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Tsioumpekou M, Krijgsman D, Leusen JHW, Olofsen PA. The Role of Cytokines in Neutrophil Development, Tissue Homing, Function and Plasticity in Health and Disease. Cells 2023; 12:1981. [PMID: 37566060 PMCID: PMC10417597 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are crucial innate immune cells and comprise 50-70% of the white blood cell population under homeostatic conditions. Upon infection and in cancer, blood neutrophil numbers significantly increase because of the secretion of various chemo- and cytokines by, e.g., leukocytes, pericytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells present in the inflamed tissue or in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The function of neutrophils in cancer has recently gained considerable attention, as they can exert both pro- and anti-tumorigenic functions, dependent on the cytokine milieu present in the TME. Here, we review the effect of cytokines on neutrophil development, tissue homing, function and plasticity in cancer and autoimmune diseases as well as under physiological conditions in the bone marrow, bloodstream and various organs like the spleen, kidney, liver, lung and lymph nodes. In addition, we address several promising therapeutic options, such as cytokine therapy, immunocytokines and immunotherapy, which aim to exploit the anti-tumorigenic potential of neutrophils in cancer treatment or block excessive neutrophil-mediated inflammation in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Tsioumpekou
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.T.); (D.K.); (J.H.W.L.)
| | - Daniëlle Krijgsman
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.T.); (D.K.); (J.H.W.L.)
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanette H. W. Leusen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.T.); (D.K.); (J.H.W.L.)
| | - Patricia A. Olofsen
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (M.T.); (D.K.); (J.H.W.L.)
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2
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Desel C, Murray PJ, Lehmann CHK, Heger L, Christensen D, Andersen P, Mack M, Dudziak D, Lang R. Monocytes Elicit a Neutrophil-Independent Th1/Th17 Response Upon Immunization With a Mincle-Dependent Glycolipid Adjuvant. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880474. [PMID: 35585969 PMCID: PMC9108773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful subunit vaccination with recombinant proteins requires adjuvants. The glycolipid trehalose-dibehenate (TDB), a synthetic analog of the mycobacterial cord factor, potently induces Th1 and Th17 immune responses and is a candidate adjuvant for human immunization. TDB binds to the C-type lectin receptor Mincle and triggers Syk-Card9-dependent APC activation. In addition, interleukin (IL)-1 receptor/MyD88-dependent signaling is required for TDB adjuvanticity. The role of different innate immune cell types in adjuvant-stimulated Th1/Th17 responses is not well characterized. We investigated cell recruitment to the site of injection (SOI) and to the draining lymph nodes (dLNs) after immunization with the TDB containing adjuvant CAF01 in a protein-based vaccine. Recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils to the SOI and the dramatic increase in lymph node cellularity was partially dependent on both Mincle and MyD88. Despite their large numbers at the SOI, neutrophils were dispensable for the induction of Th1/Th17 responses. In contrast, CCR2-dependent monocyte recruitment was essential for the induction of Th1/Th17 cells. Transport of adjuvant to the dLN did not require Mincle, MyD88, or CCR2. Together, adjuvanticity conferred by monocytes can be separated at the cellular level from potential tissue damage by neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Desel
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christiane Desel, ; Roland Lang,
| | - Peter J. Murray
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Christian H. K. Lehmann
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Heger
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Diana Dudziak
- Department of Dermatology, Laboratory of Dendritic Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Roland Lang
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christiane Desel, ; Roland Lang,
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3
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Bacterial Lymphatic Metastasis in Infection and Immunity. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010033. [PMID: 35011595 PMCID: PMC8750085 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels permeate tissues around the body, returning fluid from interstitial spaces back to the blood after passage through the lymph nodes, which are important sites for adaptive responses to all types of pathogens. Involvement of the lymphatics in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections is not well studied. Despite offering an obvious conduit for pathogen spread, the lymphatic system has long been regarded to bar the onward progression of most bacteria. There is little direct data on live virulent bacteria, instead understanding is largely inferred from studies investigating immune responses to viruses or antigens in lymph nodes. Recently, we have demonstrated that extracellular bacterial lymphatic metastasis of virulent strains of Streptococcus pyogenes drives systemic infection. Accordingly, it is timely to reconsider the role of lymph nodes as absolute barriers to bacterial dissemination in the lymphatics. Here, we summarise the routes and mechanisms by which an increasing variety of bacteria are acknowledged to transit through the lymphatic system, including those that do not necessarily require internalisation by host cells. We discuss the anatomy of the lymphatics and other factors that influence bacterial dissemination, as well as the consequences of underappreciated bacterial lymphatic metastasis on disease and immunity.
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4
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Jakovija A, Chtanova T. Neutrophil Interactions with the Lymphatic System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082106. [PMID: 34440875 PMCID: PMC8393351 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic system is a complex network of lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes designed to balance fluid homeostasis and facilitate host immune defence. Neutrophils are rapidly recruited to sites of inflammation to provide the first line of protection against microbial infections. The traditional view of neutrophils as short-lived cells, whose role is restricted to providing sterilizing immunity at sites of infection, is rapidly evolving to include additional functions at the interface between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Neutrophils travel via the lymphatics from the site of inflammation to transport antigens to lymph nodes. They can also enter lymph nodes from the blood by crossing high endothelial venules. Neutrophil functions in draining lymph nodes include pathogen control and modulation of adaptive immunity. Another facet of neutrophil interactions with the lymphatic system is their ability to promote lymphangiogenesis in draining lymph nodes and inflamed tissues. In this review, we discuss the significance of neutrophil migration to secondary lymphoid organs and within the lymphatic vasculature and highlight emerging evidence of the neutrophils’ role in lymphangiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnolda Jakovija
- Innate and Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Immunity Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia;
- St Vincent’s School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Tatyana Chtanova
- Innate and Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Immunity Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia;
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Correspondence:
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5
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Zanna MY, Yasmin AR, Omar AR, Arshad SS, Mariatulqabtiah AR, Nur-Fazila SH, Mahiza MIN. Review of Dendritic Cells, Their Role in Clinical Immunology, and Distribution in Various Animal Species. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158044. [PMID: 34360810 PMCID: PMC8348663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are cells derived from the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) of the bone marrow and form a widely distributed cellular system throughout the body. They are the most efficient, potent, and professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the immune system, inducing and dispersing a primary immune response by the activation of naïve T-cells, and playing an important role in the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance under homeostatic conditions. Thus, this review has elucidated the general aspects of DCs as well as the current dynamic perspectives and distribution of DCs in humans and in various species of animals that includes mouse, rat, birds, dog, cat, horse, cattle, sheep, pig, and non-human primates. Besides the role that DCs play in immune response, they also play a pathogenic role in many diseases, thus becoming a target in disease prevention and treatment. In addition, its roles in clinical immunology have also been addressed, which include its involvement in transplantation, autoimmune disease, viral infections, cancer, and as a vaccine target. Therefore, based on the current knowledge and understanding of the important roles they play, DCs can be used in the future as a powerful tool for manipulating the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Yusuf Zanna
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Abd Rahaman Yasmin
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.R.O.); (A.R.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-8609-3473 or +601-7353-7341
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.R.O.); (A.R.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.S.A.); (S.H.N.-F.); (M.I.N.M.)
| | - Siti Suri Arshad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.S.A.); (S.H.N.-F.); (M.I.N.M.)
| | - Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (A.R.O.); (A.R.M.)
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Saulol Hamid Nur-Fazila
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.S.A.); (S.H.N.-F.); (M.I.N.M.)
| | - Md Isa Nur Mahiza
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.S.A.); (S.H.N.-F.); (M.I.N.M.)
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6
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Steele MM, Lund AW. Afferent Lymphatic Transport and Peripheral Tissue Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:264-272. [PMID: 33397740 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels provide an anatomical framework for immune surveillance and adaptive immune responses. Although appreciated as the route for Ag and dendritic cell transport, peripheral lymphatic vessels are often not considered active players in immune surveillance. Lymphatic vessels, however, integrate contextual cues that directly regulate transport, including changes in intrinsic pumping and capillary remodeling, and express a dynamic repertoire of inflammatory chemokines and adhesion molecules that facilitates leukocyte egress out of inflamed tissue. These mechanisms together contribute to the course of peripheral tissue immunity. In this review, we focus on context-dependent mechanisms that regulate fluid and cellular transport out of peripheral nonlymphoid tissues to provide a framework for understanding the effects of afferent lymphatic transport on immune surveillance, peripheral tissue inflammation, and adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Steele
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Amanda W Lund
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; .,Department of Pathology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016; and.,Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
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7
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Walsh SM, Sheridan RM, Lucas ED, Doan TA, Ware BC, Schafer J, Fu R, Burchill MA, Hesselberth JR, Tamburini BAJ. Molecular tracking devices quantify antigen distribution and archiving in the murine lymph node. eLife 2021; 10:e62781. [PMID: 33843587 PMCID: PMC8116055 DOI: 10.7554/elife.62781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of foreign antigens in vivo has relied on fluorescent conjugation or indirect read-outs such as antigen presentation. In our studies, we found that these widely used techniques had several technical limitations that have precluded a complete picture of antigen trafficking or retention across lymph node cell types. To address these limitations, we developed a 'molecular tracking device' to follow the distribution, acquisition, and retention of antigen in the lymph node. Utilizing an antigen conjugated to a nuclease-resistant DNA tag, acting as a combined antigen-adjuvant conjugate, and single-cell mRNA sequencing, we quantified antigen abundance in the lymph node. Variable antigen levels enabled the identification of caveolar endocytosis as a mechanism of antigen acquisition or retention in lymphatic endothelial cells. Thus, these molecular tracking devices enable new approaches to study dynamic tissue dissemination of antigen-adjuvant conjugates and identify new mechanisms of antigen acquisition and retention at cellular resolution in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Walsh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Ryan M Sheridan
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Erin D Lucas
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Thu A Doan
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Brian C Ware
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Johnathon Schafer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Rui Fu
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Matthew A Burchill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Jay R Hesselberth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
| | - Beth Ann Jiron Tamburini
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of MedicineAuroraUnited States
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8
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Pathological effects of nano-sized particles on the respiratory system. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 29:102242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Kodama M, Kobayashi D, Abe K, Sahara R, Yamana T, Furukawa S, Yao T, Tamura T, Okano S. Epithelioid Cell Granulomas in Crohn's Disease Are Differentially Associated With Blood Vessels and Lymphatic Vessels: A Sequential Double Immunostaining Study. J Histochem Cytochem 2020; 68:553-560. [PMID: 32589075 DOI: 10.1369/0022155420939535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a gastrointestinal disorder of unknown etiology. CD-specific longitudinal ulcers show an association between disease pathogenesis and vasculature dysfunction. Granulomatous lymphangitis may also contribute to CD pathogenesis; meanwhile, vasculitis is the primary CD lesion. We investigated the association between granulomas and lymphatic and blood vessels to assess the role of vasculature in CD pathogenesis. Two small and large intestine specimens were obtained from four CD patients. From each specimen, 160 sequential sections were obtained and double immunohistochemical stained to label lymphatic and blood vessels in association with granulomas. We found that 289 of 342 granulomas (85%) were associated with a lymphatic vessel and 313 of 364 granulomas (86%) were associated with a blood vessel. Although intrablood vessel granulomas were not detected, intralymphatic vessel granulomas were. In the internal region of the granuloma, we found more blood vessels than lymphatic vessels. Hence, these results cumulatively demonstrate that CD epithelioid cell granulomas are differentially associated with lymphatic and blood vessels, suggesting both as essential for the formation and maintenance of these granulomas. Moreover, both lymphatic and blood vessels may participate in granulomatous inflammation in the primary CD lesions; however, additional studies with larger numbers of participants are required to validate our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kodama
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Tokyo Yamate Medical Center, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kobayashi
- Department of Human Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Abe
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Yamate Medical Center, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rikisaburo Sahara
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Yamate Medical Center, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yamana
- Department of Coloproctology Center, Tokyo Yamate Medical Center, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satomi Furukawa
- Department of Coloproctology Center, Tokyo Yamate Medical Center, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Yao
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Tamura
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soh Okano
- Department of Human Pathology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
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10
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Vohra P, Vrettou C, Hope JC, Hopkins J, Stevens MP. Nature and consequences of interactions between Salmonella enterica serovar Dublin and host cells in cattle. Vet Res 2019; 50:99. [PMID: 31771636 PMCID: PMC6880441 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a veterinary and zoonotic pathogen of global importance. While murine and cell-based models of infection have provided considerable knowledge about the molecular basis of virulence of Salmonella, relatively little is known about salmonellosis in naturally-affected large animal hosts such as cattle, which are a reservoir of human salmonellosis. As in humans, Salmonella causes bovine disease ranging from self-limiting enteritis to systemic typhoid-like disease and exerts significant economic and welfare costs. Understanding the nature and consequences of Salmonella interactions with bovine cells will inform the design of effective vaccines and interventions to control animal and zoonotic infections. In calves challenged orally with S. Dublin expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) we observed that the bacteria were predominantly extracellular in the distal ileal mucosa and within gut-associated lymph nodes 48 h post-infection. Intracellular bacteria, identified by flow cytometry using the GFP signal, were predominantly within MHCII+ macrophage-like cells. In contrast to observations from murine models, these S. Dublin-infected cells had elevated levels of MHCII and CD40 compared to both uninfected cells from the same tissue and cells from the cognate tissue of uninfected animals. Moreover, no gross changes of the architecture of infected lymph nodes were observed as was described previously in a mouse model. In order to further investigate Salmonella-macrophage interactions, net replication of S. enterica serovars that differ in virulence in cattle was measured in bovine blood-derived macrophages by enumeration of gentamicin-protected bacteria and fluorescence dilution, but did not correlate with host-specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Vohra
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - Christina Vrettou
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - John Hopkins
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, UK
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11
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Hampton HR, Chtanova T. Lymphatic Migration of Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1168. [PMID: 31191539 PMCID: PMC6546724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels collect interstitial fluid that has extravasated from blood vessels and return it to the circulatory system. Another important function of the lymphatic network is to facilitate immune cell migration and antigen transport from the periphery to draining lymph nodes. This migration plays a crucial role in immune surveillance, initiation of immune responses and tolerance. Here we discuss the significance and mechanisms of lymphatic migration of innate and adaptive immune cells in homeostasis, inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatyana Chtanova
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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12
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Guzman E, Pujol M, Ribeca P, Montoya M. Bovine Derived in vitro Cultures Generate Heterogeneous Populations of Antigen Presenting Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:612. [PMID: 30984187 PMCID: PMC6450137 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen presenting cells (APC) of the mononuclear phagocytic system include dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Macs) which are essential mediators of innate and adaptive immune responses. Many of the biological functions attributed to these cell subsets have been elucidated using models that utilize in vitro-matured cells derived from common progenitors. However, it has recently been shown that monocyte culture systems generate heterogeneous populations of cells, DCs, and Macs. In light of these findings, we analyzed the most commonly used bovine in vitro-derived APC models and compared them to bona fide DCs. Here, we show that bovine monocyte-derived DCs and Macs can be differentiated on the basis of CD11c and MHC class II (MHCII) expression and that in vitro conditions generate a heterologous group of both DCs and Macs with defined and specific biological activities. In addition, skin-migrating macrophages present in the bovine afferent lymph were identified and phenotyped for the first time. RNA sequencing analyses showed that these monophagocytic cells have distinct transcriptomic profiles similar to those described in other species. These results have important implications for the interpretation of data obtained using in vitro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myriam Pujol
- Doctoral Program in Agronomy Forestry and Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Maria Montoya
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB - CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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13
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Abstract
Lymph nodes have been studied for decades as the main site of the adaptive immune response. In this Viewpoint, we outline how the lymph nodes have another less appreciated function as an active innate barrier. Lymph nodes drain lymphatic fluid from tissues that are exposed to the external environment, such as the skin, lung, or gut. Pathogens that travel through lymphatics should be able to enter the circulation, if it were not for the strategic localization of lymph nodes along lymphatics which prevent systemic access. There is growing evidence for several populations of innate immune cells in the lymph node that function to control pathogens. Understanding how the lymph node functions as an active innate barrier can contribute to improving defenses against dissemination of infections in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ania Bogoslowski
- Calvin, Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Paul Kubes
- Calvin, Phoebe & Joan Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
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14
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Werling D, Hope JC, Siddiqui N, Widdison S, Russell C, Sopp P, Coffey TJ. Subset-Specific Expression of Toll-Like Receptors by Bovine Afferent Lymph Dendritic Cells. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:44. [PMID: 28421187 PMCID: PMC5376590 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the ruminant system, several possibilities exist to generate dendritic cells migrating out from the tissue into the regional draining lymph nodes as afferent lymph dendritic cells (ALDCs). Here, we analyzed toll-like receptor (TLR) 1-10 mRNA expression by using quantitative real-time PCR in highly purified subsets of bovine ALDC. As TLR expression may be influenced by pathogens or vaccines and their adjuvant, it is necessary to understand what TLRs are expressed in a steady-state system to elucidate specific differences and to potentially optimize targeted vaccines. In this study, we have assessed the TLR expression profiles of the four main bovine ALDC subsets [cDC1 and cDC2 (subsets 2-4)]. We demonstrate differences in TLR expression between the four subsets that may reflect the ability of these cells to respond to different pathogens or to respond to adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Werling
- The Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jayne C Hope
- Institute for Animal Health, Newbury, Berkshire, UK
| | | | | | | | - Paul Sopp
- Institute for Animal Health, Newbury, Berkshire, UK
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Lund H, Boysen P, Åkesson CP, Lewandowska-Sabat AM, Storset AK. Transient Migration of Large Numbers of CD14(++) CD16(+) Monocytes to the Draining Lymph Node after Onset of Inflammation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:322. [PMID: 27621730 PMCID: PMC5002921 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of skin-draining cells following infection or vaccination provide important insight into the initiation of immune responses. In this study, the local recruitment and activation of immune cells in draining lymph nodes (LNs) was studied in calves in an adjuvant-induced inflammation. A transient but remarkably strong recruitment of monocytes was demonstrated after onset of inflammation, constituting up to 41% of live cells in the draining LNs after 24 h. Numerous CD14(+) cells were visualized in subcutaneous tissues and draining LNs, and the majority of these cells did not express dendritic cell-associated markers CD205 and CD11c. In the LNs, recruited cells were predominately of a CD14(++) and CD16(+) phenotype, consistent with an intermediate monocyte subset characterized to possess a high inflammatory potential. Moreover, monocytes from the draining LN showed a high expression of genes coding for pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNFa, and TGFβ. Shortly after their appearance in the LN cortical areas, the monocytes had moved into the medulla followed by an increase in peripheral blood. In conclusion, this study provides novel information on in vivo monocyte recruitment and migration after onset of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hege Lund
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Preben Boysen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | - Caroline Piercey Åkesson
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
| | | | - Anne K Storset
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences , Oslo , Norway
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16
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Neeland MR, Shi W, Collignon C, Taubenheim N, Meeusen ENT, Didierlaurent AM, de Veer MJ. The Lymphatic Immune Response Induced by the Adjuvant AS01: A Comparison of Intramuscular and Subcutaneous Immunization Routes. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2704-14. [PMID: 27549170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The liposome-based adjuvant AS01 incorporates two immune stimulants, 3-O-desacyl-4'-monophosphoryl lipid A and the saponin QS-21. AS01 is under investigation for use in several vaccines in clinical development. i.m. injection of AS01 enhances immune cell activation and dendritic cell (DC) Ag presentation in the local muscle-draining lymph node. However, cellular and Ag trafficking in the lymphatic vessels that connect an i.m. injection site with the local lymph node has not been investigated. The objectives of this study were: 1) to quantify the in vivo cellular immune response induced by AS01 in an outbred ovine model, 2) to develop a lymphatic cannulation model that directly collects lymphatic fluid draining the muscle, and 3) to investigate the function of immune cells entering and exiting the lymphatic compartments after s.c. or i.m. vaccination with AS01 administered with hepatitis B surface Ag (HBsAg). We show that HBsAg-AS01 induces a distinct immunogenic cellular signature within the blood and draining lymphatics following both immunization routes. We reveal that MHCII(high) migratory DCs, neutrophils, and monocytes can acquire Ag within muscle and s.c. afferent lymph, and that HBsAg-AS01 uniquely induces the selective migration of Ag-positive neutrophils, monocytes, and an MHCII(high) DC-like cell type out of the lymph node via the efferent lymphatics that may enhance Ag-specific immunity. We report the characterization of the immune response in the lymphatic network after i.m. and s.c. injection of a clinically relevant vaccine, all in real time using a dose and volume comparable with that administered in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie R Neeland
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
| | - Wei Shi
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
| | | | - Nadine Taubenheim
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
| | - Els N T Meeusen
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
| | | | - Michael J de Veer
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
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18
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Microbe-dependent lymphatic migration of neutrophils modulates lymphocyte proliferation in lymph nodes. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7139. [PMID: 25972253 PMCID: PMC4479041 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil recruitment to the site of injury is an essential first step of an anti-bacterial response. However, little is known about the basis for and relevance of neutrophil migration from inflamed tissue into lymphoid organs. We established a photoconversion-based system to monitor the fate of neutrophils recruited to inflamed skin. While neutrophils are efficiently recruited to sites of both microbial and sterile lesions, subsequent re-localization to draining lymph nodes happens only when bacteria are present in the primary lesion. Skin egress of neutrophils occurs via lymphatic vessels and is dependent on CD11b and CXCR4 but not CCR7. Neutrophils are the predominant immune cell to migrate from inflamed skin into lymph nodes where they augment lymphocyte proliferation. Furthermore, inhibition of neutrophil migration from skin reduces T-cell proliferation in draining lymph nodes. Thus neutrophils mediate rapid cellular communication between the initial injury site and secondary lymphoid organs and modulate immune responsiveness. Both sterile and microbial injuries lead to rapid neutrophil recruitment to the site of inflammation. Here the authors show that only neutrophils responding to microbial ligands leave inflamed skin and migrate to draining lymph nodes where they stimulate lymphocyte proliferation.
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von Bargen K, Gagnaire A, Arce-Gorvel V, de Bovis B, Baudimont F, Chasson L, Bosilkovski M, Papadopoulos A, Martirosyan A, Henri S, Mège JL, Malissen B, Gorvel JP. Cervical Lymph Nodes as a Selective Niche for Brucella during Oral Infections. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121790. [PMID: 25919005 PMCID: PMC4412401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical lymph nodes (CLN) are the first lymph nodes encountered by material taking the oral route. To study their role in orally acquired infections, we analyzed 307 patients of up to 14 years treated in the university clinic of Skopje, Macedonia, for brucellosis, a zoonotic bacterial disease frequently acquired by ingestion of contaminated dairy products. From these children, 36% had lymphadenopathy. Among orally infected children, lymphadenopathy with CLN being the only lymph nodes affected was significantly more frequent as compared to those infected by contact with animals (83% vs. 63%), suggesting a possible involvement of CLN during orally acquired human brucellosis. Using a murine model where bacteria are delivered into the oral cavity, we show that Brucella quickly and selectively colonize the CLN where they proliferate and persist over long periods of time for up to 50 days post-infection. A similar efficient though less specific drainage to CLN was found for Brucella, Salmonella typhimurium and fluorescent microspheres delivered by gavage, a pathway likely representing a mixed infection mode of intragastric and oral infection, suggesting a central pathway of drained material. Microspheres as well as bacteria drained to CLN predominately reside in cells expressing CD68 and no or low levels of CD11c. Even though no systemic response could be detected, Brucella induced a locally restricted inflammatory reaction with increased expression levels of interferon γ, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, granzyme B and a delayed induction of Nos2. Inflammation led to pronounced lymphadenopathy, infiltration of macrophages/monocytes expressing high levels of major histocompatibility complex II and to formation of epitheloid granulomas. Together, these results highlight the role of CLN in oral infections as both, an initial and efficient trap for bacterial invaders and as possible reservoir for chronic pathogens. They likewise cast a new light on the significance of oral routes for means of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine von Bargen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Gagnaire
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Vilma Arce-Gorvel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Béatrice de Bovis
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Fannie Baudimont
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Chasson
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Mile Bosilkovski
- University Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Conditions, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Alexia Papadopoulos
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Anna Martirosyan
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Sandrine Henri
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Unité des Rickettsies, Aix-Marseille University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR6020, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gorvel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Aix-Marseille University, UM2, Marseille, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1104, Marseille, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7280, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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20
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Summerfield A, Auray G, Ricklin M. Comparative Dendritic Cell Biology of Veterinary Mammals. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2015; 3:533-57. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-111009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland;
| | - Gael Auray
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland;
| | - Meret Ricklin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland;
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Gonzalez RJ, Lane MC, Wagner NJ, Weening EH, Miller VL. Dissemination of a highly virulent pathogen: tracking the early events that define infection. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004587. [PMID: 25611317 PMCID: PMC4303270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The series of events that occurs immediately after pathogen entrance into the body is largely speculative. Key aspects of these events are pathogen dissemination and pathogen interactions with the immune response as the invader moves into deeper tissues. We sought to define major events that occur early during infection of a highly virulent pathogen. To this end, we tracked early dissemination of Yersinia pestis, a highly pathogenic bacterium that causes bubonic plague in mammals. Specifically, we addressed two fundamental questions: (1) do the bacteria encounter barriers in disseminating to draining lymph nodes (LN), and (2) what mechanism does this nonmotile bacterium use to reach the LN compartment, as the prevailing model predicts trafficking in association with host cells. Infection was followed through microscopy imaging in addition to assessing bacterial population dynamics during dissemination from the skin. We found and characterized an unexpected bottleneck that severely restricts bacterial dissemination to LNs. The bacteria that do not pass through this bottleneck are confined to the skin, where large numbers of neutrophils arrive and efficiently control bacterial proliferation. Notably, bottleneck formation is route dependent, as it is abrogated after subcutaneous inoculation. Using a combination of approaches, including microscopy imaging, we tested the prevailing model of bacterial dissemination from the skin into LNs and found no evidence of involvement of migrating phagocytes in dissemination. Thus, early stages of infection are defined by a bottleneck that restricts bacterial dissemination and by neutrophil-dependent control of bacterial proliferation in the skin. Furthermore, and as opposed to current models, our data indicate an intracellular stage is not required by Y. pestis to disseminate from the skin to draining LNs. Because our findings address events that occur during early encounters of pathogen with the immune response, this work can inform efforts to prevent or control infection. The earliest stage of any infection takes place when a pathogen enters the body (inoculation) at an initial site of contact. From this point, the pathogen can spread into deeper tissues where the pathogen itself and the immune responses against it cause disease. Very little is known about the events that follow inoculation and how pathogens move from the initial site of contact into deeper tissues. A better understanding of this process can potentially result in strategies to control or prevent disease. We studied the highly infectious bacterium that causes bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis) and how it spreads inside the body, from the skin into lymph nodes. We found that movement from the skin is highly restricted as only a small fraction of the bacteria that are deposited into this tissue are found in lymph nodes. While it is currently thought that Y. pestis spreads from the skin inside trafficking cells of the innate immune response, our work suggests these cells are not required for the bacteria to move into lymph nodes. Our findings can influence vaccine development efforts as these strategies are based on the study of early pathogen interactions with cells of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo J. Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - M. Chelsea Lane
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nikki J. Wagner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Eric H. Weening
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Virginia L. Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kurmaeva E, Bhattacharya D, Goodman W, Omenetti S, Merendino A, Berney S, Pizarro T, Ostanin DV. Immunosuppressive monocytes: possible homeostatic mechanism to restrain chronic intestinal inflammation. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:377-89. [PMID: 24696357 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3hi0613-340rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic colitis is accompanied by extensive myelopoiesis and accumulation of CD11b+Gr-1+ cells in spleens and secondary lymphoid tissues. Although cells with similar phenotype have been described in cancer, chronic infection, or autoimmunity, where they were associated with suppression of T cell responses, little is known regarding how these cells affect CD4 T cell responses in the context of chronic intestinal inflammation. Therefore, we undertook this study to characterize the interplay between colitis-induced myeloid cells and CD4 T cell. Within the CD11b+Gr-1+ population, only monocytes (Ly6G(neg)Ly6C(high)) but not other myeloid cell subsets suppressed proliferation and production of cytokines by CD4 T cells. Suppression was mediated by cell-contact, NO and partially by IFN-γ and PGs. Interestingly, Ly6C(high) MDCs, isolated from colitic colons, showed up-regulation of iNOS and arginase-1 and were more potent suppressors than those isolated from spleen. On a single-cell level, MDCs inhibited Th1 responses but enhanced generation of foxp3+ T cells. MDCs, cocultured with activated/Teffs, isolated from inflamed colons under hypoxic (1% O2) conditions typical for the inflamed intestine, suppressed proliferation but not their production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Taken together, expansion of monocytes and MDCs and activation of their suppressive properties may represent a homeostatic mechanism aimed at restraining excessive T cell activation during chronic inflammatory settings. The contribution of immunosuppressive monocytes/MDCs to chronic colitis and their role in shaping T cell responses in vivo require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Kurmaeva
- Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; and
| | - Dhruva Bhattacharya
- Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; and
| | - Wendy Goodman
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sara Omenetti
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Amber Merendino
- Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; and
| | - Seth Berney
- Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; and
| | - Theresa Pizarro
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Dmitry V Ostanin
- Center of Excellence for Arthritis and Rheumatology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA; and
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Neeland MR, Meeusen EN, de Veer MJ. Afferent lymphatic cannulation as a model system to study innate immune responses to infection and vaccination. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 158:86-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Olivier M, Foret B, Le Vern Y, Kerboeuf D, Guilloteau LA. Plasticity of migrating CD1b+ and CD1b- lymph dendritic cells in the promotion of Th1, Th2 and Th17 in response to Salmonella and helminth secretions. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79537. [PMID: 24223964 PMCID: PMC3818231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are pivotal in the development of specific T-cell responses to control pathogens, as they govern both the initiation and the polarization of adaptive immunity. To investigate the capacities of migrating DCs to respond to pathogens, we used physiologically generated lymph DCs (L-DCs). The flexible polarization of L-DCs was analysed in response to Salmonella or helminth secretions known to induce different T cell responses. Mature conventional CD1b+ L-DCs showed a predisposition to promote pro-inflammatory (IL-6), pro-Th1 (IL-12p40) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) responses which were amplified by Salmonella, and limited to only IL-6 induction by helminth secretions. The other major population of L-DCs did not express the CD1b molecule and displayed phenotypic features of immaturity compared to CD1b+ L-DCs. Salmonella infection reduced the constitutive expression of TNF-α and IL-4 mRNA in CD1b- L-DCs, whereas this expression was not affected by helminth secretions. The cytokine response of T cells promoted by L-DCs was analysed in T cell subsets after co-culture with Salmonella or helminth secretion-driven CD1b+ or CD1b- L-DCs. T cells preferentially expressed the IL-17 gene, and to a lesser extent the IFN-γ and IL-10 genes, in response to Salmonella-driven CD1b+ L-DCs, whereas a preferential IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-17 gene expression was observed in response to Salmonella-driven CD1b- L-DCs. In contrast, a predominant IL-4 and IL-13 gene expression by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was observed after stimulation of CD1b+ and CD1b- L-DCs with helminth secretions. These results show that mature conventional CD1b+ L-DCs maintain a flexible capacity to respond differently to pathogens, that the predisposition of CD1b- L-DCs to promote a Th2 response can be oriented towards other Th responses, and finally that the modulation of migrating L-DCs responses is controlled more by the pathogen encountered than the L-DC subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Olivier
- UR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Benjamin Foret
- UR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, INRA, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Le Vern
- Laboratoire de Cytométrie, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
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Microbiomes of unreactive and pathologically altered ileocecal lymph nodes of slaughter pigs. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:193-203. [PMID: 24141125 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03089-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbe-laden dendritic cells are shifted to ileocecal lymph nodes (ICLNs), where microbes are concentrated and an adequate immune response is triggered. Hence, ICLNs are at a crucial position in immune anatomy and control processes of the local immune system. Pathological alterations in ICLNs, such as reactive hyperplasia, lymphadenitis purulenta, or granulomatosa, can harbor a multitude of pathogens and commensals, posing a potential zoonotic risk in animal production. The aim of this study was to characterize the microbial diversity of unreactive ICLNs of slaughter pigs and to investigate community shifts in reactive ICLNs altered by enlargement, purulence, or granulomatous formations. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons from 32 ICLNs yielded 175,313 sequences, clustering into 650 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). OTUs were assigned to 239 genera and 11 phyla. Besides a highly diverse bacterial community in ICLNs, we observed significant shifts in pathologically altered ICLNs. The relative abundances of Cloacibacterium- and Novosphingobium-associated OTUs and the genus Faecalibacterium were significantly higher in unreactive ICLNs than in pathologically altered ICLNs. Enlarged ICLNs harbored significantly more Lactobacillus- and Clostridium-associated sequences. Relative abundances of Mycoplasma, Bacteroides, Veillonella, and Variovorax OTUs were significantly increased in granulomatous ICLNs, whereas abundances of Pseudomonas, Escherichia, and Acinetobacter OTUs were significantly increased in purulent ICLNs (P < 0.05). Correlation-based networks revealed interactions among OTUs in all ICLN groups, and discriminant analyses depicted discrimination in response to pathological alterations. This study is the first community-based survey in ICLNs of livestock animals and will provide a basis to broaden the knowledge of microbe-host interactions in pigs.
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Ondrackova P, Leva L, Kucerova Z, Vicenova M, Mensikova M, Faldyna M. Distribution of porcine monocytes in different lymphoid tissues and the lungs during experimental Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae infection and the role of chemokines. Vet Res 2013; 44:98. [PMID: 24134635 PMCID: PMC4015119 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes play an essential role in the defense against bacterial pathogens. Bone marrow (BM) and peripheral blood (PB) monocytes in pigs consist of the main “steady-state” subpopulations: CD14hi/CD163-/SLA-DR- and CD14low/CD163+/SLA-DR+. During inflammation, the subpopulation of “inflammatory” monocytes expressing very high levels of CD163, but lacking the SLA-DR molecule (being CD14low/CD163+/SLA-DR-) appears in the BM and PB and replaces the CD14low/CD163+/SLA-DR+ subpopulation. However, current knowledge of monocyte migration into inflamed tissues in pigs is limited. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the distribution of “inflammatory” CD14low/CD163+/SLA-DR- monocytes during experimental inflammation induced by Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and a possible role for chemokines in attracting “inflammatory” CD14low/CD163+/SLA-DR- monocytes into the tissues. Monocyte subpopulations were detected by flow cytometry. Chemokines and chemokine receptors were detected by RT-qPCR. The “steady-state” monocytes were found in the BM, PB, spleen and lungs of control pigs. After APP-infection, “inflammatory” monocytes replaced the “steady-state” subpopulation in BM, PB, spleen and moreover, they appeared in an unaffected area, demarcation zone and necrotic area of the lungs and in tracheobronchial lymph nodes. They did not appear in mesenteric lymph nodes. Levels of mRNA for various chemokines with their appropriate receptors were found to be elevated in BM (CCL3-CCR1/CCR5, CCL8-CCR2/CCR5, CCL19-CCR7), necrotic area of the lungs (CCL3-CCR1, CCL5-CCR1/CCR3, CCL11-CCR3, CCL22/CCR4) and tracheobronchial lymph nodes (CCL3-CCR1) and therefore they could play a role in attracting monocytes into inflamed tissues. In conclusion, “inflammatory” monocytes appear in different lymphoid tissues and the lungs after APP infection in pigs. Various chemokines could drive this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Faldyna
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, Brno 621 00, Czech Republic.
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Epithelial entry rather than the ensuing systemic immune response determines the pathogenicity of two Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium strains in a mouse model. Microbes Infect 2013; 15:911-9. [PMID: 23978790 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Most studies of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection focus only on the pathogenicity of one strain. We investigated whether differences in pathogenicity of two wild-type S. Typhimurium strains; DT120 and SL1344, were related to gut invasion or the resulting immune response. Oral administration of a ten-fold lower number of SL1344 (10(6) CFU) as compared to DT120 (10(7) CFU) resulted in higher bacterial counts in liver and lymph nodes, and led to massive neutrophil infiltration of the spleen, while DT120 administration did not. In contrast, administration of the same dose (10(3) CFU) of the two strains intravenously resulted in the same levels of bacteria and neutrophils in spleen and bone marrow. Oral administration of SL1344 led to an increase in neutrophil apoptosis in both spleen and the bone marrow and four out of five mice died before Day 8, while in DT120 mice, no increase in neutrophil apoptosis was observed and all mice survived until Day 8. This study reveals that two wild-type S. Typhimurium strains, despite evoking highly comparable immune responses upon intravenous injection, exhibit diverse pathogenicity in mice and thus suggests that differences in their invasiveness and survival during gut passage determines the success of the ensuing immune response.
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Immune suppression by neutrophils and granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells: similarities and differences. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3813-27. [PMID: 23423530 PMCID: PMC3781313 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils are essential effector cells in the host defense against invading pathogens. Recently, novel neutrophil functions have emerged in addition to their classical anti-microbial role. One of these functions is the suppression of T cell responses. In this respect, neutrophils share similarities with granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (G-MDSCs). In this review, we will discuss the similarities and differences between neutrophils and G-MDSCs. Various types of G-MDSCs have been described, ranging from immature to mature cells shaping the immune response by different immune suppressive mechanisms. However, all types of G-MDSCs share distinct features of neutrophils, such as surface markers and morphology. We propose that G-MDSCs are heterogeneous and represent novel phenotypes of neutrophils, capable of suppressing the immune response. In this review, we will attempt to clarify the differences and similarities between neutrophils and G-MDSCs and attempt to facilitate further research.
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Buettner M, Bode U. Lymph node dissection--understanding the immunological function of lymph nodes. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 169:205-12. [PMID: 22861359 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04602.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymph nodes (LN) are one of the important sites in the body where immune responses to pathogenic antigens are initiated. This immunological function induced by cells within the LN is an extensive area of research. To clarify the general function of LN, to identify cell populations within the lymphatic system and to describe the regeneration of the lymph vessels, the experimental surgical technique of LN dissection has been established in various animal models. In this review different research areas in which LN dissection is used as an experimental tool will be highlighted. These include regeneration studies, immunological analysis and studies with clinical questions. LN were dissected in order to analyse the different cell subsets of the incoming lymph in detail. Furthermore, LN were identified as the place where the induction of an antigen-specific response occurs and, more significantly, where this immune response is regulated. During bacterial infection LN, as a filter of the lymph system, play a life-saving role. In addition, LN are essential for the induction of tolerance against harmless antigens, because tolerance could not be induced in LN-resected animals. Thus, the technique of LN dissection is an excellent and simple method to identify the important role of LN in immune responses, tolerance and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buettner
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
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Reimer JM, Karlsson KH, Lövgren-Bengtsson K, Magnusson SE, Fuentes A, Stertman L. Matrix-M™ adjuvant induces local recruitment, activation and maturation of central immune cells in absence of antigen. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41451. [PMID: 22844480 PMCID: PMC3402407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Saponin-based adjuvants are widely used to enhance humoral and cellular immune responses towards vaccine antigens, although it is not yet completely known how they mediate their stimulatory effects. The aim of this study was to elucidate the mechanism of action of adjuvant Matrix-M™ without antigen and Alum was used as reference adjuvant. Adjuvant Matrix-M™ is comprised of 40 nm nanoparticles composed of Quillaja saponins, cholesterol and phospholipid. BALB/c mice were subcutaneously injected once with, 3, 12 or 30 µg of Matrix-M™, resulting in recruitment of leukocytes to draining lymph nodes (dLNs) and spleen 48 h post treatment. Flow cytometry analysis identified CD11b(+) Gr-1(high) granulocytes as the cell population increasing most in dLNs and spleen. Additionally, dendritic cells, F4/80(int) cells, T-, B- and NK-cells were recruited to dLNs and in spleen the number of F4/80(int) cells, and to some extent, B cells and dendritic cells, increased. Elevated levels of early activation marker CD69 were detected on T-, B- and NK-cells, CD11b(+) Gr-1(high) cells, F4/80(int) cells and dendritic cells in dLNs. In spleen CD69 was mainly up-regulated on NK cells. B cells and dendritic cells in dLNs and spleen showed an increased expression of the co-stimulatory molecule CD86 and dendritic cells in dLNs expressed elevated levels of MHC class II. The high-dose (30 µg) of Matrix-M™ induced detectable serum levels of IL-6 and MIP-1β 4 h post administration, most likely representing spillover of locally produced cytokines. A lesser increase of IL-6 in serum after administration of 12 µg Matrix-M™ was also observed. In conclusion, early immunostimulatory properties were demonstrated by Matrix-M™ alone, as therapeutic doses resulted in a local transient immune response with recruitment and activation of central immune cells to dLNs. These effects may play a role in enhancing uptake and presentation of vaccine antigens to elicit a competent immune response.
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Garai P, Gnanadhas DP, Chakravortty D. Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Typhi as model organisms: revealing paradigm of host-pathogen interactions. Virulence 2012; 3:377-88. [PMID: 22722237 PMCID: PMC3478240 DOI: 10.4161/viru.21087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The lifestyle of intracellular pathogens has always questioned the skill of a microbiologist in the context of finding the permanent cure to the diseases caused by them. The best tool utilized by these pathogens is their ability to reside inside the host cell, which enables them to easily bypass the humoral immunity of the host, such as the complement system. They further escape from the intracellular immunity, such as lysosome and inflammasome, mostly by forming a protective vacuole-bound niche derived from the host itself. Some of the most dreadful diseases are caused by these vacuolar pathogens, for example, tuberculosis by Mycobacterium or typhoid fever by Salmonella. To deal with such successful pathogens therapeutically, the knowledge of a host-pathogen interaction system becomes primarily essential, which further depends on the use of a model system. A well characterized pathogen, namely Salmonella, suits the role of a model for this purpose, which can infect a wide array of hosts causing a variety of diseases. This review focuses on various such aspects of research on Salmonella which are useful for studying the pathogenesis of other intracellular pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Garai
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Migratory sub-populations of afferent lymphatic dendritic cells differ in their interactions with Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette Guerin. Vaccine 2012; 30:2357-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Olivier M, Foret B, Le Vern Y, Guilloteau LA. Capacities of migrating CD1b+ lymph dendritic cells to present Salmonella antigens to naive T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30430. [PMID: 22279590 PMCID: PMC3261196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are well known as professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) able to initiate specific T-cell responses to pathogens in lymph nodes (LN) draining the site of infection. However, the respective contribution of migratory and LN-resident DCs in this process remains unclear. As DC subsets represent important targets for vaccination strategies, more precise knowledge of DC subsets able to present vaccine antigens to T cells efficiently is required. To investigate the capacities of DCs migrating in the lymph (L-DCs) to initiate a specific T-cell response, we used physiologically generated DCs collected from a pseudoafferent lymphatic cannulation model in sheep. The CD1b+ L-DCs were assessed for presenting antigens from the vaccine attenuated strain of Salmonella enterica serovar Abortusovis. CD1b+ L-DCs were able to phagocytose, process and to present efficiently Salmonella antigens to effector/memory T cells in vitro. They were shown to be efficient APC for the priming of allogeneic naive T cells associated with inducing both IFN-γ and IL-4 responses. They were also efficient in presenting Salmonella antigens to autologous naive T cells associated with inducing both IFN-γ and IL-10 responses. The capacities of L-DCs to process and present Salmonella antigens to T cells were investigated in vivo after conjunctival inoculation of Salmonella. The CD1b+ L-DCs collected after inoculation were able to induce the proliferative response of CD4+ T cells suggesting the in vivo capture of Salmonella antigens by the CD1b+ L-DCs, and their potential to present them directly to CD4+ T cells. In this study, CD1b+ L-DCs present potential characteristics of APC to initiate by themselves T cell priming in the LN. They could be used as target cells for driving immune activation in vaccinal strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Olivier
- UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Benjamin Foret
- UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Yves Le Vern
- UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
| | - Laurence A. Guilloteau
- UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France
- * E-mail:
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Muixí L, Contreras V, Collado JA, Alexandre Y, Ballingall K, Bonneau M, Jaraquemada D, Schwartz-Cornil I. Unraveling features of the natural MHC class II peptidome of skin-migrated dendritic cells. Int Immunol 2011; 24:59-69. [PMID: 22194283 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxr096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) migrating from peripheral tissues at steady state are considered the most efficient antigen-presenting cells (APCs) involved in the induction of peripheral T-cell tolerance via self-antigen presentation on MHC class II molecules. However, difficulties in obtaining sufficient numbers of such DCs have precluded previous analyses of their natural MHC class II peptidome in laboratory animals or humans. Here, we overcome this difficulty by collecting the large quantities of sheep DCs that migrate from the skin via the afferent lymphatics at steady state to the draining lymph node. We compared the repertoire of MHC class II-bound peptides from afferent lymph DCs with autologous APCs derived from peripheral blood. A large fraction of the MHC class II peptidome from skin DCs was derived from membrane-recycling proteins (59%) and from proteins of the antigen presentation machinery (50%), whereas these types of peptides constituted a more limited fraction in blood APCs (21 and 11%, respectively). One sheep cytokeratin peptide was identified in the skin DC peptidome indicating active processing of epithelium-derived antigens. Conversely, peptides derived from cytosolic and soluble antigens of the extracellular milieu were more represented in blood APCs than skin DCs. The biased peptidome of skin-migrated DCs indicates that these cells express a peptide repertoire for the generation of self-reactive and/or regulatory T cells mainly directed toward DC molecules from internal and external membranes and to a lesser extent toward antigens of the extracellular milieu, including some tissue-specific peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Muixí
- Immunology Unit, Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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Bertho N, Marquet F, Pascale F, Kang C, Bonneau M, Schwartz-Cornil I. Steady state pig dendritic cells migrating in skin draining pseudo-afferent lymph are semi-mature. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2011; 144:430-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/25/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Pal I, Ramsey JD. The role of the lymphatic system in vaccine trafficking and immune response. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:909-22. [PMID: 21683103 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The development and improvement of vaccines has been a significant endeavor on the part of the medical community for more than the last two centuries, and the success of these efforts is obvious when one considers the millions of lives that have been saved. Recent work in the field of vaccines, however, indicates that vaccines may be developed for even more challenging diseases than those previously addressed. It will be important in achieving this feat to account for the physical and chemical processes related to vaccine trafficking, rather than solely relying on our knowledge of the pathogen and our empirical experience. A thorough understanding of the lymphatic system is essential considering the role it plays in antigen trafficking and all immunological activity. This review describes the results of recent work that provides insight into the physiological processes of the lymphatic system and its various components with an emphasis on vaccine antigen trafficking from the administration site to secondary lymphoid tissues and the ensuing immune response. The review also discusses current challenges in designing vaccines and presents modern strategies for designing vaccines to better interface with the lymphatic system.
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Differential effects of viral vectors on migratory afferent lymph dendritic cells in vitro predict enhanced immunogenicity in vivo. J Virol 2011; 85:9385-94. [PMID: 21752909 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05127-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting dendritic cells (DC) is key to driving effective immune responses. Lymphatic cannulation provides access to the heterogeneous populations of DC draining peripheral sites in rodents and ruminants. Afferent lymph DEC-205(+) CD11c(+) SIRPα(+) DC were preferentially infected ex vivo with three vaccine viral vectors: recombinant human replication-defective human adenovirus 5 (rhuAdV5), recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA), and recombinant fowlpox virus (rFPV), all expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). The rhuAdV5-infected cells remained viable, and peak GFP expression was observed 16 to 24 h posttransduction. Increasing the incubation period of DC with rhuAdV5 enhanced GFP expression. In contrast, DC infected with rMVA-GFP or rFPV-GFP became rapidly apoptotic and GFP expression peaked at 6 h postinfection. Delivery of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) A(22) antigen to DC by rhuAdV5-FMDV-A(22) ex vivo resulted in significantly greater CD4(+) T cell proliferation than did delivery by rFPV-FMDV-A(22). Delivery of rhuAdV5-GFP in oil adjuvant in vivo, to enhance DC-vector contact, resulted in increased GFP expression in migrating DC compared to that with vector alone. Similarly, CD4(+) T cell responses were significantly enhanced when using rhuAdV5-FMDV-A(22) in adjuvant. Therefore, the interaction between viral vectors and afferent lymph DC ex vivo can predict the outcome of in vivo immunization and provide a means of rapidly assessing the effects of vector modification.
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Development of protective immunity to Salmonella, a mucosal pathogen with a systemic agenda. Mucosal Immunol 2011; 4:371-82. [PMID: 21307847 PMCID: PMC4084725 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella infections can cause a range of intestinal and systemic diseases in human and animal hosts. Although some Salmonella serovars initiate a localized intestinal inflammatory response, others use the intestine as a portal of entry to initiate a systemic infection. Considerable progress has been made in understanding bacterial invasion and dissemination strategies, as well as the nature of the Salmonella-specific immune response to oral infection. Innate and adaptive immunity are rapidly initiated after oral infection, but these effector responses can also be hindered by bacterial evasion strategies. Furthermore, although Salmonella resides within intramacrophage phagosomes, recent studies have highlighted a surprising collaboration of CD4 Th1, Th17, and B-cell responses in mediating resistance to Salmonella infection.
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Veer M, Kemp J, Chatelier J, Elhay MJ, Meeusen ENT. Modulation of soluble and particulate antigen transport in afferent lymph by monophosphoryl lipid A. Immunol Cell Biol 2011; 90:404-10. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2011.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Veer
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Joanna Kemp
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Josh Chatelier
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Martin J Elhay
- Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Pfizer Animal Health Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Els NT Meeusen
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
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Ferret-Bernard S, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Remot A, Metton C, Bernardet N, Charley B, Drouet F, Laurent F. Mesenteric lymph node cells from neonates present a prominent IL-12 response to CpG oligodeoxynucleotide via an IL-15 feedback loop of amplification. Vet Res 2011; 42:19. [PMID: 21314903 PMCID: PMC3039596 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-42-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
At birth, the immune system is still in development making neonates more susceptible to infections. The recognition of microbial ligands is a key step in the initiation of immune responses. It can be mimicked to stimulate the immune system by the use of synthetic ligands recognising pattern recognition receptors. In human and mouse, it has been found that neonatal cytokine responses to toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands differ in many ways from those of adults but the relevant studies have been limited to cord blood and spleen cells. In this study, we compared the responses in neonate and adult sheep to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN), a TLR9 ligand, in both a mucosal and a systemic organ. We observed that in response to CpG-ODN more IL-12 was produced by neonatal than adult sheep cells from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleen. This higher IL-12 response was limited to the first 20 days after birth for MLN cells but persisted for a longer period for spleen cells. The major IL-12-producing cells were identified as CD14+CD11b+. These cells were poor producers of IL-12 in response to direct stimulation with CpG-ODN and required the cooperation of other MLN cells. The difference in response to CpG-ODN between neonates and adults can be attributed to both a higher proportion of CD14+CD11b+ cells in neonate lambs and their higher capacity to produce IL-15. The IL-15 increases IL-12 production by an amplifying feedback loop involving CD40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Ferret-Bernard
- INRA, UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, Equipe « Contrôle et Immunologie des Maladies Entériques du Nouveau-Né », Nouzilly, France.
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41
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Calabro S, Tortoli M, Baudner BC, Pacitto A, Cortese M, O'Hagan DT, De Gregorio E, Seubert A, Wack A. Vaccine adjuvants alum and MF59 induce rapid recruitment of neutrophils and monocytes that participate in antigen transport to draining lymph nodes. Vaccine 2011; 29:1812-23. [PMID: 21215831 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants such as alum and the oil-in-water emulsion MF59 are used to enhance immune responses towards pure soluble antigens, but their mechanism of action is still largely unclear. Since most adjuvanted vaccines are administered intramuscularly, we studied immune responses in the mouse muscle and found that both adjuvants were potent inducers of chemokine production and promoted rapid recruitment of CD11b(+) cells. The earliest and most abundantly recruited cell type are neutrophils, followed by monocytes, eosinophils and later dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Using fluorescent forms of MF59 and ovalbumin (OVA) antigen, we show that all recruited cell types take up both adjuvant and antigen to transport them to the draining lymph nodes (LNs). There, we found antigen-positive neutrophils and monocytes within hours of injection, later followed by B cells and DCs. Compared to alum, MF59-injection lead to a more prominent neutrophil recruitment and a more efficient antigen re-localization from the injection site to the LN. As antigen-transporting neutrophils were observed in draining LNs, we asked whether these cells play an essential role in MF59-mediated adjuvanticity. However, antibody-mediated neutrophil ablation left MF59-adjuvanticity unaltered. Further studies will reveal whether other single cell types are crucial or whether the different recruited cell populations are redundant with overlapping functions.
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Ferret-Bernard S, Remot A, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Metton C, Bernardet N, Drouet F, Laurent F. Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the strong neonatal IL-12 response of lamb mesenteric lymph node cells to R-848. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13705. [PMID: 21060840 PMCID: PMC2965667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparative studies on the response of neonates and adults to TLR stimulation have been almost exclusively limited to comparisons of human neonatal cord blood cells with peripheral blood from adults, and analyses of spleen cell responses in mice. We need to extend these studies and gain further information regarding such responses at mucosal sites. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We used sheep as a large animal model to study TLR agonist responses in the lymph nodes draining the intestine, an organ that must adapt to profound changes after birth. In response to the imidazoquinoline compound R-848, neonatal mesenteric lymph node (MLN) and spleen cells produced more IL-12 and, consequently, more IFNγ than their adult counterparts. This difference was age-related for both organs, but the preferential IL-12 response decreased more rapidly in the MLN, with young animals producing similar amounts of this cytokine to adults, from the age of 20 days onwards. Intracellular assays and depletion experiments identified CD14(+)CD11b(+)CD40(+) cells as the main producer of IL-12. These cells accounted for a greater proportion of neonatal than of adult MLN cells, and also produced, in direct response to R-848, more IL-12 after isolation. This strong IL-12 response in neonates occurred despite the production of larger amounts of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 and the stronger upregulation of SOCS-1 and SOCS-3 mRNA levels than in adult cells, and was correlated with an increase in p38/MAPK phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This is the first attempt to decipher the mechanism by which neonatal MLN cells produce more IL-12 than adult cells in response to the TLR8 agonist R-848. CD14(+)CD11b(+)CD40(+) IL-12-producing cells were more numerous in neonate than in adult MLN cells and displayed higher intracellular responsiveness upon R-848 stimulation. This work provides relevant information for future vaccination or immunostimulation strategies targeting neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Ferret-Bernard
- Equipe «Contrôle et Immunologie des Maladies Entériques du Nouveau-Né», UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, INRA Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
| | - Aude Remot
- Equipe «Contrôle et Immunologie des Maladies Entériques du Nouveau-Né», UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, INRA Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sonia Lacroix-Lamandé
- Equipe «Contrôle et Immunologie des Maladies Entériques du Nouveau-Né», UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, INRA Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
| | - Coralie Metton
- Equipe «Contrôle et Immunologie des Maladies Entériques du Nouveau-Né», UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, INRA Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
| | - Nelly Bernardet
- Equipe «Contrôle et Immunologie des Maladies Entériques du Nouveau-Né», UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, INRA Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
| | - Françoise Drouet
- Equipe «Contrôle et Immunologie des Maladies Entériques du Nouveau-Né», UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, INRA Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
| | - Fabrice Laurent
- Equipe «Contrôle et Immunologie des Maladies Entériques du Nouveau-Né», UR1282 Infectiologie Animale et Santé Publique, INRA Nouzilly, Nouzilly, France
- * E-mail:
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Wittekindt NE, Padhi A, Schuster SC, Qi J, Zhao F, Tomsho LP, Kasson LR, Packard M, Cross P, Poss M. Nodeomics: pathogen detection in vertebrate lymph nodes using meta-transcriptomics. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13432. [PMID: 20976145 PMCID: PMC2956653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing emergence of human infections originating from wildlife highlights the need for better knowledge of the microbial community in wildlife species where traditional diagnostic approaches are limited. Here we evaluate the microbial biota in healthy mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) by analyses of lymph node meta-transcriptomes. cDNA libraries from five individuals and two pools of samples were prepared from retropharyngeal lymph node RNA enriched for polyadenylated RNA and sequenced using Roche-454 Life Sciences technology. Protein-coding and 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences were taxonomically profiled using protein and rRNA specific databases. Representatives of all bacterial phyla were detected in the seven libraries based on protein-coding transcripts indicating that viable microbiota were present in lymph nodes. Residents of skin and rumen, and those ubiquitous in mule deer habitat dominated classifiable bacterial species. Based on detection of both rRNA and protein-coding transcripts, we identified two new proteobacterial species; a Helicobacter closely related to Helicobacter cetorum in the Helicobacter pylori/Helicobacter acinonychis complex and an Acinetobacter related to Acinetobacter schindleri. Among viruses, a novel gamma retrovirus and other members of the Poxviridae and Retroviridae were identified. We additionally evaluated bacterial diversity by amplicon sequencing the hypervariable V6 region of 16S rRNA and demonstrate that overall taxonomic diversity is higher with the meta-transcriptomic approach. These data provide the most complete picture to date of the microbial diversity within a wildlife host. Our research advances the use of meta-transcriptomics to study microbiota in wildlife tissues, which will facilitate detection of novel organisms with pathogenic potential to human and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola E. Wittekindt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Abinash Padhi
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephan C. Schuster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ji Qi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fangqing Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lynn P. Tomsho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lindsay R. Kasson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Packard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul Cross
- Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Mary Poss
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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44
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Edwards JC, Moore SJ, Hawthorn JA, Neale MH, Terry LA. PrPSc is associated with B cells in the blood of scrapie-infected sheep. Virology 2010; 405:110-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Contreras V, Urien C, Guiton R, Alexandre Y, Vu Manh TP, Andrieu T, Crozat K, Jouneau L, Bertho N, Epardaud M, Hope J, Savina A, Amigorena S, Bonneau M, Dalod M, Schwartz-Cornil I. Existence of CD8α-like dendritic cells with a conserved functional specialization and a common molecular signature in distant mammalian species. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:3313-25. [PMID: 20702727 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The mouse lymphoid organ-resident CD8alpha(+) dendritic cell (DC) subset is specialized in Ag presentation to CD8(+) T cells. Recent evidence shows that mouse nonlymphoid tissue CD103(+) DCs and human blood DC Ag 3(+) DCs share similarities with CD8alpha(+) DCs. We address here whether the organization of DC subsets is conserved across mammals in terms of gene expression signatures, phenotypic characteristics, and functional specialization, independently of the tissue of origin. We study the DC subsets that migrate from the skin in the ovine species that, like all domestic animals, belongs to the Laurasiatheria, a distinct phylogenetic clade from the supraprimates (human/mouse). We demonstrate that the minor sheep CD26(+) skin lymph DC subset shares significant transcriptomic similarities with mouse CD8alpha(+) and human blood DC Ag 3(+) DCs. This allowed the identification of a common set of phenotypic characteristics for CD8alpha-like DCs in the three mammalian species (i.e., SIRP(lo), CADM1(hi), CLEC9A(hi), CD205(hi), XCR1(hi)). Compared to CD26(-) DCs, the sheep CD26(+) DCs show 1) potent stimulation of allogeneic naive CD8(+) T cells with high selective induction of the Ifngamma and Il22 genes; 2) dominant efficacy in activating specific CD8(+) T cells against exogenous soluble Ag; and 3) selective expression of functional pathways associated with high capacity for Ag cross-presentation. Our results unravel a unifying definition of the CD8alpha(+)-like DCs across mammalian species and identify molecular candidates that could be used for the design of vaccines applying to mammals in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Contreras
- Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires UR892, Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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46
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The kinetics of soluble and particulate antigen trafficking in the afferent lymph, and its modulation by aluminum-based adjuvant. Vaccine 2010; 28:6597-602. [PMID: 20678587 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Revised: 06/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium adjuvants are potent enhancers of immune responses. Despite being a component in most human and animal vaccines, their specific mode of action remains elusive. We have used a sheep lymphatic cannulation model to directly measure the trafficking of soluble and particulate antigen in real-time from the site of injection. Aluminium adjuvant does not alter the kinetics of antigen flow from the site of injection; however it does reduce the amount of soluble antigen entering into afferent lymph. Large numbers of neutrophils, but not DCs, were recruited into the lymph in both saline and aluminium-injected sites and were predominantly responsible for the early uptake of particulate antigen into the lymphatic. Aluminium adjuvant did not significantly increase neutrophil uptake but markedly increased the subsequent uptake of particulate antigen by DCs from 48 to 72 h after antigen injection. Thus, the adjuvanticity of aluminium does not correlate with slow antigen release or increased cell recruitment, but with retention of antigen at the site of injection, and increased uptake of particulate antigen by mature migratory DCs after 24h.
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47
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Silva MT. When two is better than one: macrophages and neutrophils work in concert in innate immunity as complementary and cooperative partners of a myeloid phagocyte system. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:93-106. [PMID: 20052802 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0809549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial effector activity of phagocytes is crucial in the host innate defense against infection, and the classic view is that the phagocytes operating against intracellular and extracellular microbial pathogens are,respectively, macrophages and neutrophils. As a result of the common origin of the two phagocytes, they share several functionalities, including avid phagocytosis,similar kinetic behavior under inflammatory/infectious conditions, and antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. However, consequent to specialization during their differentiation, macrophages and neutrophils acquire distinctive, complementary features that originate different levels of antimicrobial capacities and cytotoxicity and different tissue localization and lifespan.This review highlights data suggesting the perspective that the combination of overlapping and complementary characteristics of the two professional phagocytes promotes their cooperative participation as effectors and modulators in innate immunity against infection and as orchestrators of adaptive immunity. In the concerted activities operating in antimicrobial innate immunity, macrophages and neutrophils are not able to replace each other. The common and complementary developmental,kinetic, and functional properties of neutrophils and macrophages make them the effector arms of a myeloid phagocyte system that groups neutrophils with members of the old mononuclear phagocyte system. The use by mammals of a system with two dedicated phagocytic cells working cooperatively represents an advantageous innate immune attack strategy that allows the efficient and safe use of powerful but dangerous microbicidal molecules.This crucial strategy is a target of key virulence mechanisms of successful pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel T Silva
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Rua do Campo Alegre 823, Porto, Portugal.
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48
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Silva MT. Neutrophils and macrophages work in concert as inducers and effectors of adaptive immunity against extracellular and intracellular microbial pathogens. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 87:805-13. [PMID: 20110444 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1109767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging data suggest new facets of the concerted participation of neutrophils and macrophages in antimicrobial immunity. The classical view is that DCs and macrophages are the inducers of adaptive antimicrobial immunity, but there is evidence for neutrophil participation in this task as cytokine and chemokine producers and APCs. On the other hand, the concept that the T(H)1 response is only associated with control of infections by intracellular pathogens through activation of macrophages by IFN-gamma, and the T(H)17/IL-17 axis is only involved in protection against extracellular pathogens through mobilization and activation of neutrophils is simplistic: There is evidence suggesting that T(H)1 and T(H)17 responses, separately or in parallel, may use macrophages and neutrophils against infections by extracellular and intracellular microbial pathogens. Opsonization by pathogen-specific Igs enhances the antimicrobial capabilities of neutrophils and macrophages in infections by extracellular and intracellular microbes. The functional partnership between macrophages and neutrophils as inducers and effectors of adaptive antimicrobial immunity conforms to their affiliation with the myeloid phagocyte system and reveals a strategy based on the concurrent use of the two professional phagocytes in the adaptive defense mechanisms. Starting from a common myeloid precursor in the bone marrow, macrophages and neutrophils split during differentiation but come together at the infectious foci for a cooperative strategy that uses modulator and effector activities to attack invading microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel T Silva
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.
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Abadie V, Bonduelle O, Duffy D, Parizot C, Verrier B, Combadière B. Original encounter with antigen determines antigen-presenting cell imprinting of the quality of the immune response in mice. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8159. [PMID: 19997562 PMCID: PMC2785484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obtaining a certain multi-functionality of cellular immunity for the control of infectious diseases is a burning question in immunology and in vaccine design. Early events, including antigen shuttling to secondary lymphoid organs and recruitment of innate immune cells for adaptive immune response, determine host responsiveness to antigens. However, the sequence of these events and their impact on the quality of the immune response remain to be elucidated. Here, we chose to study Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) which is now replacing live Smallpox vaccines and is proposed as an attenuated vector for vaccination strategies against infectious diseases. Methodology/Principal findings We analyzed in vivo mechanisms triggered following intradermal (i.d.) and intramuscular (i.m.) Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) administration. We demonstrated significant differences in the antigen shuttling to lymphoid organs by macrophages (MΦs), myeloid dendritic cells (DCs), and neutrophils (PMNs). MVA i.d. administration resulted in better antigen distribution and more sustained antigen-presenting cells (APCs) recruitment into draining lymph nodes than with i.m. administration. These APCs, which comprise both DCs and MΦs, were differentially involved in T cell priming and shaped remarkably the quality of cytokine-producing virus-specific T cells according to the entry route of MVA. Conclusions/Significance This study improves our understanding of the mechanisms of antigen delivery and their consequences on the quality of immune responses and provides new insights for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Abadie
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U945, Paris, France
- University of Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC)- Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
- Assistance-Publique/Hopitaux-de-Paris, Immunity and Infection, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Bonduelle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U945, Paris, France
- University of Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC)- Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
- Assistance-Publique/Hopitaux-de-Paris, Immunity and Infection, Paris, France
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U945, Paris, France
- University of Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC)- Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
- Assistance-Publique/Hopitaux-de-Paris, Immunity and Infection, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Parizot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U945, Paris, France
- University of Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC)- Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
- Assistance-Publique/Hopitaux-de-Paris, Immunity and Infection, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS/UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Béhazine Combadière
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U945, Paris, France
- University of Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC)- Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
- Assistance-Publique/Hopitaux-de-Paris, Immunity and Infection, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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50
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Salmonella disrupts lymph node architecture by TLR4-mediated suppression of homeostatic chemokines. Nat Med 2009; 15:1259-65. [PMID: 19855398 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report that infection of draining lymph nodes (DLNs) by Salmonella typhimurium results in the specific downregulation of the homeostatic chemokines CCL21 and CXCL13, which are essential for normal DLN organization and function. Our data reveal that the mechanism of this suppression is dependent on S. typhimurium LPS (sLPS). The decrease in CCL21 expression involves interaction between sLPS and CCL21-producing cells within DLNs, triggering a distinct Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated host signaling response. In this response, suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 (Socs3) is upregulated, which negatively regulates mothers against decapentaplegic homolog-3 (Smad3)-initiated production of CCL21. Disruption of lymph node architecture and cellular trafficking enhances S. typhimurium virulence and could represent a mechanism of immune suppression used by pathogens that primarily target lymphoid tissue.
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