1
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Thijssen VLJL. Vascular galectins in tumor angiogenesis and cancer immunity. Semin Immunopathol 2024; 46:3. [PMID: 38990363 PMCID: PMC11239785 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-024-01014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Sustained tumor angiogenesis, i.e., the induction and maintenance of blood vessel growth by tumor cells, is one of the hallmarks of cancer. The vascularization of malignant tissues not only facilitates tumor growth and metastasis, but also contributes to immune evasion. Important players in all these processes are the endothelial cells which line the luminal side of blood vessel. In the tumor vasculature, these cells are actively involved in angiogenesis as well in the hampered recruitment of immune cells. This is the result of the abnormal tumor microenvironment which triggers both angiostimulatory and immune inhibitory gene expression profiles in endothelial cells. In recent years, it has become evident that galectins constitute a protein family that is expressed in the tumor endothelium. Moreover, several members of this glycan-binding protein family have been found to facilitate tumor angiogenesis and stimulate immune suppression. All this has identified galectins as potential therapeutic targets to simultaneously hamper tumor angiogenesis and alleviate immune suppression. The current review provides a brief introduction in the human galectin protein family. The current knowledge regarding the expression and regulation of galectins in endothelial cells is summarized. Furthermore, an overview of the role that endothelial galectins play in tumor angiogenesis and tumor immunomodulation is provided. Finally, some outstanding questions are discussed that should be addressed by future research efforts. This will help to fully understand the contribution of endothelial galectins to tumor progression and to exploit endothelial galectins for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor L J L Thijssen
- Radiation Oncology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
- Cancer Center Amsterdam, Cancer Biology & Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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2
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Wang J, Yang L, Wang HX, Cui SP, Gao Y, Hu B, Zhou L, Lang R. Anti-PD-1 therapy reverses TIGIT +CD226 +NK depletion in immunotherapy resistance of hepatocellular carcinoma through PVR/TIGIT pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 130:111681. [PMID: 38368771 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Immunotherapy resistance conducts the main reason for failure of PD-1-based immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aims to clarify the mechanism of nature kill cells (NK) depletion in immunotherapy resistance of HCC. Cancerous /paracancerous tissues and peripheral blood (PB) of 55 HCC patients were collected and grouped according to differentiation degree, FCM, IHC and lymphocyte culture drug intervention experiments were used to determine NK cell depletion degree. Furthermore, a mouse model of HCC in situ was constructed and divided into different groups according to intervention measures of ICIs. Immunofluorescence thermography was used to observe changes in tumor burden. NK cells in cancerous tissues significantly up-regulated TIGIT expression (P < 0.001). Intervention experiments revealed that TIGIT and PD-1 expression decreased gradually with increased PD-1 inhibitor dose in moderately-highly differentiated patients (P < 0.05). Animal experiment showed that tumors proliferation in experimental group was inhibited after PD-1 blockage, WB indicated that ICIs decreased TIGIT and PVRL1 protein expression while increased CD226 and PVRL3 protein expression. We concluded that TIGIT+NK cells competitively bind to PVR with CD226 and promote NK cell depletion. Anti-PD-1 decreases PVRL1 expression through PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, reducing the PVR/TIGIT inhibitory signal pathway, and enhancing function of PVR/CD226 activation signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Han-Xuan Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Song-Ping Cui
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Institute of Respiratory Medicine and Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ren Lang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreaticosplenic Surgery, Beijing ChaoYang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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3
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Österberg AW, Östman-Smith I, Green H, Gunnarsson C, Fredrikson M, Liuba P, Fernlund E. Biomarkers and Proteomics in Sarcomeric Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy in the Young-FGF-21 Highly Associated with Overt Disease. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2024; 11:105. [PMID: 38667723 PMCID: PMC11050055 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd11040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Any difference in biomarkers between genotype-positive individuals with overt hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and genotype-positive but phenotype-negative individuals (G+P-) in HCM-associated pathways might shed light on pathophysiological mechanisms. We studied this in young HCM patients. Methods: 29 HCM patients, 17 G+P--individuals, and age- and sex-matched controls were prospectively included. We analyzed 184 cardiovascular disease-associated proteins by two proximity extension assays, categorized into biological pathways, and analyzed with multivariate logistic regression analysis. Significant proteins were dichotomized into groups above/below median concentration in control group. Results: Dichotomized values of significant proteins showed high odds ratio (OR) in overt HCMphenotype for Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) 10 (p = 0.001), P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) OR 8.6 (p = 0.005), and Galectin-9 (Gal-9) OR 5.91 (p = 0.004). For G+P-, however, angiopoietin-1 receptor (TIE2) was notably raised, OR 65.5 (p = 0.004), whereas metalloproteinase inhibitor 4 (TIMP4) involved in proteolysis, in contrast, had reduced OR 0.06 (p = 0.013). Conclusions: This study is one of the first in young HCM patients and G+P- individuals. We found significantly increased OR for HCM in FGF-21 involved in RAS-MAPK pathway, associated with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Upregulation of FGF-21 indicates involvement of the RAS-MAPK pathway in HCM regardless of genetic background, which is a novel finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wålinder Österberg
- Crown Princess Victoria Children’s Hospital, Linköping University Hospital and Division of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Ingegerd Östman-Smith
- Department of Paediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE-41680 Göteborg, Sweden;
| | - Henrik Green
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, SE-58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Gunnarsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Centre for Rare Diseases in Southeast Region of Sweden, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Mats Fredrikson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Petru Liuba
- Paediatric Heart Centre, Skåne University Hospital and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Eva Fernlund
- Crown Princess Victoria Children’s Hospital, Linköping University Hospital and Division of Pediatrics, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden;
- Paediatric Heart Centre, Skåne University Hospital and Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden;
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4
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Chen H, Zha J, Tang R, Chen G. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3): Solving a key puzzle in autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110418. [PMID: 37290326 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional immune cells participate in the pathogenesis of a variety of autoimmune diseases, although the specific mechanisms remain elusive and effective clinical interventions are lacking. Recent research on immune checkpoint molecules has revealed significant expression of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (TIM-3) on the surfaces of various immune cells. These include different subsets of T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and mast cells. Further investigation into its protein structure, ligands, and intracellular signaling pathway activation mechanisms has found that TIM-3, by binding with different ligands, is involved in the regulation of crucial biological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, phenotypic transformation, effector protein synthesis, and cellular interactions of various immune cells. The TIM-3-ligand axis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of numerous conditions, including autoimmune diseases, infections, cancers, transplant rejection, and chronic inflammation. This article primarily focuses on the research findings of TIM-3 in the field of autoimmune diseases, with a special emphasis on the structure and signaling pathways of TIM-3, its types of ligands, and the potential mechanisms implicated in systemic lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, as well as other autoimmune diseases and chronic inflammation. The latest research results in the field of immunology suggest that TIM-3 dysfunction affects various immune cells and participates in the pathogenesis of diseases. Monitoring the activity of its receptor-ligand axis can serve as a novel biological marker for disease clinical diagnosis and prognosis evaluation. More importantly, the TIM-3-ligand axis and the downstream signaling pathway molecules may become key targets for targeted intervention treatment of autoimmune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Clinical Immunology Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Zha
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Runyan Tang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guochun Chen
- Clinical Immunology Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
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5
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Liu Z, Shi M, Ren Y, Xu H, Weng S, Ning W, Ge X, Liu L, Guo C, Duo M, Li L, Li J, Han X. Recent advances and applications of CRISPR-Cas9 in cancer immunotherapy. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:35. [PMID: 36797756 PMCID: PMC9933290 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01738-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality of cancer are the major health issue worldwide. Apart from the treatments developed to date, the unsatisfactory therapeutic effects of cancers have not been addressed by broadening the toolbox. The advent of immunotherapy has ushered in a new era in the treatments of solid tumors, but remains limited and requires breaking adverse effects. Meanwhile, the development of advanced technologies can be further boosted by gene analysis and manipulation at the molecular level. The advent of cutting-edge genome editing technology, especially clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas9), has demonstrated its potential to break the limits of immunotherapy in cancers. In this review, the mechanism of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing and a powerful CRISPR toolbox are introduced. Furthermore, we focus on reviewing the impact of CRISPR-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) on cancer immunotherapy (knockout or knockin). Finally, we discuss the CRISPR-Cas9-based genome-wide screening for target identification, emphasis the potential of spatial CRISPR genomics, and present the comprehensive application and challenges in basic research, translational medicine and clinics of CRISPR-Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaoqu Liu
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China ,grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China ,grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Meixin Shi
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Yuqing Ren
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Hui Xu
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Siyuan Weng
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Wenjing Ning
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Emergency Center, Zhengzhou University People’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003 Henan China
| | - Xiaoyong Ge
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Long Liu
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Chunguang Guo
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Mengjie Duo
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Lifeng Li
- grid.412633.10000 0004 1799 0733Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
| | - Xinwei Han
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. .,Interventional Institute of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China. .,Interventional Treatment and Clinical Research Center of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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6
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Abstract
The galectin family consists of carbohydrate (glycan) binding proteins that are expressed by a wide variety of cells and bind to galactose-containing glycans. Galectins can be located in the nucleus or the cytoplasm, or can be secreted into the extracellular space. They can modulate innate and adaptive immune cells by binding to glycans on the surface of immune cells or intracellularly via carbohydrate-dependent or carbohydrate-independent interactions. Galectins expressed by immune cells can also participate in host responses to infection by directly binding to microorganisms or by modulating antimicrobial functions such as autophagy. Here we explore the diverse ways in which galectins have been shown to impact immunity and discuss the opportunities and challenges in the field.
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7
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Gerace D, Zhou Q, Kenty JHR, Veres A, Sintov E, Wang X, Boulanger KR, Li H, Melton DA. Engineering human stem cell-derived islets to evade immune rejection and promote localized immune tolerance. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100879. [PMID: 36599351 PMCID: PMC9873825 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Immunological protection of transplanted stem cell-derived islet (SC-islet) cells is yet to be achieved without chronic immunosuppression or encapsulation. Existing genetic engineering approaches to produce immune-evasive SC-islet cells have so far shown variable results. Here, we show that targeting human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) and PD-L1 alone does not sufficiently protect SC-islet cells from xenograft (xeno)- or allograft (allo)-rejection. As an addition to these approaches, we genetically engineer SC-islet cells to secrete the cytokines interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and modified IL-2 such that they promote a tolerogenic local microenvironment by recruiting regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the islet grafts. Cytokine-secreting human SC-β cells resist xeno-rejection and correct diabetes for up to 8 weeks post-transplantation in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. Thus, genetically engineering human embryonic SCs (hESCs) to induce a tolerogenic local microenvironment represents a promising approach to provide SC-islet cells as a cell replacement therapy for diabetes without the requirement for encapsulation or immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Gerace
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Quan Zhou
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Hyoje-Ryu Kenty
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrian Veres
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elad Sintov
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyle R. Boulanger
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongfei Li
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Douglas A. Melton
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA, USA,Corresponding author
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8
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Kruk L, Braun A, Cosset E, Gudermann T, Mammadova-Bach E. Galectin functions in cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1052959. [PMID: 36873388 PMCID: PMC9981828 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1052959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that regulate many cellular functions including proliferation, adhesion, migration, and phagocytosis. Increasing experimental and clinical evidence indicates that galectins influence many steps of cancer development by inducing the recruitment of immune cells to the inflammatory sites and modulating the effector function of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Recent studies described that different isoforms of galectins can induce platelet adhesion, aggregation, and granule release through the interaction with platelet-specific glycoproteins and integrins. Patients with cancer and/or deep-venous thrombosis have increased levels of galectins in the vasculature, suggesting that these proteins could be important contributors to cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis. In this review, we summarize the pathological role of galectins in inflammatory and thrombotic events, influencing tumor progression and metastasis. We also discuss the potential of anti-cancer therapies targeting galectins in the pathological context of cancer-associated inflammation and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Kruk
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Braun
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Erika Cosset
- CRCL, UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Elmina Mammadova-Bach
- Walther-Straub-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Hospital, Munich, Germany
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9
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Kim ST, Muñoz-Grajales C, Dunn SE, Schneider R, Johnson SR, Touma Z, Ahmad Z, Bonilla D, Atenafu EG, Hiraki LT, Bookman A, Wither J. Interferon and interferon-induced cytokines as markers of impending clinical progression in ANA + individuals without a systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease diagnosis. Arthritis Res Ther 2023; 25:21. [PMID: 36765391 PMCID: PMC9912609 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-023-02997-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated levels of interferons (IFNs) are a characteristic feature of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs) and may be useful in predicting impending symptomatic progression in anti-nuclear antibody-positive (ANA+) individuals lacking a SARD diagnosis. Typically, these are measured by their effect on gene expression in the blood, which has limited their utility in clinical settings. Here, we assessed whether the measurement of serum IFN-α or selected IFN-induced cytokines accurately mirrors IFN-induced gene expression in ANA+ individuals and investigated their utility as biomarkers of clinical progression. METHODS A total of 280 subjects were studied, including 50 ANA- healthy controls, 160 ANA+ individuals without a SARD diagnosis (96 asymptomatic, 64 with undifferentiated connective tissue disease), and 70 SARD patients. IFN-induced gene expression was measured by nanoString and cytokine levels by ELISA or Simoa. ANA+ individuals lacking a SARD diagnosis who had the new onset of SARD criteria over the subsequent 2 years were defined as progressors. RESULTS Measurement of IFN-α levels by high-sensitivity ELISA or Simoa correlated much better with IFN-induced gene expression than measurement of CXCL-10 or Galectin-9 levels. Despite this, high CXCL-10 and Galectin-9 levels were better predictors of subsequent progression in ANA+ individuals than measures of IFN-α or IFN-induced gene expression with the optimal combination of predictive cytokines (CXCL-10 and IFN-α as measured by ELISA), resulting in a specificity and positive predictive value of 100%. CONCLUSION Easily performed ELISA assays for CXCL-10 and IFN-α can be used to predict ANA+ individuals at high risk of imminent symptomatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya T. Kim
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8 Canada
| | - Carolina Muñoz-Grajales
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8 Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Shannon E. Dunn
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.415502.7Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Raphael Schneider
- grid.415502.7Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.415502.7Division of Neurology, St. Michael’s Hospital Unity Health, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Sindhu R. Johnson
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,Toronto Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Toronto Western and Mount Sinai Hospitals, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Zahi Touma
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428University of Toronto Lupus Clinic, Centre for Prognosis Studies in Rheumatic Diseases, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Zareen Ahmad
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,Toronto Scleroderma Program, Division of Rheumatology, Toronto Western and Mount Sinai Hospitals, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Dennisse Bonilla
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8 Canada
| | - Eshetu G. Atenafu
- grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Biostatistics Department, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Linda T. Hiraki
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Division of Rheumatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Arthur Bookman
- grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada ,grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Division of Rheumatology, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Joan Wither
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada. .,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Division of Rheumatology, Schroeder Arthritis Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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10
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Yu D, Bu M, Yu P, Li Y, Chong Y. Regulation of wound healing and fibrosis by galectins. J Mol Med (Berl) 2022; 100:861-874. [PMID: 35589840 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-022-02207-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are a family of proteins with at least one carbohydrate-recognition domain. Galectins are present in various tissues and organs and participate in different physiological and pathological molecular reactions in vivo. Wound healing is the basic process of traumatic disease recovery. Wound healing involves three overlapping stages: inflammation, proliferation, and remodelling. Furthermore, a comparison of wound healing with the tumour microenvironment revealed that galectin plays a key role in the wound healing process. The current review describes the role of galectin in inflammation, angiogenesis, re-epithelialisation, and fibrous scar formation and evaluates its potential as a therapeutic drug for wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Bu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yaping Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Chong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225000, Jiangsu, China.
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11
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Wang H, Cao K, Liu S, Xu Y, Tang L. Tim-3 Expression Causes NK Cell Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:852436. [PMID: 35464400 PMCID: PMC9018664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.852436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by high blood glucose levels and chronic low-grade inflammation. It shows a strong association with obesity and immune dysfunction, which makes T2DM patients more susceptible to infectious diseases. NK cells play an important role in pathogen control and tumor surveillance. However, whether NK cell distribution and functional status are altered in T2DM is unclear. To address this issue, we compared surface receptor expression and cytokine production between peripheral blood NK cells from 90 T2DM patients and 62 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. We found a significantly lower frequency and absolute number of NK cells in patients than in controls. Interestingly, the expression of inhibitory receptor Tim-3 was significantly increased, while the expression of the activating receptor NKG2D was significantly decreased, in T2DM NK cells. Both TNF-α secretion and degranulation capacity (evidenced by CD107a expression) were dampened in NK cells from patients. The expression of Tim-3 on NK cells correlated positively with both HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels and negatively with the percentage and absolute number of total NK cells and was associated with increased NK cell apoptosis. In addition, Tim-3 expression on NK cells negatively correlated with TNF-α production, which could be restored by blocking Galectin-9/Tim-3 pathway. Our results suggest that NK cell dysfunction secondary to augmented Tim-3 expression occurs in T2DM patients, which may partly explain their increased susceptibility to cancer and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kangli Cao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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12
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Zhi Z, Jooss NJ, Sun Y, Colicchia M, Slater A, Moran LA, Cheung HYF, Di Y, Rayes J, Poulter NS, Watson SP, Iqbal AJ. Galectin-9 activates platelet ITAM receptors glycoprotein VI and C-type lectin-like receptor-2. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:936-950. [PMID: 34936188 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelets are multifunctional cellular mediators in many physiological and pathophysiological processes such as thrombosis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. Several members of galectins, a family of carbohydrate-binding proteins with a broad range of immunomodulatory actions, have been reported to activate platelets. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the role of galectin-9 (Gal-9) as a novel ligand for platelet glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2). METHODS Platelet spreading, aggregation, and P-selectin expression in response to Gal-9 were measured in washed platelet suspensions via static adhesion assay, light transmission aggregometry, and flow cytometry, respectively. Solid-phase binding assay and protein phosphorylation studies were utilized to validate the interaction between Gal-9 and GPVI, and immunoprecipitation for detecting CLEC-2 phosphorylation. Wild-type (WT), GPVI-knockout (Gp6-/- ), and GPVI and CLEC-2-double knockout (Gp6-/- /Gp1ba-Cre-Clec1bfl/fl ) mice were used. RESULTS We have shown that recombinant Gal-9 stimulates aggregation in human and mouse washed platelets dose-dependently. Platelets from both species adhere and spread on immobilized Gal-9 and express P-selectin. Gal-9 competitively inhibited the binding of human recombinant D1 and D2 domains of GPVI to collagen. Gal-9 stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of CLEC-2 and proteins known to lie downstream of GPVI and CLEC-2 including spleen tyrosine kinase and linker of activated T cells in human platelets. GPVI-deficient murine platelets exhibited significantly impaired aggregation in response to Gal-9, which was further abrogated in GPVI and CLEC-2-double-deficient platelets. CONCLUSIONS We have identified Gal-9 as a novel platelet agonist that induces activation through interaction with GPVI and CLEC-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogong Zhi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Natalie J Jooss
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Martina Colicchia
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexandre Slater
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Luis A Moran
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Hilaire Yam Fung Cheung
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ying Di
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Julie Rayes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Natalie S Poulter
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Steve P Watson
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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13
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Immune Regulatory Processes of the Tumor Microenvironment under Malignant Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413311. [PMID: 34948104 PMCID: PMC8706102 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical regulator of tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. Since immune cells represent a large fraction of the TME, they play a key role in mediating pro- and anti-tumor immune responses. Immune escape, which suppresses anti-tumor immunity, enables tumor cells to maintain their proliferation and growth. Numerous mechanisms, which have been intensively studied in recent years, are involved in this process and based on these findings, novel immunotherapies have been successfully developed. Here, we review the composition of the TME and the mechanisms by which immune evasive processes are regulated. In detail, we describe membrane-bound and soluble factors, their regulation, and their impact on immune cell activation in the TME. Furthermore, we give an overview of the tumor/antigen presentation and how it is influenced under malignant conditions. Finally, we summarize novel TME-targeting agents, which are already in clinical trials for different tumor entities.
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14
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Iqbal AJ, Krautter F, Blacksell IA, Wright RD, Austin-Williams SN, Voisin MB, Hussain MT, Law HL, Niki T, Hirashima M, Bombardieri M, Pitzalis C, Tiwari A, Nash GB, Norling LV, Cooper D. Galectin-9 mediates neutrophil capture and adhesion in a CD44 and β2 integrin-dependent manner. FASEB J 2021; 36:e22065. [PMID: 34847625 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100832r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil trafficking is a key component of the inflammatory response. Here, we have investigated the role of the immunomodulatory lectin Galectin-9 (Gal-9) on neutrophil recruitment. Our data indicate that Gal-9 is upregulated in the inflamed vasculature of RA synovial biopsies and report the release of Gal-9 into the extracellular environment following endothelial cell activation. siRNA knockdown of endothelial Gal-9 resulted in reduced neutrophil adhesion and neutrophil recruitment was significantly reduced in Gal-9 knockout mice in a model of zymosan-induced peritonitis. We also provide evidence for Gal-9 binding sites on human neutrophils; Gal-9 binding induced neutrophil activation (increased expression of β2 integrins and reduced expression of CD62L). Intra-vital microscopy confirmed a pro-recruitment role for Gal-9, with increased numbers of transmigrated neutrophils following Gal-9 administration. We studied the role of both soluble and immobilized Gal-9 on human neutrophil recruitment. Soluble Gal-9 significantly strengthened the interaction between neutrophils and the endothelium and inhibited neutrophil crawling on ICAM-1. When immobilized, Gal-9 functioned as an adhesion molecule and captured neutrophils from the flow. Neutrophils adherent to Gal-9 exhibited a spread/activated phenotype that was inhibited by CD18 and CD44 neutralizing antibodies, suggesting a role for these molecules in the pro-adhesive effects of Gal-9. Our data indicate that Gal-9 is expressed and released by the activated endothelium and functions both in soluble form and when immobilized as a neutrophil adhesion molecule. This study paves the way for further investigation of the role of Gal-9 in leukocyte recruitment in different inflammatory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif J Iqbal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Franziska Krautter
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Isobel A Blacksell
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Rachael D Wright
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shani N Austin-Williams
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mathieu-Benoit Voisin
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mohammed T Hussain
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hannah L Law
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Toshiro Niki
- Research Division, GalPharma Company, Ltd., Kagawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuomi Hirashima
- Department of Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Michele Bombardieri
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Costantino Pitzalis
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Alok Tiwari
- Department of Vascular Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gerard B Nash
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences (ICVS), College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lucy V Norling
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Dianne Cooper
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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15
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Lightfoot A, McGettrick HM, Iqbal AJ. Vascular Endothelial Galectins in Leukocyte Trafficking. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687711. [PMID: 34140956 PMCID: PMC8204101 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment to the site of injury is a crucial event in the regulation of an inflammatory response. Tight regulation of interactions between the endothelium and circulating leukocytes is necessary to ensure a protective response to injury does not result in inflammatory disease. Rising interest in the broad immunoregulatory roles displayed by members of the glycan-binding galectin family suggests that these proteins could be an attractive target for therapeutic intervention, since their expression is significantly altered in disease. The focus of this review is to summarize current knowledge on the role of galectins in leukocyte trafficking during inflammation and the clinical approaches being taken to target these interactions for treatment of inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbey Lightfoot
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Asif J Iqbal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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16
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Chiu DKC, Yuen VWH, Cheu JWS, Wei LL, Ting V, Fehlings M, Sumatoh H, Nardin A, Newell EW, Ng IOL, Yau TCC, Wong CM, Wong CCL. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Up-regulate PVRL1, Stabilizing PVR and Inhibiting the Cytotoxic T-Cell Response via TIGIT to Mediate Tumor Resistance to PD1 Inhibitors in Mice. Gastroenterology 2020; 159:609-623. [PMID: 32275969 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective in the treatment of some hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs), but these tumors do not always respond to inhibitors of programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1, also called PD1). We investigated mechanisms of resistance of liver tumors in mice to infiltrating T cells. METHODS Mice were given hydrodynamic tail vein injections of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9) and transposon vectors to disrupt Trp53 and overexpress C-Myc (Trp53KO/C-MycOE mice). Pvrl1 and Pvrl3 were knocked down in Hepa1-6 cells by using short hairpin RNAs. Hepa1-6 cells were injected into livers of C57BL/6 mice; some mice were given intraperitoneal injections of antibodies against PD1, T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains (TIGIT), or CD8 before the cancer cells were injected. Liver tissues were collected from mice and analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction; tumors were analyzed by mass cytometry using markers to detect T cells and other lymphocytes. We obtained HCC and nontumorous liver tissues and clinical data from patients who underwent surgery in Hong Kong and analyzed the tissues by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Trp53KO/C-MycOE mice developed liver tumors in 3-5 weeks; injections of anti-PD1 did not slow tumor development. Tumors from mice given anti-PD1 had larger numbers of memory CD8+ T cells (CD44+CD62L-KLRG1int) and T cells that expressed PD1, lymphocyte activating 3 (LAG3), and TIGIT compared with mice not given the antibody. HCC tissues from patients had higher levels of PVRL1 messenger RNA and protein than nontumorous tissues. Increased PVRL1 was associated with shorter times of disease-free survival. Knockdown of Pvrl1 in Hepa1-6 cells caused them to form smaller tumors in mice, infiltrated by higher numbers of CD8+ T cells that expressed the inhibitory protein TIGIT; these effects were not observed in mice with depletion of CD8+ T cells. In Hepa1-6 cells, PVRL1 stabilized cell surface PVR, which interacted with TIGIT on CD8+ T cells; knockdown of Pvrl1 reduced cell-surface levels of PVR but not levels of Pvr messenger RNA. In Trp53KO/C-MycOE mice and mice with tumors grown from Hepa1-6 cells, injection of the combination of anti-PD1 and anti-TIGIT significantly reduced tumor growth, increased the ratio of cytotoxic to regulatory T cells in tumors, and prolonged survival. CONCLUSIONS PVRL1, which is up-regulated by HCC cells, stabilizes cell surface PVR, which interacts with TIGIT, an inhibitory molecule on CD8+ effector memory T cells. This suppresses the ant-tumor immune response. Inhibitors of PVRL1/TIGIT, along with anti-PD1 might be developed for treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Larry Lai Wei
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vox Ting
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | | | | | - Evan W Newell
- ImmunoSCAPE Pte Ltd, Singapore; Vaccine and Infections Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas Chung-Cheung Yau
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chun-Ming Wong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Carmen Chak-Lui Wong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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17
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Djordjevic B, Skugor S, Jørgensen SM, Overland M, Mydland LT, Krasnov A. Modulation of splenic immune responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharide in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed lentinan, a beta-glucan from mushroom Lentinula edodes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 26:201-209. [PMID: 19010422 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 10/09/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Immunostimulants (IS) are considered a promising approach for improving resistance to pathogens in fish aquaculture. At present, development of IS are complicated due to limited knowledge on the mechanisms of their action. To assess the use of global gene expression analysis for screening of candidate IS we applied lentinan, a beta-glucan from the mushroom Lentinula edodes, as a model. After feeding rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with lentinan-supplemented (L) and control (C) diets for 37 days, fish were injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a classical inducer of inflammation. Gene expression was analyzed in LPS-challenged compared to saline-injected fish using a salmonid 1.8k cDNA microarray (SFA2.0 immunochip) and real-time qPCR. Spleen was selected for data analyses due to highest magnitude of responses and its key role in the fish immune system. A group of genes implicated in acute inflammatory responses was higher induced in C versus L, including IFN-related and TNF-dependent genes (galectins and receptors, signal transducers and transcription factors), genes involved in MHC class I antigen presentation and leukocyte recruitment. A similar trend was observed in metabolism of iron and xenobiotics, markers of oxidative and cellular stress. Interestingly, differences between C and L were similar to those observed between salmon with low and high resistance to infectious salmon anemia virus. Genes with equal responses to LPS in L and C were related to cell communication (cytokines, chemokines and receptors), signal transduction, activation of immune cells, apoptosis, cellular maintenance and energy metabolism. In conclusion, lentinan decreased the expression of genes involved in acute inflammatory reactions to the inflammatory agent while major parts of the immune response remained unchanged. Such effects are expected for IS, which should modify immunity by enhancing beneficial and reducing detrimental responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brankica Djordjevic
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, PO Box 5003, As NO-1432, Norway
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Ishikawa A, Imaizumi T, Yoshida H, Nishi N, Nakamura T, Hirashima M, Satoh K. Double-stranded RNA enhances the expression of galectin-9 in vascular endothelial cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2005; 82:410-4. [PMID: 15283851 DOI: 10.1111/j.0818-9641.2004.01248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cells with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in vitro mimics viral infection and regulates expression of various genes. We addressed the mechanisms of leucocyte traffic across the vascular endothelium induced by dsRNA. The present study focused on the expression of galectin-9, which is one of key molecules in the regulation of the interaction between vascular wall and white blood cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) in culture were treated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly IC), and expression of mRNA and protein of galectin-9 was analysed by reverse transcription polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. Poly IC enhanced the expression of galectin-9 mRNA and protein in concentration- and time-dependent manners. This effect of poly IC was almost completely suppressed by the pretreatment with 2-aminopurine, an inhibitor of dsRNA-dependent kinase. Poly IC treatment of HUVEC also enhanced the adherence of EoL-1 cells to the cells, which was inhibited by co-treatment with lactose. We conclude that poly IC upregulates galectin-9 expression in the vascular endothelium and this may explain part of the mechanism for leucocyte traffic through the vascular wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ishikawa
- Department of Vascular Biology, Institute of Brain Science, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, 5-Zaifucho, 036-8562, Japan
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