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Kynurenine Pathway-An Underestimated Factor Modulating Innate Immunity in Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury? Cells 2022; 11:cells11162604. [PMID: 36010680 PMCID: PMC9406744 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection, and it accounts for about half of the cases of acute kidney injury (AKI). Although sepsis is the most frequent cause of AKI in critically ill patients, its pathophysiological mechanisms are not well understood. Sepsis has the ability to modulate the function of cells belonging to the innate immune system. Increased activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and production of kynurenines are the major metabolic pathways utilized by innate immunity cells to maintain immunological tolerance. The activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) plays a dual role in sepsis—in the early stage, the induction of IDO1 elicits strong proinflammatory effects that may lead to tissue damage and septic shock. Afterwards, depletion of tryptophan and production of kynurenines contribute to the development of immunosuppression that may cause the inability to overpower opportunistic infections. The presented review provides available data on the various interdependencies between elements of innate immunity and sepsis-induced AKI (SAKI) with particular emphasis on the immunomodulatory significance of KP in the above processes. We believe that KP activation may be one of the crucial, though underestimated, components of a deregulated host response to infection during SAKI.
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Córneo E, Michels M, Abatti M, Vieira A, Gonçalves RC, Gabriel FF, Borges H, Goulart A, da Silva Matos N, Dominguini D, Varela R, Valvassori S, Dal-Pizzol F. Enriched environment causes epigenetic changes in hippocampus and improves long-term cognitive function in sepsis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11529. [PMID: 35798809 PMCID: PMC9262921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14660-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by an inappropriate host response to infection. The presence of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in sepsis leads to dysregulated gene expression, leading to a hyperinflammatory response. Environmental conditions play an important role in various pathologies depending on the stimulus it presents. A standard environment condition (SE) may offer reduced sensory and cognitive stimulation, but an enriched environment improves spatial learning, prevents cognitive deficits induced by disease stress, and is an important modulator of epigenetic enzymes. The study evaluated the epigenetic alterations and the effects of the environmental enrichment (EE) protocol in the brain of animals submitted to sepsis by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). Male Wistar rats were divided into sham and CLP at 24 h, 72 h, 10 days and 30 days after sepsis. Other male Wistar rats were distributed in a SE or in EE for forty-five days. Behavioral tests, analysis of epigenetic enzymes:histone acetylase (HAT), histone deacetylase (HDAC) and DNA methyltransferase (DNMT), biochemical and synaptic plasticity analyzes were performed. An increase in HDAC and DNMT activities was observed at 72 h, 10 days and 30 days. There was a positive correlation between epigenetic enzymes DNMT and HDAC 24 h, 10 days and 30 days. After EE, HDAC and DNMT enzyme activity decreased, cognitive impairment was reversed, IL1-β levels decreased and there was an increase in PSD-95 levels in the hippocampus. Interventions in environmental conditions can modulate the outcomes of long-term cognitive consequences associated with sepsis, supporting the idea of the potential benefits of EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Córneo
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil.
| | - Monique Michels
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Mariane Abatti
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Andriele Vieira
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Renata Casagrande Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Filipe Fernandes Gabriel
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Borges
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Amanda Goulart
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Natan da Silva Matos
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Diogo Dominguini
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
| | - Roger Varela
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Samira Valvassori
- Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dal-Pizzol
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina (UNESC), Av. Universitária, 1105, Criciúma, SC, 88806000, Brazil
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3
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Yao RQ, Ren C, Zheng LY, Xia ZF, Yao YM. Advances in Immune Monitoring Approaches for Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:891024. [PMID: 35619710 PMCID: PMC9127053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis represents a life-threatening organ dysfunction due to an aberrant host response. Of note is that majority of patients have experienced a severe immune depression during and after sepsis, which is significantly correlated with the occurrence of nosocomial infection and higher risk of in-hospital death. Nevertheless, the clinical sign of sepsis-induced immune paralysis remains highly indetectable and ambiguous. Given that, specific yet robust biomarkers for monitoring the immune functional status of septic patients are of prominent significance in clinical practice. In turn, the stratification of a subgroup of septic patients with an immunosuppressive state will greatly contribute to the implementation of personalized adjuvant immunotherapy. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the mechanism of sepsis-associated immunosuppression at the cellular level and highlight the recent advances in immune monitoring approaches targeting the functional status of both innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Qi Yao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Ren
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Yu Zheng
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Fan Xia
- Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
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4
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Men S, Yu Y. Prospects for Use of Single-Cell Sequencing to Assess DNA Methylation in Asthma. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e925514. [PMID: 33009362 PMCID: PMC7539641 DOI: 10.12659/msm.925514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a complex disease with an increasing prevalence rate caused by the interaction of multiple genetically inherited and environmental factors. Epigenetics link genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification that plays a crucial role in the regulation of growth and development, gene expression, and disease. Relatively little is known about DNA methylation in asthma, with few studies to date using single-cell sequencing to analyze the molecular mechanism by which DNA methylation regulates asthma. Cells with similar phenotypes may be heterogeneous in function and transcription, as may their genetic information. Although multi-omics methods, such as studies of the genome, transcriptome, and epigenome, can be used to evaluate biological processes, these methods are applicable only to groups of cells or tissues and provide averages that may obscure direct correlations among multiple layers of data. Single-cell sequencing technology can clarify the methylation and expression of genes in different populations of cells, in contrast to traditional multi-omics sequencing, which can determine only average values of cell populations. Single-cell sequence can therefore better reflect the pathogenesis of asthma, as it can clarify the function and regulatory mechanism of DNA methylation in asthma, and detect new genes and molecular markers that may become therapeutic targets in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Men
- Pediatric Asthma Department, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Pediatric Asthma Department, Lianyungang Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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5
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Braiki M, Benzinou A, Nasreddine K, Hymery N. Automatic Human Dendritic Cells Segmentation Using K-Means Clustering and Chan-Vese Active Contour Model. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 195:105520. [PMID: 32497772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Nowadays, the number of pathologies related to food are multiplied. Mycotoxins are one of the most severe food contaminants that cause serious effects on the human health. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an assessment tool for evaluating their impact on the immune response. Recently, a new investigational method using human dendritic cells was endorsed by biologists. Nevertheless, analysis of the morphological features and the behavior of these cells remains merely visual. In addition, this manual analysis is difficult and time-consuming. Here, we focus mainly on automating the evaluation process by using advanced image processing technology. METHODS An automatic segmentation approach of microscopic dendritic cell images is developed to provide a fast and objective evaluation. First, a combination of K-means clustering and mathematical morphology is used to detect dendritic cells. Second, a region-based Chan-Vese active contour model is used to segment the detected cells more precisely. Finally, dendritic cells are extracted by a filtering based on eccentricity measure. RESULTS The proposed scheme is tested on an actual dataset containing 421 microscopic dendritic cell images. The experimental results show high conformity between the results of the proposed scheme and ground-truth elaborated by biological expert. Moreover, a comparative study with other state-of-art segmentation schemes demonstrates the efficiency of the proposed method. It gives the highest average accuracy rate (99.42 %) compared to recent studied approaches. CONCLUSIONS The proposed image segmentation method for morphological analysis of dendrite inhibition can consistently be used as an assessment tool for biologists to facilitate the evaluation of serious health impacts of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Braiki
- ENIB, UMR CNRS 6285 LabSTICC, 29238, Brest, France; UTM, ISTMT, LR13ES07 (LRBTM), 1006, Tunis, Tunisie
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6
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Venet F, Demaret J, Gossez M, Monneret G. Myeloid cells in sepsis-acquired immunodeficiency. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1499:3-17. [PMID: 32202669 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
On May 2017, the World Health Organization recognized sepsis as a global health priority. Sepsis profoundly perturbs immune homeostasis by initiating a complex response that varies over time, with the concomitant occurrence of pro- and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Sepsis deeply impacts myeloid cell response. Different mechanisms are at play, such as apoptosis, endotoxin tolerance, metabolic failure, epigenetic reprogramming, and central regulation. This induces systemic effects on circulating immune cells and impacts progenitors locally in lymphoid organs. In the bone marrow, a progressive shift toward the release of immature myeloid cells (including myeloid-derived suppressor cells), at the expense of mature neutrophils, takes place. Circulating dendritic cell number remains dramatically low and monocytes/macrophages display an anti-inflammatory phenotype and reduced antigen presentation capacity. Intensity and persistence of these alterations are associated with increased risk of deleterious outcomes in patients. Thus, myeloid cells dysfunctions play a prominent role in the occurrence of sepsis-acquired immunodeficiency. For the most immunosuppressed patients, this paves the way for clinical trials evaluating immunoadjuvant molecules (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interferon gamma) aimed at restoring homeostatic myeloid cell response. Our review offers a summary of sepsis-induced myeloid cell dysfunctions and current therapeutic strategies proposed to target these defects in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Venet
- EA 7426 Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (PI3), Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Immunology Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Demaret
- Institut d'Immunologie, Lille University and University Hospital (CHU), Lille, France
| | - Morgane Gossez
- EA 7426 Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (PI3), Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Immunology Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- EA 7426 Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression (PI3), Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Immunology Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
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7
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Rajan S, Ljunggren A, Manton DJ, Björkner AE, McCullough M. Post-mitotic odontoblasts in health, disease, and regeneration. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 109:104591. [PMID: 31710968 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Description of the odontoblast lifecycle, an overview of the known complex molecular interactions that occur when the health of the dental pulp is challenged and the current and future management strategies on vital and non-vital teeth. METHODS A literature search of the electronic databases included MEDLINE (1966-April 2019), CINAHL (1982-April 2019), EMBASE and EMBASE Classic (1947-April 2019), and hand searches of references retrieved were undertaken using the following MESH terms 'odontoblast*', 'inflammation', 'dental pulp*', 'wound healing' and 'regenerative medicine'. RESULTS Odontoblasts have a sensory and mechano-transduction role so as to detect external stimuli that challenge the dental pulp. On detection, odontoblasts stimulate the innate immunity by activating defence mechanisms key in the healing and repair mechanisms of the tooth. A better understanding of the role of odontoblasts within the dental pulp complex will allow an opportunity for biological management to remove the cause of the insult to the dental pulp, modulate the inflammatory process, and promote the healing and repair capabilities of the tooth. Current strategies include use of conventional dental pulp medicaments while newer methods include bioactive molecules, epigenetic modifications and tissue engineering. CONCLUSION Regenerative medicine methods are in their infancy and experimental stages at best. This review highlights the future direction of dental caries management and consequently research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajan
- The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | | | - D J Manton
- The University of Melbourne, Australia; Centrum voor Tandheelkunde en Mondzorgkunde, UMCG, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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8
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Tibúrcio R, Nunes S, Nunes I, Rosa Ampuero M, Silva IB, Lima R, Machado Tavares N, Brodskyn C. Molecular Aspects of Dendritic Cell Activation in Leishmaniasis: An Immunobiological View. Front Immunol 2019; 10:227. [PMID: 30873156 PMCID: PMC6401646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are a diverse group of leukocytes responsible for bridging innate and adaptive immunity. Despite their functional versatility, DCs exist primarily in two basic functional states: immature and mature. A large body of evidence suggests that upon interactions with pathogens, DCs undergo intricate cellular processes that culminate in their activation, which is paramount to the orchestration of effective immune responses against Leishmania parasites. Herein we offer a concise review of the emerging hallmarks of DCs activation in leishmaniasis as well as a comprehensive discussion of the following underlying molecular events: DC-Leishmania interaction, antigen uptake, costimulatory molecule expression, parasite ability to affect DC migration, antigen presentation, metabolic reprogramming, and epigenetic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Tibúrcio
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Sara Nunes
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Ivanéia Nunes
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rosa Ampuero
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Icaro Bonyek Silva
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Reinan Lima
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Natalia Machado Tavares
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) iii Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Brodskyn
- Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia (INCT) iii Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Single dose HBsAg CS-γ-PGA nanogels induce potent protective immune responses against HBV infection. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 124:82-88. [PMID: 29247691 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a severe threat to public health, which can be prevented by prophylactic vaccination. Here, we tested nanogels carriers in the prophylactic effect of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) vaccine. HBsAg nanogels (Ng) were prepared using chitosan (CS) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA). Positively charged Ng (+) and negatively charged Ng (-) were prepared by adjusting the CS and γ-PGA proportion. Dendritic cells (DCs) maturation in mice immunized with HBsAg Ng (+) and HBsAg Ng (-) could be augmented in response to pAAV/HBV1.2 plasmid challenge. Single-dose immunization with HBsAg Ng (+) induced HBsAg specific-antibodies. HBsAg Ng (+) immunized mice cleared HBsAg and restored anti-HBs production after pAAV/HBV1.2 plasmid challenge. Single-dose HBsAg Ng (+) induced humoral and cellular immunity, and could induce effector memory T cells. Single-dose HBsAg Ng (-) favored the induction of cellular immunity, and induced central memory T cells and effector memory T cells. However, HBsAg elimination was similar between HBsAg Ng (+)- and HBsAg Ng (+) plus HBsAg Ng (-)-immunized mice. Zeta potential measurements showed that HBsAg Ng (+) were more stable than HBsAg Ng (-). Therefore, Ng (+) are desirable HBsAg prophylactic vaccine carriers, providing long-term protection against HBV, and are a good choice to study and apply weakly immunostimulatory antigens.
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10
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Venet F, Monneret G. Advances in the understanding and treatment of sepsis-induced immunosuppression. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 14:121-137. [PMID: 29225343 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction that is caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sepsis can induce acute kidney injury and multiple organ failures and represents the most common cause of death in the intensive care unit. Sepsis initiates a complex immune response that varies over time, with the concomitant occurrence of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. As a result, most patients with sepsis rapidly display signs of profound immunosuppression, which is associated with deleterious consequences. Scientific advances have highlighted the role of metabolic failure, epigenetic reprogramming, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, immature suppressive neutrophils and immune alterations in primary lymphoid organs (the thymus and bone marrow) in sepsis. An improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying this immunosuppression as well as of the similarities between sepsis-induced immunosuppression and immune defects in cancer or immunosenescence has led to novel therapeutic strategies aimed at stimulating immune function in patients with sepsis. Trials assessing the therapeutic benefit of IL-7, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and antibodies against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PDL1) for the treatment of sepsis are in progress. The reappraisal of sepsis pathophysiology has also resulted in a novel approach to the design of clinical trials evaluating sepsis treatments, based on an evaluation of the immune status and biomarker-based stratification of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Venet
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Immunology Department, Flow Division, 69003 Lyon, France.,Equipe d'Accueil 7426, Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon - bioMérieux, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Monneret
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Immunology Department, Flow Division, 69003 Lyon, France.,Equipe d'Accueil 7426, Pathophysiology of Injury-Induced Immunosuppression, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon - bioMérieux, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 69003 Lyon, France
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11
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Dendritic Cells in Sepsis: Pathological Alterations and Therapeutic Implications. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:3591248. [PMID: 29075648 PMCID: PMC5624156 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3591248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of death for critically ill patients in recent years. Dendritic cells (DCs) are important antigen-presenting cells and play a key role in immune response by regulating the innate and adaptive immunity. The number of DCs, the differentiation of monocytes into DCs, and the levels of surface molecules associated with the function of DCs are changed in the development of sepsis. There are many mechanisms involved in the alterations of DCs during sepsis, including the induction of apoptosis, reactive oxygen species generation, activation of the Wnt signaling pathway, epigenetic regulation, and variation in Toll-like receptor-dependent signaling. In this review, we present the classifications of DC subsets and mechanisms involved in the alterations of DCs in sepsis, as well as further discuss the therapeutic strategies targeting DCs in sepsis to improve the aberrant immune response and prolong the life during sepsis progression.
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12
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Kalinski P, Talmadge JE. Tumor Immuno-Environment in Cancer Progression and Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1036:1-18. [PMID: 29275461 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67577-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The approvals of Provenge (Sipuleucel-T), Ipilimumab (Yervoy/anti-CTLA-4) and blockers of the PD-1 - PD-L1/PD-L2 pathway, such as nivolumab (Opdivo), pembrolizumab (Keytruda), or atezolizumab (Tecentriq), have established immunotherapy as a key component of comprehensive cancer care. Further, murine mechanistic studies and studies in immunocompromised patients have documented the critical role of immunity in effectiveness of radio- and chemotherapy. However, in addition to the ability of the immune system to control cancer progression, it can also promote tumor growth, via regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived dendritic cells (MDSCs) and tumor associated macrophages (TAM), which can enhance survival of cancer cells directly or via the regulation of the tumor stroma.An increasing body of evidence supports a central role for the tumor microenvironment (TME) and the interactions between tumor stroma, infiltrating immune cells and cancer cells during the induction and effector phase of anti-cancer immunity, and the overall effectiveness of immunotherapy and other forms of cancer treatment. In this chapter, we discuss the roles of key TME components during tumor progression, metastatic process and cancer therapy-induced tumor regression, as well as opportunities for their modulation to enhance the overall therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunotherapy, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - James E Talmadge
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986495 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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13
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Carson WF, Kunkel SL. Regulation of Cellular Immune Responses in Sepsis by Histone Modifications. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 106:191-225. [PMID: 28057212 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe sepsis, septic shock, and related inflammatory syndromes are driven by the aberrant expression of proinflammatory mediators by immune cells. During the acute phase of sepsis, overexpression of chemokines and cytokines drives physiological stress leading to organ failure and mortality. Following recovery from sepsis, the immune system exhibits profound immunosuppression, evidenced by an inability to produce the same proinflammatory mediators that are required for normal responses to infectious microorganisms. Gene expression in inflammatory responses is influenced by the transcriptional accessibility of the chromatin, with histone posttranslational modifications determining whether inflammatory gene loci are set to transcriptionally active, repressed, or poised states. Experimental evidence indicates that histone modifications play a central role in governing the cytokine storm of severe sepsis, and that aberrant chromatin modifications induced during the acute phase of sepsis may mediate chronic immunosuppression in sepsis survivors. This review will focus on the role of histone modifications in governing immune responses in severe sepsis, with an emphasis on specific leukocyte subsets and the histone modifications observed in these cells during chronic stages of sepsis. Additionally, the expression and function of chromatin-modifying enzymes (CMEs) will be discussed in the context of severe sepsis, as potential mediators of epigenetic regulation of gene expression in sepsis responses. In summary, this review will argue for the use of chromatin modifications and CME expression in leukocytes as potential biomarkers of immunosuppression in patients with severe sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Carson
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - S L Kunkel
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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The Transcriptional Repressor Polycomb Group Factor 6, PCGF6, Negatively Regulates Dendritic Cell Activation and Promotes Quiescence. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1829-37. [PMID: 27498878 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory signals provided by the microenvironment are critical to activate dendritic cells (DCs), components of the innate immune system that shape both innate and adaptive immunity. However, to prevent inappropriate immune activation, mechanisms must be in place to restrain DC activation to ensure DCs are activated only once sufficient stimuli have been received. Here, we report that DC activation and immunogenicity are regulated by the transcriptional repressor Polycomb group factor 6 (PCGF6). Pcgf6 is rapidly downregulated upon stimulation, and this downregulation is necessary to permit full DC activation. Silencing PCGF6 expression enhanced both spontaneous and stimulated DC activation. We show that PCGF6 associates with the H3K4me3 demethylase JARID1c, and together, they negatively regulate H3K4me3 levels in DCs. Our results identify two key regulators, PCGF6 and JARID1c that temper DC activation and implicate active transcriptional silencing via histone demethylation as a previously unappreciated mechanism for regulating DC activation and quiescence.
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Ohkuma K, Matsuda K, Kariya R, Goto H, Kamei S, Hamamoto T, Okada S. Anti-inflammatory effects of activated protein C on human dendritic cells. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 59:381-8. [PMID: 25891444 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) has an anticoagulant action and plays an important role in blood coagulation homeostasis. In addition to its anticoagulant action, APC is known to have cytoprotective effects, such as anti-apoptotic action and endothelial barrier protection, on vascular endothelial cells and monocytes. However, the effects of APC on DCs have not been clarified. To investigate the effects of APC on human DCs, monocytes were isolated from peripheral blood and DC differentiation induced with LPS. APC significantly inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 during differentiation of immature DCs to mature DCs, but did not inhibit the production of IL-12 and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Interestingly, treatment with 5 μg/mL, but not 25 μg/mL, of APC significantly enhanced production of IL-10. In addition, protein C, which is the zymogen of APC, did not affect production of these cytokines. On the other hand, flow cytometric analysis of DC's surface molecules indicated that APC does not significantly affect expression of CD83, a marker of mDC differentiation, and the co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and CD86. These results suggest that APC has anti-inflammatory effects on human DCs and may be effective against some inflammatory diseases in which the pathogenesis involves TNF-α and/or IL-6 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Ohkuma
- Development Department, Blood Plasma Division, Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (Kaketsuken).,Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kouki Matsuda
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ryusho Kariya
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroki Goto
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kamei
- Development Department, Blood Plasma Division, Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (Kaketsuken)
| | - Takayoshi Hamamoto
- Development Department, Blood Plasma Division, Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute (Kaketsuken)
| | - Seiji Okada
- Division of Hematopoiesis, Center for AIDS Research, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Fan X, Liu Z, Jin H, Yan J, Liang HP. Alterations of dendritic cells in sepsis: featured role in immunoparalysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:903720. [PMID: 25821827 PMCID: PMC4363672 DOI: 10.1155/2015/903720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis, the leading cause of mortality in intensive care unit, is characterized by hyperinflammatory response in the early stage and followed by a period of immunosuppression. This immune disorder is believed to be the potent factor that is tightly associated with high mortality in sepsis. Dendritic cells (DCs) serve as professional antigen-presenting cells that play a vital role in immune response by activating T lymphocytes. During the progression of sepsis, DCs have been reported to take part in the aberrant immune response and be necessary for survival. Therefore, a better understanding of the DCs pathology will be undoubtedly beneficial for resolving the problems occurring in sepsis. This review discusses effects of sepsis on DCs number and function, including surface molecules expression, cytokines secretion, and T cell activation, and the underlying mechanism as well as some potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - He Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Jun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
| | - Hua-ping Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400042, China
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Abstract
Most of what is known about the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pertains to complex interplay between host genetics, immunity, and environmental factors. Epigenetic modifications play pivotal roles in intestinal immunity and mucosal homeostasis as well as mediating gene-environment interactions. In this article, we provide a historical account of epigenetic research either directly related or pertinent to the pathogenesis and management of IBD. We further collate emerging evidence supporting roles for epigenetic mechanisms in relevant aspects of IBD biology, including deregulated immunity, host-pathogen recognition and mucosal integrity. Finally, we highlight key epigenetic mechanisms that link chronic inflammation to specific IBD comorbidities, including colitis-associated cancer and discuss their potential utility as novel biomarkers or pharmacologic targets in IBD therapy.
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Leentjens J, Kox M, van der Hoeven JG, Netea MG, Pickkers P. Immunotherapy for the adjunctive treatment of sepsis: from immunosuppression to immunostimulation. Time for a paradigm change? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187:1287-93. [PMID: 23590272 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201301-0036cp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of death in the intensive care unit and ranks in the top 10 causes of death in general worldwide. Proinflammatory mediators are related to symptoms observed early in patients with sepsis, such as fever and hemodynamic instability. However, in recent years it has become clear that most septic patients do not die from an overwhelming proinflammatory immune response but in an immunosuppressive state, which can last for days or even weeks, and that results in increased susceptibility to secondary (opportunistic) infections. Although infection control and supportive therapies will remain the cornerstone of treatment, especially in the early phase of sepsis, the identification of this so-called "immunoparalysis" is currently causing a paradigm shift in the adjunctive treatment of sepsis from therapies that suppress the immune system toward immunostimulation. In this Critical Care Perspective we give an overview of the pathophysiology of sepsis, with a focus on immunosuppressive mechanisms that play an important role in outcome. In addition, we present an appraisal of the recent advances in immunotherapy as an adjunctive treatment for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenneke Leentjens
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Lindroth AM, Park YJ. Epigenetic biomarkers: a step forward for understanding periodontitis. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2013; 43:111-20. [PMID: 23837125 PMCID: PMC3701832 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2013.43.3.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common oral disease that is characterized by infection and inflammation of the tooth supporting tissues. While its incidence is highly associated with outgrowth of the pathogenic microbiome, some patients show signs of predisposition and quickly fall into recurrence after treatment. Recent research using genetic associations of candidates as well as genome-wide analysis highlights that variations in genes related to the inflammatory response are associated with an increased risk of periodontitis. Intriguingly, some of the genes are regulated by epigenetic modifications, supposedly established and reprogrammed in response to environmental stimuli. In addition, the treatment with epigenetic drugs improves treatment of periodontitis in a mouse model. In this review, we highlight some of the recent progress identifying genetic factors associated with periodontitis and point to promising approaches in epigenetic research that may contribute to the understanding of molecular mechanisms involving different responses in individuals and the early detection of predispositions that may guide in future oral treatment and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders M Lindroth
- Division of Epigenomics and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Yan YH, Qi SC, Su LK, Xu QA, Fan MW. Co-delivery of ccl19 gene enhances anti-caries DNA vaccine pCIA-P immunogenicity in mice by increasing dendritic cell migration to secondary lymphoid tissues. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:432-40. [PMID: 23334235 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2012.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate how co-delivery of the gene encoding C-C chemokine ligand-19 (CCL-19) affected the systemic immune responses to an anti-caries DNA vaccine pCIA-P in mice. METHODS Plasmid encoding CCL19-GFP fusion protein (pCCL19/GFP) was constructed by inserting murine ccl19 gene into GFP-expressing vector pAcGFP1-N1. Chemotactic effect of the fusion protein on murine dendritic cells (DCs) was assessed in vitro and in vivo using transwell and flow cytometric analysis, respectively. BALB/c mice were administered anti-caries DNA vaccine pCIA-P plus pCCL19/GFP (each 100 μg, im) or pCIA-P alone. Serum level of anti-PAc IgG was assessed with ELISA. Splenocytes from the mice were stimulated with PAc protein for 48 h, and IFN-γ and IL-4 production was measured with ELISA. The presence of pCCL19/GFP in spleen and draining lymph nodes was assessed using PCR. The expression of pCCL19/GFP protein in these tissues was analyzed under microscope and with flow cytometry. RESULTS The expression level of CCL19-GFP fusion protein was considerably increased 48 h after transfection of COS-7 cells with pCCL19/GFP plasmids. The fusion protein showed potent chemotactic activity on DCs in vitro. The level of serum PAc-specific IgG was significantly increased from 4 to 14 weeks in the mice vaccinated with pCIA-P plus pCCL19/GFP. Compared to mice vaccinated with pCIA-P alone, the splenocytes from mice vaccinated with pCIA-P plus pCCL19/GFP produced significantly higher level of IFN-γ, but IL-4 production had no significant change. Following intromuscular co-delivery, pCCL19/GFP plasmid and fusion protein were detected in the spleen and draining lymph nodes. Administration of CCL19 gene in mice markedly increased the number of mature DCs in secondary lymphoid tissues. CONCLUSION CCL19 serves as an effective adjuvant for anti-caries DNA vaccine by inducing chemotactic migration of DCs to secondary lymphoid tissues.
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Terhune TD, Deth RC. How aluminum adjuvants could promote and enhance non-target IgE synthesis in a genetically-vulnerable sub-population. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 10:210-22. [PMID: 22967010 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.708366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aluminum-containing adjuvants increase the effectiveness of vaccination, but their ability to augment immune responsiveness also carries the risk of eliciting non-target responses, especially in genetically susceptible individuals. This study reviews the relevant actions of aluminum adjuvants and sources of genetic risk that can combine to adversely affect a vulnerable sub-population. Aluminum adjuvants promote oxidative stress and increase inflammasome activity, leading to the release of IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33, but not the important regulatory cytokine IL-12. In addition, they stimulate macrophages to produce PGE₂, which also has a role in regulating immune responses. This aluminum-induced cytokine context leads to a T(H)2 immune response, characterized by the further release of IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and IgE-potentiating factors such as sCD23. Genetic variants in cytokine genes, such as IL-4, IL-13, IL-33, and IL-18 influence the response to vaccines in children and are also associated with atopy. These genetic factors may therefore define a genetically-vulnerable sub-population, children with a family history of atopy, who may experience an exaggerated T(H)2 immune response to aluminum-containing vaccines. IL-4, sCD23, and IgE are common factors for both atopy and the immune-stimulating properties of aluminum adjuvants. IL-4 is critical in the production of IgE and total IgE up-regulation. IL-4 has also been reported to induce the production of sCD23 and trigger resting sIgM+, sIgD+ B-cells to switch to sIgE+ B-cells, making them targets for IgE-potentiating factors. Further, the actions of IgE-potentiating factors on sIgE+ B-cells are polyclonal and unrestricted, triggering their differentiation into IgE-forming plasma cells. These actions provide a mechanism for aluminum-adjuvant promotion and enhancement of non-target IgE in a genetically vulnerable sub-population. Identification of these individuals may decrease the risk of adverse events associated with the use of aluminum-containing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd D Terhune
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, 148 TF, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Laudanski K. Adoptive transfer of naïve dendritic cells in resolving post-sepsis long-term immunosuppression. Med Hypotheses 2012; 79:478-80. [PMID: 22840328 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Following initial episode of sepsis, survivors suffer an increased risk of mortality that persists long-term and remains a significant health care problem. Opportunistic infections and neoplasms are more frequent partially accounting for shorter life expectancy. This suggests that during sepsis the immune system becomes aberrant and is unable to restore its optimal function after the initial insult. Dendritic cells (DC) or their precursors are frequently affected during the initial episode of sepsis as well as after the resolution of symptom. Considering these cells' pivotal role in regulating innate and acquired immune, they are promising candidates for therapeutic manipulation. Sepsis induces several changes in the populations of DCs via epigenetic, and/or other, mechanisms. Here, we propose that transplantation of 'naïve dendritic cells' (DCs which are never exposed to sepsis) can reverse several aspects of the long-term post-sepsis immunosuppression. Furthermore, we present advantages of the presented therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Laudanski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pediatric septic shock continues to be an important public health problem. Several investigative groups have applied genetic and genomic approaches as a means of identifying novel pathways and therapeutic targets, discovery of sepsis-related biomarkers, and identification of septic shock subclasses. This review will highlight studies in pediatric sepsis with a focus on gene association studies and genome-wide expression profiling. DATA SOURCES A summary of published literature involving gene association and expression profiling studies specifically involving pediatric sepsis and septic shock. SUMMARY Several polymorphisms of genes broadly involved in inflammation, immunity, and coagulation have been linked with susceptibility to sepsis, or outcome of sepsis in children. Many of these studies involve meningococcemia, and the strongest association involves a functional polymorphism of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter region and meningococcal sepsis. Expression profiling studies in pediatric septic shock have identified zinc supplementation and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-8 activity as potential, novel therapeutic approaches in sepsis. Studies focused on discovery of sepsis-related biomarkers have identified interleukin-8 as a robust outcome biomarker in pediatric septic shock. Additional studies have demonstrated the feasibility and clinical relevance of gene expression-based subclassification of pediatric septic shock. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric sepsis and septic shock are increasingly being studied by genetic and genomic approaches and the accumulating data hold the promise of enhancing our future approach to this ongoing clinical problem.
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Silveyra P, Floros J. Air pollution and epigenetics: effects on SP-A and innate host defence in the lung. Swiss Med Wkly 2012; 142:w13579. [PMID: 22553125 DOI: 10.4414/smw.2012.13579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An appropriate immune and inflammatory response is key to defend against harmful agents present in the environment, such as pathogens, allergens and inhaled pollutants, including ozone and particulate matter. Air pollution is a serious public health concern worldwide, and cumulative evidence has revealed that air pollutants contribute to epigenetic variation in several genes, and this in turn can contribute to disease susceptibility. Several groups of experts have recently reviewed findings on epigenetics and air pollution [1-6]. Surfactant proteins play a central role in pulmonary host defence by mediating pathogen clearance, modulating allergic responses and facilitating the resolution of lung inflammation. Recent evidence indicates that surfactant proteins are subject to epigenetic regulation under hypoxia and other conditions. Oxidative stress caused by ozone, and exposure to particulate matter have been shown to affect the expression of surfactant protein A (SP-A), an important lung host defence molecule, as well as alter its functions. In this review, we discuss recent findings in the fields of epigenetics and air pollution effects on innate immunity, with the focus on SP-A, and the human SP-A variants in particular. Their function may be differentially affected by pollutants and specifically by ozone-induced oxidative stress, and this in turn may differentially affect susceptibility to lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Silveyra
- Center for Host Defense, Inflammation, and Lung Disease (CHILD) Research, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, USA
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25
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Abstract
Genetic variations, in part, determine individual susceptibility to sepsis and pneumonia. Advances in genetic sequence analysis as well as high throughput platform analysis of gene expression has allowed for a better understanding of immunopathogenesis during sepsis. Differences in genes can also modulate immune and inflammatory response during sepsis thereby translating to differences in clinical outcomes. An increasing number of candidate genes have been implicated to play a role in sepsis susceptibility, most of which are controversial with few exceptions. This does not refute the significance of genetic polymorphisms in sepsis, but rather highlights the difficulties and pitfalls related to genetic association studies. These difficulties include differences in study design such as heterogeneous patient cohorts and differences in pathogenic organisms, linkage disequilibrium, and lack of power for detailed haplotype analysis or examination of gene-gene interactions. There is extensive diversity in the pathways of inflammation and immune response during sepsis making it even harder to prove the functional and clinical significance of one single genetic polymorphism which could be easily masqueraded or compensated by other upstream or downstream events of the pathway involved. The majority of studies have analysed candidate genes in isolation from other possible polymorphisms. It is likely that susceptibility to sepsis is the result of polymorphisms from multiple genes rather than one single mutation. Future studies should aim for multi-centered collaborative approach looking at genome wide association or gene profiling to provide a more complete appraisal of the key genetic players in determining genetic susceptibility to sepsis. This review paper will summarise the prominent candidate gene polymorphisms with known functional changes or those with haplotype data. In addition, a summary of the expanding research in the field of epigenetics and post-sepsis immunosuppression will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ping Chung
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
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26
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Interaction between innate immunity and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Anim Health Res Rev 2012; 12:149-67. [PMID: 22152291 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252311000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity provides frontline antiviral protection and bridges adaptive immunity against virus infections. However, viruses can evade innate immune surveillance potentially causing chronic infections that may lead to pandemic diseases. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an example of an animal virus that has developed diverse mechanisms to evade porcine antiviral immune responses. Two decades after its discovery, PRRSV is still one of the most globally devastating viruses threatening the swine industry. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular composition of the mammalian innate antiviral immune system with emphasis on the porcine system. In particular, we focus on the interaction between PRRSV and porcine innate immunity at cellular and molecular levels. Strategies for targeting innate immune components and other host metabolic factors to induce ideal anti-PRRSV protection are also discussed.
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Mohr A, Polz J, Martin EM, Griessl S, Kammler A, Pötschke C, Lechner A, Bröker BM, Mostböck S, Männel DN. Sepsis leads to a reduced antigen-specific primary antibody response. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:341-52. [PMID: 22105154 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Immunosuppression, impaired cytokine production and high susceptibility to secondary infections are characteristic for septic patients, and for mice after induction of polymicrobial septic peritonitis by sublethal cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Here, we demonstrate that CLP markedly altered subsequent B-cell responses. Total IgG and IgM levels, as well as the memory B-cell response, were increased in septic mice, but antigen-specific primary antibody production was strongly impaired. We found that two days after CLP, CD11b(+) splenocytes were activated as demonstrated by the increased expression of activation markers, expression of arginase and production of NO by immature myeloid cells. The in vivo clearance of a bacterial infection was not impaired. DCs demonstrated reduced IL-12 production and altered antigen presentation, resulting in decreased proliferation but enhanced IFN-γ production by CD4(+) cells. CD4(+) T cells from mice immunized on day 2 after CLP showed reduced Th1 and Th2 cytokine production. In addition, there was an increase in Treg cells. Interestingly, levels of immature B cells decreased but levels of mature B cells increased two days after CLP. However, adoptive transfer of naïve CD4(+) T cells, naïve B cells, or naïve DCs did not rescue the antigen-specific antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Mohr
- Institute of Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Cornell TT, Sun L, Hall MW, Gurney JG, Ashbrook MJ, Ohye RG, Shanley TP. Clinical implications and molecular mechanisms of immunoparalysis after cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 143:1160-1166.e1. [PMID: 21996297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We used a whole blood assay to characterize the immune system's response after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children to identify the risk for postoperative infections. We assessed the impact of CPB on histone methylation as a potential mechanism for altering gene expression necessary for the immune system's capacity to defend against infections. METHODS We prospectively enrolled patients less than 18 years old undergoing heart surgery requiring CPB at C.S. Mott Children's Hospital. Blood was obtained from patients before CPB, on CPB, and on postoperative days 1, 3, and 5. Ex vivo lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha production measured the capacity of the immune system. Serum cytokines were measured using a multiplex assay. Chromatin immunoprecipitation to detect histone modifications at the interleukin (IL) 10 promoter was performed on circulating mononuclear cells from a subgroup of patients. RESULTS We enrolled 92 patients, and postoperative day 1 samples identified a subpopulation of immunocompetent patients at low risk for infections with a specificity of 93% (confidence interval [CI], 83%-98%) and a negative predictive value of 88% (CI, 77%-95%; P = .006). Patients classified as immunoparalyzed had serum IL-10 levels 2.4-fold higher than the immunocompetent group (mean, 14.3 ± 18.3 pg/mL vs 6.0 ± 5.0 pg/mL; P = .01). In a subgroup of patients, we identified a greater percent of the "gene on" epigenetic signature, H3K4me3, associated with the IL-10 promoter after CPB. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that immunophenotyping patients after CPB can predict their risk for the development of postoperative infections. Novel mechanistic data suggest that CPB affects epigenetic alterations in IL-10 gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T Cornell
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital, F-6882, 1500 East Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0243, USA.
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Carson WF, Ito T, Schaller M, Cavassani KA, Chensue SW, Kunkel SL. Dysregulated cytokine expression by CD4+ T cells from post-septic mice modulates both Th1 and Th2-mediated granulomatous lung inflammation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20385. [PMID: 21655295 PMCID: PMC3105020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous epidemiological studies in humans and experimental studies in animals indicate that survivors of severe sepsis exhibit deficiencies in the activation and effector function of immune cells. In particular, CD4+ T lymphocytes can exhibit reduced proliferative capacity and improper cytokine responses following sepsis. To further investigate the cell-intrinsic defects of CD4+ T cells following sepsis, splenic CD4+ T cells from sham surgery and post-septic mice were transferred into lymphopenic mice. These recipient mice were then subjected to both TH1-(purified protein derivative) and TH2-(Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen) driven models of granulomatous lung inflammation. Post-septic CD4+ T cells mediated smaller TH1 and larger TH2 lung granulomas as compared to mice receiving CD4+ T cells from sham surgery donors. However, cytokine production by lymph node cells in antigen restimulation assays indicated increased pan-specific cytokine expression by post-septic CD4+ T cell recipient mice in both TH1 and TH2 granuloma models. These include increased production of TH2 cytokines in TH1 inflammation, and increased production of TH1 cytokines in TH2 inflammation. These results suggest that cell-intrinsic defects in CD4+ T cell effector function can have deleterious effects on inflammatory processes post-sepsis, due to a defect in the proper regulation of TH-specific cytokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Carson
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America.
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30
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North ML, Ellis AK. The role of epigenetics in the developmental origins of allergic disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2011; 106:355-61; quiz 362. [PMID: 21530865 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2011.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review current research findings in the field of epigenetics pertaining to the developmental origins of allergic disease. DATA SOURCES We examined original research and review articles identified from MEDLINE, OVID, and PubMed that addressed the topic of interest, using the search terms atopy, allergy, asthma, development, IgE, origins, and cord blood paired with epigenetic(s). Relevant references from each article were also procured for review. STUDY SELECTION Articles were selected based on their relevance to the contributory role of epigenetic modifications in asthma and other atopic diseases. RESULTS There is increasing evidence pointing to the influence of prenatal and early life exposures on the development of allergic disease. A growing body of literature supports the theory that transient environmental pressures can have permanent effects on gene regulation and expression through epigenetic mechanisms. Histone modifications have been associated with degree of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and corticosteroid resistance in asthma. Epigenetic mechanisms can operate independently in various cell types; recent studies have suggested a role in the differentiation of human T cells. Murine studies have revealed that a maternal diet rich in methyl donors can enhance susceptibility to allergic inflammation in the offspring, mediated through increased DNA methylation. Murine studies have also implicated epigenetically modified dendritic cells in the transmission of allergic risk from mothers to offspring. CONCLUSION The current literature offers exciting data to support a role for epigenetics in the development and persistence of asthma and allergic rhinitis. However, further human studies are necessary to explore these mechanisms and assess future clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L North
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Fernández-Morera JL, Calvanese V, Rodríguez-Rodero S, Menéndez-Torre E, Fraga MF. Epigenetic regulation of the immune system in health and disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 76:431-9. [PMID: 21058938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2010.01587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetics comprises various mechanisms that mold chromatin structures and regulate gene expression with stability, thus defining cell identity and function and adapting cells to environmental changes. Alteration of these mechanisms contributes to the inception of various pathological conditions. Given the complexity of the immune system, one would predict that a higher-order, supragenetic regulation is indispensable for generation of its constituents and control of its functions. Here, we summarize various aspects of immune system physiology and pathology in which epigenetic pathways have been implicated. Increasing knowledge in this field, together with the development of specific tools with which to manipulate epigenetic pathways, might form a basis for new strategies of immune function modulation, both to optimize immune therapies for infections or cancer and to control immune alterations in aging or autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Fernández-Morera
- Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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Pajtasz-Piasecka E, Indrová M. Dendritic cell-based vaccines for the therapy of experimental tumors. Immunotherapy 2010; 2:257-68. [PMID: 20635932 DOI: 10.2217/imt.10.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are believed to be the most potent antigen-presenting cells able to link the innate and adaptive immune systems. Many studies have focused on different immunotherapeutic approaches to applying DCs as tools to improve anticancer therapy. Although a number of investigations suggesting the benefit of DC-based vaccination during anticancer therapy have been reported, the general knowledge regarding the ultimate methods of DC-vaccine preparation is still unsatisfactory. In this article, the perspectives of DC-based anti-tumor immunotherapy and optimizing strategies of DC vaccination in humans in light of results obtained in mouse models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Pajtasz-Piasecka
- Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology & Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Szarc vel Szic K, Ndlovu MN, Haegeman G, Vanden Berghe W. Nature or nurture: let food be your epigenetic medicine in chronic inflammatory disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1816-32. [PMID: 20688047 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Numerous clinical, physiopathological and epidemiological studies have underlined the detrimental or beneficial role of nutritional factors in complex inflammation related disorders such as allergy, asthma, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer. Today, nutritional research has shifted from alleviating nutrient deficiencies to chronic disease prevention. It is known that lifestyle, environmental conditions and nutritional compounds influence gene expression. Gene expression states are set by transcriptional activators and repressors and are often locked in by cell-heritable chromatin states. Only recently, it has been observed that the environmental conditions and daily diet can affect transgenerational gene expression via "reversible" heritable epigenetic mechanisms. Epigenetic changes in DNA methylation patterns at CpG sites (epimutations) or corrupt chromatin states of key inflammatory genes and noncoding RNAs, recently emerged as major governing factors in cancer, chronic inflammatory and metabolic disorders. Reciprocally, inflammation, metabolic stress and diet composition can also change activities of the epigenetic machinery and indirectly or directly change chromatin marks. This has recently launched re-exploration of anti-inflammatory bioactive food components for characterization of their effects on epigenome modifying enzymatic activities (acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ribosylation, oxidation, ubiquitination, sumoylation). This may allow to improve healthy aging by reversing disease prone epimutations involved in chronic inflammatory and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szarc vel Szic
- Laboratory of Eukaryotic Gene Expression and Signal Transduction (LEGEST), Department of Physiology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent, Belgium
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Abstract
Sepsis is exceedingly burdensome for hospital intensive care unit caregivers, and its incidence, as well as sepsis-related deaths, is increasing steadily. Sepsis is characterized by a robust increase in NO production throughout the organism that is driven by iNOS. Moreover, NO is an important factor in the development of septic shock and is synthesized by NOS, an enzyme expressed by a variety of cells, including vascular endothelium, macrophages, and neutrophils. However, the effects of NO on leukocyte functions, and the underlying mechanisms, are relatively unknown. Thus, the present review focuses on the effects of NO and its derivatives on cells of the immune system. Experimental evidences discussed herein show that NO induces posttranslational modifications of key proteins in targeted processes with the potential of deterring cellular physiology. Consequently, the manipulation of NO distribution in septic patients, used in conjunction with conventional treatments aimed at restoring normal immune functions, may represent a valuable therapeutic strategy.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To directly assess whether genomewide expression profiles derived from leukocyte subsets are comparable to that of whole blood as measured by enrichment for genes corresponding to metabolic and signaling pathways. DESIGN Prospective observational study involving microarray-based bioinformatics based on RNA individually derived from whole blood, neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, respectively. SETTING Three pediatric intensive care units in the United States. PATIENTS Children < or =10 yrs of age: five normal control subjects and 13 meeting criteria for septic shock on day 1 of presentation to the pediatric intensive care unit. INTERVENTIONS None other than standard care. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Baseline analyses using whole blood-derived RNA demonstrated increased expression of genes corresponding to signaling pathways involving innate immunity, redox balance, and protein ubiquitination and decreased expression of genes corresponding to the adaptive immune system. Subsequent analyses using leukocyte-specific RNA were congruent with the gene expression profiles demonstrated using whole blood-derived RNA as measured by enrichment for genes corresponding to metabolic and signaling pathways. Gene network analysis, derived from a composite gene list involving the individual gene expression profiles of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, respectively, revealed a gene network corresponding to antigen presentation, cell-mediated immunity, and humoral-mediated immunity. Finally, a subanalysis focused on network gene nodes localized to the nuclear compartment revealed functional annotations related to transcriptional repression and epigenetic regulation. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that genome-level repression of adaptive immunity gene programs early in the course of pediatric septic shock remained evident when analyses were conducted using leukocyte subset-specific RNA.
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Loss of Jak2 selectively suppresses DC-mediated innate immune response and protects mice from lethal dose of LPS-induced septic shock. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9593. [PMID: 20231889 PMCID: PMC2834745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of Jak2 in cell signaling, a critical role for Jak2 in immune cells especially dendritic cells (DCs) has long been proposed. The exact function for Jak2 in DCs, however, remained poorly understood as Jak2 deficiency leads to embryonic lethality. Here we established Jak2 deficiency in adult Cre(+/+)Jak2(fl/fl) mice by tamoxifen induction. Loss of Jak2 significantly impaired DC development as manifested by reduced BMDC yield, smaller spleen size and reduced percentage of DCs in total splenocytes. Jak2 was also crucial for the capacity of DCs to mediate innate immune response. Jak2(-/-) DCs were less potent in response to inflammatory stimuli and showed reduced capacity to secrete proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha and IL-12. As a result, Jak2(-/-) mice were defective for the early clearance of Listeria after infection. However, their potency to mediate adaptive immune response was not affected. Unlike DCs, Jak2(-/-) macrophages showed similar capacity secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting that Jak2 selectively modulates innate immune response in a DC-dependent manner. Consistent with these results, Jak2(-/-) mice were remarkably resistant to lethal dose of LPS-induced septic shock, a deadly sepsis characterized by the excessive innate immune response, and adoptive transfer of normal DCs restored their susceptibility to LPS-induced septic shock. Mechanistic studies revealed that Jak2/SATA5 signaling is pivotal for DC development and maturation, while the capacity for DCs secretion of proinflammatory cytokines is regulated by both Jak2/STAT5 and Jak2/STAT6 signaling.
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Blüml S, Zupkovitz G, Kirchberger S, Seyerl M, Bochkov VN, Stuhlmeier K, Majdic O, Zlabinger GJ, Seiser C, Stöckl J. Epigenetic regulation of dendritic cell differentiation and function by oxidized phospholipids. Blood 2009; 114:5481-9. [PMID: 19864645 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-11-191429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the key cell type in the regulation of an adaptive immune response. Under inflammatory conditions monocytes can give rise to immunostimulatory DCs, depending on microenvironmental stimuli. Here we show that oxidized phospholipids (Ox-Pls), which are generated during inflammatory reactions, dysregulate the differentiation of DCs. DCs generated in the presence of Ox-Pls up-regulated the typical DC marker DC-SIGN but did not express CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c. These DCs generated in the presence of Ox-Pls had a substantially diminished T cell-stimulating capacity after stimulation with Toll-like receptor ligands. Toll-like receptor ligand-induced production of interleukin-12 also was strongly diminished, whereas induction of CD83 was not altered. In addition, we found that Ox-Pls strongly inhibit inflammatory stimuli-induced phosphorylation of histone H3, a key step of interleukin-12 production, yet leaving activation of nuclear factor-kappaB unaltered. Taken together, Ox-Pls present during differentiation yielded DCs with a reduced capacity to become immunostimulatory mature DCs. Furthermore, the presence of Ox-Pls blocked histone modifications required for full activation of DCs. Therefore, inflammation-derived Ox-Pls control DC functions in part by epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Blüml
- Institute of Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Chung JS, Yudate T, Tomihari M, Akiyoshi H, Cruz PD, Ariizumi K. Binding of DC-HIL to Dermatophytic Fungi Induces Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Potentiates Antigen Presenting Cell Function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:5190-8. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
The intestinal ecosystem contains a normal microbiota, non-immune cells and immune cells associated with the intestinal mucosa. The mechanisms involved in the modulation of the gut immune system by probiotics are not yet completely understood. The present work studies the effect of a fermented milk containing probiotic bacteriumLactobacillus(Lb.)caseiDN114001 on different parameters of the gut immune system involved with the nonspecific, innate and adaptive response. BALB/c mice received the probiotic bacteriumLb. caseiDN114001 or the probiotic fermented milk (PFM). The interaction of the probiotic bacteria with the intestine was studied by electron and fluorescence microscopy. The immunological parameters were studied in the intestinal tissue and in the supernatant of intestinal cells (IC). Results showed that the probiotic bacterium interact with the IC. The whole bacterium or its fragments make contact with the gut associated immune cells. The PFM stimulated the IC with IL-6 release, as well as cells related to the nonspecific barrier and with the immune cells associated with the gut. This last activity was observed through the increase in the population of different immune cells: T lymphocytes and IgA+ B lymphocytes, and by the expression of cell markers related to both innate and adaptive response (macrophages). PFM was also able to activate the enzyme calcineurine responsible for the activation of the transcriptional factor NFAT. PFM induced mucosal immune stimulation reinforcing the non-specific barrier and modulating the innate immune response in the gut, maintaining the intestinal homeostasis.
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He S, Cao Q, Yoneyama H, Ge H, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. MIP-3alpha and MIP-1alpha rapidly mobilize dendritic cell precursors into the peripheral blood. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:1549-56. [PMID: 18791167 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0708420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of dendritic cells (DCs) or DC precursors in vitro is critical for DC-based immunotherapy. We reported previously that administration of MIP-1alpha mobilized a population of F4/80(-)B220(-)CD11c+ DC precursors into peripheral blood by the expression of CCR1 and CCR5. In this study, we identified a new subset of CCR6+CCR1(-)CCR5(-)B220(-)CD11c(+) cells in MIP-1alpha-administered mice. When cultured with GM-CSF, IL-4, and TNF-alpha, these cells differentiated into mature DCs, possessing the typical morphologic characteristics, phenotypes, and antigen-presenting function (termed CCR6+ DC precursors). Although it did not directly drive the CCR6+ DC precursors, MIP-1alpha could recruit a population of F4/80+CD11c(-) monocyte/macrophage-producing MIP-3alpha in the peripheral blood to mobilize a CCR6+ DC precursor subset of B220(-)CD11c+ DC precursors. Importantly, exogenous administration of MIP-3alpha significantly enhanced MIP-1alpha-induced mobilization of DC precursors. Moreover, these MIP-3alpha- and MIP-1alpha-mobilized DC precursors could be prepared for a DC vaccine capable of eliciting CTL responses to tumor cells, leading to tumor rejection in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, this study further demonstrates the mechanism of DC precursor mobilization induced by MIP-1alpha; that is, besides mobilizing DC precursors with CCR1 and CCR5 expressions, MIP-1alpha recruited F4/80+CD11c(-) monocyte/macrophage-producing MIP-3alpha, which finally mobilized the CCR6+ DC precursor subset to amplify the B220(-)CD11c+ DC precursor population. Furthermore, combined administration of MIP-3alpha and MIP-1alpha may be an efficient strategy for collecting a large number of DCs appropriate for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan He
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Han YW, Aleyas AG, George JA, Kim SJ, Kim HK, Yoo DJ, Kang SH, Eo SK. Genetic co-transfer of CCR7 ligands enhances immunity and prolongs survival against virulent challenge of pseudorabies virus. Immunol Cell Biol 2008; 87:91-9. [PMID: 18794906 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2008.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The CC chemokine receptor 7 (CCR7) and cognate CCR7 ligands, CCL19 and CCL21, help establish microenvironments in lymphoid tissue that can facilitate encounters between naive T cells and mature dendritic cells (DCs). This study was conducted to determine if CCR7 ligands can augment the immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine that expresses glycoprotein B (gB) of the pseudorabies virus (PrV). The genetic co-transfer of CCR7 ligands along with a PrV DNA vaccine increased the levels of serum PrV-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G by 2- to 2.5-fold. In addition, the level of PrV-specific IgG2a isotype was significantly enhanced by co-injection of CCR7 ligand DNA, which indicates that CCR7 ligand biases the humoral immunity toward the Th1-type pattern. The co-injection of CCR7 ligand DNA consistently enhanced the level of Th1-type cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-gamma) produced by stimulated immune cells when compared with a group that was vaccinated with the PrV DNA vaccine. Also, the genetic co-transfer of CCR7 ligand DNAs with PrV DNA vaccine provided prolonged survival against a virulent challenge by PrV. Moreover, the co-administration of CCR7 ligand DNA increased the number of mature DCs into the secondary lymphoid tissues, which appeared to enhance the proliferation of PrV-immune CD4(+) T cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that CCR7 ligands are an attractive adjuvant for a PrV DNA vaccine that can offer protective immunity against the PrV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Woo Han
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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de Moreno de LeBlanc A, Dogi CA, Galdeano CM, Carmuega E, Weill R, Perdigón G. Effect of the administration of a fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei DN-114001 on intestinal microbiota and gut associated immune cells of nursing mice and after weaning until immune maturity. BMC Immunol 2008; 9:27. [PMID: 18554392 PMCID: PMC2459154 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microbial colonization of the intestine after birth is an important step for the development of the gut immune system. The acquisition of passive immunity through breast-feeding may influence the pattern of bacterial colonization in the newborn. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the administration of a probiotic fermented milk (PFM) containing yogurt starter cultures and the probiotic bacteria strain Lactobacillus casei DN-114001 to mothers during nursing or their offspring, on the intestinal bacterial population and on parameters of the gut immune system. Results Fifteen mice of each group were sacrificed at ages 12, 21, 28 and 45 days. Large intestines were taken for determination of intestinal microbiota, and small intestines for the study of secretory-IgA (S-IgA) in fluid and the study of IgA+ cells, macrophages, dendritic cells and goblet cells on tissue samples. The consumption of the PFM either by the mother during nursing or by the offspring after weaning modified the development of bifidobacteria population in the large intestine of the mice. These modifications were accompanied with a decrease of enterobacteria population. The administration of this PFM to the mothers improved their own immune system and this also affected their offspring. Offspring from mice that received PFM increased S-IgA in intestinal fluids, which mainly originated from their mother's immune system. A decrease in the number of macrophages, dendritic cells and IgA+ cells during the suckling period in offspring fed with PFM was observed; this could be related with the improvement of the immunity of the mothers, which passively protect their babies. At day 45, the mice reach maturity of their own immune system and the effects of the PFM was the stimulation of their mucosal immunity. Conclusion The present work shows the beneficial effect of the administration of a PFM not only to the mothers during the suckling period but also to their offspring after weaning and until adulthood. This effect positively improved the intestinal microbiota that are related with a modulation of the gut immune response, which was demonstrated with the stimulation of the IgA + cells, macrophages and dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, San Miguel de Tucumán (T4000ILC) Tucumán, Argentina.
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Quaye IK. Haptoglobin, inflammation and disease. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008; 102:735-42. [PMID: 18486167 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Haptoglobin is an acute phase protein that scavenges haemoglobin in the event of intravascular or extravascular haemolysis. The protein exists in humans as three main phenotypes, Hp1-1, Hp2-2 and Hp2-1. Accumulated data on the protein's function has established its strong association with diseases that have inflammatory causes. These include parasitic (malaria), infectious (HIV, tuberculosis) and non-infectious diseases (diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity) among others. Phenotype-dependent poor disease outcomes have been linked with the Hp2-2 phenotype. The present review brings this association into perspective by looking at the functions of the protein and how defects in these functions associated with the Hp2 allele affect disease outcome. A model is provided to explain the mechanism, which appears to be largely immunomodulatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac K Quaye
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Ghana Medical School, Korle-Bu-Accra, Ghana.
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Abstract
Septic shock is a complex and heterogeneous clinical syndrome, triggered by infection, and having significant morbidity and mortality in children. Emerging data indicate that the genetic make-up of the pediatric host may have a strong influence on the development and outcome of septic shock in children. Herein, we review this broad topic by focusing on pediatric-specific data (both recent and historical), as well as the broad topics of SNPs, genome-wide association studies and epigenetics. The historical and emerging data strongly suggest that a genetics-based perspective will need to be considered in future investigations and strategies aimed at improving the outcome of children with septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S Wheeler
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039 USA.
| | - Hector R Wong
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039 USA.
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