived peptides have various biological activities. When food proteins are ingested orally, they are digested into peptides by endogenous digestive enzymes and absorbed by the immune cell-rich intestinal tract. However, little is known about the effects of food-derived peptides on the motility of human immune cells. In this study, we aimed to understand the effects of peptides derived from a soybean protein β-conglycinin on the motility of human peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes. We illustrated that MITL and MITLAIPVNKPGR, produced by digestion using in-vivo enzymes (trypsin and pancreatic elastase) of β-conglycinin, induces the migration of dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2 cAMP)-differentiated human promyelocytic leukemia 60 (HL-60) cells and human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner. This migration was more pronounced in Bt2 cAMP-differentiated HL-60 cells; mRNA expression of formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 1 increased significantly than in all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA)-differentiated HL-60 cells. This migration was inhibited by tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc)-MLP, an inhibitor of FPR, and by pretreatment with pertussis toxin (PTX). However, the effect was weak when treated with WRW4, a selective inhibitor of the FPR2. We then demonstrated that MITLAIPVNKPGR induced intracellular calcium responses in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and Bt2 cAMP-HL60 cells. Furthermore, pre-treatment by fMLP desensitized the calcium response of MITLAIPVNKPGR in these cells. From the above, MITLAIPVNKPGR and MITL derived from soybean β-conglycinin induced polymorphonuclear leukocyte migration via the FPR1-dependent mechanism. We found chemotactic peptides to human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, which are the endogenous enzyme digests of soybean protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Nagashima
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University
| | | | - Saori Oka
- Laboratory of Molecular Health Science, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University
| | - Atsushi Yamashita
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University
| | - Fumio Itagaki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University
| | - Nobuhiro Yasuno
- Laboratory of Hospital Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University
| | - Machiko Watanabe
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University
| | - Seishi Kishimoto
- Radioisotope Research Center, Teikyo University
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Education, Faculty of Pharma-Sciences, Teikyo University
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Wiese BM, Alvarez Reyes A, Vanderah TW, Largent-Milnes TM. The endocannabinoid system and breathing. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1126004. [PMID: 37144090 PMCID: PMC10153446 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1126004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent changes in cannabis accessibility have provided adjunct therapies for patients across numerous disease states and highlights the urgency in understanding how cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid (EC) system interact with other physiological structures. The EC system plays a critical and modulatory role in respiratory homeostasis and pulmonary functionality. Respiratory control begins in the brainstem without peripheral input, and coordinates the preBötzinger complex, a component of the ventral respiratory group that interacts with the dorsal respiratory group to synchronize burstlet activity and drive inspiration. An additional rhythm generator: the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group drives active expiration during conditions of exercise or high CO2. Combined with the feedback information from the periphery: through chemo- and baroreceptors including the carotid bodies, the cranial nerves, stretch of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, lung tissue, and immune cells, and the cranial nerves, our respiratory system can fine tune motor outputs that ensure we have the oxygen necessary to survive and can expel the CO2 waste we produce, and every aspect of this process can be influenced by the EC system. The expansion in cannabis access and potential therapeutic benefits, it is essential that investigations continue to uncover the underpinnings and mechanistic workings of the EC system. It is imperative to understand the impact cannabis, and exogenous cannabinoids have on these physiological systems, and how some of these compounds can mitigate respiratory depression when combined with opioids or other medicinal therapies. This review highlights the respiratory system from the perspective of central versus peripheral respiratory functionality and how these behaviors can be influenced by the EC system. This review will summarize the literature available on organic and synthetic cannabinoids in breathing and how that has shaped our understanding of the role of the EC system in respiratory homeostasis. Finally, we look at some potential future therapeutic applications the EC system has to offer for the treatment of respiratory diseases and a possible role in expanding the safety profile of opioid therapies while preventing future opioid overdose fatalities that result from respiratory arrest or persistent apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth M. Wiese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Angelica Alvarez Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Todd W. Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Tally M. Largent-Milnes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Tally M. Largent-Milnes,
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7
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Eosinophils in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Key Contributors to Neuro-Immune Crosstalk and Potential Implications in Disorders of Brain-Gut Interaction. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101644. [PMID: 35626681 PMCID: PMC9139532 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are innate immune granulocytes actively involved in defensive responses and in local and systemic inflammatory processes. Beyond these effector roles, eosinophils are fundamental to maintaining homeostasis in the tissues they reside. Gastrointestinal eosinophils modulate barrier function and mucosal immunity and promote tissue development through their direct communication with almost every cellular component. This is possible thanks to the variety of receptors they express and the bioactive molecules they store and release, including cytotoxic proteins, cytokines, growth factors, and neuropeptides and neurotrophines. A growing body of evidence points to the eosinophil as a key neuro-immune player in the regulation of gastrointestinal function, with potential implications in pathophysiological processes. Eosinophil–neuron interactions are facilitated by chemotaxis and adhesion molecules, and the mediators released may have excitatory or inhibitory effects on each cell type, with physiological consequences dependent on the type of innervation involved. Of special interest are the disorders of the brain–gut interaction (DBGIs), mainly functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), in which mucosal eosinophilia and eosinophil activation have been identified. In this review, we summarize the main roles of gastrointestinal eosinophils in supporting gut homeostasis and the evidence available on eosinophil–neuron interactions to bring new insights that support the fundamental role of this neuro-immune crosstalk in maintaining gut health and contributing to the pathophysiology of DBGIs.
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8
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Hurrell BP, Helou DG, Shafiei-Jahani P, Howard E, Painter JD, Quach C, Akbari O. Cannabinoid receptor 2 engagement promotes group 2 innate lymphoid cell expansion and enhances airway hyperreactivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:1628-1642.e10. [PMID: 34673048 PMCID: PMC9013728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabinoids modulate the activation of immune cells and physiologic processes in the lungs. Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are central players in type 2 asthma, but how cannabinoids modulate ILC2 activation remains to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE Our goal was to investigate the effects of cannabinoids on ILC2s and their role in asthma. METHODS A combination of cannabinoid receptor (CB)2 knockout (KO) mice, CB2 antagonist and agonist were used in the mouse models of IL-33, IL-25, and Alternaria alternata ILC2-dependent airway inflammation. RNA sequencing was performed to assess transcriptomic changes in ILC2s, and humanized mice were used to assess the role of CB2 signaling in human ILC2s. RESULTS We provide evidence that CB2 signaling in ILC2s is important for the development of ILC2-driven airway inflammation in both mice and human. We showed that both naive and activated murine pulmonary ILC2s express CB2. CB2 signaling did not affect ILC2 homeostasis at steady state, but strikingly it stimulated ILC2 proliferation and function upon activation. As a result, ILC2s lacking CB2 induced lower lung inflammation, as we made similar observations using a CB2 antagonist. Conversely, CB2 agonism remarkably exacerbated ILC2-driven airway hyperreactivity and lung inflammation. Mechanistically, transcriptomic and protein analysis revealed that CB2 signaling induced cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in ILC2s. Human ILC2s expressed CB2, as CB2 antagonism and agonism showed opposing effects on ILC2 effector function and development of airway hyperreactivity in humanized mice. CONCLUSION Collectively, our results define CB2 signaling in ILC2s as an important modulator of airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Hurrell
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Doumet Georges Helou
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Pedram Shafiei-Jahani
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Emily Howard
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Jacob D Painter
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Christine Quach
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif.
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9
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Simard M, Rakotoarivelo V, Di Marzo V, Flamand N. Expression and Functions of the CB 2 Receptor in Human Leukocytes. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:826400. [PMID: 35273503 PMCID: PMC8902156 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.826400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The cannabinoid CB2 receptor was cloned from the promyeloid cell line HL-60 and is notably expressed in most, if not all leukocyte types. This relatively restricted localization, combined to the absence of psychotropic effects following its activation, make it an attractive drug target for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Therefore, there has been an increasing interest in the past decades to identify precisely which immune cells express the CB2 receptor and what are the consequences of such activation. Herein, we provide new data on the expression of both CB1 and CB2 receptors by human blood leukocytes and discuss the impact of CB2 receptor activation in human leukocytes. While the expression of the CB2 mRNA can be detected in eosinophils, neutrophils, monocytes, B and T lymphocytes, this receptor is most abundant in human eosinophils and B lymphocytes. We also review the evidence obtained from primary human leukocytes and immortalized cell lines regarding the regulation of their functions by the CB2 receptor, which underscore the urgent need to deepen our understanding of the CB2 receptor as an immunoregulator in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Simard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département of Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Volatiana Rakotoarivelo
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département of Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département of Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy.,Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Centre NUTRISS, École de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de L'agriculture et de L'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Joint International Unit Between the Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (Italy) and Université Laval (Canada) on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Naples, Italy
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département of Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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10
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Khoury M, Cohen I, Bar-Sela G. “The Two Sides of the Same Coin”—Medical Cannabis, Cannabinoids and Immunity: Pros and Cons Explained. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020389. [PMID: 35214123 PMCID: PMC8877666 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis, as a natural medicinal remedy, has long been used for palliative treatment to alleviate the side effects caused by diseases. Cannabis-based products isolated from plant extracts exhibit potent immunoregulatory properties, reducing chronic inflammatory processes and providing much needed pain relief. They are a proven effective solution for treatment-based side effects, easing the resulting symptoms of the disease. However, we discuss the fact that cannabis use may promote the progression of a range of malignancies, interfere with anti-cancer immunotherapy, or increase susceptibility to viral infections and transmission. Most cannabis preparations or isolated active components cause an overall potent immunosuppressive impact among users, posing a considerable hazard to patients with suppressed or compromised immune systems. In this review, current knowledge and perceptions of cannabis or cannabinoids and their impact on various immune-system components will be discussed as the “two sides of the same coin” or “double-edged sword”, referring to something that can have both favorable and unfavorable consequences. We propose that much is still unknown about adverse reactions to its use, and its integration with medical treatment should be conducted cautiously with consideration of the individual patient, effector cells, microenvironment, and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Khoury
- Cancer Center, Emek Medical Center, 21 Yitzhak Rabin Blvd, Afula 1834111, Israel; (M.K.); (I.C.)
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel
| | - Idan Cohen
- Cancer Center, Emek Medical Center, 21 Yitzhak Rabin Blvd, Afula 1834111, Israel; (M.K.); (I.C.)
| | - Gil Bar-Sela
- Cancer Center, Emek Medical Center, 21 Yitzhak Rabin Blvd, Afula 1834111, Israel; (M.K.); (I.C.)
- Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel
- Oncology & Hematology Division, Emek Medical Center, Yitshak Rabin Boulevard 21, Afula 1834111, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-4-6495725; Fax: +972-4-6163992
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11
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Kicman A, Pędzińska-Betiuk A, Kozłowska H. The potential of cannabinoids and inhibitors of endocannabinoid degradation in respiratory diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 911:174560. [PMID: 34648805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The global incidence of respiratory diseases and complications is increasing. Therefore, new methods of treatment, as well as prevention, need to be investigated. A group of compounds that should be considered for use in respiratory diseases is cannabinoids. There are three groups of cannabinoids - plant-derived phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids, and endogenous endocannabinoids including the enzymes responsible for their synthesis and degradation. All cannabinoids exert their biological effects through either type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1) and/or type 2 cannabinoid receptors (CB2). In numerous studies (in vitro and in vivo), cannabinoids and inhibitors of endocannabinoid degradation have shown beneficial anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-cancer, and anti-fibrotic properties. Although in the respiratory system, most of the studies have focused on the positive properties of cannabinoids and inhibitors of endocannabinoid degradation. There are few research reports discussing the negative impact of these compounds. This review summarizes the properties and mechanisms of action of cannabinoids and inhibitors of endocannabinoid degradation in various models of respiratory diseases. A short description of the effects selected cannabinoids have on the human respiratory system and their possible use in the fight against COVID-19 is also presented. Additionally, a brief summary is provided of cannabinoid receptors properties and their expression in the respiratory system and cells of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kicman
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-222, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Anna Pędzińska-Betiuk
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-222, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Hanna Kozłowska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, 15-222, Białystok, Poland.
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12
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Cannabinoid and planar cell polarity signaling converges to direct placentation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2108201118. [PMID: 34521753 PMCID: PMC8463896 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2108201118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed trophoblast migration toward the maternal mesometrial pole is critical for placentation and pregnancy success. Trophoblasts replace maternal arterial endothelial cells to increase blood supply to the placenta. Inferior trophoblast invasion results in pregnancy complications including preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, miscarriage, and preterm delivery. The maternal chemotactic factors that direct trophoblast migration and the mechanism by which trophoblasts respond to these factors are not clearly understood. Here, we show that invasive trophoblasts deficient in Vangl2, a core planar cell polarity (PCP) component, fail to invade in maternal decidua, and this deficiency results in middle-gestational fetal demise. Previously, we have shown that tightly regulated endocannabinoids via G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptor CB1 are critical to the invasion of trophoblasts called spiral artery trophoblast giant cells (SpA-TGCs). We find that CB1 directly interacts with VANGL2. Trophoblast stem cells devoid of Cnr1 and/or Vangl2 show compromised cell migration. To study roles of VANGL2 and CB1 in trophoblast invasion in vivo, we conditionally deleted Cnr1 (coding CB1) and Vangl2 in progenitors of SpA-TGCs using trophoblast-specific protein alpha (Tpbpa)-Cre. We observed that signaling mediated by VANGL2 and CB1 restrains trophoblasts from random migration by keeping small GTPases quiescent. Our results show that organized PCP in trophoblasts is indispensable for their directed movement and that CB1 exerts its function by direct interaction with membrane proteins other than its canonical G protein-coupled receptor role.
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13
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Kienzl M, Hasenoehrl C, Maitz K, Sarsembayeva A, Taschler U, Valadez-Cosmes P, Kindler O, Ristic D, Raftopoulou S, Santiso A, Bärnthaler T, Brcic L, Hahnefeld L, Gurke R, Thomas D, Geisslinger G, Kargl J, Schicho R. Monoacylglycerol lipase deficiency in the tumor microenvironment slows tumor growth in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1965319. [PMID: 34527428 PMCID: PMC8437460 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1965319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL) expressed in cancer cells influences cancer pathogenesis but the role of MGL in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is less known. Using a syngeneic tumor model with KP cells (KrasLSL-G12D/p53fl/fl; from mouse lung adenocarcinoma), we investigated whether TME-expressed MGL plays a role in tumor growth of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In sections of human and experimental NSCLC, MGL was found in tumor cells and various cells of the TME including macrophages and stromal cells. Mice treated with the MGL inhibitor JZL184 as well as MGL knock-out (KO) mice exhibited a lower tumor burden than the controls. The reduction in tumor growth was accompanied by an increased number of CD8+ T cells and eosinophils. Naïve CD8+ T cells showed a shift toward more effector cells in MGL KOs and an increased expression of granzyme-B and interferon-γ, indicative of enhanced tumoricidal activity. 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) was increased in tumors of MGL KO mice, and dose-dependently induced differentiation and migration of CD8+ T cells as well as migration and activation of eosinophils in vitro. Our results suggest that next to cancer cell-derived MGL, TME cells expressing MGL are responsible for maintaining a pro-tumorigenic environment in tumors of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kienzl
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Carina Hasenoehrl
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kathrin Maitz
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Arailym Sarsembayeva
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute Of Molecular Biosciences, University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Paulina Valadez-Cosmes
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Oliver Kindler
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Dusica Ristic
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sofia Raftopoulou
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ana Santiso
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Bärnthaler
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Luka Brcic
- Diagnostic And Research Institute Of Pathology, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lisa Hahnefeld
- Institute Of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Institute Of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute For Translational Medicine And Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Institute Of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Institute Of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute For Translational Medicine And Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Kargl
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Division Of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University Of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
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14
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Cannabinoid Type-2 Receptor Agonist, JWH133 May Be a Possible Candidate for Targeting Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity in COVID-19. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a deadly disease affecting millions due to the non-availability of drugs and vaccines. The majority of COVID-19 drugs have been repurposed based on antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antibiotic potential. The pathogenesis and advanced complications with infection involve the immune-inflammatory cascade. Therefore, a therapeutic strategy could reduce infectivity, inflammation, and immune modulation. In recent years, modulating the endocannabinoid system, particularly activation of the cannabinoid type 2 (CB2) receptor is a promising therapeutic target for modulation of immune-inflammatory responses. JWH133, a selective, full functional agonist of the CB2 receptor, has been extensively studied for its potent anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties. JWH133 modulates numerous signaling pathways and inhibits inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, prostanoids, and eicosanoids. In this study, we propose that JWH133 could be a promising candidate for targeting infection, immunity, and inflammation in COVID-19, due to its pharmacological and molecular mechanisms in numerous preclinical efficacy and safety studies, along with its immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, organoprotective, and antiviral properties. Thus, JWH133 should be investigated in preclinical and clinical studies for its potential as an agent or adjuvant with other agents for its effect on viremia, infectivity, immune modulation, resolution of inflammation, reduction in severity, and progression of complications in COVID-19. JWH133 is devoid of psychotropic effects due to CB2 receptor selectivity, has negligible toxicity, good bioavailability and druggable properties, including pharmacokinetic and physicochemical effects. We believe that JWH133 could be a promising drug and may inspire further studies for an evidence-based approach against COVID-19.
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15
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Rahaman O, Ganguly D. Endocannabinoids in immune regulation and immunopathologies. Immunology 2021; 164:242-252. [PMID: 34053085 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are key bioactive components of the endocannabinoid system, and the profound influence of endocannabinoids on the modulation of the immune system is being increasingly appreciated. The knowledge of endocannabinoid-immune cell crosstalk will pave the way to therapeutic implications of modulators of this pathway in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders. Endocannabinoids seem to exert both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effects in specific contexts, based on specific receptor engagement and the downstream signalling pathways involved. In this review, we summarized the biosynthesis, signalling and degradation of two well-studied endocannabinoids-anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol in immune cells. Then, we discussed the effects of these two endocannabinoids on the functioning of major innate and adaptive immune cells, along with the choice of receptors employed in such interactions. Finally, we outline our current knowledge on the involvement of anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol in context of inflammation, allergies, autoimmunity and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oindrila Rahaman
- Dendritic Cell Biology Laboratory, IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Dipyaman Ganguly
- Dendritic Cell Biology Laboratory, IICB-Translational Research Unit of Excellence, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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16
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The Interplay between the Immune and the Endocannabinoid Systems in Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061282. [PMID: 34064197 PMCID: PMC8224348 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of Cannabis sativa has been recognized since ancient times. Phytocannabinoids, endocannabinoids and synthetic cannabinoids activate two major G protein-coupled receptors, subtype 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2). Cannabinoids (CBs) modulate several aspects of cancer cells, such as apoptosis, autophagy, proliferation, migration, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and stemness. Moreover, agonists of CB1 and CB2 receptors inhibit angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Low-grade inflammation is a hallmark of cancer in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which contains a plethora of innate and adaptive immune cells. These cells play a central role in tumor initiation and growth and the formation of metastasis. CB2 and, to a lesser extent, CB1 receptors are expressed on a variety of immune cells present in TME (e.g., T cells, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, NK cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, eosinophils). The activation of CB receptors modulates a variety of biological effects on cells of the adaptive and innate immune system. The expression of CB2 and CB1 on different subsets of immune cells in TME and hence in tumor development is incompletely characterized. The recent characterization of the human cannabinoid receptor CB2-Gi signaling complex will likely aid to design potent and specific CB2/CB1 ligands with therapeutic potential in cancer.
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Knuplez E, Sturm EM, Marsche G. Emerging Role of Phospholipase-Derived Cleavage Products in Regulating Eosinophil Activity: Focus on Lysophospholipids, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4356. [PMID: 33919453 PMCID: PMC8122506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are important effector cells involved in allergic inflammation. When stimulated, eosinophils release a variety of mediators initiating, propagating, and maintaining local inflammation. Both, the activity and concentration of secreted and cytosolic phospholipases (PLAs) are increased in allergic inflammation, promoting the cleavage of phospholipids and thus the production of reactive lipid mediators. Eosinophils express high levels of secreted phospholipase A2 compared to other leukocytes, indicating their direct involvement in the production of lipid mediators during allergic inflammation. On the other side, eosinophils have also been recognized as crucial mediators with regulatory and homeostatic roles in local immunity and repair. Thus, targeting the complex network of lipid mediators offer a unique opportunity to target the over-activation and 'pro-inflammatory' phenotype of eosinophils without compromising the survival and functions of tissue-resident and homeostatic eosinophils. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the critical role of phospholipase-derived lipid mediators in modulating eosinophil activity in health and disease. We focus on lysophospholipids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and eicosanoids with exciting new perspectives for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (E.K.); (E.M.S.)
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18
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Kienzl M, Kargl J, Schicho R. The Immune Endocannabinoid System of the Tumor Microenvironment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238929. [PMID: 33255584 PMCID: PMC7728085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes are part of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and are critical determinants of tumor progression. Because of the immunoregulatory properties of cannabinoids, the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may have an important role in shaping the TME. Members of the ECS, an entity that consists of cannabinoid receptors, endocannabinoids and their synthesizing/degrading enzymes, have been associated with both tumor growth and rejection. Immune cells express cannabinoid receptors and produce endocannabinoids, thereby forming an “immune endocannabinoid system”. Although in vitro effects of exogenous cannabinoids on immune cells are well described, the role of the ECS in the TME, and hence in tumor development and immunotherapy, is still elusive. This review/opinion discusses the possibility that the “immune endocannabinoid system” can fundamentally influence tumor progression. The widespread influence of cannabinoids on immune cell functions makes the members of the ECS an interesting target that could support immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Kienzl
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.K.); (J.K.)
- BioTechMed, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Kargl
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria; (M.K.); (J.K.)
- BioTechMed, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-74132; Fax: +43-316-385-79613
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Petrosino S, Schiano Moriello A, Verde R, Allarà M, Imperatore R, Ligresti A, Mahmoud AM, Peritore AF, Iannotti FA, Di Marzo V. Palmitoylethanolamide counteracts substance P-induced mast cell activation in vitro by stimulating diacylglycerol lipase activity. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:274. [PMID: 31878942 PMCID: PMC6933707 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a pleiotropic endogenous lipid mediator currently used as a "dietary food for special medical purposes" against neuropathic pain and neuro-inflammatory conditions. Several mechanisms underlie PEA actions, among which the "entourage" effect, consisting of PEA potentiation of endocannabinoid signaling at either cannabinoid receptors or transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) channels. Here, we report novel molecular mechanisms through which PEA controls mast cell degranulation and substance P (SP)-induced histamine release in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells, a mast cell model. METHODS RBL-2H3 cells stimulated with SP were treated with PEA in the presence and absence of a cannabinoid type-2 (CB2) receptor antagonist (AM630), or a diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) enzyme inhibitor (OMDM188) to inhibit the biosynthesis of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). The release of histamine was measured by ELISA and β-hexosaminidase release and toluidine blue staining were used as indices of degranulation. 2-AG levels were measured by LC-MS. The mRNA expression of proposed PEA targets (Cnr1, Cnr2, Trpv1, Ppara and Gpr55), and of PEA and endocannabinoid biosynthetic (Napepld, Dagla and Daglb) and catabolic (Faah, Naaa and Mgl) enzymes were also measured. The effects of PEA on the activity of DAGL-α or -β enzymes were assessed in COS-7 cells overexpressing the human recombinant enzyme or in RBL-2H3 cells, respectively. RESULTS SP increased the number of degranulated RBL-2H3 cells and triggered the release of histamine. PEA counteracted these effects in a manner antagonized by AM630. PEA concomitantly increased the levels of 2-AG in SP-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells, and this effect was reversed by OMDM188. PEA significantly stimulated DAGL-α and -β activity and, consequently, 2-AG biosynthesis in cell-free systems. Co-treatment with PEA and 2-AG at per se ineffective concentrations downmodulated SP-induced release of histamine and degranulation, and this effect was reversed by OMDM188. CONCLUSIONS Activation of CB2 underlies the inhibitory effects on SP-induced RBL-2H3 cell degranulation by PEA alone. We demonstrate for the first time that the effects in RBL-2H3 cells of PEA are due to the stimulation of 2-AG biosynthesis by DAGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Petrosino
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy.
- Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030, Saccolongo (Padova), Italy.
| | - Aniello Schiano Moriello
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
- Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030, Saccolongo (Padova), Italy
| | - Roberta Verde
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Marco Allarà
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
- Epitech Group SpA, Via Einaudi 13, 35030, Saccolongo (Padova), Italy
| | - Roberta Imperatore
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Ali Mokhtar Mahmoud
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Alessio Filippo Peritore
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Fabio Arturo Iannotti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy.
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health, CRIUCPQ and INAF, Faculties of Medicine and Agriculture and Food Sciences, Université Laval, Quebéc City, Canada.
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20
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Bozkurt TE. Endocannabinoid System in the Airways. Molecules 2019; 24:E4626. [PMID: 31861200 PMCID: PMC6943521 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoids and the mammalian endocannabinoid system is an important research area of interest and attracted many researchers because of their widespread biological effects. The significant immune-modulatory role of cannabinoids has suggested their therapeutic use in several inflammatory conditions. Airways are prone to environmental irritants and stimulants, and increased inflammation is an important process in most of the respiratory diseases. Therefore, the main strategies for treating airway diseases are suppression of inflammation and producing bronchodilation. The ability of cannabinoids to induce bronchodilation and modify inflammation indicates their importance for airway physiology and pathologies. In this review, the contribution of cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system in the airways are discussed, and the existing data for their therapeutic use in airway diseases are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgut Emrah Bozkurt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
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21
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Castelli R, Scalvini L, Vacondio F, Lodola A, Anselmi M, Vezzosi S, Carmi C, Bassi M, Ferlenghi F, Rivara S, Møller IR, Rand KD, Daglian J, Wei D, Dotsey EY, Ahmed F, Jung KM, Stella N, Singh S, Mor M, Piomelli D. Benzisothiazolinone Derivatives as Potent Allosteric Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitors That Functionally Mimic Sulfenylation of Regulatory Cysteines. J Med Chem 2019; 63:1261-1280. [PMID: 31714779 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We describe a set of benzisothiazolinone (BTZ) derivatives that are potent inhibitors of monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), the primary degrading enzyme for the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG). Structure-activity relationship studies evaluated various substitutions on the nitrogen atom and the benzene ring of the BTZ nucleus. Optimized derivatives with nanomolar potency allowed us to investigate the mechanism of MGL inhibition. Site-directed mutagenesis and mass spectrometry experiments showed that BTZs interact in a covalent reversible manner with regulatory cysteines, Cys201 and Cys208, causing a reversible sulfenylation known to modulate MGL activity. Metadynamics simulations revealed that BTZ adducts favor a closed conformation of MGL that occludes substrate recruitment. The BTZ derivative 13 protected neuronal cells from oxidative stimuli and increased 2-AG levels in the mouse brain. The results identify Cys201 and Cys208 as key regulators of MGL function and point to the BTZ scaffold as a useful starting point for the discovery of allosteric MGL inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Castelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Laura Scalvini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Federica Vacondio
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy.,Centro Interdipartimentale Biopharmanet-tec , Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze , Tecnopolo Padiglione 33 , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Alessio Lodola
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Mattia Anselmi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Stefano Vezzosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Caterina Carmi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Michele Bassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Francesca Ferlenghi
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy.,Centro Interdipartimentale Biopharmanet-tec , Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze , Tecnopolo Padiglione 33 , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Silvia Rivara
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy.,Centro Interdipartimentale Biopharmanet-tec , Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze , Tecnopolo Padiglione 33 , I-43124 Parma , Italy
| | - Ingvar R Møller
- Department of Pharmacy , Universitetsparken 2 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Kasper D Rand
- Department of Pharmacy , Universitetsparken 2 , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-7280 , United States
| | - Simar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington 98195-7280 , United States
| | - Marco Mor
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco , Università degli Studi di Parma , Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A , I-43124 Parma , Italy.,Centro Interdipartimentale Biopharmanet-tec , Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze , Tecnopolo Padiglione 33 , I-43124 Parma , Italy
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Loktionov A. Eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract and their role in the pathogenesis of major colorectal disorders. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:3503-3526. [PMID: 31367153 PMCID: PMC6658389 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i27.3503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are currently regarded as versatile mobile cells controlling and regulating multiple biological pathways and responses in health and disease. These cells store in their specific granules numerous biologically active substances (cytotoxic cationic proteins, cytokines, growth factors, chemokines, enzymes) ready for rapid release. The human gut is the main destination of eosinophils that are produced and matured in the bone marrow and then transferred to target tissues through the circulation. In health the most important functions of gut-residing eosinophils comprise their participation in the maintenance of the protective mucosal barrier and interactions with other immune cells in providing immunity to microbiota of the gut lumen. Eosinophils are closely involved in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), when their cytotoxic granule proteins cause damage to host tissues. However, their roles in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis appear to follow different immune response patterns. Eosinophils in IBD are especially important in altering the structure and protective functions of the mucosal barrier and modulating massive neutrophil influx to the lamina propria followed by transepithelial migration to colorectal mucus. IBD-associated inflammatory process involving eosinophils then appears to expand to the mucus overlaying the internal gut surface. The author hypothesises that immune responses within colorectal mucus as well as ETosis exerted by both neutrophils and eosinophils on the both sides of the colonic epithelial barrier act as additional pathogenetic factors in IBD. Literature analysis also shows an association between elevated eosinophil levels and better colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis, but mechanisms behind this effect remain to be elucidated. In conclusion, the author emphasises the importance of investigating colorectal mucus in IBD and CRC patients as a previously unexplored milieu of disease-related inflammatory responses.
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Kapellos TS, Taylor L, Feuerborn A, Valaris S, Hussain MT, Rainger GE, Greaves DR, Iqbal AJ. Cannabinoid receptor 2 deficiency exacerbates inflammation and neutrophil recruitment. FASEB J 2019; 33:6154-6167. [PMID: 30799631 PMCID: PMC6629158 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802524r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor (CB)2 is an immune cell–localized GPCR that has been hypothesized to regulate the magnitude of inflammatory responses. However, there is currently no consensus as to the mechanism by which CB2 mediates its anti-inflammatory effects in vivo. To address this question, we employed a murine dorsal air pouch model with wild-type and CB2−/− 8–12-wk-old female and male C57BL/6 mice and found that acute neutrophil and lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus Chi monocyte recruitment in response to Zymosan was significantly enhanced in CB2−/− mice. Additionally, levels of matrix metalloproteinase 9 and the chemokines C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)2, CCL4, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 in CB2−/− pouch exudates were elevated at earlier time points. Importantly, using mixed bone marrow chimeras, we revealed that the proinflammatory phenotype in CB2−/− mice is neutrophil-intrinsic rather than stromal cell–dependent. Indeed, neutrophils isolated from CB2−/− mice exhibited an enhanced migration-related transcriptional profile and increased adhesive phenotype, and treatment of human neutrophils with a CB2 agonist blocked their endothelial transmigration. Overall, we have demonstrated that CB2 plays a nonredundant role during acute neutrophil mobilization to sites of inflammation and, as such, it could represent a therapeutic target for the development of novel anti-inflammatory compounds to treat inflammatory human diseases.—Kapellos, T. S., Taylor, L., Feuerborn, A., Valaris, S., Hussain, M. T., Rainger, G. E., Greaves, D. R., Iqbal, A. J. Cannabinoid receptor 2 deficiency exacerbates inflammation and neutrophil recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore S Kapellos
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis Taylor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Feuerborn
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sophia Valaris
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed T Hussain
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - G E Rainger
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Hohmann T, Feese K, Ghadban C, Dehghani F, Grabiec U. On the influence of cannabinoids on cell morphology and motility of glioblastoma cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212037. [PMID: 30753211 PMCID: PMC6372232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms behind the anti-tumoral effects of cannabinoids by impacting the migratory activity of tumor cells are only partially understood. Previous studies demonstrated that cannabinoids altered the organization of the actin cytoskeleton in various cell types. As actin is one of the main contributors to cell motility and is postulated to be linked to tumor invasion, we tested the following hypothesizes: 1) Can cannabinoids alter cell motility in a cannabinoid receptor dependent manner? 2) Are these alterations associated with reorganizations in the actin cytoskeleton? 3) If so, what are the underlying molecular mechanisms? Three different glioblastoma cell lines were treated with specific cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2 agonists and antagonists. Afterwards, we measured changes in cell motility using live cell imaging and alterations of the actin structure in fixed cells. Additionally, the protein amount of phosphorylated p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), focal adhesion kinases (FAK) and phosphorylated FAK (pFAK) over time were measured. Cannabinoids induced changes in cell motility, morphology and actin organization in a receptor and cell line dependent manner. No significant changes were observed in the analyzed signaling molecules. Cannabinoids can principally induce changes in the actin cytoskeleton and motility of glioblastoma cell lines. Additionally, single cell motility of glioblastoma is independent of their morphology. Furthermore, the observed effects seem to be independent of p44/42 MAPK and pFAK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hohmann
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Kerstin Feese
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Chalid Ghadban
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Urszula Grabiec
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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Freundt-Revilla J, Heinrich F, Zoerner A, Gesell F, Beyerbach M, Shamir M, Oevermann A, Baumgärtner W, Tipold A. The endocannabinoid system in canine Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis and Intraspinal Spirocercosis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0187197. [PMID: 29408878 PMCID: PMC5800546 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (ECs) are involved in immunomodulation, neuroprotection and control of inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). Activation of cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2) is known to diminish the release of pro-inflammatory factors and enhance the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) has been proved to induce the migration of eosinophils in a CB2 receptor-dependent manner in peripheral blood and activate neutrophils independent of CB activation in humans. The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of the endocannabinoid system in two different CNS inflammatory diseases of the dog, i.e. Steroid-Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis (SRMA) and Intraspinal Spirocercosis (IS). The two main endocannabinoids, anandamide (AEA) and 2-AG, were quantified by mass spectrometry in CSF and serum samples of dogs affected with Steroid- Responsive Meningitis-Arteritis in the acute phase (SRMA A), SRMA under treatment with prednisolone (SRMA Tr), intraspinal Spirocercosis and healthy dogs. Moreover, expression of the CB2 receptor was evaluated in inflammatory lesions of SRMA and IS and compared to healthy controls using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Dogs with SRMA A showed significantly higher concentrations of total AG and AEA in serum in comparison to healthy controls and in CSF compared to SRMA Tr (p<0.05). Furthermore, dogs with IS displayed the highest ECs concentrations in CSF, being significantly higher than in CSF samples of dogs with SRMA A (p<0.05). CSF samples that demonstrated an eosinophilic pleocytosis had the highest levels of ECs, exceeding those with neutrophilic pleocytosis, suggesting that ECs have a major effect on migration of eosinophils in the CSF. Furthermore, CB2 receptor expression was found in glial cells in the spinal cord of healthy dogs, whereas in dogs with SRMA and IS, CB2 was strongly expressed not only in glial cells but also on the cellular surface of infiltrating leukocytes (i.e. neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages) at lesion sites. The present study revealed an upregulated endocannabinoid system in dogs with inflammatory CNS diseases, highlighting the endocannabinoid system as a potential target for treatment of inflammatory CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Freundt-Revilla
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Franciska Heinrich
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Alexander Zoerner
- Institute for Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Gesell
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Beyerbach
- Institute for Biometry, Epidemiology, and Information Processing, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Merav Shamir
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anna Oevermann
- Department Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Tipold
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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Scharf EL. Translating Endocannabinoid Biology into Clinical Practice: Cannabidiol for Stroke Prevention. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2017; 2:259-264. [PMID: 29098188 PMCID: PMC5665427 DOI: 10.1089/can.2017.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulates functions throughout human physiology, including neuropsychiatric, cardiovascular, autonomic, metabolic, and inflammatory states. The complex cellular interactions regulated by the ECS suggest a potential for vascular disease and stroke prevention by augmenting central nervous and immune cell endocannabinoid signaling. Discussion: The endocannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) plays a central role in augmenting these processes in cerebrovascular and neurometabolic disease. Furthermore, cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychoactive constituent of Cannabis, is an immediate therapeutic candidate both for potentiating endocannabinoid signaling and for acting at multiple pharmacological targets. Conclusion: This speculative synthesis explores the current state of knowledge of the ECS and suggests CBD as a therapeutic candidate for stroke prevention by exerting favorable augmentation of the homeostatic effects of the ECS and, in turn, improving the metabolic syndrome, while simultaneously stalling the development of atherosclerosis.
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Larose MC, Archambault AS, Provost V, Laviolette M, Flamand N. Regulation of Eosinophil and Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell Trafficking in Asthma. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:136. [PMID: 28848734 PMCID: PMC5554517 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory disease usually characterized by increased Type 2 cytokines and by an infiltration of eosinophils to the airways. While the production of Type 2 cytokines has been associated with TH2 lymphocytes, increasing evidence indicates that group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) play an important role in the production of the Type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-5 and IL-13, which likely amplifies the recruitment of eosinophils from the blood to the airways. In that regard, recent asthma treatments have been focusing on blocking Type 2 cytokines, notably IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. These treatments mainly result in decreased blood or sputum eosinophil counts as well as decreased asthma symptoms. This supports that therapies blocking eosinophil recruitment and activation are valuable tools in the management of asthma and its severity. Herein, we review the mechanisms involved in eosinophil and ILC2 recruitment to the airways, with an emphasis on eotaxins, other chemokines as well as their receptors. We also discuss the involvement of other chemoattractants, notably the bioactive lipids 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, prostaglandin D2, and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol. Given that eosinophil biology differs between human and mice, we also highlight and discuss their responsiveness toward the different eosinophil chemoattractants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Chantal Larose
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Archambault
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Véronique Provost
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Département de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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Endocannabinod Signal Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Correlation Link between Inflammatory State and Neuro-Immune Alterations. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071425. [PMID: 28671614 PMCID: PMC5535916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies highlight a key involvement of endocannabinoid (EC) system in autism pathophysiology. The EC system is a complex network of lipid signaling pathways comprised of arachidonic acid-derived compounds (anandamide, AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), their G-protein-coupled receptors (cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2) and the associated enzymes. In addition to autism, the EC system is also involved in several other psychiatric disorders (i.e., anxiety, major depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia). This system is a key regulator of metabolic and cellular pathways involved in autism, such as food intake, energy metabolism and immune system control. Early studies in autism animal models have demonstrated alterations in the brain's EC system. Autism is also characterized by immune system dysregulation. This alteration includes differential monocyte and macrophage responses, and abnormal cytokine and T cell levels. EC system dysfunction in a monocyte and macrophagic cellular model of autism has been demonstrated by showing that the mRNA and protein for CB2 receptor and EC enzymes were significantly dysregulated, further indicating the involvement of the EC system in autism-associated immunological disruptions. Taken together, these new findings offer a novel perspective in autism research and indicate that the EC system could represent a novel target option for autism pharmacotherapy.
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Turcotte C, Blanchet MR, Laviolette M, Flamand N. The CB 2 receptor and its role as a regulator of inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4449-4470. [PMID: 27402121 PMCID: PMC5075023 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2300-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The CB2 receptor is the peripheral receptor for cannabinoids. It is mainly expressed in immune tissues, highlighting the possibility that the endocannabinoid system has an immunomodulatory role. In this respect, the CB2 receptor was shown to modulate immune cell functions, both in cellulo and in animal models of inflammatory diseases. In this regard, numerous studies have reported that mice lacking the CB2 receptor have an exacerbated inflammatory phenotype. This suggests that therapeutic strategies aiming at modulating CB2 signaling could be promising for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions. Herein, we review the pharmacology of the CB2 receptor, its expression pattern, and the signaling pathways induced by its activation. We next examine the regulation of immune cell functions by the CB2 receptor and the evidence obtained from primary human cells, immortalized cell lines, and animal models of inflammation. Finally, we discuss the possible therapies targeting the CB2 receptor and the questions that remain to be addressed to determine whether this receptor could be a potential target to treat inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Turcotte
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Marie-Renée Blanchet
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département de médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 4G5, Canada.
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30
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Gangwar RS, Landolina N, Arpinati L, Levi-Schaffer F. Mast cell and eosinophil surface receptors as targets for anti-allergic therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 170:37-63. [PMID: 27773785 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roopesh Singh Gangwar
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nadine Landolina
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ludovica Arpinati
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics Unit, Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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31
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Turcotte C, Blanchet MR, Laviolette M, Flamand N. Impact of Cannabis, Cannabinoids, and Endocannabinoids in the Lungs. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:317. [PMID: 27695418 PMCID: PMC5023687 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of cannabinoid receptors in the 1990s, a research field has been dedicated to exploring the role of the cannabinoid system in immunity and the inflammatory response in human tissues and animal models. Although the cannabinoid system is present and crucial in many human tissues, studying the impact of cannabinoids on the lungs is particularly relevant because of their contact with exogenous cannabinoids in the context of marijuana consumption. In the past two decades, the scientific community has gathered a large body of evidence supporting that the activation of the cannabinoid system alleviates pain and reduces inflammation. In the context of lung inflammation, exogenous and endogenous cannabinoids have shown therapeutic potential because of their inhibitory effects on immune cell recruitment and functions. On the other hand, cannabinoids were shown to be deleterious to lung function and to impact respiratory pathogen clearance. In this review, we present the existing data on the regulation of lung immunity and inflammation by phytocannabinoids, synthetic cannabinoids and endocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Turcotte
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada
| | - Marie-Renée Blanchet
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada
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32
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Frei RB, Luschnig P, Parzmair GP, Peinhaupt M, Schranz S, Fauland A, Wheelock CE, Heinemann A, Sturm EM. Cannabinoid receptor 2 augments eosinophil responsiveness and aggravates allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation in mice. Allergy 2016; 71:944-56. [PMID: 26850094 PMCID: PMC5225803 DOI: 10.1111/all.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background Accumulation of activated eosinophils in tissue is a hallmark of allergic inflammation. The endocannabinoid 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) has been proposed to elicit eosinophil migration in a CB2 receptor/Gi/o‐dependent manner. However, it has been claimed recently that this process may also involve other mechanisms such as cytokine priming and the metabolism of 2‐AG into eicosanoids. Here, we explored the direct contribution of specific CB2 receptor activation to human and mouse eosinophil effector function in vitro and in vivo. Methods In vitro studies including CB2 expression, adhesion and migratory responsiveness, respiratory burst, degranulation, and calcium mobilization were conducted in human peripheral blood eosinophils and mouse bone marrow‐derived eosinophils. Allergic airway inflammation was assessed in mouse models of acute OVA‐induced asthma and directed eosinophil migration. Results CB2 expression was significantly higher in eosinophils from symptomatic allergic donors. The selective CB2 receptor agonist JWH‐133 induced a moderate migratory response in eosinophils. However, short‐term exposure to JWH‐133 potently enhanced chemoattractant‐induced eosinophil shape change, chemotaxis, CD11b surface expression, and adhesion as well as production of reactive oxygen species. Receptor specificity of the observed effects was confirmed in eosinophils from CB2 knockout mice and by using the selective CB2 antagonist SR144528. Of note, systemic application of JWH‐133 clearly primed eosinophil‐directed migration in vivo and aggravated both AHR and eosinophil influx into the airways in a CB2‐specific manner. This effect was completely absent in eosinophil‐deficient ∆dblGATA mice. Conclusion Our data indicate that CB2 may directly contribute to the pathogenesis of eosinophil‐driven diseases. Moreover, we provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the CB2‐mediated priming of eosinophils. Hence, antagonism of CB2 receptors may represent a novel pharmacological approach for the treatment of allergic inflammation and other eosinophilic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. B. Frei
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - P. Luschnig
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - G. P. Parzmair
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - M. Peinhaupt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - S. Schranz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - A. Fauland
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - C. E. Wheelock
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - A. Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - E. M. Sturm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
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Primary Macrophage Chemotaxis Induced by Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Agonists Occurs Independently of the CB2 Receptor. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10682. [PMID: 26033291 PMCID: PMC4451551 DOI: 10.1038/srep10682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of CB2 has been demonstrated to induce directed immune cell migration. However, the ability of CB2 to act as a chemoattractant receptor in macrophages remains largely unexplored. Using a real-time chemotaxis assay and a panel of chemically diverse and widely used CB2 agonists, we set out to examine whether CB2 modulates primary murine macrophage chemotaxis. We report that of 12 agonists tested, only JWH133, HU308, L-759,656 and L-759,633 acted as macrophage chemoattractants. Surprisingly, neither pharmacological inhibition nor genetic ablation of CB2 had any effect on CB2 agonist-induced macrophage chemotaxis. As chemotaxis was pertussis toxin sensitive in both WT and CB2-/- macrophages, we concluded that a non-CB1/CB2, Gi/o-coupled GPCR must be responsible for CB2 agonist-induced macrophage migration. The obvious candidate receptors GPR18 and GPR55 could not mediate JWH133 or HU308-induced cytoskeletal rearrangement or JWH133-induced β-arrestin recruitment in cells transfected with either receptor, demonstrating that neither are the unidentified GPCR. Taken together our results conclusively demonstrate that CB2 is not a chemoattractant receptor for murine macrophages. Furthermore we show for the first time that JWH133, HU308, L-759,656 and L-759,633 have off-target effects of functional consequence in primary cells and we believe that our findings have wide ranging implications for the entire cannabinoid field.
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Esain V, Kwan W, Carroll KJ, Cortes M, Liu SY, Frechette GM, Sheward LMV, Nissim S, Goessling W, North TE. Cannabinoid Receptor-2 Regulates Embryonic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Development via Prostaglandin E2 and P-Selectin Activity. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2596-612. [PMID: 25931248 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids (CB) modulate adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPCs) function, however, impact on the production, expansion, or migration of embryonic HSCs is currently uncharacterized. Here, using chemical and genetic approaches targeting CB-signaling in zebrafish, we show that CB receptor (CNR) 2, but not CNR1, regulates embryonic HSC development. During HSC specification in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, CNR2 stimulation by AM1241 increased runx1;cmyb(+) HSPCs, through heightened proliferation, whereas CNR2 antagonism decreased HSPC number; FACS analysis and absolute HSC counts confirmed and quantified these effects. Epistatic investigations showed AM1241 significantly upregulated PGE2 synthesis in a Ptgs2-dependent manner to increase AGM HSCs. During the phases of HSC production and colonization of secondary niches, AM1241 accelerated migration to the caudal hematopoietic tissue (CHT), the site of embryonic HSC expansion, and the thymus; however these effects occurred independently of PGE2. Using a candidate approach for HSC migration and retention factors, P-selectin was identified as the functional target of CNR2 regulation. Epistatic analyses confirmed migration of HSCs into the CHT and thymus was dependent on CNR2-regulated P-selectin activity. Together, these data suggest CNR2-signaling optimizes the production, expansion, and migration of embryonic HSCs by modulating multiple downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Esain
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wanda Kwan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kelli J Carroll
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mauricio Cortes
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah Y Liu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory M Frechette
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lea M V Sheward
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sahar Nissim
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wolfram Goessling
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Trista E North
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Turcotte C, Chouinard F, Lefebvre JS, Flamand N. Regulation of inflammation by cannabinoids, the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and arachidonoyl-ethanolamide, and their metabolites. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:1049-70. [PMID: 25877930 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0115-021r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) and arachidonyl-ethanolamide (AEA) are endocannabinoids that have been implicated in many physiologic disorders, including obesity, metabolic syndromes, hepatic diseases, pain, neurologic disorders, and inflammation. Their immunomodulatory effects are numerous and are not always mediated by cannabinoid receptors, reflecting the presence of an arachidonic acid (AA) molecule in their structure, the latter being the precursor of numerous bioactive lipids that are pro- or anti-inflammatory. 2-AG and AEA can thus serve as a source of AA but can also be metabolized by most eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes, yielding additional lipids. In this regard, enhancing endocannabinoid levels by using endocannabinoid hydrolysis inhibitors is likely to augment the levels of these lipids that could regulate inflammatory cell functions. This review summarizes the metabolic pathways involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of AEA and 2-AG, as well as the biologic effects of the 2-AG and AEA lipidomes in the regulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Turcotte
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - François Chouinard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Julie S Lefebvre
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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Chiurchiù V, Battistini L, Maccarrone M. Endocannabinoid signalling in innate and adaptive immunity. Immunology 2015; 144:352-364. [PMID: 25585882 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system can be modulated and regulated not only by foreign antigens but also by other humoral factors and metabolic products, which are able to affect several quantitative and qualitative aspects of immunity. Among these, endocannabinoids are a group of bioactive lipids that might serve as secondary modulators, which when mobilized coincident with or shortly after first-line immune modulators, increase or decrease many immune functions. Most immune cells express these bioactive lipids, together with their set of receptors and of enzymes regulating their synthesis and degradation. In this review, a synopsis of the manifold immunomodulatory effects of endocannabinoids and their signalling in the different cell populations of innate and adaptive immunity is appointed, with a particular distinction between mice and human immune system compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Chiurchiù
- European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Battistini
- European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- European Centre for Brain Research (CERC), I.R.C.C.S. Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Centre of Integrated Research, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Cabral GA, Ferreira GA, Jamerson MJ. Endocannabinoids and the Immune System in Health and Disease. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 231:185-211. [PMID: 26408161 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-20825-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are bioactive lipids that have the potential to signal through cannabinoid receptors to modulate the functional activities of a variety of immune cells. Their activation of these seven-transmembranal, G protein-coupled receptors sets in motion a series of signal transductional events that converge at the transcriptional level to regulate cell migration and the production of cytokines and chemokines. There is a large body of data that supports a functional relevance for 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) as acting through the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) to inhibit migratory activities for a diverse array of immune cell types. However, unequivocal data that supports a functional linkage of anandamide (AEA) to a cannabinoid receptor in immune modulation remains to be obtained. Endocannabinoids, as typical bioactive lipids, have a short half-life and appear to act in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. Their immediate effective action on immune function may be at localized sites in the periphery and within the central nervous system. It is speculated that endocannabinoids play an important role in maintaining the overall "fine-tuning" of the immune homeostatic balance within the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Cabral
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Gabriela A Ferreira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Melissa J Jamerson
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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CB2 receptor activation ameliorates the proinflammatory activity in acute lung injury induced by paraquat. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:971750. [PMID: 24963491 PMCID: PMC4054852 DOI: 10.1155/2014/971750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Paraquat, a widely used herbicide, is well known to exhibit oxidative stress and lung injury. In the present study, we investigated the possible underlying mechanisms of cannabinoid receptor-2 (CB2) activation to ameliorate the proinflammatory activity induced by PQ in rats. JWH133, a CB2 agonist, was administered by intraperitoneal injection 1 h prior to PQ exposure. After PQ exposure for 4, 8, 24, and 72 h, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was collected to determine levels of TNF-α and IL-1β, and the arterial blood samples were collected for detection of PaO2 level. At 72 h after PQ exposure, lung tissues were collected to determine the lung wet-to-dry weight ratios, myeloperoxidase activity, lung histopathology, the protein expression level of CB2, MAPKs (ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and JNK1/2), and NF-κBp65. After rats were pretreated with JWH133, PQ-induced lung edema and lung histopathological changes were significantly attenuated. PQ-induced TNF-α and IL-1β secretion in BALF, increases of PaO2 in arterial blood, and MPO levels in the lung tissue were significantly reduced. JWH133 could efficiently activate CB2, while inhibiting MAPKs and NF-κB activation. The results suggested that activating CB2 receptor exerted protective activity against PQ-induced ALI, and it potentially contributed to the suppression of the activation of MAPKs and NF-κB pathways.
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Larose MC, Turcotte C, Chouinard F, Ferland C, Martin C, Provost V, Laviolette M, Flamand N. Mechanisms of human eosinophil migration induced by the combination of IL-5 and the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1480-2, 1482.e1-3. [PMID: 24530098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.12.1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Chantal Larose
- Faculté de médecine, Département de médecine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G5
| | - Caroline Turcotte
- Faculté de médecine, Département de médecine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G5
| | - François Chouinard
- Faculté de médecine, Département de médecine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G5
| | - Claudine Ferland
- Faculté de médecine, Département de médecine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G5
| | - Cyril Martin
- Faculté de médecine, Département de médecine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G5
| | - Véronique Provost
- Faculté de médecine, Département de médecine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G5
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Faculté de médecine, Département de médecine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G5
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Faculté de médecine, Département de médecine, Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G5.
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Acyltransferases and transacylases that determine the fatty acid composition of glycerolipids and the metabolism of bioactive lipid mediators in mammalian cells and model organisms. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 53:18-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Alhouayek M, Masquelier J, Muccioli GG. Controlling 2-arachidonoylglycerol metabolism as an anti-inflammatory strategy. Drug Discov Today 2013; 19:295-304. [PMID: 23891880 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system is implicated in, and regulates, several physiological processes, ranging from food intake and energy balance to pain and inflammation. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is a full agonist at the cannabinoid receptors which classically mediate its effects. The activity of this bioactive lipid is dependent on its endogenous levels, which are tightly controlled by several hydrolases, monoacylglycerol lipase and α/β-hydrolase domain 6 and 12. Moreover, 2-AG is also a substrate of cyclooxygenase-2, and this reaction leads to the formation of prostaglandin glycerol esters, the effects of which remain to be fully elucidated. In this review we discuss the multiple mechanisms by which 2-AG controls inflammation and the therapeutic potential of 2-AG metabolism inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier 72, B1.72.01, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium; Medicinal Chemistry Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier 73, B1.73.10, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Julien Masquelier
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier 72, B1.72.01, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E. Mounier 72, B1.72.01, B-1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Esnault S, Kelly EA, Schwantes EA, Liu LY, DeLain LP, Hauer JA, Bochkov YA, Denlinger LC, Malter JS, Mathur SK, Jarjour NN. Identification of genes expressed by human airway eosinophils after an in vivo allergen challenge. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67560. [PMID: 23844029 PMCID: PMC3699655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanism for the contribution of eosinophils (EOS) to asthma pathophysiology is not fully understood. Genome-wide expression analysis of airway EOS by microarrays has been limited by the ability to generate high quality RNA from sufficient numbers of airway EOS. Objective To identify, by genome-wide expression analyses, a compendium of expressed genes characteristic of airway EOS following an in vivo allergen challenge. Methods Atopic, mild asthmatic subjects were recruited for these studies. Induced sputum was obtained before and 48h after a whole lung allergen challenge (WLAC). Individuals also received a segmental bronchoprovocation with allergen (SBP-Ag) 1 month before and after administering a single dose of mepolizumab (anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody) to reduce airway EOS. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed before and 48 h after SBP-Ag. Gene expression of sputum and BAL cells was analyzed by microarrays. The results were validated by qPCR in BAL cells and purified BAL EOS. Results A total of 299 transcripts were up-regulated by more than 2-fold in total BAL cells following SBP-Ag. Mepolizumab treatment resulted in a reduction of airway EOS by 54.5% and decreased expression of 99 of the 299 transcripts. 3 of 6 post-WLAC sputum samples showed increased expression of EOS-specific genes, along with the expression of 361 other genes. Finally, the intersection of the 3 groups of transcripts (increased in BAL post SBP-Ag (299), decreased after mepolizumab (99), and increased in sputum after WLAC (365)) was composed of 57 genes characterizing airway EOS gene expression. Conclusion We identified 57 genes that were highly expressed by BAL EOS compared to unseparated BAL cells after in vivo allergen challenge. 41 of these genes had not been previously described in EOS and are thus potential new candidates to elucidate EOS contribution to airway biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Esnault
- Department of Medicine, Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine Division, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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Blockade of cannabinoid receptors reduces inflammation, leukocyte accumulation and neovascularization in a model of sponge-induced inflammatory angiogenesis. Inflamm Res 2013; 62:811-21. [PMID: 23722450 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-013-0638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiogenesis depends on a complex interaction between cellular networks and mediators. The endocannabinoid system and its receptors have been shown to play a role in models of inflammation. Here, we investigated whether blockade of cannabinoid receptors may interfere with inflammatory angiogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Polyester-polyurethane sponges were implanted in C57Bl/6j mice. Animals received doses (3 and 10 mg/kg/daily, s.c.) of the cannabinoid receptor antagonists SR141716A (CB1) or SR144528 (CB2). Implants were collected at days 7 and 14 for cytokines, hemoglobin, myeloperoxidase, and N-acetylglucosaminidase measurements, as indices of inflammation, angiogenesis, neutrophil and macrophage accumulation, respectively. Histological and morphometric analysis were also performed. RESULTS Cannabinoid receptors expression in implants was detected from day 4 after implantation. Treatment with CB1 or CB2 receptor antagonists reduced cellular influx into sponges at days 7 and 14 after implantation, although CB1 receptor antagonist were more effective at blocking leukocyte accumulation. There was a reduction in TNF-α, VEGF, CXCL1/KC, CCL2/JE, and CCL3/MIP-1α levels, with increase in CCL5/RANTES. Both treatments reduced neovascularization. Dual blockade of cannabinoid receptors resulted in maximum inhibition of inflammatory angiogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Blockade of cannabinoid receptors reduced leukocyte accumulation, inflammation and neovascularization, suggesting an important role of endocannabinoids in sponge-induced inflammatory angiogenesis both via CB1 and CB2 receptors.
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Chouinard F, Turcotte C, Guan X, Larose MC, Poirier S, Bouchard L, Provost V, Flamand L, Grandvaux N, Flamand N. 2-Arachidonoyl-glycerol- and arachidonic acid-stimulated neutrophils release antimicrobial effectors against E. coli, S. aureus, HSV-1, and RSV. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 93:267-76. [PMID: 23242611 PMCID: PMC4995105 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0412200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid 2-AG is highly susceptible to its hydrolysis into AA, which activates neutrophils through de novo LTB(4) biosynthesis, independently of CB activation. In this study, we show that 2-AG and AA stimulate neutrophils to release antimicrobial effectors. Supernatants of neutrophils activated with nanomolar concentrations of 2-AG and AA indeed inhibited the infectivity of HSV-1 and RSV. Additionally, the supernatants of 2-AG- and AA-stimulated neutrophils strongly impaired the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This correlated with the release of a large amount (micrograms) of α-defensins, as well as a limited amount (nanograms) of LL-37. All the effects of AA and 2-AG mentioned above were prevented by inhibiting LTB(4) biosynthesis or by blocking BLT(1). Importantly, neither CB(2) receptor agonists nor antagonists could mimic nor prevent the effects of 2-AG, respectively. In fact, qPCR data show that contaminating eosinophils express ∼100-fold more CB(2) receptor mRNA than purified neutrophils, suggesting that CB(2) receptor expression by human neutrophils is limited and that contaminating eosinophils are likely responsible for the previously documented CB(2) expression by freshly isolated human neutrophils. The rapid conversion of 2-AG to AA and their subsequent metabolism into LTB(4) promote 2-AG and AA as multifunctional activators of neutrophils, mainly exerting their effects by activating the BLT(1). Considering that nanomolar concentrations of AA or 2-AG were sufficient to impair viral infectivity, this suggests potential physiological roles for 2-AG and AA as regulators of host defense in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Chouinard
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Québec City, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Caroline Turcotte
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Québec City, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Xiaochun Guan
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie-Chantal Larose
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Québec City, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Samuel Poirier
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Québec City, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Line Bouchard
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Québec City, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Véronique Provost
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Québec City, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Louis Flamand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUQ, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Nathalie Grandvaux
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Québec City, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
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Zogopoulos P, Vasileiou I, Patsouris E, Theocharis S. The neuroprotective role of endocannabinoids against chemical-induced injury and other adverse effects. J Appl Toxicol 2013; 33:246-64. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.2828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Zogopoulos
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens; Greece
| | - Ioanna Vasileiou
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens; Greece
| | - Efstratios Patsouris
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens; Greece
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- 1st Department of Pathology, Medical School; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Athens; Greece
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Zheng JL, Yu TS, Li XN, Fan YY, Ma WX, Du Y, Zhao R, Guan DW. Cannabinoid receptor type 2 is time-dependently expressed during skin wound healing in mice. Int J Legal Med 2012; 126:807-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-012-0741-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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The cannabinoid receptor-2 is involved in allergic inflammation. Life Sci 2012; 90:862-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Basu S, Dittel BN. Unraveling the complexities of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) immune regulation in health and disease. Immunol Res 2012; 51:26-38. [PMID: 21626285 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-011-8210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It has become clear that the endocannabinoid system is a potent regulator of immune responses, with the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) as the key component due to its high expression by all immune subtypes. CB2 has been shown to regulate immunity by a number of mechanisms including development, migration, proliferation, and effector functions. In addition, CB2 has been shown to modulate the function of all immune cell types examined to date. CB2 is a G(i)-protein-coupled receptor and thus exhibits a complex pharmacology allowing both stimulatory and inhibitory signaling that depends on receptor expression levels, ligand concentration, and cell lineage specificities. Here, we discuss both in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence that CB2 is a potent regulator of immune responses making it a prime target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreemanti Basu
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Mechanisms of osteoclastogenesis inhibition by a novel class of biphenyl-type cannabinoid CB(2) receptor inverse agonists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:1053-64. [PMID: 21867920 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid CB(2) receptor is known to modulate osteoclast function by poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we report that the natural biphenyl neolignan 4'-O-methylhonokiol (MH) is a CB(2) receptor-selective antiosteoclastogenic lead structure (K(i) < 50 nM). Intriguingly, MH triggers a simultaneous G(i) inverse agonist response and a strong CB(2) receptor-dependent increase in intracellular calcium. The most active inverse agonists from a library of MH derivatives inhibited osteoclastogenesis in RANK ligand-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and primary human macrophages. Moreover, these ligands potently inhibited the osteoclastogenic action of endocannabinoids. Our data show that CB(2) receptor-mediated cAMP formation, but not intracellular calcium, is crucially involved in the regulation of osteoclastogenesis, primarily by inhibiting macrophage chemotaxis and TNF-α expression. MH is an easily accessible CB(2) receptor-selective scaffold that exhibits a novel type of functional heterogeneity.
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