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Ahsan NF, Lourenço S, Psyllou D, Long A, Shankar S, Bashford-Rogers R. The current understanding of the phenotypic and functional properties of human regulatory B cells (Bregs). OXFORD OPEN IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 5:iqae012. [PMID: 39346706 PMCID: PMC11427547 DOI: 10.1093/oxfimm/iqae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
B cells can have a wide range of pro- and anti- inflammatory functions. A subset of B cells called regulatory B cells (Bregs) can potently suppress immune responses. Bregs have been shown to maintain immune homeostasis and modulate inflammatory responses. Bregs are an exciting cellular target across a range of diseases, including Breg induction in autoimmunity, allergy and transplantation, and Breg suppression in cancers and infection. Bregs exhibit a remarkable phenotypic heterogeneity, rendering their unequivocal identification a challenging task. The lack of a universally accepted and exclusive surface marker set for Bregs across various studies contributes to inconsistencies in their categorization. This review paper presents a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the phenotypic and functional properties of human Bregs while addressing the persisting ambiguities and discrepancies in their characterization. Finally, the paper examines the promising therapeutic opportunities presented by Bregs as their immunomodulatory capacities have gained attention in the context of autoimmune diseases, allergic conditions, and cancer. We explore the exciting potential in harnessing Bregs as potential therapeutic agents and the avenues that remain open for the development of Breg-based treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawara Faiza Ahsan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Lourenço
- Keizo Asami Institute, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-520, Brazil
| | - Dimitra Psyllou
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Long
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Sushma Shankar
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Bashford-Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
- Oxford Cancer Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LH, United Kingdom
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2
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Martínez LE, Comin-Anduix B, Güemes-Aragon M, Ibarrondo J, Detels R, Mimiaga MJ, Epeldegui M. Characterization of unique B-cell populations in the circulation of people living with HIV prior to non-Hodgkin lymphoma diagnosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1441994. [PMID: 39324141 PMCID: PMC11422120 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1441994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLWH) are at higher risk of developing lymphoma. In this study, we performed cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells of cART-naïve HIV+ individuals and cART-naïve HIV+ individuals prior to AIDS-associated non-Hodgkin lymphoma (pre-NHL) diagnosis. Participants were enrolled in the Los Angeles site of the MACS/WIHS Combined Cohort Study (MWCCS). Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP) and unsupervised clustering analysis were performed to identify differences in the expression of B-cell activation markers and/or oncogenic markers associated with lymphomagenesis. CD10+CD27- B cells, CD20+CD27- B cells, and B-cell populations with aberrant features (CD20+CD27+CXCR4+CD71+ B cells and CD20+CXCR4+cMYC+ B cells) were significantly elevated in HIV+ cART-naïve compared to HIV-negative samples. CD20+CD27+CD24+CXCR4+CXCR5+ B cells, CD20+CD27+CD10+CD24+CXCR4+cMYC+ B cells, and a cluster of CD20+CXCR4hiCD27-CD24+CXCR5+CD40+CD4+AICDA+ B cells were significantly elevated in HIV+ pre-NHL (cART-naïve) compared to HIV+ cART-naïve samples. A potentially clonal cluster of CD20+CXCR4+CXCR5+cMYC+AICDA+ B cells and a cluster of germinal center B-cell-like cells (CD19-CD20+CXCR4+Bcl-6+PD-L1+cMYC+) were also found in the circulation of HIV+ pre-NHL (cART-naïve) samples. Moreover, significantly elevated clusters of CD19+CD24hiCD38hi cMYC+ AICDA+ B regulatory cells were identified in HIV+ pre-NHL (cART-naïve) compared to HIV+ cART-naïve samples. The present study identifies unique B-cell subsets in PLWH with potential pre-malignant features that may contribute to the development of pre-tumor B cells in PLWH and that may play a role in lymphomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Martínez
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Begoña Comin-Anduix
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Ahmanson Translational Theranostics Division, Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Miriam Güemes-Aragon
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Javier Ibarrondo
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Roger Detels
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew J Mimiaga
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Mertelsmann AM, Bowers SF, Wright D, Maganga JK, Mazigo HD, Ndhlovu LC, Changalucha JM, Downs JA. Effects of Schistosoma haematobium infection and treatment on the systemic and mucosal immune phenotype, gene expression and microbiome: A systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012456. [PMID: 39250522 PMCID: PMC11412685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urogenital schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium affects approximately 110 million people globally, with the majority of cases in low- and middle-income countries. Schistosome infections have been shown to impact the host immune system, gene expression, and microbiome composition. Studies have demonstrated variations in pathology between schistosome subspecies. In the case of S. haematobium, infection has been associated with HIV acquisition and bladder cancer. However, the underlying pathophysiology has been understudied compared to other schistosome species. This systematic review comprehensively investigates and assimilates the effects of S. haematobium infection on systemic and local host mucosal immunity, cellular gene expression and microbiome. METHODS We conducted a systematic review assessing the reported effects of S. haematobium infections and anthelmintic treatment on the immune system, gene expression and microbiome in humans and animal models. This review followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered prospectively in PROSPERO (CRD42022372607). Randomized clinical trials, cohort, cross-sectional, case-control, experimental ex vivo, and animal studies were included. Two reviewers performed screening independently. RESULTS We screened 3,177 studies and included 94. S. haematobium was reported to lead to: (i) a mixed immune response with a predominant type 2 immune phenotype, increased T and B regulatory cells, and select pro-inflammatory cytokines; (ii) distinct molecular alterations that would compromise epithelial integrity, such as increased metalloproteinase expression, and promote immunological changes and cellular transformation, specifically upregulation of genes p53 and Bcl-2; and (iii) microbiome dysbiosis in the urinary, intestinal, and genital tracts. CONCLUSION S. haematobium induces distinct alterations in the host's immune system, molecular profile, and microbiome. This leads to a diverse range of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses and impaired integrity of the local mucosal epithelial barrier, elevating the risks of secondary infections. Further, S. haematobium promotes cellular transformation with oncogenic potential and disrupts the microbiome, further influencing the immune system and genetic makeup. Understanding the pathophysiology of these interactions can improve outcomes for the sequelae of this devastating parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Mertelsmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sheridan F Bowers
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Drew Wright
- Samuel J. Wood Library & C.V. Starr Biomedical Information Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jane K Maganga
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit/National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Humphrey D Mazigo
- Department of Parasitology and Entomology, Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Lishomwa C Ndhlovu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John M Changalucha
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit/National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Jennifer A Downs
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Mwanza Intervention Trials Unit/National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
- Weill Bugando School of Medicine, Mwanza, Tanzania
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Bradford HF, Mauri C. Diversity of regulatory B cells: Markers and functions. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2350496. [PMID: 39086053 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a functionally distinct B-cell subset involved in the maintenance of homeostasis and inhibition of inflammation. Studies, from the last two decades, have increased our understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in their generation, function, and to a certain extent phenotype. Current research endeavours to unravel the causes and consequences of Breg defects in disease, with increasing evidence highlighting the relevance of Bregs in promoting tumorigenic responses. Here we provide historical and emerging findings of the significance of Bregs in autoimmunity and transplantation, and how these insights have translated into the cancer field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F Bradford
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Mauri
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Royal Free Hospital, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Zhu Y, Jiang Q, Lei C, Yu Q, Qiu L. The response of CD27 +CD38 + plasmablasts, CD24 hiCD38 hi transitional B cells, CXCR5 -ICOS +PD-1 + Tph, Tph2 and Tfh2 subtypes to allergens in children with allergic asthma. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:154. [PMID: 38424520 PMCID: PMC10902953 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic asthma is a type I allergic reaction mediated by serum Immunoglobulin E (IgE). B cell-mediated humoral immune response to allergens in the pathophysiology of allergic asthma have not been thoroughly elucidated. Peripheral helper T cells (Tph) and follicular helper T cells (Tfh) promote B cell differentiation and antibody production in inflamed tissues. OBJECTIVE To investigate the roles of B cell subsets, Tph cell subsets and Tfh cell subsets in allergic immune responses. METHODS Circulating B cell subsets, Tph cell subsets and Tfh cell subsets in 33 children with allergic asthma and 17 healthy children were analyzed using multicolor flow cytometry. The level of serum total IgE was also assessed. RESULTS Our study found that CD27+CD38+ plasmablasts and CD24hiCD38hi transitional B cells increased and were correlated with serum total IgE level, CD27- naive B cells and CD24hiCD27+ B cells decreased in children with allergic asthma. CXCR5- Tph, CXCR5-ICOS+ Tph, CXCR5-ICOS+PD-1+ Tph, CXCR5+ICOS+ Tfh and CXCR5+ICOS+PD-1+ Tfh increased in children with allergic asthma. Further analysis showed increased Tph2, Tph17, Tfh2 and Tfh17 subtypes while decreased Tph1 and Tfh1 subtypes in children with allergic asthma. Most interestingly, Tph2 or Tfh2 subtypes had a positive correlation with serum total IgE level. CONCLUSION Overall, these results provide insight into the allergens elicited B, Tph or Tfh cell response and identify heretofore unappreciated CD24hiCD38hi transitional B cells, CD24hiCD27+ B cells, CXCR5- Tph, CXCR5-ICOS+PD-1+ Tph, Tph2 subtypes and Tfh2 subtypes response to allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunying Zhu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital(Affiliated People's Hospital),Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
- Schoolcollege of Medical Technology of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo Puji Hospital (Ningbo Second Hospital West Hospital), Ningbo, 315099, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenshuang Lei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou, 325099, China
| | - Qinhua Yu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital(Affiliated People's Hospital),Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Liannv Qiu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital(Affiliated People's Hospital),Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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Veh J, Ludwig C, Schrezenmeier H, Jahrsdörfer B. Regulatory B Cells-Immunopathological and Prognostic Potential in Humans. Cells 2024; 13:357. [PMID: 38391970 PMCID: PMC10886933 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the following review is to shed light on the putative role of regulatory B cells (Bregs) in various human diseases and highlight their potential prognostic and therapeutic relevance in humans. Regulatory B cells are a heterogeneous group of B lymphocytes capable of suppressing inflammatory immune reactions. In this way, Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance and immune homeostasis by limiting ongoing immune reactions temporally and spatially. Bregs play an important role in attenuating pathological inflammatory reactions that can be associated with transplant rejection, graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune diseases and allergies but also with infectious, neoplastic and metabolic diseases. Early studies of Bregs identified IL-10 as an important functional molecule, so the IL-10-secreting murine B10 cell is still considered a prototype Breg, and IL-10 has long been central to the search for human Breg equivalents. However, over the past two decades, other molecules that may contribute to the immunosuppressive function of Bregs have been discovered, some of which are only present in human Bregs. This expanded arsenal includes several anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-35 and TGF-β, but also enzymes such as CD39/CD73, granzyme B and IDO as well as cell surface proteins including PD-L1, CD1d and CD25. In summary, the present review illustrates in a concise and comprehensive manner that although human Bregs share common functional immunosuppressive features leading to a prominent role in various human immunpathologies, they are composed of a pool of different B cell types with rather heterogeneous phenotypic and transcriptional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Veh
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Hospitals and Clinics, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Carolin Ludwig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Hospitals and Clinics, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Hubert Schrezenmeier
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Hospitals and Clinics, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Bernd Jahrsdörfer
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Ulm University Hospitals and Clinics, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Transfusion Medicine and Immunogenetics, German Red Cross Blood Donation Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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7
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Goldmann O, Nwofor OV, Chen Q, Medina E. Mechanisms underlying immunosuppression by regulatory cells. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328193. [PMID: 38380317 PMCID: PMC10876998 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulatory cells, such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), play a crucial role in preserving immune tolerance and controlling immune responses during infections to prevent excessive immune activation. However, pathogens have developed strategies to hijack these regulatory cells to decrease the overall effectiveness of the immune response and persist within the host. Consequently, therapeutic targeting of these immunosuppressive mechanisms during infection can reinvigorate the immune response and improve the infection outcome. The suppressive mechanisms of regulatory cells are not only numerous but also redundant, reflecting the complexity of the regulatory network in modulating the immune responses. The context of the immune response, such as the type of pathogen or tissue involved, further influences the regulatory mechanisms involved. Examples of these immunosuppressive mechanisms include the production of inhibitory cytokines such as interleukin 10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) that inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and dampen the activation and proliferation of effector T cells. In addition, regulatory cells utilize inhibitory receptors like cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) to engage with their respective effector cells, thereby suppressing their function. An alternative approach involves the modulation of metabolic reprogramming in effector immune cells to limit their activation and proliferation. In this review, we provide an overview of the major mechanisms mediating the immunosuppressive effect of the different regulatory cell subsets in the context of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eva Medina
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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8
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Wan M, Ma Z, Han J, Rao M, Hu F, Gao P, Wang X. 5-HT induces regulatory B cells in fighting against inflammation-driven ulcerative colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111042. [PMID: 37866311 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is a neuroendocrine peptide endowed with immunomodulatory functions. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) play an important role in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis. We analyzed the differences of 5-HT and Bregs between peripheral blood of ulcerative colitis (UC) and healthy controls (HC). Besides, 5-HT-treated B cells were adoptively transferred into colitis mice to elucidate the role of 5-HT in regulating Bregs. The level of serum 5-HT and IL-10 in UC patients was lower and both were negatively correlated with disease activity. 5-HT7 receptor (5-HT7R) was higher expressed on Bregs in UC. 5-HT promoted IL-10 production in Bregs through the activation of STAT3. And adoptive transfer of 5-HT-treated B cells alleviated intestinal inflammation via inducing IL-10-producing B cells in mice. Our results suggest that 5-HT/5-HT7R signaling pathway facilitate functional Bregs in constraining inflammation in UC, which may be a new potential prospect in the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Wan
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China; Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Lequn Branch, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhanchuan Ma
- Central Laboratory, Lequn Branch, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiawen Han
- Central Laboratory, Lequn Branch, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Min Rao
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Lequn Branch, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Feng Hu
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Lequn Branch, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Pujun Gao
- Department of Hepatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaocong Wang
- Department of Echocardiography, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Wu Z, Young NS. Single-cell genomics in acquired bone marrow failure syndromes. Blood 2023; 142:1193-1207. [PMID: 37478398 PMCID: PMC10644099 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022018581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanistic studies of immune bone marrow failure are difficult because of the scarcity of residual cells, the involvement of multiple cell types, and the inherent complexities of hematopoiesis and immunity. Single-cell genomic technologies and bioinformatics allow extensive, multidimensional analysis of a very limited number of cells. We review emerging applications of single-cell techniques, and early results related to disease pathogenesis: effector and target cell populations and relationships, cell-autonomous and nonautonomous phenotypes in clonal hematopoiesis, transcript splicing, chromosomal abnormalities, and T-cell receptor usage and clonality. Dense and complex data from single-cell techniques provide insights into pathophysiology, natural history, and therapeutic drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Wu
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Neal S. Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Distinct immunological and molecular signatures underpinning influenza vaccine responsiveness in the elderly. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6894. [PMID: 36371426 PMCID: PMC9653450 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza outbreaks, especially in high-risk groups such as the elderly, represent an important public health problem. Prevailing inadequate efficacy of seasonal vaccines is a crucial bottleneck. Understanding the immunological and molecular mechanisms underpinning differential influenza vaccine responsiveness is essential to improve vaccination strategies. Here we show comprehensive characterization of the immune response of randomly selected elderly participants (≥ 65 years), immunized with the adjuvanted influenza vaccine Fluad. In-depth analyses by serology, multi-parametric flow cytometry, multiplex and transcriptome analysis, coupled to bioinformatics and mathematical modelling, reveal distinguishing immunological and molecular features between responders and non-responders defined by vaccine-induced seroconversion. Non-responders are specifically characterized by multiple suppressive immune mechanisms. The generated comprehensive high dimensional dataset enables the identification of putative mechanisms and nodes responsible for vaccine non-responsiveness independently of confounding age-related effects, with the potential to facilitate development of tailored vaccination strategies for the elderly.
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Regulatory Role of B Cells and Its Subsets in Hepatitis E Virus Infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7932150. [PMID: 36132083 PMCID: PMC9484887 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7932150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies as well as memory B cells are the potential correlates of a protective immune response against hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. Literature on the role of B regulatory cells (Bregs) in acute viral infections is limited. We have evaluated the role of IL-10 expressing Bregs in HEV infection. A total of 108 acute hepatitis E patients, 55 hepatitis E recovered individuals and 128 HEV naïve healthy controls were enrolled. The percentages of peripheral CD19+, immature CD19+CD24hiCD38hi, mature CD19+CD24intCD38int and memory CD19+CD24hiCD38− B cells were analyzed by flowcytometry. Intracellular cytokine staining for IL-10 and TGF-β, HEV-rORF2p specific T cell response (IFN-γ expression) pre/post IL-10/IL-10R blocking and CD19+IL-10+ B cells-depletion based assays were carried out to assess the functionality of Bregs. The percentage of HEV-rORF2p specific immature B cell phenotype was significantly higher in acute hepatitis E patients compared to hepatitis E recovered individuals and controls. Significantly higher IL-10 expression on B and HEV-rORF2p stimulated immature B cells of acute hepatitis E patients compared to controls indicated that Bregs are functional and HEV-rORF2p specific. Enhanced IFN-γ expression on CD8+ T cells upon IL-10/IL-10R blocking and also post CD19+IL-10+ B cells depletion suggested that CD3+CD8+IFN-γ+ T cells corroborate the regulatory potential of Bregs via IL-10 dependent mechanism. We have identified HEV specific functional, immature CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells having IL-10 mediated regulatory activities and a potential to modulate IFN-γ mediated T cell response in Hepatitis E. The prognostic/pathogenic role of Bregs in recovery from severe hepatitis E needs evaluation.
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Lomakin YA, Zvyagin IV, Ovchinnikova LA, Kabilov MR, Staroverov DB, Mikelov A, Tupikin AE, Zakharova MY, Bykova NA, Mukhina VS, Favorov AV, Ivanova M, Simaniv T, Rubtsov YP, Chudakov DM, Zakharova MN, Illarioshkin SN, Belogurov AA, Gabibov AG. Deconvolution of B cell receptor repertoire in multiple sclerosis patients revealed a delay in tBreg maturation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:803229. [PMID: 36052064 PMCID: PMC9425031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.803229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundB lymphocytes play a pivotal regulatory role in the development of the immune response. It was previously shown that deficiency in B regulatory cells (Bregs) or a decrease in their anti-inflammatory activity can lead to immunological dysfunctions. However, the exact mechanisms of Bregs development and functioning are only partially resolved. For instance, only a little is known about the structure of their B cell receptor (BCR) repertoires in autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS), a severe neuroinflammatory disease with a yet unknown etiology. Here, we elucidate specific properties of B regulatory cells in MS.MethodsWe performed a prospective study of the transitional Breg (tBreg) subpopulations with the CD19+CD24highCD38high phenotype from MS patients and healthy donors by (i) measuring their content during two diverging courses of relapsing-remitting MS: benign multiple sclerosis (BMS) and highly active multiple sclerosis (HAMS); (ii) analyzing BCR repertoires of circulating B cells by high-throughput sequencing; and (iii) measuring the percentage of CD27+ cells in tBregs.ResultsThe tBregs from HAMS patients carry the heavy chain with a lower amount of hypermutations than tBregs from healthy donors. The percentage of transitional CD24highCD38high B cells is elevated, whereas the frequency of differentiated CD27+ cells in this transitional B cell subset was decreased in the MS patients as compared with healthy donors.ConclusionsImpaired maturation of regulatory B cells is associated with MS progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakov A. Lomakin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan V. Zvyagin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Leyla A. Ovchinnikova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Marsel R. Kabilov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitriy B. Staroverov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem Mikelov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey E. Tupikin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maria Y. Zakharova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezda A. Bykova
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Vera S. Mukhina
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander V. Favorov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
- Quantitative Sciences Division, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maria Ivanova
- Neuroinfection Department of the Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Taras Simaniv
- Neuroinfection Department of the Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury P. Rubtsov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy M. Chudakov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria N. Zakharova
- Neuroinfection Department of the Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Alexey A. Belogurov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Alexey A. Belogurov Jr., ; Alexander G. Gabibov,
| | - Alexander G. Gabibov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow, Russia
- Department of Life Sciences, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Alexey A. Belogurov Jr., ; Alexander G. Gabibov,
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Upregulation of PD-1 Expression and High sPD-L1 Levels Associated with COVID-19 Severity. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:9764002. [PMID: 35971391 PMCID: PMC9375698 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9764002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has several mechanisms that can lead to lymphocyte depletion/exhaustion. The checkpoint inhibitor molecule programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) and its programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL-1) play an important role in inhibiting cellular activity as well as the depletion of these cells. In this study, we evaluated PD-1 expression in TCD4+, TCD8+, and CD19+ lymphocytes from SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. A decreased frequency of total lymphocytes and an increased PD-1 expression in TCD4+ and CD19+ lymphocytes were verified in severe/critical COVID-19 patients. In addition, we found a decreased frequency of total monocytes with an increased PD-1 expression on CD14+ monocytes in severe/critical patients in association with the time of infection. Moreover, we observed an increase in sPD-L1 circulant levels associated with the severity of the disease. Overall, these data indicate an important role of the PD-1/PDL-1 axis in COVID-19 and may provide a severity-associated biomarker and therapeutic target during SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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14
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Evaluation of Galectin-3 and CD19 in Helicobacter pylori patients infected with stomach cancer. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Tousif S, Wang Y, Jackson J, Hough KP, Strenkowski JG, Athar M, Thannickal VJ, McCusker RH, Ponnazhagan S, Deshane JS. Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase Promotes Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor-Dependent Differentiation Of Regulatory B Cells in Lung Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747780. [PMID: 34867973 PMCID: PMC8640488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Breg) are IL-10 producing subsets of B cells that contribute to immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Breg are elevated in patients with lung cancer; however, the mechanisms underlying Breg development and their function in lung cancer have not been adequately elucidated. Herein, we report a novel role for Indoleamine 2, 3- dioxygenase (IDO), a metabolic enzyme that degrades tryptophan (Trp) and the Trp metabolite L-kynurenine (L-Kyn) in the regulation of Breg differentiation in the lung TME. Using a syngeneic mouse model of lung cancer, we report that Breg frequencies significantly increased during tumor progression in the lung TME and secondary lymphoid organs, while Breg were reduced in tumor-bearing IDO deficient mice (IDO-/-). Trp metabolite L-Kyn promoted Breg differentiation in-vitro in an aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), toll-like receptor-4-myeloid differentiation primary response 88, (TLR4-MyD88) dependent manner. Importantly, using mouse models with conditional deletion of IDO in myeloid-lineage cells, we identified a significant role for immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-associated IDO in modulating in-vivo and ex-vivo differentiation of Breg. Our studies thus identify Trp metabolism as a therapeutic target to modulate regulatory B cell function during lung cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Tousif
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Joshua Jackson
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kenneth P Hough
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - John G Strenkowski
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Mohammad Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Victor J Thannickal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Robert H McCusker
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | | | - Jessy S Deshane
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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16
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Jang HW, An JH, Kim KB, Lee JH, Oh YI, Park SM, Chae HK, Youn HY. Canine peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived B lymphocytes pretreated with lipopolysaccharide enhance the immunomodulatory effect through macrophage polarization. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256651. [PMID: 34807933 PMCID: PMC8608335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preconditioning with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is used to improve the secretion of anti-inflammatory agents in B cells. However, there are only a few studies on canine B cells. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the immune regulatory capacity of canine peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived B cells pretreated with LPS. METHODS Canine B cells were isolated from canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells, which were obtained from three healthy canine donors. The B cells were preconditioned with LPS, and then cell viability and the expression of the regulatory B cell marker were assessed. Finally, RNA extraction and immunofluorescence analysis were performed. RESULTS LPS primed B cells expressed the interleukin (IL)-10 surface marker and immunoregulatory gene expression, such as IL-10, programmed death-ligand 1, and transforming growth factor beta. Macrophages in the inflammatory condition cocultured with primed B cells were found to have significantly down-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokine, such as tumor necrosis factor-α, and up-regulated anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10. Additionally, it was revealed that co-culture with primed B cells re-polarized M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that LPS-primed B cells have an anti-inflammatory effect and can re-polarize macrophages, suggesting the possibility of using LPS-primed B cells as a therapeutic agent for its anti-inflammatory effects and immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Won Jang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun An
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Bo Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-In Oh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Kyu Chae
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Lei C, Yu Q, Wang H, Liu J, Chen S, Zhao Z, Qiu L. Responses of CD27 + CD38 + plasmablasts, and CD24 hi CD27 hi and CD24 hi CD38 hi regulatory B cells during primary dengue virus 2 infection. J Clin Lab Anal 2021; 35:e24035. [PMID: 34606646 PMCID: PMC8605120 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Humoral immunity is thought to play a central role in mediating the immunopathogenesis of dengue virus (DENV) infection; however, the B‐cell responses elicited by primary DENV2 infection are incompletely understood. Follicular helper T cells (Tfh) are important to promote B‐cell activation and differentiation. Methods The present study analyzed the detailed dynamic changes of circulating B‐cell subsets and Tfh (cTfh) using flow cytometry to explore their responses to DENV2 infection. Results Thirty‐six patients with DENV2 and 21 healthy individuals were included. The results showed that CD27+CD38+ plasmablasts emerged after DENV2 infection, and correlated with CXCR5+PD‐1+ or CXCR5+ICOS+PD‐1+ cTfh, which increased after DENV2 infection, and correlated with DENV2 RNA viral loads. Significantly low levels of CD27− naïve B cells, and CD24hiCD27hi and CD24hiCD38hi regulatory B cells (Breg) were observed after DENV2 infection, which correlated negatively with CXCR5+PD‐1+ or CXCR5+ICOS+PD‐1+ cTfh cells. Conclusion Overall, these results provide insights into the DENV2‐elicited B‐cell response and revealed previously unidentified CD24hiCD27hi and CD24hiCD38hi Breg responses to DENV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshuang Lei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qinhua Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of infection, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - JieJing Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sufeng Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liannv Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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18
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Chong AS, Sage PT, Alegre ML. Regulation of Alloantibody Responses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:706171. [PMID: 34307385 PMCID: PMC8297544 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.706171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of alloimmunity is essential to the success of organ transplantation. Upon alloantigen encounter, naïve alloreactive T cells not only differentiate into effector cells that can reject the graft, but also into T follicular helper (Tfh) cells that promote the differentiation of alloreactive B cells that produce donor-specific antibodies (DSA). B cells can exacerbate the rejection process through antibody effector functions and/or B cell antigen-presenting functions. These responses can be limited by immune suppressive mechanisms mediated by T regulatory (Treg) cells, T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells, B regulatory (Breg) cells and a newly described tolerance-induced B (TIB) cell population that has the ability to suppress de novo B cells in an antigen-specific manner. Transplantation tolerance following costimulation blockade has revealed mechanisms of tolerance that control alloreactive T cells through intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, but also inhibit alloreactive B cells. Thus, the control of both arms of adaptive immunity might result in more robust tolerance, one that may withstand more severe inflammatory challenges. Here, we review new findings on the control of B cells and alloantibody production in the context of transplant rejection and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita S. Chong
- Section of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Peter T. Sage
- Renal Division, Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Maria-Luisa Alegre
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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19
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Abstract
The humoral immune response and antibody-mediated functions of B cells during viral infections are well described. However, we have limited understanding of antibody-independent B cell functions, such as cytokine production and antigen presentation, in acute and chronic viral infections and their role in protection and/or immunopathogenesis. Here, we summarize the current literature on these antibody-independent B cell functions and identify remaining knowledge gaps. B cell subsets produce anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which can have both beneficial and detrimental effects during viral clearance. As professional antigen presenting cells, B cells also play an important role in immune regulation/shaping of the developing adaptive immune responses. Since B cells primarily express TLR7 and TLR9, we specifically discuss the role of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated B cell responses to viral infections and their role in augmenting adaptive immunity through enhanced cytokine production and antigen presentation. However, viruses have evolved strategies to subvert TLR signaling and additional stimulation via B cell receptor (BCR) may be required to overcome the defective TLR response in B cells. To conclude, antibody-independent B cell functions seem to have an important role in regulating both acute and chronic viral infections and may form the basis for novel therapeutic approaches in treatment of viral infections in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit Upasani
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Izabela Rodenhuis-Zybert
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tineke Cantaert
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
- * E-mail:
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20
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Slepicka PF, Yazdanifar M, Bertaina A. Harnessing Mechanisms of Immune Tolerance to Improve Outcomes in Solid Organ Transplantation: A Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688460. [PMID: 34177941 PMCID: PMC8222735 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival after solid organ transplantation (SOT) is limited by chronic rejection as well as the need for lifelong immunosuppression and its associated toxicities. Several preclinical and clinical studies have tested methods designed to induce transplantation tolerance without lifelong immune suppression. The limited success of these strategies has led to the development of clinical protocols that combine SOT with other approaches, such as allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). HSCT prior to SOT facilitates engraftment of donor cells that can drive immune tolerance. Recent innovations in graft manipulation strategies and post-HSCT immune therapy provide further advances in promoting tolerance and improving clinical outcomes. In this review, we discuss conventional and unconventional immunological mechanisms underlying the development of immune tolerance in SOT recipients and how they can inform clinical advances. Specifically, we review the most recent mechanistic studies elucidating which immune regulatory cells dampen cytotoxic immune reactivity while fostering a tolerogenic environment. We further discuss how this understanding of regulatory cells can shape graft engineering and other therapeutic strategies to improve long-term outcomes for patients receiving HSCT and SOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Ferreira Slepicka
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Mahboubeh Yazdanifar
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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21
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Catalán D, Mansilla MA, Ferrier A, Soto L, Oleinika K, Aguillón JC, Aravena O. Immunosuppressive Mechanisms of Regulatory B Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:611795. [PMID: 33995344 PMCID: PMC8118522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.611795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) is a term that encompasses all B cells that act to suppress immune responses. Bregs contribute to the maintenance of tolerance, limiting ongoing immune responses and reestablishing immune homeostasis. The important role of Bregs in restraining the pathology associated with exacerbated inflammatory responses in autoimmunity and graft rejection has been consistently demonstrated, while more recent studies have suggested a role for this population in other immune-related conditions, such as infections, allergy, cancer, and chronic metabolic diseases. Initial studies identified IL-10 as the hallmark of Breg function; nevertheless, the past decade has seen the discovery of other molecules utilized by human and murine B cells to regulate immune responses. This new arsenal includes other anti-inflammatory cytokines such IL-35 and TGF-β, as well as cell surface proteins like CD1d and PD-L1. In this review, we examine the main suppressive mechanisms employed by these novel Breg populations. We also discuss recent evidence that helps to unravel previously unknown aspects of the phenotype, development, activation, and function of IL-10-producing Bregs, incorporating an overview on those questions that remain obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Catalán
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Andrés Mansilla
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ashley Ferrier
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Instituto Milenio en Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lilian Soto
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Unidad de Dolor, Hospital Clínico, Universidad de Chile (HCUCH), Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Octavio Aravena
- Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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22
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Oliveria JP, Agayby R, Gauvreau GM. Regulatory and IgE + B Cells in Allergic Asthma. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2270:375-418. [PMID: 33479910 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1237-8_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is triggered by inhalation of environmental allergens resulting in bronchial constriction and inflammation, which leads to clinical symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and difficulty breathing. Asthmatic airway inflammation is initiated by inflammatory mediators released by granulocytic cells. However, the immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody is necessary for the initiation of the allergic cascade, and IgE is produced and released exclusively by memory B cells and plasma cells. Acute allergen exposure has also been shown to increase IgE levels in the airways of patients diagnosed with allergic asthma; however, more studies are needed to understand local airway inflammation. Additionally, regulatory B cells (Bregs) have been shown to modulate IgE-mediated inflammatory processes in allergic asthma pathogenesis, particularly in mouse models of allergic airway disease. However, the levels and function of these IgE+ B cells and Bregs remain to be elucidated in human models of asthma. The overall objective for this chapter is to provide detailed methodological, and insightful technological advances to study the biology of B cells in allergic asthma pathogenesis. Specifically, we will describe how to investigate the frequency and function of IgE+ B cells and Bregs in allergic asthma, and the kinetics of these cells after allergen exposure in a human asthma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Paul Oliveria
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rita Agayby
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gail M Gauvreau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.
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Implication of TIGIT + human memory B cells in immune regulation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1534. [PMID: 33750787 PMCID: PMC7943800 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) contribute to immune regulation. However, the mechanisms of action of Bregs remain elusive. Here, we report that T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT) expressed on human memory B cells especially CD19+CD24hiCD27+CD39hiIgD-IgM+CD1c+ B cells is essential for effective immune regulation. Mechanistically, TIGIT on memory B cells controls immune response by directly acting on T cells and by arresting proinflammatory function of dendritic cells, resulting in the suppression of Th1, Th2, Th17, and CXCR5+ICOS+ T cell response while promoting immune regulatory function of T cells. TIGIT+ memory B cells are also superior to other B cells at expressing additional inhibitory molecules, including IL-10, TGFβ1, granzyme B, PD-L1, CD39/CD73, and TIM-1. Lack or decrease of TIGIT+ memory B cells is associated with increased donor-specific antibody and TFH response, and decreased Treg response in renal and liver allograft patients. Therefore, TIGIT+ human memory B cells play critical roles in immune regulation.
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25
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New insights into regulatory B cells biology in viral, bacterial, and parasitic infections. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 89:104753. [PMID: 33545392 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
B lymphocytes are primarily well known for their contribution to immunity by antibody production, antigen presentation and, the production of cytokines. In recent years several studies demonstrated the existence of B cells with regulatory functions, which have been termed regulatory B cells (Bregs), similar to regulatory T cells (Tregs). Bregs are a subpopulation of B cells that have immunosuppressive effects via the production of regulatory cytokines including interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and IL-35. Bregs limit host defense against various pathogens. In addition, Bregs contribute to increased levels of regulatory cytokines and leads to an induction of suppressive Tregs, which exert broader suppressive functions against various pathogens. The high percentage of Bregs is positively associated with viral and bacterial load and can contribute to poor vaccine responses. Bregs can also facilitate pathogen survival at an early stage of infection, and subsequently cause increased severity of disease by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokine production, macrophage activation, and inflammatory T cells activation such as Th1, Th17, and Th22. Also, Bregs afford protection against the hyper-inflammatory response in parasitic infections. Here we review the central role of Bregs in many major bacterial and viral human infections, and provide an overview of the immunoregulatory mechanisms used by Bregs.
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Dong Z, Liu Z, Dai H, Liu W, Feng Z, Zhao Q, Gao Y, Liu F, Zhang N, Dong X, Zhou X, Du J, Huang G, Tian X, Liu B. The Potential Role of Regulatory B Cells in Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:7638365. [PMID: 33426094 PMCID: PMC7772048 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7638365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Breg) are widely regarded as immunomodulatory cells which play an immunosuppressive role. Breg inhibits pathological autoimmune response by secreting interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and adenosine and through other ways to prevent T cells and other immune cells from expanding. Recent studies have shown that different inflammatory environments induce different types of Breg cells, and these different Breg cells have different functions. For example, Br1 cells can secrete IgG4 to block autoantigens. Idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN) is an autoimmune disease in which the humoral immune response is dominant and the cellular immune response is impaired. However, only a handful of studies have been done on the role of Bregs in this regard. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the types and functions of Breg found in human body, as well as the abnormal pathological and immunological phenomena in IMN, and propose the hypothesis that Breg is activated in IMN patients and the proportion of Br1 can be increased. Our review aims at highlighting the correlation between Breg and IMN and proposes potential mechanisms, which can provide a new direction for the discovery of the pathogenesis of IMN, thus providing a new strategy for the prevention and early treatment of IMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocheng Dong
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Shandong First Medical University, No. 619 Changcheng Road, Tai'an City, Shandong 271016, China
| | - Haoran Dai
- Shunyi Branch, Beijing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Station East 5, Shunyi District, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhendong Feng
- Beijing Chinese Medicine Hospital Pinggu Hospital, No. 6, Pingxiang Road, Pinggu District, Beijing 101200, China
| | - Qihan Zhao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
- Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xitoutiao, You'anmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
- Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xitoutiao, You'anmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
- Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xitoutiao, You'anmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xuan Dong
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
- Capital Medical University, No. 10, Xitoutiao, You'anmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhou
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Jieli Du
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Guangrui Huang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11, North Third Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuefei Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Baoli Liu
- Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Capital Medical University, No. 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
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Ma S, Satitsuksanoa P, Jansen K, Cevhertas L, van de Veen W, Akdis M. B regulatory cells in allergy. Immunol Rev 2020; 299:10-30. [PMID: 33345311 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
B cells have classically been recognized for their unique and indispensable role in the production of antibodies. Their potential as immunoregulatory cells with anti-inflammatory functions has received increasing attention during the last two decades. Herein, we highlight pioneering studies in the field of regulatory B cell (Breg) research. We will review the literature on Bregs with a particular focus on their role in the regulation of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ma
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing TongRen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Kirstin Jansen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Lacin Cevhertas
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland.,Department of Medical Immunology, Institute of Health Sciences, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
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Grasseau A, Boudigou M, Le Pottier L, Chriti N, Cornec D, Pers JO, Renaudineau Y, Hillion S. Innate B Cells: the Archetype of Protective Immune Cells. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:92-106. [PMID: 31183788 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The innate B cell (IBC) population is heterogeneous and involved in the primary immune response. IBC functions include a high ability to produce natural antibodies with IgM isotype, the elimination of apoptotic cells, and a capacity to be cognate help to T cells. Among IBC subsets, B-1 cells and marginal zone B cells are the main producers of IgM, act as rapid immune responders that may relocate to follicular lymphoid and differentiate to cytokine and antibody-secreting cells shortly after infection. IBCs functions are highly dependent on their localization site and the nature of their B cell receptor repertoire, suggesting a high plasticity range of different immune responses. In this review, we will describe the nature and functions of the different innate-like B cell subsets, first in mice and then in humans. Besides this, we will emphasize the strong ability of these cells to undertake different protective functions from the first line of defense against pathogens to the regulatory role of the broader immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Grasseau
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Marina Boudigou
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Laëtitia Le Pottier
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Nedra Chriti
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Divi Cornec
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Brest, Brest, France
| | - Sophie Hillion
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France. .,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Brest, Brest, France.
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29
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Ran Z, Yue-Bei L, Qiu-Ming Z, Huan Y. Regulatory B Cells and Its Role in Central Nervous System Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1884. [PMID: 32973780 PMCID: PMC7468432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B (Breg) cells represent a population of suppressor B cells that participate in immunomodulatory processes and inhibition of excessive inflammation. The regulatory function of Breg cells have been demonstrated in mice and human with inflammatory diseases, cancer, after transplantation, and particularly in autoinflammatory disorders. In order to suppress inflammation, Breg cells produce anti-inflammatory mediators, induce death ligand-mediated apoptosis, and regulate many kinds of immune cells such as suppressing the proliferation and differentiation of effector T cell and increasing the number of regulatory T cells. Central nervous system Inflammatory demyelinating diseases (CNS IDDs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders, which occur against the background of an acute or chronic inflammatory process. With the advent of monoclonal antibodies directed against B cells, breakthroughs have been made in the treatment of CNS IDDs. Therefore, the number and function of B cells in IDDs have attracted attention. Meanwhile, increasing number of studies have confirmed that Breg cells play a role in alleviating autoimmune diseases, and treatment with Breg cells has also been proposed as a new therapeutic direction. In this review, we focus on the understanding of the development and function of Breg cells and on the diversification of Breg cells in CNS IDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Ran
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Luo Yue-Bei
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zeng Qiu-Ming
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Huan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Okurut S, Boulware DR, Olobo J, Meya DB. Landmark clinical observations and immunopathogenesis pathways linked to HIV and Cryptococcus fatal central nervous system co-infection. Mycoses 2020; 63:840-853. [PMID: 32472727 PMCID: PMC7416908 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis remains one of the leading causes of death among HIV-infected adults in the fourth decade of HIV era in sub-Saharan Africa, contributing to 10%-20% of global HIV-related deaths. Despite widespread use and early induction of ART among HIV-infected adults, incidence of cryptococcosis remains significant in those with advanced HIV disease. Cryptococcus species that causes fatal infection follows systemic spread from initial environmental acquired infection in lungs to antigenaemia and fungaemia in circulation prior to establishment of often fatal disease, cryptococcal meningitis in the CNS. Cryptococcus person-to-person transmission is uncommon, and deaths related to blood infection without CNS involvement are rare. Keen to the persistent high mortality associated with HIV-cryptococcal meningitis, seizures are common among a third of the patients, altered mental status is frequent, anaemia is prevalent with ensuing brain hypoxia and at autopsy, brain fibrosis and infarction are evident. In addition, fungal burden is 3-to-4-fold higher in those with seizures. And high immune activation together with exacerbated inflammation and elevated PD-1/PD-L immune checkpoint expression is immunomodulated phenotypes elevated in CSF relative to blood. Lastly, though multiple Cryptococcus species cause disease in this setting, observations are mostly generalised to cryptococcal infection/meningitis or regional dominant species (C neoformans or gattii complex) that may limit our understanding of interspecies differences in infection, progression, treatment or recovery outcome. Together, these factors and underlying mechanisms are hypotheses generating for research to find targets to prevent infection or adequate therapy to prevent persistent high mortality with current optimal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Okurut
- Research DepartmentInfectious Diseases InstituteMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
| | - David R. Boulware
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Joseph Olobo
- Department of Immunology and Molecular BiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
| | - David B. Meya
- Research DepartmentInfectious Diseases InstituteMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
- Department of MedicineSchool of MedicineCollege of Health SciencesMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
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31
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Nouatin O, Ateba Ngoa U, Ibáñez J, Dejon-Agobe JC, Mordmüller B, Edoa JR, Mougeni F, Brückner S, Bouyoukou Hounkpatin A, Esen M, Theisen M, Moutairou K, Hoffman SL, Issifou S, Luty AJF, Loembe MM, Agnandji ST, Lell B, Kremsner PG, Adegnika AA. Effect of immune regulatory pathways after immunization with GMZ2 malaria vaccine candidate in healthy lifelong malaria-exposed adults. Vaccine 2020; 38:4263-4272. [PMID: 32386747 PMCID: PMC7297038 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite appreciable immunogenicity in malaria-naive populations, many candidate malaria vaccines are considerably less immunogenic in malaria-exposed populations. This could reflect induction of immune regulatory mechanisms involving Human Leukocyte Antigen G (HLA-G), regulatory T (Treg), and regulatory B (Breg) cells. Here, we addressed the question whether there is correlation between these immune regulatory pathways and both plasmablast frequencies and vaccine-specific IgG concentrations. METHODS Fifty Gabonese adults with lifelong exposure to Plasmodium spp were randomized to receive three doses of either 30 µg or 100 µg GMZ2-CAF01, or 100 µg GMZ2-alum, or control vaccine (rabies vaccine) at 4-week intervals. Only plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from blood samples collected before (D0) and 28 days after the third vaccination (D84) of 35 participants were used to measure sHLA-G levels and anti-GMZ2 IgG concentrations, and to quantify Treg, Breg and plasmablast cells. Vaccine efficacy was assessed using controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) by direct venous inoculation of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites (PfSPZ Challenge). RESULTS The sHLA-G concentration increased from D0 to D84 in all GMZ2 vaccinated participants and in the control group, whereas Treg frequencies increased only in those receiving 30 µg or 100 µg GMZ2-CAF01. The sHLA-G level on D84 was associated with a decrease of the anti-GMZ2 IgG concentration, whereas Treg frequencies on D0 or on D84, and Breg frequency on D84 were associated with lower plasmablast frequencies. Importantly, having a D84:D0 ratio of sHLA-G above the median was associated with an increased risk of P. falciparum infection after sporozoites injection. CONCLUSION Regulatory immune responses are induced following immunization. Stronger sHLA-G and Treg immune responses may suppress vaccine induced immune responses, and the magnitude of the sHLA-G response increased the risk of Plasmodium falciparum infection after CHMI. These findings could have implications for the design and testing of malaria vaccine candidates in semi-immune individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odilon Nouatin
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, BP: 242 Lambaréné, Gabon; Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tubingen, Wilhelmstraβe 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany; Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Germany; Département de Biochimie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Ulysse Ateba Ngoa
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, BP: 242 Lambaréné, Gabon.
| | - Javier Ibáñez
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tubingen, Wilhelmstraβe 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jean Claude Dejon-Agobe
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, BP: 242 Lambaréné, Gabon; Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tubingen, Wilhelmstraβe 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, BP: 242 Lambaréné, Gabon; Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tubingen, Wilhelmstraβe 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany; Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Jean Ronald Edoa
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, BP: 242 Lambaréné, Gabon; Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tubingen, Wilhelmstraβe 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Fabrice Mougeni
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, BP: 242 Lambaréné, Gabon
| | - Sina Brückner
- Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tubingen, Wilhelmstraβe 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Aurore Bouyoukou Hounkpatin
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, BP: 242 Lambaréné, Gabon; Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tubingen, Wilhelmstraβe 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Meral Esen
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, BP: 242 Lambaréné, Gabon; Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tubingen, Wilhelmstraβe 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany; Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Michael Theisen
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark and Centre for Medical Parasitology at Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, and Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark.
| | - Kabirou Moutairou
- Département de Biochimie et de Biologie Cellulaire, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
| | | | - Saadou Issifou
- Fondation pour la Recherche Scientifique, 72 BP45 Cotonou, Benin.
| | - Adrian J F Luty
- Centre d'Etude et de Recherche sur le Paludisme Associé à la Grossesse et à l'Enfance, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, MERIT UMR D216, Benin; Université de Paris, MERIT, IRD, Paris, France.
| | - Marguerite M Loembe
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, BP: 242 Lambaréné, Gabon; Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tubingen, Wilhelmstraβe 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany; Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Selidji Todagbé Agnandji
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, BP: 242 Lambaréné, Gabon; Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tubingen, Wilhelmstraβe 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany; Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Bertrand Lell
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, BP: 242 Lambaréné, Gabon; Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Peter G Kremsner
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, BP: 242 Lambaréné, Gabon; Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tubingen, Wilhelmstraβe 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany; Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Ayôla Akim Adegnika
- Centre de Recherches Médicales de Lambaréné, BP: 242 Lambaréné, Gabon; Institut für Tropenmedizin, Universität Tubingen, Wilhelmstraβe 27, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany; Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Germany; Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Nahid-Samiei M, Rahimian G, Shafigh M, Taheri F, Karami-Hurestani M, Sanaei MJ, Heshmati M, Bagheri N. Enhanced Frequency of CD19+IL-10+B Cells in Human Gastric Mucosa Infected by Helicobacter pylori. Am J Med Sci 2020; 359:347-353. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2020.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Zaimoku Y, Patel BA, Kajigaya S, Feng X, Alemu L, Quinones Raffo D, Groarke EM, Young NS. Deficit of circulating CD19 + CD24 hi CD38 hi regulatory B cells in severe aplastic anaemia. Br J Haematol 2020; 190:610-617. [PMID: 32311088 PMCID: PMC7496711 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune aplastic anaemia (AA) is caused by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) that destroy haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Enhanced type 1 T helper (Th1) responses and reduced regulatory T cells (Tregs) are involved in the immune pathophysiology. CD24hiCD38hi regulatory B cells (Bregs) suppress CTLs and Th1 responses, and induce Tregs via interleukin 10 (IL‐10). We investigated circulating B‐cell subpopulations, including CD24hiCD38hi Bregs, as well as total B cells, CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells and natural killer cells in 104 untreated patients with severe and very severe AA, aged ≥18 years. All patients were treated with standard immunosuppressive therapy (IST) plus eltrombopag. CD24hiCD38hi Bregs were markedly reduced in patients with AA compared to healthy individuals, especially in very severe AA, but residual Bregs remained functional, capable of producing IL‐10; total B‐cell counts and the other B‐cell subpopulations were similar to those of healthy individuals. CD24hiCD38hi Bregs did not correlate with responses to IST, and they recovered to levels present in healthy individuals after therapy. Mature naïve B‐cell counts were unexpectedly associated with IST response. Markedly reduced CD24hiCD38hi Bregs, especially in very severe AA, with recovery after IST suggest Breg deficits may contribute to the pathophysiology of immune AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Zaimoku
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bhavisha A Patel
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sachiko Kajigaya
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xingmin Feng
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lemlem Alemu
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diego Quinones Raffo
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emma M Groarke
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neal S Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Altered ratio of circulating follicular regulatory T cells and follicular helper T cells during primary EBV infection. Clin Exp Med 2020; 20:373-380. [PMID: 32206927 PMCID: PMC7366583 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00621-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Follicular help T cells (Tfh) play an important role in the activation and differentiation of B cells, while follicular regulatory T cells (Tfr) control Tfh and resulting humoral immune responses. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the dysregulation of Tfr contributed to the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. However, the role of Tfr in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection remains lacking. Fifty-five EBV-infected infectious mononucleosis (IM) patients and 21 healthy individuals (HIs) were recruited in the study. We investigated the number of Tfr (FoxP3+CXCR5+PD-1+CD4+) and Tfh (FoxP3-CXCR5+PD-1+CD4+) of peripheral blood in IM patients at diagnosis (D0) and day 15 after diagnosis (D15) via multicolor flow cytometry. Results revealed that circulating Tfh (cTfh) and Tfr (cTfr) of IM at D0 were both increased compared to HIs, and cTfr began to decline and return to normal at D15, while cTfh was still higher than those of HIs. More interestingly, the cTfr/cTfh ratio of IM at D0 and D15 was lower than that of HIs, suggesting that the balance between cTfh and cTfr was disturbed during primary EBV infection. Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between cTfr with CD19+IgD+CD27- naive B cells, CD19+IgD-CD27hi plasmablasts or CD19+CD24hiCD27hi B cells. Moreover, both cTfr and the cTfr/cTfh ratio of IM at D0 were negatively correlated with EBV DNA virus load. These results indicate that an imbalance of cTfr and cTfh cells may be involved in the immunopathogenesis of EBV-infected IM patients and may provide novel strategies for controlling EBV-related disease.
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Epeldegui M, Hussain SK. The Role of Microbial Translocation and Immune Activation in AIDS-Associated Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Pathogenesis: What Have We Learned? Crit Rev Immunol 2020; 40:41-51. [PMID: 32421978 PMCID: PMC7241309 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2020033319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with greatly increased risk for development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Nearly all acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated NHL (AIDS-NHL) is of B-cell origin. Two major mechanisms are believed to contribute to the genesis of AIDS-NHL: (1) loss of immunoregulation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)+ B cells, resulting from impaired T-cell function late in the course of HIV disease and (2) chronic B-cell activation, leading to DNA-modifying events that contribute to oncogene mutations/ translocations. HIV infection has long been known to be associated with chronic inflammation and polyclonal B-cell activation, and more recently, microbial translocation. Microbial translocation is bacterial product leakage from gut lumen into the peripheral circulation, resulting in high levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the peripheral circulation, leading to chronic immune activation and inflammation. We review recent literature linking microbial translocation to lymphom-agenesis. This includes epidemiological studies of biomarkers of microbial translocation with risk of AIDS-NHL and emerging data on the mechanisms by which microbial translocation may lead to AIDS-NHL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Epeldegui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Shehnaz K. Hussain
- Cedars-Sinai Cancer and Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles
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Upasani V, Vo HTM, Ung S, Heng S, Laurent D, Choeung R, Duong V, Sorn S, Ly S, Rodenhuis-Zybert IA, Dussart P, Cantaert T. Impaired Antibody-Independent Immune Response of B Cells in Patients With Acute Dengue Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2500. [PMID: 31736948 PMCID: PMC6834554 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by dengue virus (DENV). The disease is endemic to more than 100 countries with 390 million dengue infections per year. Humoral immune responses during primary and secondary DENV infections are well-investigated. However, the impact of DENV infection on B cell subsets and their antibody-independent functions are not well-documented. Through this study, we aimed to define the distribution of B cell subsets in the acute phase of DENV infection and characterize the effect of DENV infection on B cell functions such as differentiation into memory and plasma cells and cytokine production. In our cohort of Cambodian children, we observed decreased percentages of CD24hiCD38hi B cells and CD27− naïve B cells within the CD19 population and increased percentages of CD27+CD38hiCD138+ plasma cells as early as 4 days post appearance of fever in patients with severe dengue compared to patients with mild disease. Lower percentages of CD19+CD24hiCD38hi B cells in DENV-infected patients were associated with decreased concentrations of soluble CD40L in patient plasma and decreased platelet counts in these patients. In addition, CD19+CD24hiCD38hi and CD19+CD27− B cells from DENV-infected patients did not produce IL-10 or TNF-α upon stimulation in vitro, suggesting their contribution to an altered immune response during DENV infection. In addition, CD19+CD27− naïve B cells isolated from dengue patients were refractory to TLR/anti-IgM stimulation in vitro, which correlated to the increased expression of inhibitory Fcγ receptors (FcγR) CD32 and LILRB1 on CD19+CD27− naïve B cells from DENV-infected patients. Collectively, our results indicate that a defective B cell response in dengue patients may contribute to the pathogenesis of dengue during the early phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit Upasani
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Hoa Thi My Vo
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sivlin Ung
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sothy Heng
- Kantha Bopha Children Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Denis Laurent
- Kantha Bopha Children Hospital, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rithy Choeung
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Veasna Duong
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sopheak Sorn
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sowath Ly
- Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Izabela A Rodenhuis-Zybert
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Philippe Dussart
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Tineke Cantaert
- Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Institut Pasteur International Network, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
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Alhabbab RY, Nova-Lamperti E, Aravena O, Burton HM, Lechler RI, Dorling A, Lombardi G. Regulatory B cells: Development, phenotypes, functions, and role in transplantation. Immunol Rev 2019; 292:164-179. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rowa Y. Alhabbab
- Infectious Disease Unit and Division of Applied Medical Sciences King Fahad Centre for medical research King Abdulaziz University Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology MRC Centre for Transplantation School of Immunology & Mucosal Biology King's College LondonKing's Health PartnersGuy's Hospital London UK
| | - Estefanía Nova-Lamperti
- Molecular and Translational Immunology Laboratory Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology Pharmacy Faculty Universidad de Concepción Concepción Chile
| | - Octavio Aravena
- Programa Disciplinario de Immunología Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Facultad de Medicina Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Hannah M. Burton
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology MRC Centre for Transplantation School of Immunology & Mucosal Biology King's College LondonKing's Health PartnersGuy's Hospital London UK
| | - Robert I. Lechler
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology MRC Centre for Transplantation School of Immunology & Mucosal Biology King's College LondonKing's Health PartnersGuy's Hospital London UK
| | - Anthony Dorling
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology MRC Centre for Transplantation School of Immunology & Mucosal Biology King's College LondonKing's Health PartnersGuy's Hospital London UK
| | - Giovanna Lombardi
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology MRC Centre for Transplantation School of Immunology & Mucosal Biology King's College LondonKing's Health PartnersGuy's Hospital London UK
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are potent inhibitors of the immune system with the capacity to suppress autoimmune and alloimmune responses. Murine transplant models showing that Bregs can promote allograft tolerance are now supported by clinical data showing that patients who develop operational tolerance have higher frequency of Bregs. Breg function has been widely studied resulting in improved understanding of their biology and effector mechanisms. However, our overall understanding of Bregs remains poor due the lack of specific marker, limited knowledge of how and where they act in vivo, and whether different Breg subpopulations exhibit different functions. RECENT FINDINGS In this review we detail murine and human phenotypic markers used to identify Bregs, their induction, maintenance, and mechanisms of immune suppression. We highlight recent advances in the field including their use as biomarkers to predict allograft rejection, in-vitro expansion of Bregs, and the effects of commonly used immunosuppressive drugs on their induction and frequency. SUMMARY Clinical data continue to emerge in support of Bregs playing an important role in preventing transplant rejection. Hence, it is necessary for the transplant field to better comprehend the mechanisms of Breg induction and approaches to preserve or even enhance their activity to improve long-term transplant outcomes.
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Xu H, Liang T, Yang Y, Dong Y, Zhu L. Antisense of survivin inhibits cervical cancer growth in mice. Arch Med Sci 2019; 15:1345-1351. [PMID: 31572483 PMCID: PMC6764320 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2017.71069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is proposed that survivin plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of cancer. Immune regulatory cells are associated with the growth of cancer in the body. Antisenses for the key molecules can suppress tumor growth. This study tests the hypothesis that the antisense of survivin can inhibit cervical cancer. RESULTS The results showed that human cervical cancer cells expressed high levels of survivin. The levels of survivin in cervical cancer positively correlated with the frequency of interleukin (IL)-10-producing B cells (B10 cells) in the cancer tissue. Survivin increased the expression of IL-10 in B cells. Exposure to survivin antisense efficiently decreased IL-10 expression in B cells. Administration of antisense of survivin inhibited cervical cancer growth and reduced the frequency of B10 cells in tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the survivin antisense has the potential to be used in the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Gynecology, the Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Tingting Liang
- Department of Gynecology, the Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yongxia Yang
- Department of Gynecology, the Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanlei Dong
- Department of Gynecology, the Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Gynecology, the Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Epeldegui M, Conti DV, Guo Y, Cozen W, Penichet ML, Martínez-Maza O. Elevated numbers of PD-L1 expressing B cells are associated with the development of AIDS-NHL. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9371. [PMID: 31253857 PMCID: PMC6599055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is markedly increased in persons living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and remains elevated in those on anti-retroviral therapy (cART). Both the loss of immunoregulation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infected cells, as well as chronic B-cell activation, are believed to contribute to the genesis of AIDS-related NHL (AIDS-NHL). However, the mechanisms that lead to AIDS-NHL have not been completely defined. A subset of B cells that is characterized by the secretion of IL10, as well as the expression of the programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1/CD274), was recently described. These PD-L1+ B cells can exert regulatory function, including the dampening of T-cell activation, by interacting with the program cell death protein (PD1) on target cells. The role of PD-L1+ B cells in the development of AIDS-NHL has not been explored. We assessed B cell PD-L1 expression on B cells preceding AIDS-NHL diagnosis in a nested case-control study of HIV+ subjects who went on to develop AIDS-NHL, as well as HIV+ subjects who did not, using multi-color flow cytometry. Archival frozen viable PBMC were obtained from the UCLA Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). It was seen that the number of CD19+CD24++CD38++and CD19+PD-L1+cells was significantly elevated in cases 1-4 years prior to AIDS-NHL diagnosis, compared to controls, raising the possibility that these cells may play a role in the etiology of AIDS-NHL. Interestingly, most PD-L1+ expression on CD19+ cells was seen on CD19+CD24++CD38++ cells. In addition, we showed that HIV can directly induce PD-L1 expression on B cells through interaction of virion-associated CD40L with CD40 on B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Epeldegui
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Wendy Cozen
- Department of Preventive Medicine Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Manuel L Penichet
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- UCLA AIDS Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Fehres CM, van Uden NO, Yeremenko NG, Fernandez L, Franco Salinas G, van Duivenvoorde LM, Huard B, Morel J, Spits H, Hahne M, Baeten DLP. APRIL Induces a Novel Subset of IgA + Regulatory B Cells That Suppress Inflammation via Expression of IL-10 and PD-L1. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1368. [PMID: 31258536 PMCID: PMC6587076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are immunosuppressive cells that modulate immune responses through multiple mechanisms. The signals required for the differentiation and activation of these cells remain still poorly understood. We have already shown that overexpression of A PRoliferation-Inducing Ligand (APRIL) reduces the incidence and severity of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice. Furthermore, we have described that APRIL, but not BAFF, promoted IL-10 production and regulatory functions in human B cells. Therefore, we hypothesized that APRIL, but not BAFF, may be involved in the induction and/or activation of IL-10 producing Bregs that suppress inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. Here, we describe that APRIL promotes the differentiation of naïve human B cells to IL-10-producing IgA+ B cells. These APRIL-induced IgA+ B cells display a Breg phenotype and inhibit T cell and macrophage responses through IL-10 and PD-L1. Moreover, APRIL-induced IL-10 producing Bregs suppress inflammation in vivo in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) and contact hypersensitivity (CHS) models. Finally, we showed a strong correlation between APRIL and IL-10 in the inflamed synovial tissue of inflammatory arthritis patients. Collectively, these observations indicate the potential relevance of this novel APRIL-induced IgA+ Breg population for immune homeostasis and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M Fehres
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nathalie O van Uden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nataliya G Yeremenko
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leticia Fernandez
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universite de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gabriela Franco Salinas
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leonie M van Duivenvoorde
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bertrand Huard
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM U1209, University Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jacques Morel
- Department of Rheumatology, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Hergen Spits
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, and AIMM Therapeutics, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michael Hahne
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Universite de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique L P Baeten
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Centre, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Moore DK, Loxton AG. Regulatory B lymphocytes: development and modulation of the host immune response during disease. Immunotherapy 2019; 11:691-704. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of B lymphocytes (B cells) in immunogenic responses has become increasingly important over the past decade, focusing on a new B-cell subtype: regulatory B-cells (Bregs). These Bregs have been shown to possess potent immunosuppressive activities and have identified as key players in disease control and immune tolerance. In this review, the occurrence of Breg type in various conditions, along with evidence supporting discovered functions and proposed purposes will be explored. An example of such regulatory functions includes the induction or suppression of various T lymphocyte phenotypes in response to a particular stimulus. Should Bregs prove effective in mediating immune responses, and correlate with favorable disease outcome, they may serve as a novel therapeutic to combat disease and prevent infection. However, the induction, function and stability of these cells remain unclear and further investigation is needed to better understand their role and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dannielle K Moore
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, 8000
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, 8000
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Division of Molecular Biology & Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, 8000
| | - Andre G Loxton
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, 8000
- South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, 8000
- Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Division of Molecular Biology & Human Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa, 8000
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Ritter M, Osei-Mensah J, Debrah LB, Kwarteng A, Mubarik Y, Debrah AY, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A, Layland LE. Wuchereria bancrofti-infected individuals harbor distinct IL-10-producing regulatory B and T cell subsets which are affected by anti-filarial treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007436. [PMID: 31120872 PMCID: PMC6550419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite worldwide mass drug administration, it is estimated that 68 million individuals are still infected with lymphatic filariasis with 19 million hydrocele and 17 million lymphedema reported cases. Despite the staggering number of pathology cases, the majority of LF-infected individuals do not develop clinical symptoms and present a tightly regulated immune system characterized by higher frequencies of regulatory T cells (Treg), suppressed proliferation and Th2 cytokine responses accompanied with increased secretion of IL-10, TGF-β and infection-specific IgG4. Nevertheless, the filarial-induced modulation of the host`s immune system and especially the role of regulatory immune cells like regulatory B (Breg) and Treg during an ongoing LF infection remains unknown. Thus, we analysed Breg and Treg frequencies in peripheral blood from Ghanaian uninfected endemic normals (EN), lymphedema (LE), asymptomatic patent (CFA+MF+) and latent (CFA+MF-) W. bancrofti-infected individuals as well as individuals who were previously infected with W. bancrofti (PI) but had cleared the infection due to the administration of ivermectin (IVM) and albendazole (ALB). In summary, we observed that IL-10-producing CD19+CD24highCD38dhigh Breg were specifically increased in patently infected (CFA+MF+) individuals. In addition, CD19+CD24highCD5+CD1dhigh and CD19+CD5+CD1dhighIL-10+ Breg as well as CD4+CD127-FOXP3+ Treg frequencies were significantly increased in both W. bancrofti-infected cohorts (CFA+MF+ and CFA+MF-). Interestingly, the PI cohort presented frequency levels of all studied regulatory immune cell populations comparable with the EN group. In conclusion, the results from this study show that an ongoing W. bancrofti infection induces distinct Breg and Treg populations in peripheral blood from Ghanaian volunteers. Those regulatory immune cell populations might contribute to the regulated state of the host immune system and are probably important for the survival and fertility (microfilaria release) of the helminth. Regulation of the host`s immune system by filarial nematodes is crucial for the fertility and survival of the nematode. Indeed, the majority of W. bancrofti-infected individuals are characterized by a regulated state including increased regulatory T cells (Treg), IL-10, TGF-β and filarial-specific IgG4 and suppressed Th2 cytokine responses. However, the functional role of Treg populations and regulatory B cells (Breg) during filarial infection remains unknown. Thus, in this study we investigated whether W. bancrofti-infected individuals from Ghana harbored distinct Breg and Treg populations which might be important for filarial-specific immunomodulation. Overall, this study shows that W. bancrofti induces distinct Breg populations, especially in patently (microfilaremic) infected individuals who presented significantly increased frequencies of IL-10-producing CD19+CD24highCD38dhigh Breg. Furthermore, clearance of the infection, due to anti-filarial treatment, returned these regulatory immune cells to homeostatic levels showing that an ongoing filarial infection is important for the activation of distinct Breg and Treg subsets. Those regulatory immune cell subsets are a part of a complex system which are induced by filarial nematodes to modulate the host`s immune system and maintain long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ritter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jubin Osei-Mensah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Kwarteng
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yusif Mubarik
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Y. Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura E. Layland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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Wang X, Wang G, Wang Z, Liu B, Han N, Li J, Lu C, Liu X, Zhang Q, Yang Q, Wang G. PD-1-expressing B cells suppress CD4+ and CD8+ T cells via PD-1/PD-L1-dependent pathway. Mol Immunol 2019; 109:20-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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45
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Gutiérrez C, Lopez-Abente J, Pérez-Fernández V, Prieto-Sánchez A, Correa-Rocha R, Moreno-Guillen S, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Pion M. Analysis of the dysregulation between regulatory B and T cells (Breg and Treg) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213744. [PMID: 30917149 PMCID: PMC6436717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examines the relationship between regulatory B (Breg) and T (Treg) compartments, which play crucial roles in the maintenance of immune homeostasis in the context of HIV. Using flow cytometry, the phenotypes of different Breg and Treg subsets from HIV-infected and healthy individuals were analyzed, along with the suppressive capacity of Breg. Peripheral blood samples of thirteen HIV+ treatment-naïve individuals, fourteen treated-HIV+ individuals with undetectable viral load and twelve healthy individuals were analyzed. The absolute counts of Breg and Treg subsets were decreased in HIV+ treatment-naïve individuals in comparison to treated-HIV+ and healthy individuals. Interestingly, correlations between Breg subsets (CD24hiCD27+ and PD-L1+ B cells) and IL-10-producing Breg observed in healthy individuals were lost in HIV+ treatment-naïve individuals. However, a correlation between frequencies of CD24hiCD38hi or TIM-1+-Breg subsets and Treg was observed in HIV+ treatment-naïve individuals and not in healthy individuals. Therefore, we hypothesized that various Breg subsets might have different functions during B and T-cell homeostasis during HIV-1 infection. In parallel, stimulated Breg from HIV-infected treatment-naïve individuals presented a decreased ability to suppress CD4+ T-cell proliferation in comparison to the stimulated Breg from treated-HIV+ or healthy individuals. We demonstrate a dysregulation between Breg and Treg subsets in HIV-infected individuals, which might participate in the hyper-activation and exhaustion of the immune system that occurs in such patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gutiérrez
- Molecular Immunovirology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jacobo Lopez-Abente
- Immuno-Regulation Laboratory, University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Medicine and Experimental Surgery Building, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Pérez-Fernández
- Immuno-Regulation Laboratory, University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Medicine and Experimental Surgery Building, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Prieto-Sánchez
- Immuno-Regulation Laboratory, University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Medicine and Experimental Surgery Building, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Correa-Rocha
- Immuno-Regulation Laboratory, University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Medicine and Experimental Surgery Building, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Moreno-Guillen
- Molecular Immunovirology Laboratory, Department of Infectious Diseases, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Molecular ImmunoBiology Laboratory, University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Spanish HIV HGM BioBank, Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marjorie Pion
- Immuno-Regulation Laboratory, University General Hospital Gregorio Marañón, Health Research Institute Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Medicine and Experimental Surgery Building, Madrid, Spain
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46
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Regulatory and Effector B Cells: A New Path Toward Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets to Improve Transplant Outcomes? Clin Lab Med 2018; 39:15-29. [PMID: 30709503 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
B cells shape the alloimmune response through polarized subsets. These cells inhibit or promote immune responses by expressing suppressive or proinflammatory cytokines. Their summed activity dictates the influence of B cells on the alloimmune response. We review the evidence for regulatory B cells and effector B cells in mice and humans, discuss current limitations in their phenotypic identification, and discuss regulatory B cells as a signature for clinical renal allograft tolerance and predictive markers for allograft outcomes. We discuss the effects of therapeutic agents on regulatory B cells and potential approaches to augment their numbers as a therapeutic tool.
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47
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Esteve-Solé A, Luo Y, Vlagea A, Deyà-Martínez Á, Yagüe J, Plaza-Martín AM, Juan M, Alsina L. B Regulatory Cells: Players in Pregnancy and Early Life. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19072099. [PMID: 30029515 PMCID: PMC6073150 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19072099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy and early infancy represent two very particular immunological states. During pregnancy, the haploidentical fetus and the pregnant women develop tolerance mechanisms to avoid rejection; then, just after birth, the neonatal immune system must modulate the transition from the virtually sterile but haploidentical uterus to a world full of antigens and the rapid microbial colonization of the mucosa. B regulatory (Breg) cells are a recently discovered B cell subset thought to play a pivotal role in different conditions such as chronic infections, autoimmunity, cancer, and transplantation among others in addition to pregnancy. This review focuses on the role of Breg cells in pregnancy and early infancy, two special stages of life in which recent studies have positioned Breg cells as important players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Esteve-Solé
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Yiyi Luo
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alexandru Vlagea
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Immunology Service, Biomedic Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ángela Deyà-Martínez
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Yagüe
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Immunology Service, Biomedic Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ana María Plaza-Martín
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Manel Juan
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Immunology Service, Biomedic Diagnostic Center, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laia Alsina
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology and Primary Immunodeficiencies, Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, Pediatric Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08950 Barcelona, Spain.
- Functional Unit of Clinical Immunology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Grützner EM, Hoffmann T, Wolf E, Gersbacher E, Neizert A, Stirner R, Pauli R, Ulmer A, Brust J, Bogner JR, Jaeger H, Draenert R. Treatment Intensification in HIV-Infected Patients Is Associated With Reduced Frequencies of Regulatory T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:811. [PMID: 29760693 PMCID: PMC5936794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In untreated HIV infection, the efficacy of T cell responses decreases over the disease course, resulting in disease progression. The reasons for this development are not completely understood. However, immunosuppressive cells are supposedly crucially involved. Treatment strategies to avoid the induction of these cells preserve immune functions and are therefore the object of intense research efforts. In this study, we assessed the effect of treatment intensification [=5-drug antiretroviral therapy (ART)] on the development of suppressive cell subsets. The New Era (NE) study recruited patients with primary HIV infection (PHI) or chronically HIV-infected patients with conventional ART (CHI) and applied an intensified 5-drug regimen containing maraviroc and raltegravir for several years. We compared the frequencies of the immune suppressive cells, namely, the myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory B cells (Bregs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs), of the treatment intensification patients to the control groups, especially to the patients with conventional 3-drug ART, and analyzed the Gag/Nef-specific CD8 T cell responses. There were no differences between PHI and CHI in the NE population (p > 0.11) for any of the studied cell types. Polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cell (PMN-MDSC), monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell (M-MDSC), and the Breg frequencies were comparable to those of patients with a 3-drug ART. However, the Treg levels were significantly lower in the NE patients than those in 3ART-treated individuals and other control groups (p ≤ 0.0033). The Gag/Nef-specific CD8 T cell response was broader (p = 0.0134) with a higher magnitude (p = 0.026) in the NE population than that in the patients with conventional ART. However, we did not find a correlation between the frequency of the immune suppressive cells and the interferon-gamma+ CD8 T cell response. In the treatment intensification subjects, the frequencies of the immune suppressive cells were comparable or lower than those of the conventional ART-treated subjects, with surprisingly broad HIV-specific CD8 T cell responses, suggesting a preservation of immune function with the applied treatment regimen. Interestingly, these effects were seen in both treatment intensification subpopulations and were not attributed to the start of treatment in primary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Grützner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Site Munich LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Hoffmann
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Wolf
- MUC Research GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Ashley Neizert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Renate Stirner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Site Munich LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Ramona Pauli
- Dr. Med. Werner Becker, Dr. Med. Ramona Pauli, Gemeinschaftspraxis am Isartor, Munich, Germany
| | - Albrecht Ulmer
- Dr. Med. Albrecht Ulmer, Dr. Med. Bernhard Frietsch, Dr. Med Markus Müller, Gemeinschaftspraxis, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Johannes R Bogner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Site Munich LMU, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Jaeger
- MVZ Karlsplatz, HIV Research and Clinical Care Centre, Munich, Germany
| | - Rika Draenert
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Site Munich LMU, Munich, Germany
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49
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Fourcade L, Poudrier J, Roger M. Natural Immunity to HIV: A Template for Vaccine Strategies. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040215. [PMID: 29690575 PMCID: PMC5923509 DOI: 10.3390/v10040215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Africa accounts for the majority of global human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, most of which affect women through heterosexual intercourse. Currently, there is no cure for HIV and the development of vaccines and microbicides remains the best solution to eradicate the pandemic. We and others have identified HIV highly-exposed seronegative (HESN) individuals among African female commercial sex workers (CSWs). Analyses of genital samples from HESNs have demonstrated potent innate and anti-inflammatory conditions, HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells as well as immunoglobulins (Igs), and increased regulatory cell populations, all of which support a delicate balance between strength and control against HIV intrusion. Moreover, we have recently shown that frequencies of innate marginal zone (MZ) B-cells are decreased in the blood of HESNs when compared to HIV-uninfected non-CSW women, suggesting their recruitment to peripheral sites. This coincides with the fact that levels of B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS/BAFF), known to shape the MZ pool and whose overexpression leads to MZ deregulation in HIV-infected progressors, are significantly lower in the blood of HESNs when compared to both HIV-infected CSWs and HIV-uninfected non-CSW women. Interestingly, MZ B-cells can bind HIV gp120 and produce specific IgG and IgA, and have a propensity for B regulatory potential, which could help both the fight against HIV and maintenance of low inflammatory conditions in HESNs. HESN individuals provide an exceptional opportunity to identify important clues for the development of protective devices, and efforts should aim at soliciting immune responses observed in the context of their natural immunity to HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyvia Fourcade
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Johanne Poudrier
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - Michel Roger
- Laboratoire d'Immunogénétique, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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50
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Sokolov AV, Shmidt AA, Lomakin YA. B Cell Regulation in Autoimmune Diseases. Acta Naturae 2018; 10:11-22. [PMID: 30397522 PMCID: PMC6209408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-independent B cell effector functions play an important role in the development and suppression of the immune response. An extensive body of data on cytokine regulation of the immune response by B lymphocytes has been accumulated over the past fifteen years. In this review, we focused on the mechanisms of inflammatory response suppression by subpopulations of regulatory B cells in health and autoimmune pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. V. Sokolov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - A. A. Shmidt
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Y. A. Lomakin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya Str., 16/10, Moscow, 117997, Russia ,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskay Str., 18, Kazan, 420008, Russia
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