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Dai P, Zhou Y, Shi Y, Lu D, Chen Z, Zou B, Liu K, Liao S. Classification of MDD using a Transformer classifier with large-scale multisite resting-state fMRI data. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26542. [PMID: 38088473 PMCID: PMC10789197 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders worldwide with high recurrence rate. Identifying MDD patients, particularly those with recurrent episodes with resting-state fMRI, may reveal the relationship between MDD and brain function. We proposed a Transformer-Encoder model, which utilized functional connectivity extracted from large-scale multisite rs-fMRI datasets to classify MDD and HC. The model discarded the Transformer's Decoder part, reducing the model's complexity and decreasing the number of parameters to adapt to the limited sample size and it does not require a complex feature selection process and achieves end-to-end classification. Additionally, our model is suitable for classifying data combined from multiple brain atlases and has an optional unsupervised pre-training module to acquire optimal initial parameters and speed up the training process. The model's performance was tested on a large-scale multisite dataset and identified brain regions affected by MDD using the Grad-CAM method. After conducting five-fold cross-validation, our model achieved an average classification accuracy of 68.61% on a dataset consisting of 1611 samples. For the selected recurrent MDD dataset, the model reached an average classification accuracy of 78.11%. Abnormalities were detected in the frontal gyri and cerebral cortex of MDD patients in both datasets. Furthermore, the identified brain regions in the recurrent MDD dataset generally exhibited a higher contribution to the model's performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peishan Dai
- School of Computer Science and EngineeringCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Computer Science and EngineeringCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yun Shi
- School of Computer Science and EngineeringCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Da Lu
- School of Computer Science and EngineeringCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Zailiang Chen
- School of Computer Science and EngineeringCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Beiji Zou
- School of Computer Science and EngineeringCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Kun Liu
- Brain Hospital of Hunan Province (The Second People's Hospital of Hunan Province)ChangshaChina
| | - Shenghui Liao
- School of Computer Science and EngineeringCentral South UniversityChangshaChina
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Tesic I, Pigoni A, Moltrasio C, Brambilla P, Delvecchio G. How does feeling pain look like in depression: A review of functional neuroimaging studies. J Affect Disord 2023; 339:400-411. [PMID: 37459979 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Major Depression Disorder (MDD) and pain appear to be reciprocal risk factors and sharing common neuroanatomical pathways and biological substrates. However, the role of MDD on pain processing remains still unclear. Therefore, this review aims to focus on the effect of depression on pain anticipation, and perception, before and after treatment, through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). METHODS A bibliographic search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, looking for fMRI studies exploring pain processing in MDD patients. RESULTS Amongst the 602 studies retrieved, 12 met the inclusion criteria. In terms of pain perception, studies evidenced that MDD patients generally presented increased activation in brain regions within the prefrontal cortex, insula and in the limbic system (such as amygdala, hippocampus) and occipital cortex. The studies investigating the effect of antidepressant treatment evidenced a reduced activation in areas such as insula, anterior cingulate, and prefrontal cortices. In terms of pain anticipation, contrasting results were evidenced in MDD patients, which presented both increased and decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex, the insula and the temporal lobe, alongside with increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex, the frontal gyrus and occipital lobes. LIMITATIONS The small number of included studies, the heterogeneous approaches of the studies might limit the conclusions of this review. CONCLUSIONS Acute pain processing in MDD patients seems to involve numerous and different brain areas. However, more specific fMRI studies with a more homogeneous population and rigorous approach should be conducted to better highlight the effect of depression on pain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidora Tesic
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pigoni
- Social and Affective Neuroscience Group, MoMiLab, IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, Lucca, Italy; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Moltrasio
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Delvecchio
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Guo Y, Jiang X, Jia L, Zhu Y, Han X, Wu Y, Liu W, Zhao W, Zhu H, Wang D, Tu Z, Zhou Y, Sun Q, Kong L, Wu F, Tang Y. Altered gray matter volumes and plasma IL-6 level in major depressive disorder patients with suicidal ideation. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 38:103403. [PMID: 37079937 PMCID: PMC10148078 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Suicidal ideation (SI) is one of the most serious consequences of major depressive disorder (MDD). Understanding the unique mechanism of MDD with SI (MDD + S) is crucial for treatment development. While abundant research has studied MDD, past studies have not reached a consensus on the mechanism of MDD + S. The study aimed to investigate the abnormalities of the gray matter volumes (GMVs) and plasma IL-6 level in MDD + S to further reveal the mechanism of MDD + S. METHODS We tested the plasma IL-6 level using Luminex multifactor assays and collected the Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (SMRI) data from 34 healthy controls (HCs), 36 MDD patients without SI (MDD - S) and 34 MDD + S patients. We performed a partial correlation between the GMVs of the brain regions with significant differences and plasma IL-6 level with age, sex, medication, scores of HAMD-17 and HAMA as the covariates. RESULTS Compared with HCs and MDD - S, MDD + S had significantly decreased GMVs in the left cerebellum Crus I/II and significantly increased plasma IL-6 level; compared with HCs, both the MDD + S and MDD - S had significantly decreased GMVs in right precentral and postcentral gyri. No significant correlation was found between the GMVs and the plasma IL-6 level in the MDD + S and MDD - S, respectively. While the GMVs of the right precentral and postcentral gyri negatively correlated with the level of IL-6 in the whole MDD (r = -0.28, P = 0.03). The GMVs of the left cerebellum Crus I/II (r = -0.47, P = 0.02), and the right precentral and postcentral gyri (r = -0.42, P = 0.04) negatively correlated with the level of IL-6 in HCs. CONCLUSION The altered GMVs and the plasma IL-6 level may provide a scientific basis to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of MDD + S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingrui Guo
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaowei Jiang
- Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Linna Jia
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinyu Han
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yifan Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Huaqian Zhu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dahai Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yifang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qikun Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lingtao Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Brain Function Research Section, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yanqing Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Ji J, Liu YY, Wu GW, Hu YL, Liang CH, Wang XD. Changes in dynamic and static brain fluctuation distinguish minimal hepatic encephalopathy and cirrhosis patients and predict the severity of liver damage. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1077808. [PMID: 37056312 PMCID: PMC10086246 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1077808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PurposeMinimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) is characterized by mild neuropsychological and neurophysiological alterations that are not detectable by routine clinical examination. Abnormal brain activity (in terms of the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) has been observed in MHE patients. However, little is known concerning temporal dynamics of intrinsic brain activity. The present study aimed to investigate the abnormal dynamics of brain activity (dynamic ALFF; dALFF) and static measures [static ALFF; (sALFF)] in MHE patients and to strive for a reliable imaging neuromarkers for distinguishing MHE patients from cirrhosis patients. In addition, the present study also investigated whether intrinsic brain activity predicted the severity of liver damage.MethodsThirty-four cirrhosis patients with MHE, 28 cirrhosis patients without MHE, and 33 age-, sex-, and education-matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). dALFF was estimated by combining the ALFF method with the sliding-window method, in which temporal variability was quantized over the whole-scan timepoints and then compared among the three groups. Additionally, dALFF, sALFF and both two features were utilized as classification features in a support vector machine (SVM) to distinguish MHE patients from cirrhosis patients. The severity of liver damage was reflected by the Child–Pugh score. dALFF, sALFF and both two features were used to predict Child–Pugh scores in MHE patients using a general linear model.ResultsCompared with HCs, MHE patients showed significantly increased dALFF in the left inferior occipital gyrus, right middle occipital gyrus, and right insula; increased dALFF was also observed in the right posterior lobe of the cerebellum (CPL) and right thalamus. Compared with HCs, noMHE patients exhibited decreased dALFF in the right precuneus. In contrast, compared with noMHE patients, MHE patients showed increased dALFF in the right precuneus, right superior frontal gyrus, and right superior occipital gyrus. Furthermore, the increased dALFF values in the left precuneus were positively associated with poor digit-symbol test (DST) scores (r = 0.356, p = 0.038); however, dALFF in the right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG) was negatively associated with the number connection test–A (NCT-A) scores (r = -0.784, p = 0.000). A significant positive correlation was found between dALFF in the left inferior occipital gyrus (IOG) and high blood ammonia levels (r = 0.424, p = 0.012). Notably, dALFF values yielded a higher classification accuracy than sALFF values in distinguishing MHE patients from cirrhosis patients. Importantly, the dALFF values predicted the Child–Pugh score (r = 0.140, p = 0.030), whereas sALFF values did not in the current dataset. Combining two features had high accuracy in classification in distinguishing MHE patients from cirrhotic patients and yielded prediction in the severity of liver damage.ConclusionThese findings suggest that combining dALFF and sALFF features is a useful neuromarkers for distinguishing MHE patients from cirrhosis patients and highlights the important role of dALFF feature in predicting the severity of liver damage in MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ji
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yi-yang Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guo-Wei Wu
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Long Hu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, China
| | - Chang-Hua Liang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical College, Xinxiang, China
- *Correspondence: Chang-Hua Liang,
| | - Xiao-dong Wang
- Department of Radiology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Xiao-dong Wang,
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Hilber P. The Role of the Cerebellar and Vestibular Networks in Anxiety Disorders and Depression: the Internal Model Hypothesis. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 21:791-800. [PMID: 35414040 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01400-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Clinical data and animal studies confirmed that the cerebellum and the vestibular system are involved in emotions. Nowadays, no real consensus has really emerged to explain the clinical symptoms in humans and behavioral deficits in the animal models. We envisage here that the cerebellum and the vestibular system play complementary roles in emotional reactivity. The cerebellum integrates a large variety of exteroceptive and proprioceptive information necessary to elaborate and to update the internal model: in emotion, as in motor processes, it helps our body and self to adapt to the environment, and to anticipate any changes in such environment in order to produce a time-adapted response. The vestibular system provides relevant environmental stimuli (i.e., gravity, self-position, and movement) and is involved in self-perception. Consequently, cerebellar or vestibular disorders could generate « internal fake news» (due to lack or false sensory information and/or integration) that could, in turn, generate potential internal model deficiencies. In this case, the alterations provoke false anticipation of motor command and external sensory feedback, associated with unsuited behaviors. As a result, the individual becomes progressively unable to cope with the environmental solicitation. We postulate that chronically unsuited, and potentially inefficient, behavioral and visceral responses to environmental solicitations lead to stressful situations. Furthermore, this inability to adapt to the context of the situation generates chronic anxiety which could precede depressive states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Hilber
- UNIROUEN, INSERM U1245, Cancer and Brain Genomics, Normandie University, 76000, Rouen, France.
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), 76000, Rouen, France.
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Yaple ZA, Tolomeo S, Yu R. Mapping working memory-specific dysfunction using a transdiagnostic approach. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102747. [PMID: 34256292 PMCID: PMC8278205 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Working memory (WM) is an executive ability that allows one to hold and manipulate information for a short period of time. Schizophrenia and mood disorders are severe psychiatric conditions with overlapping genetic and clinical symptoms. Whilst WM has been suggested as meeting the criteria for being an endophenotype for schizophrenia and mood disorders, it still unclear whether they share overlapping neural circuitry. Objective The n-back task has been widely used to measure WM capacity, such as maintenance, flexible updating, and interference control. Here we compiled studies that included psychiatric populations, i.e., schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. Methods We performed a coordinate-based meta-analysis that combined 34 BOLD-fMRI studies comparing activity associated with n-back working memory between psychiatric patients and healthy controls. We specifically focused our search using the n-back task to diminish study heterogeneity. Results All patient groups showed blunted activity in the striatum, anterior insula and frontal lobe. The same brain networks related to WM were compromised in schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Conclusion Our findings support the suggestion of commonal functional abnormalities across schizophrenia and mood disorders related to WM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serenella Tolomeo
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Management, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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Cerebellar-cerebral dynamic functional connectivity alterations in major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2020; 275:319-328. [PMID: 32734925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cerebellum plays an important role in the neural mechanism of depression and its static functional connectivity (FC) with the cerebrum is disrupted in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). However, cerebellar-cerebral dynamic FC alterations in MDD remain largely unknown. METHODS 50 patients with MDD and 36 well-matched healthy controls underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Cerebellar-cerebral dynamic FC analyses were performed using the cerebellar seeds previously identified as being involved in the executive, default-mode, affective-limbic, and motor networks. Inter-group differences in the cerebellar dynamic FC and their associations with clinical and cognitive variables were examined. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, patients with MDD had decreased cerebellar-cerebral dynamic FC of the cerebellar subregions connecting with the executive, default-mode and affective-limbic networks. The dynamic FC of the cerebellar subregion connecting with the affective-limbic network was related to severity of depression and anxiety symptoms in MDD patients. The dynamic FC of the cerebellar subregions connecting with the default-mode and affective-limbic networks were related to sustained attention and prospective memory in controls, while the correlations were inverse or non-significant in patients. LIMITATIONS The fairly modest sample size and potential medication effect may increase the instability of the results. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide further evidence for the pivotal role of the cerebellum in the neuropathology of depression, pointing to potential targets of cerebellar-cerebral pathways for alternative intervention or monitoring therapeutic responses.
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Abstract
As the worldwide population ages, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) increases. However, the results of promising medications have been unsatisfactory. Chinese acupuncture has a long history of treating dementia, but lack of evidence from well-designed randomized controlled trials that validate its efficacy and safety, as well as its lack of clear underlying mechanisms, contribute to its limited application in clinical practice. In recent years, brain imaging technologies, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, have been used to assess brain responses to acupuncture in a dynamic, visual, and objective way. These techniques are frequently used to explore neurological mechanisms of responses to acupuncture in AD and provide neuroimaging evidence as well as starting points to elucidate the possible mechanisms. This review summarizes the existing brain imaging evidence that explains the effects of acupuncture for AD and analyzes brain responses to acupuncture at cognitive-related acupoints [Baihui (GV 20), Shenmen (HT 7), Zusanli (ST 36), Neiguan (PC 6), and Taixi (KI 3)] from perspectives of acupoint specificity and acupoint combinations. Key issues and directions to consider in future studies are also put forward. This review should deepen our understanding of how brain imaging studies can be used to explore the underlying mechanisms of acupuncture in AD.
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Neural correlates of aversive anticipation: An activation likelihood estimate meta-analysis across multiple sensory modalities. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2019; 19:1379-1390. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-019-00747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Algaidi SA, Eldomiaty MA, Elbastwisy YM, Almasry SM, Desouky MK, Elnaggar AM. Effect of voluntary running on expression of myokines in brains of rats with depression. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2019; 33:2058738419833533. [PMID: 30834799 PMCID: PMC6407323 DOI: 10.1177/2058738419833533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to demonstrate the histopathology and immunoexpression of exercise-derived myokines in dentate gyrus (DG), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and cerebellum of depressed Wistar rats during depression and after practising voluntary running. Depression was developed by forced swimming for 2 weeks. Voluntary running was performed by voluntary running for 3 weeks. Brain sections were processed and immunostained to detect brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). ImageJ software was used to measure the optical density (OD). BDNF was expressed in neurons in DG, mPFC and granular and Purkinje cells in cerebellum. MIF was expressed in neurons of sub-granular zone in DG, mPFC and Purkinje cells. VEGF was expressed in many neurons in DG, mPFC and Purkinje cells. IL-6 was expressed in some neurons in DG, in neuropil of mPFC and in Purkinje cells. In depression, the OD of studied myokines significantly decreased in all examined areas. After voluntary running, the OD of myokines significantly increased in all areas. This study defines the immunohistochemical expression of myokines in brain areas in depression and after voluntary running and reveals the involvement of the mPFC and cerebellum in the pathophysiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami A Algaidi
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magda A Eldomiaty
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia.,2 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Elbastwisy
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia.,3 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Shaima M Almasry
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia.,3 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Maha K Desouky
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarah, Saudi Arabia.,4 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
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Ghazi Sherbaf F, Rostam Abadi Y, Mojtahed Zadeh M, Ashraf-Ganjouei A, Sanjari Moghaddam H, Aarabi MH. Microstructural Changes in Patients With Parkinson's Disease Comorbid With REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder and Depressive Symptoms. Front Neurol 2018; 9:441. [PMID: 29997561 PMCID: PMC6028696 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is currently anchored on clinical motor symptoms, which appear more than 20 years after initiation of the neurotoxicity. Extra-nigral involvement in the onset of PD with probable nonmotor manifestations before the development of motor signs, lead us to the preclinical (asymptomatic) or prodromal stages of the disease (various nonmotor or subtle motor signs). REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and depression are established prodromal clinical markers of PD and predict worse motor and cognitive outcomes. Nevertheless, taken by themselves, these markers are not yet claimed to be practical in identifying high-risk individuals. Combining promising markers may be helpful in a reliable diagnosis of early PD. Therefore, we aimed to detect neural correlates of RBD and depression in 93 treatment-naïve and non-demented early PD by means of diffusion MRI connectometry. Comparing four groups of PD patients with or without comorbid RBD and/or depressive symptoms with each other and with 31 healthy controls, we found that these two non-motor symptoms are associated with lower connectivity in several white matter tracts including the cerebellar peduncles, corpus callosum and long association fibers such as cingulum, fornix, and inferior longitudinal fasciculus. For the first time, we were able to detect the involvement of short association fibers (U-fibers) in PD neurodegenerative process. Longitudinal studies on larger sample groups are needed to further investigate the reported associations.
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Shen Z, Cheng Y, Yang S, Dai N, Ye J, Liu X, Lu J, Li N, Liu F, Lu Y, Sun X, Xu X. Changes of grey matter volume in first-episode drug-naive adult major depressive disorder patients with different age-onset. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 12:492-498. [PMID: 27668175 PMCID: PMC5026687 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective Little is known about the pathological mechanism of early adult onset depression (EOD) and later adult onset depression (LOD). We seek to determine whether grey matter volume (GMV) change in EOD and LOD are different, which could also delineate EOD and LOD. Methods In present study, 147 first-episode, drug-naive patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), age between 18 and 45, were divided into two groups on the basis of age of MDD onset: the early adult onset group (age 18–29) and the later adult onset group (age 30–44), and a total of 130 gender-, and age-, matched healthy controls (HC) were also divided into two groups which fit for each patient group. Magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on all subjects. The voxel-based morphometry (VBM) approach was employed to analyze the images. Results Widespread abnormalities of GMV throughout parietal, temporal, limbic regions, occipital cortex and cerebellum were observed in MDD patients. Compare to young HC, reduced GMV in right fusiform gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, vermis III and increased GMV in right middle occipital gyrus were seen in the EOD group. In contrast, relative to old HC, decreased GMV in the right hippocampus and increased GMV in the left middle temporal gyrus were observed in the LOD group. Compared to the LOD group, the EOD group had smaller GMV in right posterior cingulate cortex. There was no significant correlation between GMV of the right posterior cingulate cortex and the score of the depression rating scale in patients group. Conclusions The GMV of the brain areas that were related to mood regulation was decreased in the first-episode, drug-naive adult patients with MDD. Adult patients with EOD and LOD exhibited different GMV changes relative to each age-matched comparison group, suggesting depressed adult patients with different age-onset might have different pathological mechanism. Grey matter volume widely decreased in the drug-naive adult patients with MDD. Depressed patients with different age-onset have different grey matter change. 30 years old is an appropriate cutoff age for different age-onset depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Yuqi Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Shuran Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Nan Dai
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Jin Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Xuejin Sun
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Xiufeng Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, China
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Zhang J, Zheng Y, Wang Y, Qu S, Zhang S, Wu C, Chen J, Ouyang H, Tang C, Huang Y. Evidence of a Synergistic Effect of Acupoint Combination: A Resting-State Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. J Altern Complement Med 2016; 22:800-809. [PMID: 27548054 PMCID: PMC5067799 DOI: 10.1089/acm.2016.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to find evidence of a synergistic effect of acupoint combinations by analyzing different brain regions activated after acupuncture at different acupoint combinations. Methods: A total of 57 healthy subjects were randomly distributed into three groups: LR3 plus KI3 acupoints, LR3 plus sham acupoint, or LR3 alone. They underwent a magnetic resonance imaging scan before and after acupuncture. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) values of different brain regions were analyzed to observe changes in brain function. Results: ALFF and ReHo produced an activated area in the cerebellum posterior lobe after acupuncture at LR3 plus KI3 acupoints versus LR3 alone. ALFF and ReHo revealed altered activity in Brodmann area 10 (BA10), BA18, and brainstem pons after acupuncture at LR3 plus sham acupoint compared with at LR3 alone. A comparison of acupuncture at LR3 plus KI3 acupoints with LR3 plus sham acupoint demonstrated an increase in BA6 of ALFF and a downregulation of ReHo. Conclusions: The increased number of brain regions with altered brain activity after acupuncture at acupoint combinations versus a single acupoint are evidence of the synergistic effect of acupoint combinations. BA6 was significantly activated after acupuncture at LR3 plus KI3 acupoints compared with at LR3 plus sham acupoint, suggesting that BA6 is the specific region of synergistic effect of acupoint combinations of LR3 plus KI3 acupoints. Affected brain regions were different between acupuncture at LR3 plus sham acupoint and LR3 alone, which indicates that the sham acupoint may have some psychological effect. However, the specific mechanism of acupoint combinations requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Zhang
- 1 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zheng
- 1 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjie Wang
- 1 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Qu
- 1 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoqun Zhang
- 1 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiao Wu
- 1 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqi Chen
- 2 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Huailiang Ouyang
- 3 Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University , Guangdong, China
| | - Chunzhi Tang
- 4 Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture, Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Huang
- 1 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
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Lee YJ, Kim S, Gwak AR, Kim SJ, Kang SG, Na KS, Son YD, Park J. Decreased regional gray matter volume in suicide attempters compared to suicide non-attempters with major depressive disorders. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 67:59-65. [PMID: 27095336 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated regional gray matter (GM) volume differences between suicide attempters and suicide non-attempters with major depressive disorder (MDD) and their relationship with psychological risk factors for suicidality. METHODS MDD patients with and without a suicide attempt history (n=19 in each group) participated. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression (severity subscale), Scale for Suicide Ideation (SSI), Risk-Rescue Rating (RRR), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Barrett Impulsivity Scale, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and Ways of Coping Checklist (WCCL) were administered. T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired to evaluate changes in GM volume. Voxel-based morphometry was performed using the SPM 8 software package. Two-sample t-tests were used during second-level group comparison analysis; partial correlation analysis controlling for gender and age identified associations between regional GM volume and psychological measures. RESULTS Suicide attempters exhibited significantly decreased GM volume in the left angular gyrus (p<0.001, uncorrected) and right cerebellum (p<0.001, uncorrected). GM volume in the left angular gyrus was inversely correlated with BHS scores (r=-0.55, p<0.01) and positively correlated with the Seeking Social Support subscale of the WCCL (r=0.43, p<0.01). CONCLUSION These findings provide evidence of a neural basis of suicidal behaviors in MDD. In particular, reduced GM volume in the left angular gyrus may be a neurobiological marker of suicidality in depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Reum Gwak
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seog Ju Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Gul Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Sae Na
- Department of Psychiatry, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Don Son
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Juhyun Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Kogler L, Müller VI, Chang A, Eickhoff SB, Fox PT, Gur RC, Derntl B. Psychosocial versus physiological stress - Meta-analyses on deactivations and activations of the neural correlates of stress reactions. Neuroimage 2015; 119:235-51. [PMID: 26123376 PMCID: PMC4564342 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress is present in everyday life in various forms and situations. Two stressors frequently investigated are physiological and psychosocial stress. Besides similar subjective and hormonal responses, it has been suggested that they also share common neural substrates. The current study used activation-likelihood-estimation meta-analysis to test this assumption by integrating results of previous neuroimaging studies on stress processing. Reported results are cluster-level FWE corrected. The inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and the anterior insula (AI) were the only regions that demonstrated overlapping activation for both stressors. Analysis of physiological stress showed consistent activation of cognitive and affective components of pain processing such as the insula, striatum, or the middle cingulate cortex. Contrarily, analysis across psychosocial stress revealed consistent activation of the right superior temporal gyrus and deactivation of the striatum. Notably, parts of the striatum appeared to be functionally specified: the dorsal striatum was activated in physiological stress, whereas the ventral striatum was deactivated in psychosocial stress. Additional functional connectivity and decoding analyses further characterized this functional heterogeneity and revealed higher associations of the dorsal striatum with motor regions and of the ventral striatum with reward processing. Based on our meta-analytic approach, activation of the IFG and the AI seems to indicate a global neural stress reaction. While physiological stress activates a motoric fight-or-flight reaction, during psychosocial stress attention is shifted towards emotion regulation and goal-directed behavior, and reward processing is reduced. Our results show the significance of differentiating physiological and psychosocial stress in neural engagement. Furthermore, the assessment of deactivations in addition to activations in stress research is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Kogler
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Jülich-Aachen-Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine, Germany.
| | - Veronika I Müller
- Institute of Neuroscience und Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Amy Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Scripps College, Claremont, CA, USA
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience und Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 8403 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; South Texas Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Neuropsychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Birgit Derntl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Jülich-Aachen-Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience und Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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16
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Cao J, Chen JM, Kuang L, Ai M, Fang WD, Gan Y, Wang W, Chen XR, Xu XM, Wang HG, Lv Z. Abnormal regional homogeneity in young adult suicide attempters with no diagnosable psychiatric disorder: a resting state functional magnetic imaging study. Psychiatry Res 2015; 231:95-102. [PMID: 25496980 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Many young adults who attempt suicide have no discernible mental illness, suggesting an etiology distinct from other psychiatric disorders. Neurological anomalies associated with a history of suicidal behavior may predict future risk. In the present study, we explored changes in neural circuit organization associated with suicidal behavior by comparing local synchronization of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging signals in suicide attempters without a psychiatric diagnosis (SA group, 19.84±1.61 years, n=19) with those in healthy controls (HC group, 20.30±1.72 years, n=20) using regional homogeneity (ReHo) analysis. The SA group exhibited significantly lower mean ReHo in the left (L) fusiform and supraorbital inferior frontal gyri, L hippocampus, bilateral parahippocampal and middle frontal gyri, right (R) angular gyrus, and cerebellar lobules RVIII, RII, and LVI compared with the HC group. Conversely, in the SA group, ReHo was higher in the R supraorbital middle frontal gyrus, R inferior parietal lobe, and L precuneus. The SA group also had significantly higher total Barratt Impulsiveness Scale scores compared with the HC group. Local functional connectivity is altered in multiple regions of the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and cerebellum of suicidal young adults. Elucidating the functional deficits associated with these ReHo changes may clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms of suicidal behavior and assist in identifying high-risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jian-mei Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Li Kuang
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Ming Ai
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wei-dong Fang
- Department of Radiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yao Gan
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wo Wang
- Mental Health Center, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiao-rong Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiao-ming Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Heng-guang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhen Lv
- Department of Psychiatry, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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Chen LP, Dai HY, Dai ZZ, Xu CT, Wu RH. Anterior cingulate cortex and cerebellar hemisphere neurometabolite changes in depression treatment: A 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2014; 68:357-64. [PMID: 24393367 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM We utilized single-voxel 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy to determine biochemical abnormalities related to major depressive disorder (MDD) in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and cerebellar hemisphere before and after antidepressant treatment. METHODS Fifteen adult MDD patients and 15 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were involved. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain was conducted in all subjects at the beginning of the study and the depressed subjects were reassessed after 8 weeks of antidepressant treatment. RESULTS At baseline, N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), total glutamine plus glutamate (Glx) and myo-inositol (MI) levels in the bilateral ACC were significantly lower in MDD patients than in controls (P < 0.05/3). MI in the bilateral cerebellar hemisphere were also decreased in patients compared with controls. After the treatment, the lower NAA, Glx and MI in ACC were normalized in MDD patients and the NAA and Glx increased compared to baseline values. The MI levels in the bilateral cerebellar hemisphere were also normalized in patients. MI and choline levels in the right cerebellar hemisphere were elevated compared to those at baseline. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that metabolic abnormalities in the ACC and cerebellar hemisphere are implicated in MDD. Antidepressants may alter the local metabolic abnormalities in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Chen
- Department of Mental Health, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China; Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Fatemi SH, Folsom TD, Rooney RJ, Thuras PD. Expression of GABAA α2-, β1- and ε-receptors are altered significantly in the lateral cerebellum of subjects with schizophrenia, major depression and bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2013; 3:e303. [PMID: 24022508 PMCID: PMC3784760 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2013.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is abundant evidence that dysfunction of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic signaling system is implicated in the pathology of schizophrenia and mood disorders. Less is known about the alterations in protein expression of GABA receptor subunits in brains of subjects with schizophrenia and mood disorders. We have previously demonstrated reduced expression of GABA(B) receptor subunits 1 and 2 (GABBR1 and GABBR2) in the lateral cerebella of subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. In the current study, we have expanded these studies to examine the mRNA and protein expression of 12 GABA(A) subunit proteins (α1, α2, α3, α5, α6, β1, β2, β3, δ, ε, γ2 and γ3) in the lateral cerebella from the same set of subjects with schizophrenia (N=9-15), bipolar disorder (N=10-15) and major depression (N=12-15) versus healthy controls (N=10-15). We found significant group effects for protein levels of the α2-, β1- and ε-subunits across treatment groups. We also found a significant group effect for mRNA levels of the α1-subunit across treatment groups. New avenues for treatment, such as the use of neurosteroids to promote GABA modulation, could potentially ameliorate GABAergic dysfunction in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Fatemi
- Division of Neuroscience Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA,Division of Neuroscience Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. E-mail:
| | - T D Folsom
- Division of Neuroscience Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - P D Thuras
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Medical Center Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Zhang G, Qu S, Zheng Y, Chen J, Deng G, Yang C, Huang Y. Key regions of the cerebral network are altered after electroacupuncture at the Baihui (GV20) and Yintang acupuncture points in healthy volunteers: an analysis based on resting fcMRI. Acupunct Med 2013; 31:383-8. [PMID: 23886512 DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2012-010301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the key cerebral functional region affected by acupuncture point needling by examining cerebral networks using functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) and analysing changes in the key regions of these brain networks at different time points after needle removal. METHODS Twelve healthy volunteers received 30 min of electroacupuncture (EA) at the Baihui (GV20) and Yintang acupuncture points and then underwent two fMRI scans, one each at 5 and 15 min after needle removal. Related brain networks were analysed centred at different 'seeds', centres which functionally connect the other cerebral regions in an organised network, such as the anterior frontal lobe, anterior cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, hypothalamus, head of the caudate nucleus and anterior lobe of the cerebellum. Networks were analysed based on the resting cerebral functional connection, and the differences in the activities of the brain networks between the two time points were compared. RESULTS At 5 min after needle removal, 12 brain functional regions were involved in organising the network centred at the caudate nucleus 'seed.' This number was greater than the number of related brain networks centred at the other 'seeds'. At 15 min after needle removal, 15 and 14 brain functional regions were involved in organised networks centred at the parahippocampal and hypothalamus 'seeds', respectively; these numbers were greater than the numbers of other related brain networks centred at the other 'seeds'. CONCLUSIONS A brain network composed of a large number of cerebral functional regions was found after EA at GV20 and Yintang in healthy volunteers. The key brain 'seed' supporting the largest brain network changed between 5 and 15 min after needle removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifeng Zhang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) School, Southern Medical University, , Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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20
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Peng HJ, Zheng HR, Ning YP, Zhang Y, Shan BC, Zhang L, Yang HC, Liu J, Li ZX, Zhou JS, Zhang ZJ, Li LJ. Abnormalities of cortical-limbic-cerebellar white matter networks may contribute to treatment-resistant depression: a diffusion tensor imaging study. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:72. [PMID: 23452374 PMCID: PMC3599952 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-13-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND White matter abnormalities can cause network dysfunction that underlies major depressive disorder (MDD). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is used to examine the neural connectivity and integrity of the white matter. Previous studies have implicated frontolimbic neural networks in the pathophysiology of MDD. Approximately 30% of MDD patients demonstrate treatment-resistant depression (TRD). However, the neurobiology of TRD remains unclear. METHODS We used a voxel-based analysis method to analyze DTI data in young patients with TRD (n = 30; 19 males, 11 females) compared with right-handed, age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (n = 25; 14 males, 11 females). RESULTS We found a significant decrease in fractional anisotropy (FA) (corrected, cluster size >50) in the left middle frontal gyrus (peak coordinates [-18 46-14]), left limbic lobe uncus (peak coordinates [-18 2-22]), and right cerebellum posterior lobe (peak coordinates [26-34 -40]). There was no increase in FA in any brain region in patients. We also found a significant negative correlation between mean regional FA values in the three areas and Beck Depression Inventory symptom scores. CONCLUSIONS We found significant differences in white matter FA in the frontal lobe, limbic lobe and cerebellum between TRD patients and controls. These data suggest that abnormalities of cortical-limbic-cerebellar white matter networks may contribute to TRD in young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-jun Peng
- Mental Health Institute, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Zhong Road, Changsha, 410011, China,Guangzhou Psychiatric Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-rong Zheng
- Guangdong Mental Health Institute, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-ping Ning
- Guangzhou Psychiatric Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Mental Health Institute, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Zhong Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Bao-ci Shan
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analysis, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Mental Health Institute, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Zhong Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Hai-chen Yang
- Mental Health Institute, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Zhong Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ze-xuan Li
- Mental Health Institute, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Zhong Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Jian-song Zhou
- Mental Health Institute, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Zhong Road, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Zhi-jun Zhang
- The Department of Neuropsychiatry and Institute of Neuropsychiatric Research, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling-jiang Li
- Mental Health Institute, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Zhong Road, Changsha, 410011, China,Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Zheng Y, Qu S, Wang N, Liu L, Zhang G, Jiang X, Chen J, Huang Y, Zhang Z. Post-stimulation effect of electroacupuncture at Yintang (EX-HN3) and GV20 on cerebral functional regions in healthy volunteers: a resting functional MRI study. Acupunct Med 2012; 30:307-15. [PMID: 22982941 DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2011-010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Objective The aim of the present work was to observe the activation/deactivation of cerebral functional regions after electroacupuncture (EA) at Yintang (EX-HN3) and GV20 by functional MRI (fMRI). Design A total of 12 healthy volunteers were stimulated by EA at Yintang and GV20 for 30 min. Resting-state fMRI scans were performed before EA, and at 5 and 15 min after needle removal. Statistical parametric mapping was used to preprocess initial data, and regional homogeneity (ReHo) and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) were analysed. Results ReHo at 5 min post stimulation showed increases in the left temporal lobe and cerebellum and decreases in the left parietal lobe, occipital lobe and right precuneus. At 15 min post stimulation, ReHo showed increases in the left fusiform gyrus; lingual gyrus; middle temporal gyrus; postcentral gyrus; limbic lobe; cingulate gyrus; paracentral lobule; cerebellum, posterior lobe, declive; right cuneus and cerebellum, anterior lobe, culmen. It also showed decreases in the left frontal lobe, parietal lobe, right temporal lobe, frontal lobe, parietal lobe and right cingulate gyrus. ALFF at 5 min post stimulation showed increases in the right temporal lobe, but decreases in the right limbic lobe and posterior cingulate gyrus. At 15 min post stimulation ALFF showed increases in the left frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, right temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and cerebellum, but decreases in the left frontal lobe, anterior cingulate gyrus, right frontal lobe and posterior cingulate gyrus. Conclusions After EA stimulation at Yintang and GV20, which are associated with psychiatric disorder treatments, changes were localised in the frontal lobe, cingulate gyrus and cerebellum. Changes were higher in number and intensity at 15 min than at 5 min after needle removal, demonstrating lasting and strong after-effects of EA on cerebral functional regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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22
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Hayes DJ, Northoff G. Common brain activations for painful and non-painful aversive stimuli. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:60. [PMID: 22676259 PMCID: PMC3464596 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of potentially harmful stimuli is necessary for the well-being and self-preservation of all organisms. However, the neural substrates involved in the processing of aversive stimuli are not well understood. For instance, painful and non-painful aversive stimuli are largely thought to activate different neural networks. However, it is presently unclear whether there is a common aversion-related network of brain regions responsible for the basic processing of aversive stimuli. To help clarify this issue, this report used a cross-species translational approach in humans (i.e. meta-analysis) and rodents (i.e. systematic review of functional neuroanatomy). RESULTS Animal and human data combined to show a core aversion-related network, consisting of similar cortical (i.e. MCC, PCC, AI, DMPFC, RTG, SMA, VLOFC; see results section or abbreviation section for full names) and subcortical (i.e. Amyg, BNST, DS, Hab, Hipp/Parahipp, Hyp, NAc, NTS, PAG, PBN, raphe, septal nuclei, Thal, LC, midbrain) regions. In addition, a number of regions appeared to be more involved in pain-related (e.g. sensory cortex) or non-pain-related (e.g. amygdala) aversive processing. CONCLUSIONS This investigation suggests that aversive processing, at the most basic level, relies on similar neural substrates, and that differential responses may be due, in part, to the recruitment of additional structures as well as the spatio-temporal dynamic activity of the network. This network perspective may provide a clearer understanding of why components of this circuit appear dysfunctional in some psychiatric and pain-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dave J Hayes
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, K1Z 7K4, Canada
| | - Georg Northoff
- Mind, Brain Imaging and Neuroethics Research Unit, Institute of Mental Health Research, University of Ottawa, 1145 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, K1Z 7K4, Canada
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Fatemi SH, Folsom TD, Thuras PD. Deficits in GABA(B) receptor system in schizophrenia and mood disorders: a postmortem study. Schizophr Res 2011; 128:37-43. [PMID: 21303731 PMCID: PMC3085603 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2010.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Postmortem and genetic studies have clearly demonstrated changes in GABA(B) receptors in neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism, bipolar disorder, major depression, and schizophrenia. Moreover, a number of recent studies have stressed the importance of cerebellar dysfunction in these same disorders. In the current study, we examined protein levels of the two GABA(B) receptor subunits GABBR1 and GABBR2 in lateral cerebella from a well-characterized cohort of subjects with schizophrenia (n=15), bipolar disorder (n=14), major depression (n=13) and healthy controls (n=12). We found significant reductions in protein for both GABBR1 and GABBR2 in lateral cerebella from subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression when compared with controls. These results provide further evidence of GABAergic dysfunction in these three disorders as well as identify potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Hossein Fatemi
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 310 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, 310 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Timothy D. Folsom
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 392, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Paul D. Thuras
- VA Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, 1 Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417
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Moulton EA, Schmahmann JD, Becerra L, Borsook D. The cerebellum and pain: passive integrator or active participator? BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 2010; 65:14-27. [PMID: 20553761 PMCID: PMC2943015 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is classically considered to be a brain region involved in motor processing, but it has also been implicated in non-motor, and even cognitive, functions. Though previous research suggests that the cerebellum responds to noxious stimuli, its specific role during pain is unclear. Pain is a multidimensional experience that encompasses sensory discriminative, affective motivational, and cognitive evaluative components. Cerebellar involvement during the processing of pain could thus potentially reflect a number of different functional processes. This review will summarize the animal and human research to date that indicates that (1) primary afferents conduct nociceptive (noxious) input to the cerebellum, (2) electrical and pharmacological stimulation of the cerebellum can modulate nociceptive processing, and (3) cerebellar activity occurs during the presence of acute and chronic pain. Possible functional roles for the cerebellum relating to pain will be considered, including perspectives relating to emotion, cognition, and motor control in response to pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Moulton
- P.A.I.N. Group, Brain Imaging Center, Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
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Minks E, Kopickova M, Marecek R, Streitova H, Bares M. TRANSCRANIAL MAGNETIC STIMULATION OF THE CEREBELLUM. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2010; 154:133-9. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2010.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Peng J, Liu J, Nie B, Li Y, Shan B, Wang G, Li K. Cerebral and cerebellar gray matter reduction in first-episode patients with major depressive disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study. Eur J Radiol 2010; 80:395-9. [PMID: 20466498 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate cerebral and cerebellar gray matter abnormalities in patients with first-episode major depressive disorder (MDD). MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined the structural difference in regional gray matter density (GMD) between 22 first-episode MDD patients and 30 age-, gender- and education-matched healthy controls by optimized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) based on magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, MDD patients showed decreased GMD in the right medial and left lateral orbitofrontal cortex, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), bilateral temporal pole, right superior temporal gyrus, bilateral anterior insular cortex, left parahippocampal gyrus, and left cerebellum. In addition, in MDD patients, there was a negative correlation between GMD values of the right DLPFC and the score of the depression rating scale. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provided additional support for the involvement of limbic-cortical circuits in the pathophysiology of MDD and preliminary evidence that a defect involving the cerebellum may also be implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Peng
- Department of Radiology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, No. 45, Chang-Chun St, Xuanwu District, Beijing 100053, China.
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Gardner A, Salmaso D, Varrone A, Sanchez-Crespo A, Bejerot S, Jacobsson H, Larsson SA, Pagani M. Differences at brain SPECT between depressed females with and without adult ADHD and healthy controls: etiological considerations. Behav Brain Funct 2009; 5:37. [PMID: 19723308 PMCID: PMC2753339 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-5-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Comorbidity between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and mood disorders is common. Alterations of the cerebellum and frontal regions have been reported in neuro-imaging studies of ADHD and major depression. Methods Thirty chronically depressed adult females of whom 16 had scores below, and 14 scores above, cut-offs on the 25-items Wender Utah Retrospective Scale (WURS-25) and the Wender-Reimherr Adult Attention Deficit Disorder Scale (WRAADDS) were divided into subgroups designated "Depression" and "Depression + ADHD", respectively. Twenty-one of the patients had some audiological symptom, tinnitus and/or hearing impairment. The patients were investigated with other rating scales and 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT. Controls for 99mTc-HMPAO SPECT were 16 healthy females. SPECT was analyzed by both statistical parametric mapping (SPM2) and the computerized brain atlas (CBA). Discriminant analysis was performed on the volumes of interest generated by the CBA, and on the scores from rating scales with the highest group differences. Results The mean score of a depression rating scale (MADRS-S) was significantly lower in the "Depression" subgroup compared to in the "Depression + ADHD" subgroup. There was significantly decreased tracer uptake within the bilateral cerebellum at both SPM and CBA in the "Depression + ADHD" subgroup compared to in the controls. No decrease of cerebellar tracer uptake was observed in "Depression". Significantly increased tracer uptake was found at SPM within some bilateral frontal regions (Brodmann areas 8, 9, 10, 32) in the "Depression + ADHD" subgroup compared to in "Depression". An accuracy of 100% was obtained for the discrimination between the patient groups when thalamic uptake was used in the analysis along with scores from Socialization and Impulsivity scales. Conclusion The findings confirm the previous observation of a cerebellar involvement in ADHD. Higher bilateral frontal 99mTc-HMPAO uptake in "Depression + ADHD" compared to in "Depression" indicate a difference between these subgroups. 99mTc-HMPAO uptake mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Gardner
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Laird BJA, Boyd AC, Colvin LA, Fallon MT. Are cancer pain and depression interdependent? A systematic review. Psychooncology 2009; 18:459-64. [PMID: 18942659 DOI: 10.1002/pon.1431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pain and depression are common in cancer patients. As these are both highly prevalent, the issue of a possible interdependent association has been raised. The aim of this systematic review was to examine the available literature and explore whether there is any evidence to support a causal relationship between cancer pain and depression. METHODS An extensive literature search was undertaken. The following databases were searched electronically: Medline (1950-2007), Embase (1988-2007), CINAHL (1982-2007) and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Issue 2 2007). The initial literature search revealed 892 articles. Following initial screening 41 articles were independently reviewed in detail. Fourteen articles were eligible for inclusion. RESULTS The mean prevalence of both depression and pain was 36.5% (range 22.1-49.0). In 9 out of 14 studies a statistically significant association was demonstrated between pain and depression. Pain intensity positively correlated with depression (P<0.05). Items such as 'worst pain' and 'enjoyment of life' (on the Brief Pain Inventory) correlated significantly with depression. When using the McGill Pain Questionnaire, depressed patients used more affective pain descriptors. It was also shown that the longer the duration of pain, the higher the risk of depression. CONCLUSIONS Pain and depression are highly prevalent in cancer patients; however, there have been no appropriately designed studies to examine a causal relationship. Although associations exist, the evidence available is not sufficient to support an interdependent relationship between pain and depression. A suitably designed longitudinal study to examine causality would be a relevant step in the research agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J A Laird
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
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Phosphodiesterase-4A expression is reduced in cerebella of patients with bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2009; 18:282-8. [PMID: 19018233 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0b013e3283060fb8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE4) gene family has four members (PDE4 A, B, C, and D) and is the target of several potential therapeutic inhibitors. Recently, PDE4A5 has been shown to bind with disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), which has been identified as a risk factor for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. We sought to examine whether PDE4A5 expression was altered in cerebella of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression. METHODS We measured protein levels of PDE4A isoforms in cerebella of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression versus matched controls using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and western blotting. RESULTS We observed that specific isoforms of PDE4A were reduced in cerebella of patients with bipolar disorder, whereas there was no change in patients with schizophrenia or major depression. CONCLUSION Our results are the first to show that PDE4A expression is altered in patients with bipolar disorder and provide potential new therapeutic avenues for treatment of this disorder.
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Ben-Shachar D, Karry R. Neuroanatomical pattern of mitochondrial complex I pathology varies between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3676. [PMID: 18989376 PMCID: PMC2579333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial dysfunction was reported in schizophrenia, bipolar disorderand major depression. The present study investigated whether mitochondrial complex I abnormalities show disease-specific characteristics. Methodology/Principal Findings mRNA and protein levels of complex I subunits NDUFV1, NDUFV2 and NADUFS1, were assessed in striatal and lateral cerebellar hemisphere postmortem specimens and analyzed together with our previous data from prefrontal and parieto-occipital cortices specimens of patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depression and healthy subjects. A disease-specific anatomical pattern in complex I subunits alterations was found. Schizophrenia-specific reductions were observed in the prefrontal cortex and in the striatum. The depressed group showed consistent reductions in all three subunits in the cerebellum. The bipolar group, however, showed increased expression in the parieto-occipital cortex, similar to those observed in schizophrenia, and reductions in the cerebellum, yet less consistent than the depressed group. Conclusions/Significance These results suggest that the neuroanatomical pattern of complex I pathology parallels the diversity and similarities in clinical symptoms of these mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Ben-Shachar
- Laboratory of Psychobiology, Department of Psychiatry Rambam Medical Center and B. Rappaport Faculty of Medicine Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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Metabolic changes in the brain of patients with late-onset major depression. Psychiatry Res 2008; 164:48-57. [PMID: 18804352 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 12/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) with fluorodeoxyglucose-F18 was used to examine glucose metabolism in patients with late-onset major depression, all hospitalized non-responders to antidepressant medication. The three-dimensional stereotactic surface projection (3D-SSP) method provided 3D-SSP images and relative metabolic values with minimal partial volume effects. The 3D-SSP score map showed decreased relative metabolism in the prefontal, cingulate and parietal regions in both hemispheres, and in the temporal region on the right, and increased relative metabolism in the occipital pole, vermis, cerebellum, dorsal-frontal, central convexity areas and basal ganglia in both hemispheres in patients compared with controls. The ratio of the parietal to occipital values in right plus left hemispheres was significantly decreased. Correlation coefficients of the anterior cingulate-primary sensorimotor, posterior cingulate-primary sensorimotor and occipital-media frontal in both hemispheres, of the frontal-primary sensorimotor, occipital-parahippocampal, primary visual-medial frontal and parahippocampal-amygdala in the right, and the frontal-vermis, parietal-thalamus, temporal-vermis, occipital-putamen, primary visual-putamen, thalamus-vermis and thalamus-cerebellum in the left were significantly different in patients compared with controls. Patients with late-onset depression who were treatment non-responders showed alterations not only in limbic-cortical circuits, but also in a wider network of thalamo-cortical circuits.
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Borsook D, Moulton EA, Tully S, Schmahmann JD, Becerra L. Human cerebellar responses to brush and heat stimuli in healthy and neuropathic pain subjects. THE CEREBELLUM 2008; 7:252-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-008-0011-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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PDE4B polymorphisms and decreased PDE4B expression are associated with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2008; 101:36-49. [PMID: 18394866 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2008.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has a complex genetic underpinning and variations in a number of candidate genes have been identified that confer risk of developing the disorder. We report in the present studies that several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a two-SNP haplotype in PDE4B are associated with an increased incidence of schizophrenia in two large populations of Caucasian and African American patients. The SNPs in PDE4B associated with schizophrenia occur in intronic sequences in the vicinity of a critical splice junction that gives rise to the expression of PDE4B isoforms with distinct regulation and function. We also observed specific decreases in phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) isoforms in brain tissue obtained postmortem from patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. PDE4B metabolically inactivates the second messenger cAMP to regulate intracellular signaling in neurons throughout the brain. Thus, the present observations suggest that dysregulation of intracellular signaling mediated by PDE4B is a significant factor in the cause and expression, respectively, of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and that targeting PDE4B-regulated signaling pathways may yield new therapies to treat the totality of these disorders.
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Brody AL, Mandelkern MA, Olmstead RE, Jou J, Tiongson E, Allen V, Scheibal D, London ED, Monterosso JR, Tiffany ST, Korb A, Gan JJ, Cohen MS. Neural substrates of resisting craving during cigarette cue exposure. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 62:642-51. [PMID: 17217932 PMCID: PMC1992815 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In cigarette smokers, the most commonly reported areas of brain activation during visual cigarette cue exposure are the prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and visual cortices. We sought to determine changes in brain activity in response to cigarette cues when smokers actively resist craving. METHODS Forty-two tobacco-dependent smokers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging, during which they were presented with videotaped cues. Three cue presentation conditions were tested: cigarette cues with subjects allowing themselves to crave (cigarette cue crave), cigarette cues with the instruction to resist craving (cigarette cue resist), and matched neutral cues. RESULTS Activation was found in the cigarette cue resist (compared with the cigarette cue crave) condition in the left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and precuneus. Lower magnetic resonance signal for the cigarette cue resist condition was found in the cuneus bilaterally, left lateral occipital gyrus, and right postcentral gyrus. These relative activations and deactivations were more robust when the cigarette cue resist condition was compared with the neutral cue condition. CONCLUSIONS Suppressing craving during cigarette cue exposure involves activation of limbic (and related) brain regions and deactivation of primary sensory and motor cortices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L Brody
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California-Los Angeles, 300 UCLA Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Matthews PM, Honey GD, Bullmore ET. Applications of fMRI in translational medicine and clinical practice. Nat Rev Neurosci 2006; 7:732-44. [PMID: 16924262 DOI: 10.1038/nrn1929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Functional MRI (fMRI) has had a major impact in cognitive neuroscience. fMRI now has a small but growing role in clinical neuroimaging, with initial applications to neurosurgical planning. Current clinical research has emphasized novel concepts for clinicians, such as the role of plasticity in recovery and the maintenance of brain functions in a broad range of diseases. There is a wider potential for clinical fMRI in applications ranging from presymptomatic diagnosis, through drug development and individualization of therapies, to understanding functional brain disorders. Realization of this potential will require changes in the way clinical neuroimaging services are planned and delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Matthews
- Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, Dept. of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, UK.
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Farrell MJ, Laird AR, Egan GF. Brain activity associated with painfully hot stimuli applied to the upper limb: a meta-analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2005; 25:129-39. [PMID: 15846813 PMCID: PMC6871740 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of pain to alert against potential injury or focus attention on damaged tissue is enhanced by the intrinsically aversive nature of the experience. Finding methods to relieve pain will ultimately be facilitated by deeper understanding of the processes that contribute to the experience, and functional brain imaging has contributed substantially toward that end. An impressive body of literature has identified a distributed network of pain-related activity in the brain that is subject to considerable modulation by different stimulus parameters, contextual factors, and clinical conditions. The fundamental substrates of the pain network are yet to be distilled from the highly variable results of studies published thus far. Qualitative reviews of the pain-imaging literature have been contributory, but lack the greater surety of quantitative methods. We employ the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analytic technique to establish the most consistent activations among studies reporting brain responses subsequent to the application of noxious heat. A network of pain-related activity was replicated for stimuli to either upper limb that included two discernible regions of the mid-anterior cingulate cortex, bilateral thalami, insula, and opercula cortices, posterior parietal cortex, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, and cerebellum. The findings of the meta-analysis resonate with other streams of information that continue to enhance our understanding of pain in the brain. The results also point toward new areas of research that may be fruitful for the exploration of central pain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Farrell
- Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Zambreanu L, Wise RG, Brooks JCW, Iannetti GD, Tracey I. A role for the brainstem in central sensitisation in humans. Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Pain 2005; 114:397-407. [PMID: 15777865 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Revised: 12/07/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal studies have established a role for the brainstem reticular formation, in particular the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), in the development and maintenance of central sensitisation and its clinical manifestation, secondary hyperalgesia. Similar evidence in humans is lacking, as neuroimaging studies have mainly focused on cortical changes. To fully characterise the supraspinal contributions to central sensitisation in humans, we used whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3T, to record brain responses to punctate mechanical stimulation in an area of secondary hyperalgesia. We used the heat/capsaicin sensitisation model to induce secondary hyperalgesia on the right lower leg in 12 healthy volunteers. A paired t-test was used to compare activation maps obtained during punctate stimulation of the secondary hyperalgesia area and those recorded during control punctate stimulation (same body site, untreated skin, separate session). The following areas showed significantly increased activation (Z>2.3, corrected P<0.01) during hyperalgesia: contralateral brainstem, cerebellum, bilateral thalamus, contralateral primary and secondary somatosensory cortices, bilateral posterior insula, anterior and posterior cingulate cortices, right middle frontal gyrus and right parietal association cortex. Brainstem activation was localised to two distinct areas of the midbrain reticular formation, in regions consistent with the location of nucleus cuneiformis (NCF) and rostral superior colliculi/periaqueductal gray (SC/PAG). The PAG and the NCF are the major sources of input to the RVM, and therefore in an ideal position to modulate its output. These results suggest that structures in the mesencephalic reticular formation, possibly the NCF and PAG, are involved in central sensitisation in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zambreanu
- Pain Imaging Neuroscience (PaIN) Group, Department of Human Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK Centre for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain, Department of Clinical Neurology, Oxford University, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington OX3 9DU, UK
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Abstract
Several new approaches to illness, inspired by recent advances in molecular biology, informatics and nanoscience, are readily applicable to diseases of the central nervous system. Novel classes of drugs will widen the scope of therapeutic action beyond merely modifying transmitter function and stem cell and gene therapies could offer an even more selective mode of targeting. Further into the future, nanotechnology has the potential to allow development of new medicines and novel access routes via miniaturized monitoring and screening devices: these systems, together with increasing use of carbon-silicon interfacing, will challenge traditional neuropharmacology. As the 21(st) century unfolds, the structure and function of the brain, which is incomparable with any other organ, will present unique technological and ethical questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Greenfield
- Oxford University Department of Pharmacology, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the literature pertaining to the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in bipolar disorder research. METHOD A search for papers published in English in journals from 1984 onwards was conducted using MedLine and EMBASE with the following terms: functional neuroimaging or fMRI and depression or bipolar disorder. In addition, retrieved papers and literature known to the authors was also scrutinized for further relevant reports. RESULTS The research findings from 26 articles are tabulated and the results from 10 articles dealing specifically with bipolar disorder are discussed in detail. CONCLUSION fMRI is a useful tool for investigating bipolar disorder. Preliminary studies point to trait and state abnormalities involving structures known to be associated with the generation and modulation of emotion. The patterns of fMRI activation are different to those found in healthy subjects and patients with major depression. FMRI studies are likely to provide valuable insights into the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Malhi
- School of Psychiatry, The University of New South Wales, Australia.
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Borsook D, Becerra L. Pain imaging: future applications to integrative clinical and basic neurobiology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2003; 55:967-86. [PMID: 12935940 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(03)00099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We have entered a new era in understanding CNS circuitry involved in acute and chronic pain. The ability to objectively measure a pain or analgesic state of the brain using non-invasive methods that define neural activation provides the possibility for top-down approaches to drug discovery. These brain maps represent the specific brain state. In the future, correlations with such states and behavioral, genetic, epigenetic or other chemical markers may help define specific diagnostic tools and novel approaches to drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Borsook
- Descartes Therapeutics, Inc, 790 Memorial Drive, Suite 104, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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