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Kikas K, Werner-Seidler A, Upton E, Newby J. Illness Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Current Research and Future Directions. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2024; 26:331-339. [PMID: 38748190 PMCID: PMC11211185 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-024-01507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We review recent evidence on Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD), including risk factors and precipitants, diagnostic classification, clinical characteristics of the disorder, and assessment and treatment in both children and adults. RECENT FINDINGS IAD places a substantial burden on both individuals and society. Despite its impact, understanding of the disorder is lacking and debates remain about whether IAD should be classified as an anxiety disorder and whether it is distinct from Somatic Symptom Disorder. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for IAD and there are multiple validated measures of health anxiety available. However, research on health anxiety in children and youth is limited. IAD is chronic, and debilitating, but when identified, it can be effectively treated with CBT. Research using DSM-5 IAD criteria is lacking, and more research is needed to better understand the disorder, particularly in children and youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kikas
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Hospital Road Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aliza Werner-Seidler
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Hospital Road Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emily Upton
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Hospital Road Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jill Newby
- Black Dog Institute, University of New South Wales, Hospital Road Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia.
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Rask CU, Duholm CS, Poulsen CM, Rimvall MK, Wright KD. Annual Research Review: Health anxiety in children and adolescents-developmental aspects and cross-generational influences. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2024; 65:413-430. [PMID: 37909255 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Health anxiety involves excessive worries about one's health along with beliefs one has an illness or may contract a serious disease. Concerning evidence suggests that health anxiety is on the rise in society, possibly further fueled by the COVID-19 pandemic. Recent classification systems acknowledge that impairing health-related worries and beliefs can emerge in early childhood with significant levels of symptoms persisting throughout childhood, and possibly continuous with diagnostic considerations in adulthood. This narrative review summarizes recent research advances in health anxiety in children and adolescents, focusing on various developmental aspects of health anxiety and related concepts in youths. Findings suggest that health anxiety symptoms in young age groups are associated with impairment, distress, and increased healthcare use, as well as substantial comorbidity with mainly other emotional problems and disorders. Furthermore, longitudinal studies suggest that childhood health anxiety can persist across adolescence, perhaps with links to chronic courses in adulthood. The growing literature was further reviewed, thus extending our understanding of early risk factors, including the potential role of exposure to serious illness and transgenerational transmission of health anxiety. Learning more about developmental trajectories will be highly relevant to inform strategies for early detection and prevention. While modified cognitive behavioral therapies in adults are successful in treating health anxiety, specific interventions have not yet been tested in youths. Given substantial overlaps with other psychopathology, it could be important to develop and explore more transdiagnostic and scalable approaches that take advantage of common factors in psychotherapy, while also including a wider perspective on potential familiar maladaptive illness cognitions and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Ulrikka Rask
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Steen Duholm
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Køster Rimvall
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Psychiatry Region Zealand, Roskilde, Denmark
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Copenhagen University Hospital - Mental Health Services CPH, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristi D Wright
- Department of Psychology, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
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Hannah K, Marie K, Olaf H, Stephan B, Andreas D, Wilson Michael L, Till B, Peter D. The global economic burden of health anxiety/hypochondriasis- a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2237. [PMID: 37957598 PMCID: PMC10644595 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17159-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown a lifetime prevalence of 5.7% for health anxiety/hypochondriasis resulting in increased healthcare service utilisation and disability as consequences. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no systematic review examining the global costs of hypochondriasis, encompassing both direct and indirect costs. Our objective was to synthesize the available evidence on the economic burden of health anxiety and hypochondriasis to identify research gaps and provide guidance and insights for policymakers and future research. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, EconLit, IBSS and Google Scholar without any time limit, up until April 2022. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed in this search and the following article selection process. The included studies were systematically analysed and summarized using a predefined data extraction sheet. RESULTS Of the 3044 articles identified; 10 publications met our inclusion criteria. The results displayed significant variance in the overall costs listed among the studies. The reported economic burden of hypochondriasis ranged from 857.19 to 21137.55 US$ per capita per year. Most of the investigated costs were direct costs, whereas the assessment of indirect costs was strongly underrepresented. CONCLUSION This systematic review suggests that existing studies underestimate the costs of hypochondriasis due to missing information on indirect costs. Furthermore, there is no uniform data collection of the costs and definition of the disease, so that the few existing data are not comparable and difficult to evaluate. There is a need for standardised data collection and definition of hypochondriasis in future studies to identify major cost drivers as potential target point for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawka Hannah
- Heidelberg Institute for Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Kurtz Marie
- Heidelberg Institute for Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Horstick Olaf
- Heidelberg Institute for Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Brenner Stephan
- Heidelberg Institute for Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Deckert Andreas
- Heidelberg Institute for Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lowery Wilson Michael
- Heidelberg Institute for Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Baernighausen Till
- Heidelberg Institute for Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dambach Peter
- Heidelberg Institute for Global Health (HIGH), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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Axelsson E, Österman S, Hedman-Lagerlöf E. Joint factor analysis and approximate equipercentile linking of common trait health anxiety measures: a cross-sectional study of the 14-, 18- and 64-item health anxiety inventory, the illness attitude scale, and the 14-item Whiteley Index. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:658. [PMID: 37674135 PMCID: PMC10483785 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05151-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on health anxiety has bloomed in recent years, but summaries of the literature are complicated by the use of dissimilar self-report questionnaires. Furthermore, these instruments have rarely been administered in parallel, and especially not in clinical samples. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between five widespread health anxiety measures, and to draft guidelines for the conversion of different sum scores. METHODS Clinical trial participants with principal pathological health anxiety (n = 335) and a sample of healthy volunteers (n = 88) completed the 14-item Whiteley Index (WI-14), the Illness Attitude Scale (IAS), and the 14-, 18-, and 64-item Health Anxiety Inventory (the HAI-64, HAI-18, and HAI-14). Cross-sectional data from all participants were pooled (N = 423) and we conducted a joint factor analysis and approximate equipercentile linking of the WI-14, IAS, HAI-64, HAI-18, and HAI-14. RESULTS Inter-scale correlations were high (rs ≥ 0.90 and ≥ 0.88 in adjusted analyses), and the scree plot of the joint factor analysis spoke for a unifactorial solution where 89/105 items (85%) had loadings ≥ 0.40. Most items at the core of this broad trait health anxiety factor pertained to the worry about health, the fear of having or developing a serious disease, and to some extent bodily preoccupation. We present a cross-walk table of observed equipercentile linked sum scores. CONCLUSIONS This study speaks clearly in favor of the WI-14, IAS, HAI-64, HAI-18, and HAI-14 all tapping into the same trait health anxiety construct, the core of which appears to concern the worry about health, the fear of having or developing a serious disease, and to some extent bodily preoccupation. Based on recently reported cut-offs for the HAI-14, a reasonable cutoff for pathological health anxiety in a psychiatric setting probably lies around 7-8 on the WI-14, 52-53 on the IAS, 82-83 on the HAI-64, and 26-27 on the HAI-18. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01966705, NCT02314065.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erland Axelsson
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Liljeholmen Primary Health Care Center, Region Stockholm, Liljeholmstorget 7, Stockholm, SE-117 94, Sweden.
- Academic Primary Health Care Center, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Susanna Österman
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Hedman-Lagerlöf
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Gustavsberg Primary Health Care Center, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
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Axelsson E, Hedman-Lagerlöf E. Unwanted outcomes in cognitive behavior therapy for pathological health anxiety: a systematic review and a secondary original study of two randomized controlled trials. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2023; 23:1001-1015. [PMID: 37614181 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2023.2250915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is effective for pathological health anxiety, but little is known about unwanted outcomes. AREAS COVERED We investigated unwanted outcomes in the form of adverse events, overall symptom deterioration, and dropouts in CBT for pathological health anxiety based on a systematic review of 19 randomized controlled trials (PubMed, PsycInfo, and OATD; last updated 2 June 2023; pooled N = 2188), and then a secondary original study of two randomized controlled trials (pooled N = 336). In the systematic review, 10% of participants in CBT reported at least one adverse event and 17% dropped out. Heterogeneity was substantial. In the original investigation, 17% reported at least one adverse event, 0-10% met criteria for overall symptom deterioration, and 10-19% dropped out. In guided Internet-delivered CBT, dropouts were more common with lower education and lower credibility/expectancy ratings. Higher adherence was associated with a larger reduction in health anxiety. EXPERT OPINION Unwanted effects are routinely seen in CBT for pathological health anxiety, but, under typical circumstances, appear to be acceptable in light of the treatment's efficacy. There is a need for more consistent methods to improve our understanding adverse events, dropouts, and overall symptom deterioration, and how these outcomes can be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erland Axelsson
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Liljeholmen Primary Health Care Center, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
- Academic Primary Health Care Center, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Hedman-Lagerlöf
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Solna, Sweden
- Gustavsberg Primary Health Care Center, Region Stockholm, Gustavsberg, Sweden
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Saleh ZT, Elshatarat RA, Almarwani AM, Alzahrani NS, Alhowaymel FM, Elhefnawy KA, Elneblawi NH, Ibrahim AM, Zaghamir DE, Shawashi TO. Predictors of physical activity behavior change among patients with heart failure enrolled in home-based cardiac rehabilitation intervention. Heart Lung 2023; 61:16-21. [PMID: 37059044 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrtlng.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity behavior change is considered one of the most challenging lifestyle modifications in patients with heart failure. Even after participation in a cardiac rehabilitation program, most patients do not engage in the recommended level of physical activity. OBJECTIVE To determine which baseline demographic, physical activity levels, psychological distress, and clinical variables predicted physical activity behavior change to increasing light-to-vigorous physical activity by 10,000 steps/day following participation in home-based cardiac rehabilitation intervention. METHODS A prospective design involving secondary analysis was used to analyze data obtained from 127 patients (mean, 61; range, 45-69 years) enrolled in and completed an 8-week home-based mobile health app intervention. The intervention was designed to encourage health behavior change with regard to decreasing sedentary behavior and increasing physical activities performed at light or greater intensities. RESULTS None of the participants accumulated 10,000 steps or more per day pre-intervention (mean, 1549; range, 318-4915 steps/day). Only 55 participants (43%) achieved an average daily step count of 10,000 or more at week 8 of the intervention (10,674 ± 263). The results of the logistic regression showed that higher pre-intervention physical activity levels and anxiety symptoms and lower depressive symptoms were associated with a higher likelihood of achieving physical activity behavior change (p < .003). CONCLUSION These data highlight that determining pre-intervention physical activity levels and depressive symptoms can be the key to designing an effective home-based cardiac rehabilitation intervention in patients with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zyad T Saleh
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Rami A Elshatarat
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Naif S Alzahrani
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad M Alhowaymel
- Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khadega Ahmed Elhefnawy
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia; Medical-Surgical Nursing Department, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Nora Helmi Elneblawi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, College of Nursing, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ateya Megahed Ibrahim
- Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Family and Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Donia Elsaid Zaghamir
- Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia; Pediatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Tagreed O Shawashi
- Department of Clinical Nursing, School of Nursing, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Validity and clinical utility of distinguishing between DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder and illness anxiety disorder in pathological health anxiety: Should we close the chapter? J Psychosom Res 2023; 165:111133. [PMID: 36624001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.111133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the validity and clinical utility of distinguishing between DSM-5 somatic symptom disorder (SSD) and illness anxiety disorder (IAD) in pathological health anxiety: the excessive and recurrent fear of, or preoccupation with, having or developing a serious health condition. METHODS We compared SSD to IAD in pathological health anxiety (N = 334) with regard to concurrent, antecedent, and predictive validators. This was primarily a cross-sectional study, though we studied the effect of CBT longitudinally. Because we were interested in the discriminatory value of SSD and IAD over and above trait health anxiety, we used trait health anxiety as a covariate. RESULTS SSD (68%; 228/334) vs. IAD (32%; 106/334) differences were mostly non-significant and small in sociodemographics, core clinical characteristics, apparent course, etiological attribution, and physician visits (gs = -0.18-0.20; RRs = 0.84-1.09; IRRs = 0.87-0.99). However, SSD was associated with a significantly higher somatic symptom burden (gs = 0.20-0.72), more psychologist visits (IRR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.24-3.28), and slightly higher disability (g = 0.22, 95% CI: 0.03-0.42). There was no significant difference in symptom reduction during CBT (g = -0.16, 95% CI: -0.37-0.05). CONCLUSION Although not all differences between SSD and IAD in pathological health anxiety seem to be explained by the level of trait health anxiety, the SSD vs. IAD distinction appears to convey little useful information in pathological health anxiety. Tentatively, considering the well-documented clinical characteristics and effective clinical interventions, it is probably most helpful to regard pathological health anxiety as a de facto anxiety or perhaps obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder, regardless of the DSM-5 diagnosis of SSD or IAD.
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Abstract
Interpretation bias (i.e. the selective negative interpretation of ambiguous stimuli) may contribute to the development and maintenance of health anxiety. However, the strength of the empirical evidence for this association remains a topic of debate. This study aimed to estimate the association between health anxiety and interpretation bias and to identify potential moderators of this association. Chinese-language databases (CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang), English-language databases (Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Scopus), and German-language databases (Psyndex and PubPsych) were searched for relevant studies. There were 36 articles (39 studies) identified by this search (N = 8984), of which 32 articles (34 studies) were included in the meta-analysis (N = 8602). Results revealed a medium overall effect size (g = 0.67). Statistically equivalent effect sizes were observed for patients diagnosed with clinical health anxiety (g = 0.58) and subclinical health anxiety (g = 0.72). The effect sizes for threat stimuli that were health related (g = 0.68) and not health related (g = 0.63) did not differ significantly. The effect size for studies using an offline paradigm (g = 0.75) was significantly higher than that for studies using an online paradigm (g = 0.50). It is concluded that health anxiety is significantly and robustly associated with interpretation bias. These findings are of central importance for the advancement of models and treatment of health anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiayu Du
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, National Intelligent Society Governance Experiment Base (Education), School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael Witthöft
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Experimental Psychopathology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, National Intelligent Society Governance Experiment Base (Education), School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Congrong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, National Intelligent Society Governance Experiment Base (Education), School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Human Development and Mental Health of Hubei Province, National Intelligent Society Governance Experiment Base (Education), School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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Keen E, Kangas M, Gilchrist PT. A systematic review evaluating metacognitive beliefs in health anxiety and somatic distress. Br J Health Psychol 2022; 27:1398-1422. [PMID: 35746856 PMCID: PMC9796692 DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing evidence suggests metacognitive beliefs may underpin transdiagnostic mechanisms maintaining psychopathology. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate published studies investigating the role of metacognitive beliefs in somatic distress in adult samples. METHOD A systematic review was conducted, spanning five data bases. Studies meeting eligibility criteria were qualitatively synthesized. RESULTS Thirty-six studies (N = 12,390) met inclusion criteria with results suggesting a relatively consistent positive relationship between metacognitive beliefs and somatic distress. Both general and syndrome-specific metacognitive beliefs demonstrated relationships with not only emotional distress, but also physical symptoms themselves. CONCLUSIONS Results are discussed in terms of conceptualizing somatic distress through the Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) Model. Future research into metacognitive therapy for somatic populations is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwina Keen
- School of Psychological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia,Centre for Emotional HealthMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Maria Kangas
- School of Psychological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia,Centre for Emotional HealthMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Philippe T. Gilchrist
- School of Psychological SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia,Centre for Emotional HealthMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
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Interoceptive anxiety-related processes: Importance for understanding COVID-19 and future pandemic mental health and addictive behaviors and their comorbidity. Behav Res Ther 2022; 156:104141. [PMID: 35752013 PMCID: PMC9212258 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2022.104141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is associated with an increased prevalence of mental health problems and addictive behaviors. There is a growing theoretical and empirical evidence that individual differences in interoceptive anxiety-related processes are a one set of vulnerability factors that are important in understanding the impact of pandemic-related mental health problems and addictive behavior. However, there has not been a comprehensive effort to explore this rapidly growing body of research and its implications for public health. In this paper, we discuss why interoceptive anxiety-related processes are relevant to understanding mental health and addictive behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. We then provide a narrative review of the available COVID-19 literature linking interoceptive fear and anxiety-related processes (e.g., anxiety sensitivity, health anxiety, and COVID-19 anxiety, fear, and worry) to mental health and addictive behaviors. We then propose a novel transdiagnostic theoretical model that highlights the role of interoceptive anxiety-related processes in mental health and addictive behavior in the context of the present and future pandemics. In the final section, we utilize this conceptualization to underscore clinical implications and provide guidance for future research initiatives in the management of COVID-19 mental health and addictive behaviors and inform the public health field for future pandemics.
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Knowles KA, Jakes KS, Olatunji BO. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Illness Anxiety: Examining Commonalities and Comorbidity. J Cogn Psychother 2022; 36:JCP-2022-0027.R1. [PMID: 36002282 DOI: 10.1891/jcp-2022-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and illness anxiety disorder (IAD) often co-occur. Cognitive-behavioral models of both disorders overlap and include maladaptive attentional processes, misinterpretation of thoughts and physical sensations, and engagement in repetitive behaviors in an attempt to reduce associated distress. Given commonalities in their presentation and their common co-occurrence, it is important to understand how illness anxiety affects the presentation and treatment of OCD. In this article, theoretical conceptualizations of OCD and IAD and their comorbid presentation are outlined, and assessment and differential diagnosis of these conditions are discussed. Despite shared cognitive vulnerabilities and behavioral patterns, well-validated symptom measures, along with careful functional analysis, can be used to distinguish between OCD, IAD, and comorbid presentations. Best practices for the cognitive-behavioral treatment of these co-occurring conditions are also presented, with suggestions based on both the empirical literature and detailed case studies. Finally, recommendations for future research on co-occurring OCD and IAD and their treatment are explored.
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Relationship between Preventive Health Behavior, Optimistic Bias, Hypochondria, and Mass Psychology in Relation to the Coronavirus Pandemic among Young Adults in Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159620. [PMID: 35954974 PMCID: PMC9368274 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The great challenge to global public health caused by the coronavirus pandemic has lasted for two years in Korea. However, Korean young adults seem less compliant with preventive health behaviors than older adults. This study aims to explore the relationship between risk perception variables of optimistic bias, hypochondriasis, and mass psychology, and preventive health behavior in relation to the coronavirus pandemic through a cross-sectional online survey. The participants are 91 Korean young adults aged 19–30. The results show that mass psychology has a positive relationship with preventive health behavior, whereas optimistic bias and hypochondriasis do not. In detail, people with high or middle levels of mass psychology displayed higher preventive health behavior compared with those who had low levels of mass psychology, and the highest compliance was for wearing a mask, followed by COVID-19 vaccination, whereas the lowest compliance was for influenza vaccination. These findings could be explained by the Korean culture of strong collectivism and the characteristics of COVID-19, which evoked extreme fear globally. The results of this study can be useful for policy establishment in the ongoing prevention of COVID-19 and suggest that mass psychology should be used effectively in planning preventive communication campaigns.
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Health anxiety symptoms in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: patient characteristics and effect on treatment outcome. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:1317-1328. [PMID: 33861384 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01774-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to explore the potential clinical role of health anxiety (HA) symptoms in children and adolescents diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The study investigated differences in demographic and various clinical variables between young people with OCD, with and without HA symptoms, and the effect of HA symptoms on overall OCD treatment outcome. The study sample comprised 269 children and adolescents with OCD (aged 7-17 years) from the large Nordic Long-term OCD Treatment Study. OCD symptoms and severity were assessed with The Children's Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), which includes one item regarding HA-like obsessions and one item regarding HA-like compulsions that were used to define the HA group. Several other instruments were used to assess comorbidity and other clinical aspects. All participants were treated with 14 weekly protocolled sessions of exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). HA symptoms were present in 31% of participants. Other anxiety symptoms and comorbid anxiety disorders were more prevalent among those with HA symptoms. These patients also presented with significantly more types of OCD symptoms. HA symptoms were reduced following OCD treatment with CBT and having HA symptoms did not affect CBT outcome. Results suggest that pediatric OCD with HA symptoms is characterized by more anxiety symptoms and a more heterogeneous OCD symptom profile. Standardized CBT seems equally effective in treating child and adolescent OCD with or without HA symptoms.Clinical trials registration: Nordic Long-term Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Treatment Study: www.controlled-trials.com ; ISRCTN66385119.
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Safety behaviours or safety precautions? The role of subtle avoidance in anxiety disorders in the context of chronic physical illness. Clin Psychol Rev 2022; 92:102126. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Domhardt M, Nowak H, Engler S, Baumel A, Grund S, Mayer A, Terhorst Y, Baumeister H. Therapeutic processes in digital interventions for anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analytic structural equation modeling of randomized controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 90:102084. [PMID: 34610493 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
While the efficacy of Internet- and mobile-based interventions (IMIs) for treating anxiety disorders is well established, there is no comprehensive overview about the underlying therapeutic processes so far. Thus, this systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated research on mediators and mechanisms of change in IMIs for adult anxiety disorders (PROSPERO: CRD42020185545). A systematic literature search was performed in five databases (i.e., CENTRAL, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and ClinicalTrials.gov). Two reviewers independently screened studies for inclusion, assessed the risk of bias and adherence to quality criteria for process research. Overall, 26 studies (N = 6042) investigating 64 mediators were included. Samples consisted predominantly of participants with clinically relevant symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and severe health anxiety, as well as of participants with non-clinically relevant anxiety symptoms. The largest group of examined mediators (45%) were cognitive variables, evincing also the second highest proportion of significance (19/29); followed in numbers by skills (examined: 22%; significant: 10/14) and a wide range of other (19%; 7/12), emotional/affective (11%; 2/7) and behavioral mediators (3%; 1/2). Meta-analytical synthesis of mediators, limited by a small number of eligible studies, was conducted by deploying a two-stage structural equation modeling approach, resulting in a significant indirect effect for negative thinking (k = 3 studies) and non-significant indirect effects for combined cognitive variables, both in clinical (k = 5) and non-clinical samples (k = 3). The findings of this review might further the understanding on presumed change mechanisms in IMIs for anxiety, informing intervention development and the concurrent optimization of outcomes. Furthermore, by reviewing eligible mediation studies, we discuss methodological implications and recommendations for future process research, striving for causally robust findings. Future studies should investigate a broader range of variables as potential mediators, as well as to develop and apply original (digital) process and engagement measures to gather qualitative and high-resolution data on therapeutic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Domhardt
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Germany.
| | - Hannah Nowak
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Germany
| | - Sophie Engler
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Germany
| | - Amit Baumel
- Department of Community Mental Health, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Simon Grund
- IPN - Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education, Kiel, Germany
| | - Axel Mayer
- Department of Psychological Methods and Evaluation, Bielefeld University, Germany
| | - Yannik Terhorst
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Germany; Department of Psychological Research Methods, Ulm University, Germany
| | - Harald Baumeister
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Germany
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16
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Zhang YB, Wang PC, Ma Y, Yang XY, Meng FQ, Broadley SA, Sun J, Li ZJ. Using eye movements in the dot-probe paradigm to investigate attention bias in illness anxiety disorder. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:73-86. [PMID: 33747805 PMCID: PMC7953363 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i3.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Illness anxiety disorder (IAD) is a common, distressing, and debilitating condition with the key feature being a persistent conviction of the possibility of having one or more serious or progressive physical disorders. Because eye movements are guided by visual-spatial attention, eye-tracking technology is a comparatively direct, continuous measure of attention direction and speed when stimuli are oriented. Researchers have tried to identify selective visual attention biases by tracking eye movements within dot-probe paradigms because dot-probe paradigm can distinguish these attentional biases more clearly.
AIM To examine the association between IAD and biased processing of illness-related information.
METHODS A case-control study design was used to record eye movements of individuals with IAD and healthy controls while participants viewed a set of pictures from four categories (illness-related, socially threatening, positive, and neutral images). Biases in initial orienting were assessed from the location of the initial shift in gaze, and biases in the maintenance of attention were assessed from the duration of gaze that was initially fixated on the picture per image category.
RESULTS The eye movement of the participants in the IAD group was characterized by an avoidance bias in initial orienting to illness-related pictures. There was no evidence of individuals with IAD spending significantly more time viewing illness-related images compared with other images. Patients with IAD had an attention bias at the early stage and overall attentional avoidance. In addition, this study found that patients with significant anxiety symptoms showed attention bias in the late stages of attention processing.
CONCLUSION Illness-related information processing biases appear to be a robust feature of IAD and may have an important role in explaining the etiology and maintenance of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Bo Zhang
- The Department of Clinical Psychology and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing An’Ding Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100089, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100089, China
- Psychology Department, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Peng-Chong Wang
- The Department of Clinical Psychology and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing An’Ding Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100089, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yun Ma
- The Department of Clinical Psychology and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing An’Ding Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100089, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Xiang-Yun Yang
- The Department of Clinical Psychology and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing An’Ding Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100089, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Fan-Qiang Meng
- The Department of Clinical Psychology and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing An’Ding Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100089, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Simon A Broadley
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jing Sun
- The Department of Clinical Psychology and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing An’Ding Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100089, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100089, China
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland and School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast 4222, Queensland, Australia
| | - Zhan-Jiang Li
- The Department of Clinical Psychology and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing An’Ding Hospital, Capital Medical University, and Center of Schizophrenia, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100089, China
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100089, China
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17
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Duits P, Baas JMP, Engelhard IM, Richter J, Huisman-van Dijk HM, Limberg-Thiesen A, Heitland I, Hamm AO, Cath DC. Latent class growth analyses reveal overrepresentation of dysfunctional fear conditioning trajectories in patients with anxiety-related disorders compared to controls. J Anxiety Disord 2021; 78:102361. [PMID: 33508747 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent meta-analyses indicated differences in fear acquisition and extinction between patients with anxiety-related disorders and comparison subjects. However, these effects are small and may hold for only a subsample of patients. To investigate individual trajectories in fear acquisition and extinction across patients with anxiety-related disorders (N = 104; before treatment) and comparison subjects (N = 93), data from a previous study (Duits et al., 2017) were re-analyzed using data-driven latent class growth analyses. In this explorative study, subjective fear ratings, shock expectancy ratings and startle responses were used as outcome measures. Fear and expectancy ratings, but not startle data, yielded distinct fear conditioning trajectories across participants. Patients were, compared to controls, overrepresented in two distinct dysfunctional fear conditioning trajectories: impaired safety learning and poor fear extinction to danger cues. The profiling of individual patterns allowed to determine that whereas a subset of patients showed trajectories of dysfunctional fear conditioning, a significant proportion of patients (≥50 %) did not. The strength of trajectory analyses as opposed to group analyses is that it allows the identification of individuals with dysfunctional fear conditioning. Results suggested that dysfunctional fear learning may also be associated with poor treatment outcome, but further research in larger samples is needed to address this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puck Duits
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Johanna M P Baas
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Iris M Engelhard
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Richter
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology/Psychotherapy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | | | - Anke Limberg-Thiesen
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology/Psychotherapy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Ivo Heitland
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alfons O Hamm
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology/Psychotherapy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - Danielle C Cath
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Altrecht Academic Anxiety Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, GGZ Drenthe, Department of Specialist Training, The Netherlands.
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18
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Sica C, Caudek C, Cerea S, Colpizzi I, Caruso M, Giulini P, Bottesi G. Health Anxiety Predicts the Perceived Dangerousness of COVID-19 over and above Intrusive Illness-Related Thoughts, Contamination Symptoms, and State and Trait Negative Affect. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:1933. [PMID: 33671223 PMCID: PMC7922316 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study sought to evaluate the specificity of health anxiety, relative to other forms of psychopathology, in perceptions of COVID-19 as dangerous. Measures of health anxiety, COVID-19 perceived dangerousness, negative affect, anxiety, depression, stress, contamination-related obsessions and compulsions, and intrusive illness-related thoughts were administered online to 742 community individuals during the Italian national lockdown. Results showed that, after controlling for demographic variables and other internalizing problems, health anxiety was the single most important factor associated with the perceived dangerousness of COVID-19. Moreover, a comparison between the current sample's scores on various symptom measures and scores from prepandemic Italian samples revealed that, whereas other internalizing symptoms increased by a large or very large magnitude during the pandemic, levels of health anxiety and negative affect increased by a medium amount. This result may indicate that health anxiety is relatively trait-like, increasing the likelihood that our correlational data support the model of health anxiety as a vulnerability rather than an outcome. Together, these results indicate that health anxiety may be a specific risk factor for COVID-related maladjustment and support the distinction of health anxiety from other psychological problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Sica
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology Section, University of Firenze, Via San Salvi, 12, 50135 Firenze, Italy; (C.S.); (I.C.); (M.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Corrado Caudek
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research, and Child Health, University of Firenze, Via San Salvi, 12, 50135 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Silvia Cerea
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Colpizzi
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology Section, University of Firenze, Via San Salvi, 12, 50135 Firenze, Italy; (C.S.); (I.C.); (M.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Maria Caruso
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology Section, University of Firenze, Via San Salvi, 12, 50135 Firenze, Italy; (C.S.); (I.C.); (M.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Paolo Giulini
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology Section, University of Firenze, Via San Salvi, 12, 50135 Firenze, Italy; (C.S.); (I.C.); (M.C.); (P.G.)
| | - Gioia Bottesi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131 Padova, Italy;
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19
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Shen Z, Yu L, Zhao Z, Jin K, Pan F, Hu S, Li S, Xu Y, Xu D, Huang M. Gray Matter Volume and Functional Connectivity in Hypochondriasis: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Support Vector Machine Analysis. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:596157. [PMID: 33343319 PMCID: PMC7738430 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.596157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Patients with hypochondriasis hold unexplainable beliefs and a fear of having a lethal disease, with poor compliances and treatment response to psychotropic drugs. Although several studies have demonstrated that patients with hypochondriasis demonstrate abnormalities in brain structure and function, gray matter volume (GMV) and functional connectivity (FC) in hypochondriasis still remain unclear. Methods: The present study collected T1-weighted and resting-state functional magnetic resonance images from 21 hypochondriasis patients and 22 well-matched healthy controls (HCs). We first analyzed the difference in the GMV between the two groups. We then used the regions showing a difference in GMV between two groups as seeds to perform functional connectivity (FC) analysis. Finally, a support vector machine (SVM) was applied to the imaging data to distinguish hypochondriasis patients from HCs. Results: Compared with the HCs, the hypochondriasis group showed decreased GMV in the left precuneus, and increased GMV in the left medial frontal gyrus. FC analyses revealed decreased FC between the left medial frontal gyrus and cuneus, and between the left precuneus and cuneus. A combination of both GMV and FC in the left precuneus, medial frontal gyrus, and cuneus was able to discriminate the hypochondriasis patients from HCs with a sensitivity of 0.98, specificity of 0.93, and accuracy of 0.95. Conclusion: Our study suggests that smaller left precuneus volumes and decreased FC between the left precuneus and cuneus seem to play an important role of hypochondriasis. Future studies are needed to confirm whether this finding is generalizable to patients with hypochondriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Shen
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain, The Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kangyu Jin
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fen Pan
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shangda Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongrong Xu
- Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Institute, Riverside Drive, New York, NY, United States
| | - Manli Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory of Mental Disorder’s Management of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Center for Mathematical Mental Health, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Rias YA, Rosyad YS, Chipojola R, Wiratama BS, Safitri CI, Weng SF, Yang CY, Tsai HT. Effects of Spirituality, Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices toward Anxiety Regarding COVID-19 among the General Population in INDONESIA: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3798. [PMID: 33255406 PMCID: PMC7760717 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the determinants of anxiety and its related factors in the general population affected by COVID-19 are poorly understood. We examined the effects of spirituality, knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) on anxiety regarding COVID-19. METHODS Online cross-sectional data (n = 1082) covered 17 provinces. The assessment included the Daily Spiritual Experiences Scale, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale, and the KAP-COVID-19 questionnaire. RESULTS Multiple linear regression revealed that individuals who had low levels of spirituality had increased anxiety compared to those with higher levels of spirituality. Individuals had correct knowledge of early symptoms and supportive treatment (K3), and that individuals with chronic diseases and those who were obese or elderly were more likely to be severe cases (K4). However, participants who chose incorrect concerns about there being no need for children and young adults to take measures to prevent COVID-19 (K9) had significantly lower anxiety compared to those who responded with the correct choice. Participants who disagreed about whether society would win the battle against COVID-19 (A1) and successfully control it (A2) were associated with higher anxiety. Those with the practice of attending crowded places (P1) had significantly higher anxiety. CONCLUSIONS Spirituality, knowledge, attitudes, and practice were significantly correlated with anxiety regarding COVID-19 in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohanes Andy Rias
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.A.R.); (R.C.)
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, College of Nursing, Institut Ilmu Kesehatan Bhakti Wiyata, Kediri 64114, Indonesia
| | - Yafi Sabila Rosyad
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, College of Nursing, Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
| | - Roselyn Chipojola
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.A.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Bayu Satria Wiratama
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia;
| | - Cikra Ikhda Safitri
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacology, Akademi Farmasi Mitra Sehat Mandiri Sidoarjo, Sidoarjo 61262, Indonesia;
| | - Shuen Fu Weng
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chyn Yng Yang
- Integrated Medical Examination Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- Post-Baccalaureate Program in Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu Ting Tsai
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (Y.A.R.); (R.C.)
- Post-Baccalaureate Program in Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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21
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Shayani DR, Arditte Hall KA, Isley BC, Rohan KJ, Zvolensky MJ, Nillni YI. The role of health anxiety in the experience of perceived stress across the menstrual cycle. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2020; 33:706-715. [PMID: 32744859 PMCID: PMC9795484 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2020.1802434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: Hormonal variation throughout the menstrual cycle influences physiological and psychological symptoms, although not for all women. Individual differences in health anxiety (HA) might help to explain the differences in physiological and psychological symptoms and perceived stress observed across women. Design: We examined the moderating role of HA in the relation between menstrual phase and premenstrual symptom severity and perceived stress. Methods: A total of 38 women completed visits in both late luteal and follicular phases, with visit order randomized. Menstrual phase was verified using day-count, a luteinizing hormone test, and progesterone assay. Results: Linear mixed models revealed that women experienced more premenstrual symptoms during the late luteal phase vs. the follicular phase; however, HA did not moderate this effect. There was a significant HA × menstrual cycle phase interaction for perceived stress. During the late luteal phase, women with higher HA reported greater perceived stress compared to women with lower HA. In the follicular phase, women with higher and lower HA reported similar levels of perceived stress. Conclusion: Higher levels of HA may play a role in the experience of perceived stress in specific phases of the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. R. Shayani
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts,Corresponding Author: Danielle R. Shayani, National Center for PTSD, Women’s Health Sciences Division at VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 South Huntington Ave. (116B-3), Boston, MA 02130.
| | | | - B. C. Isley
- Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts,Department of Psychiatry, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - K. J. Rohan
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - M. J. Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas,MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas,HEALTH Institute, Houston, Texas
| | - Y. I. Nillni
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts,National Center for PTSD, Women’s Health Sciences Division at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts
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22
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Horenstein A, Heimberg RG. Anxiety disorders and healthcare utilization: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev 2020; 81:101894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Pardue CM, White KS, Gervino EV. The Role of Disease Conviction: Exploring Its Effects on Chest Pain and Anxiety-Related Models of Non-cardiac Chest Pain. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2020; 26:131-141. [PMID: 29948646 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-018-9572-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the role of disease conviction in the chest pain and life interference of patients with non-cardiac chest pain (NCCP), after controlling for anxiety sensitivity and body vigilance. While all three psychological constructs are theoretically implicated and empirically associated with the experience of NCCP, no research has examined the influence of disease conviction in the context of other relevant constructs. The sample included 229 participants with NCCP who were recruited after a medical evaluation failed to elicit an organic explanation for their chest pain. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that while anxiety sensitivity significantly predicted chest pain severity and interference, only body vigilance contributed significant additional variance to chest pain severity, and only disease conviction contributed significant additional variance to chest pain interference. While anxiety sensitivity, body vigilance, and disease conviction all appear to affect those with NCCP, it seems that their impact is manifest in different domains (i.e., pain perception vs. psychosocial impairment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb M Pardue
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA.
| | - Kamila S White
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-St Louis, One University Blvd., St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA
| | - Ernest V Gervino
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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24
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Axelsson E, Hesser H, Andersson E, Ljótsson B, Hedman-Lagerlöf E. Mediators of treatment effect in minimal-contact cognitive behaviour therapy for severe health anxiety: A theory-driven analysis based on a randomised controlled trial. J Anxiety Disord 2020; 69:102172. [PMID: 31864217 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is efficacious for severe health anxiety, but little is known about mechanisms. We analysed putative mediators of change based on 13 weekly assessments in a randomised controlled trial (N = 132) of exposure-based minimal-contact CBT (guided Internet-delivered CBT, unguided Internet-delivered CBT and bibliotherapy) vs. a waitlist control for severe health anxiety. We hypothesised that the effect of CBT on health anxiety would be mediated by non-reactivity to inner experiences, health anxiety behaviours and perceived competence. We also explored somatosensory amplification. In parallel process growth models, non-reactivity, health anxiety behaviours and perceived competence - but not somatosensory amplification - were influenced by CBT and associated with health anxiety. Random intercepts cross-lagged panel models were used to study within-individual ordering of change. None of the putative mediators systematically predicted subsequent changes in health anxiety. Rather, changes in health anxiety predicted subsequent changes in all putative mediators. In summary, CBT influenced health anxiety behaviours, non-reactivity to inner experiences and perceived competence, and these variables were associated with the outcome. However, their role as mediators was not corroborated because we found no evidence that changes in these variables predicted subsequent changes in health anxiety. We encourage further research into mediators of CBT for health anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erland Axelsson
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hugo Hesser
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; Center for Health and Medical Psychology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Erik Andersson
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brjánn Ljótsson
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Hedman-Lagerlöf
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Osher Center for Integrative Medicine, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Imagery rescripting of early memories in health anxiety disorder: A feasibility and non-randomized pilot study. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2019; 65:101491. [PMID: 31176067 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Health anxiety is a common problem and is associated with frequent primary care visits, increased health care costs, and poor prognosis and low recovery rates. Previous research shows that imagery rescripting (IR) is a promising treatment technique for various disorders. To date, IR has not been examined as a viable treatment for health anxiety. The purpose of the present feasibility and pilot study was to test one session of IR of early anxiety-laden health-related memories in a small sample of patients suffering from HA. METHODS A within-groups design was used with a sample of 18 patients suffering from HA, who first underwent a control condition (reading about CBT), and then one week later a session of IR. After another week, the effects were measured on self-reported health anxiety and early anxiety provoking health-related mental images (memories). RESULTS After the IR intervention, significant reductions of health anxiety and health worry, as well as image and memory distress, vividness and frequency were observed. LIMITATIONS Among the most important limitations are the absence of an active control group, the small size of the sample, the absence of a longer follow-up, and the use of only self-report measures. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that IR is a feasible technique in the treatment of health anxiety, and that more controlled research along these lines may be worthwhile.
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Stefan S, Zorila A, Brie E. General threat and health-related attention biases in illness anxiety disorder. A brief research report. Cogn Emot 2019; 34:604-613. [PMID: 31354048 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2019.1645643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Illness anxiety disorder, formerly known as hypochondria, has been conceptualised in the psychological literature as an anxiety disorder, and its dimensional correlate is usually referred to as health anxiety. Similarly to other anxiety disorders, health anxiety has also been investigated in the context of attention biases as maintaining factors. However, so far, there is little consensus in the literature concerning the types of biases most relevant to health anxiety (i.e. facilitation, difficulty in disengaging, or avoidance), and whether biases occur towards generally threatening or specific stimuli. The current study aimed to investigate the presence of all three types of biases in relation to both general-threat and health-related threat pictures in clinical participants with illness anxiety disorder as compared to participants with low levels of health anxiety. The results showed a larger difficulty in disengagement bias for health-related threatening stimuli than for general-threatening stimuli in all participants regardless of group factor. No other significant effects were identified. Thus, attention biases follow a simiar pattern in illness anxiety and low-anxiety participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Stefan
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Zorila
- The International Institute for the Advanced Studies of Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Evidence-Based Assessment and Psychological Interventions Doctoral School, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Elena Brie
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Ay DS, Kühne F, Weck F. The assessment of cognitive-behavioral therapy skills in patients diagnosed with health anxiety: Development and pilot study on an observer-based rating scale. Clin Psychol Psychother 2019; 26:639-649. [PMID: 31218759 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive-behavioral therapy is a highly effective treatment of health anxiety, but it remains unclear through which mechanisms treatment effects prevail. Some evidence suggests that patients acquire skills-understood as techniques helping them reach therapy goals-through psychotherapy. In the current study, an observer-based rating scale for the skills assessment of patients with health anxiety (SAPH) was developed and validated in a pilot study. Based on 177 videotapes, four independent raters evaluated the frequency of skills acquired during cognitive and exposure therapy among 66 patients diagnosed with health anxiety with the SAPH. Predictive validity was evaluated by the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale for Hypochondriasis. The SAPH demonstrated good interrater reliability (ICC(1,2) = .88, p < .001, 95% CI [.81, .92]) and internal consistency (α = .94). Although patient skills did not significantly increase during three sessions, they significantly predicted a reduction in health anxiety symptoms at the end of treatment (R2 = .35). Patients' skills are highly important within the treatment of health anxiety. By providing external ratings of patients' skills with good psychometric properties, our pilot data suggest that the SAPH may complement current tools for the assessment of skills, specifically in targeting health anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Destina Sevde Ay
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Franziska Kühne
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Florian Weck
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Abstract
Illness anxiety disorder is a primary disorder of anxiety about having or developing a serious illness. The core feature is the cycle of worry and reassurance seeking regarding health, as opposed to a focus on relief of distress caused by somatic symptoms (as in Somatic Symptom Disorder). Clinically significant health anxiety is common, with estimates ranging up to 13% in the general adult population. There are evidence-based treatments, including psychopharmacology and cognitive behavioral therapy, that can significantly alleviate symptoms. An understanding of the core psychopathology and clinical features of illness anxiety disorder is essential to fostering a working alliance with patients with health anxiety, as is the maintenance of an empathic, curious, and nonjudgmental stance toward their anxiety. Collaboration between medical providers is essential to avoid the pitfalls of excess testing and medical treatment.
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Scary symptoms? Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence for symptom interpretation bias in pathological health anxiety. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:195-207. [PMID: 28803349 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0832-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with pathological health anxiety (PHA) tend to automatically interpret bodily sensations as sign of a severe illness. To elucidate the neural correlates of this cognitive bias, we applied an functional magnetic resonance imaging adaption of a body-symptom implicit association test with symptom words in patients with PHA (n = 32) in comparison to patients with depression (n = 29) and healthy participants (n = 35). On the behavioral level, patients with PHA did not significantly differ from the control groups. However, on the neural-level patients with PHA in comparison to the control groups showed hyperactivation independent of condition in bilateral amygdala, right parietal lobe, and left nucleus accumbens. Moreover, patients with PHA, again in comparison to the control groups, showed hyperactivation in bilateral posterior parietal cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during incongruent (i.e., harmless) versus congruent (i.e., dangerous) categorizations of body symptoms. Thus, body-symptom cues seem to trigger hyperactivity in salience and emotion processing brain regions in PHA. In addition, hyperactivity in brain regions involved in cognitive control and conflict resolution during incongruent categorization emphasizes enhanced neural effort to cope with negative implicit associations to body-symptom-related information in PHA. These results suggest increased neural responding in key structures for the processing of both emotional and cognitive aspects of body-symptom information in PHA, reflecting potential neural correlates of a negative somatic symptom interpretation bias.
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Hartmann AS, Cordes M, Hirschfeld G, Vocks S. Affect and worry during a checking episode: A comparison of individuals with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, body dysmorphic disorder, illness anxiety disorder, and panic disorder. Psychiatry Res 2019; 272:349-358. [PMID: 30599438 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Checking behavior (CB) occurs in a variety of disorders such as obsessive-compulsive (OCD), body dysmorphic (BDD), illness anxiety (IA), and panic disorder (PD), as well as anorexia (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Etiological models of these disorders - with the exception of those for PD - postulate that CB mainly occurs in situations characterized by negative affect and serves to regulate it. We aimed to test these assumptions: N = 386 individuals with a self-reported diagnosis of one of the disorders rated their affect at baseline, directly before a remembered CB episode, during, immediately afterwards, and 15 and 60 minutes afterwards, and rated their endorsement of different functions of CB. The results show that transdiagnostically negative affect is significantly higher before CB compared to baseline, and is significantly reduced from before CB to all post-CB assessments. Reduction of negative affect and Attainment of certainty were the sole functions predicting the affective course during CB, and most prominently reported transdiagnostically. Assumptions of the etiological models were confirmed, suggesting that exposure and ritual prevention should be examined across disorders. As attainment of certainty seems to be predictive for the course of CB, this might be targeted in cognitive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Hartmann
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Knollstr. 15, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany.
| | - Martin Cordes
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Knollstr. 15, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gerrit Hirschfeld
- Faculty of Economics and Health, Department of Applied Psychology, Division of Research Methods and Diagnostics, University of Applied Sciences Bielefeld, Interaktion 1, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Silja Vocks
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Osnabrück University, Knollstr. 15, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany
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Optimizing Exposure Therapy for Pathological Health Anxiety: Considerations From the Inhibitory Learning Approach. COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Gropalis M, Bailer J, Weck F, Witthöft M. Optimierung von Expositionstherapie bei pathologischen Krankheitsängsten. PSYCHOTHERAPEUT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00278-018-0285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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33
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Almeida B, Santos G. Hypochondriasis as a distinct phenomenological presentation of complicated grief. ARCH CLIN PSYCHIAT 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/0101-60830000000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Thorgaard MV, Frostholm L, Rask CU. Childhood and family factors in the development of health anxiety: A systematic review. CHILDRENS HEALTH CARE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/02739615.2017.1318390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mette Viller Thorgaard
- The Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Frostholm
- The Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Ulrikka Rask
- The Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Centre for Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Research Department, Aarhus University Hospital, Risskov, Denmark
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Abstract
Emotion reactivity, defined as heightened sensitivity, intensity, and persistence of emotional states, has been shown to contribute to the exacerbation of anxiety. However, the association between emotion reactivity and health anxiety has yet to be examined. The aim of the present investigation was to examine the unique predictive ability of emotion reactivity in terms of health anxiety in a sample of medically healthy undergraduates ( n = 194; 59.3% female, Mage = 19.42, SD = 1.51, range = 18-26 years; 84.0% Caucasian). Findings indicated that, after controlling for the effects of gender, age, and anxiety sensitivity, greater emotion reactivity significantly predicted greater overall health anxiety (3.1% variance), as well as higher levels of affective (4.1% unique variance) and behavioral (4.8% unique variance) components. Findings suggest that experiencing emotions more frequently, intensely, and for longer durations of time prior to returning to baseline are associated with greater health preoccupations.
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36
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Mier D, Bailer J, Ofer J, Kerstner T, Zamoscik V, Rist F, Witthöft M, Diener C. Neural correlates of an attentional bias to health-threatening stimuli in individuals with pathological health anxiety. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2017; 42:200-209. [PMID: 28234209 PMCID: PMC5403665 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.160081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An attentional bias to health-threat stimuli is assumed to represent the primary pathogenetic factor for the development and maintenance of pathological health anxiety (PHA; formerly termed "hypochondriasis"). However, little is known about the neural basis of this attentional bias in individuals with PHA. METHODS A group of patients with PHA, a group of depressed patients and a healthy control group completed an emotional Stroop task with health-threat (body symptom and illness) words and neutral control words while undergoing functional MRI. RESULTS We included 33 patients with PHA, 28 depressed patients and 31 controls in our analyses. As reflected in reaction times, patients with PHA showed a significantly stronger attentional bias to health-threat words than both control groups. In addition, patients with PHA showed increased amygdala and rostral anterior cingulate cortex activation for body symptom, but not for illness words. Moreover, only in patients with PHA amygdala activation in response to symptom words was positively associated with higher arousal and more negative valence ratings of the body symptom word material. LIMITATIONS A control group of patients with an anxiety disorder but without PHA would have helped to define the specificity of the results for PHA. CONCLUSION The attentional bias observed in patients with PHA is associated with hyperactivation in response to body symptom words in brain regions that are crucial for an arousal-related fear response (e.g., the amygdala) and for resolving emotional interference (e.g., the rostral anterior cingulate cortex). The findings have important implications for the nosological classification of PHA and suggest the application of innovative exposure-based interventions for the treatment of PHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Mier
- Correspondence to: D. Mier, Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany;
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Bailer J, Witthöft M, Erkic M, Mier D. Emotion dysregulation in hypochondriasis and depression. Clin Psychol Psychother 2017; 24:1254-1262. [PMID: 28444850 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to explore whether certain aspects of emotion dysregulation (i.e., facets of alexithymia and rumination) are more closely linked to hypochondriasis than to depression and vice versa. METHODS Nineteen patients with hypochondriasis (HYP), 33 patients with depression, and 52 healthy control participants completed the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, the Response Styles Questionnaire, and additional symptom and illness behaviour scales. A clinical interview was used to establish DSM-IV diagnoses and to exclude all cases with more than one axis I diagnosis. RESULTS Depression patients reported more difficulties describing feelings and more symptom- and self-focused rumination than both HYP patients and healthy individuals, whereas HYP patients differed only from healthy individuals in regard to more difficulties in identifying feelings and more symptom-focused rumination. Multiple regression analyses, including all assessed facets of emotion dysregulation, showed that the degree of somatoform features (somatic symptoms, health anxiety, and illness behaviour) was specifically predicted by higher difficulties in identifying feelings scores, whereas depressive symptom levels were specifically predicted by higher rumination scores. CONCLUSIONS Specific associations were found between difficulties in identifying feelings and key features of HYP, whereas depression was linked to a more generalized pattern of emotion regulation deficits. KEY PRACTITIONER MESSAGE Emotion dysregulation can be found in hypochondriasis and depression Difficulties in identifying own feelings are specifically linked to somatic symptoms, health anxiety, and illness behaviour, whereas a more generalized pattern of emotion dysregulation is found in relation to depression Further research is needed to investigate whether the effectiveness of current treatments for depression, hypochondriasis, health anxiety, and related disorders could be improved by additional emotion regulation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Bailer
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Witthöft
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maja Erkic
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniela Mier
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Villadsen A, Thorgaard MV, Hybel KA, Jensen JS, Thomsen PH, Rask CU. Health anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents diagnosed with OCD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017; 26:241-251. [PMID: 27357512 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-016-0884-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Health anxiety (HA) is an overlooked area in paediatric research. Little is known about the occurrence of HA symptoms in a child and adolescent psychiatric setting, and there are no age-appropriate diagnostic criteria and only limited number of assessment tools. It is therefore likely that HA is seen as part of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) due to construct overlap and the diagnostic uncertainty of HA in this age group. In the present study, the extent of HA symptoms was investigated in 94 children and adolescents with a primary ICD-10 diagnosis of OCD. Self-reported HA symptoms were assessed using the Childhood Illness Attitude Scales. Clinician-rated OCD symptoms and severity were measured using the Children's Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Information on socio-demographics was obtained from the child's/adolescent's medical record. The distribution of HA symptoms resembled a normal curve shifted to the right compared with a normal population of Danish children, and 30 % presented with high HA symptoms. Chi-squared tests were used to examine the proportion of children and adolescents with high HA symptoms in relation to various clinical characteristics. Clinician-rated illness worries and comorbid anxiety disorder were associated with high self-reported HA symptoms. The results contribute to the understanding of how HA and OCD overlap conceptually in young patients and bring attention to the need for improved recognition of OCD patients dominated by illness worries. Further research in the description of childhood HA is important in order to understand whether HA is a distinct disorder early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Villadsen
- Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark. .,Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Mette V Thorgaard
- Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Katja A Hybel
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jens Søndergaard Jensen
- Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Per H Thomsen
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Charlotte U Rask
- Research Clinic for Functional Disorders and Psychosomatics, Aarhus University Hospital, Noerrebrogade 44, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Centre for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Zhang J, Zheng L, Zheng Y. Moral and Sexual Disgust Suppress Sexual Risk Behaviors among Men Who Have Sex with Men in China. Front Psychol 2017; 7:2045. [PMID: 28119646 PMCID: PMC5220049 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly more men who have sex with men (MSM) are engaging in sexual risk taking in China in recent years. Given the high rates of HIV infection among MSM in China, it is urgent that we understand the factors that influence MSM's practice of sexual risk taking. Disgust sensitivity, which elicits a behavioral avoidance response, has the potential to influence risky sexual behavior. The present study examined the relationship between disgust sensitivity and sexual risk behavior among MSM in China. Men (n = 584) who reported having anal intercourse in the previous 6 months were recruited from the Internet. Two indicators of sexual risk behaviors were measured: condom use and the number of sex partners. The results indicated that moral disgust was positively associated with condom use, with MSM who had higher moral disgust being more likely to use condoms than others did. Sexual disgust was positively associated with the number of sex partners, with MSM who had higher sexual disgust having fewer male sex partners than others did. Sexual and moral disgust sensitivity significantly predicted HIV testing. Our study verified that sexual and moral disgust suppressed sexual risk behaviors and promoted HIV testing. Moral and sexual education should be incorporated in future strategies for HIV prevention and encouragement of safe sex behaviors among MSM in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Lijun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China; Faculty of Psychology, Southwest UniversityChongqing, China
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40
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Rodic D, Meyer AH, Lieb R, Meinlschmidt G. The Association of Sensory Responsiveness with Somatic Symptoms and Illness Anxiety. Int J Behav Med 2016; 23:39-48. [PMID: 25896875 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-015-9483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatoform Disorders or Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders are a major public health problem.The pathophysiology underlying these disorders is not yet understood. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore if sensory responsiveness could contribute to a better understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms underlying two key symptoms of Somatoform Disorders, namely somatic symptoms and illness anxiety. METHODS We measured vibrotactile perception thresholds with the HVLab Perception Meter and examined their association with somatic symptoms, illness anxiety and trait anxiety. A sample of 205 volunteers participated in the study. RESULTS Sensory responsiveness was neither associated with somatic symptoms (β = -0.01; 95% confidence interval (CI), -0.37, 0.39) nor trait anxiety (β = -0.07; 95% CI, -0.30, 0.07). However, lower vibrotactile perception thresholds were associated with increased scores of the overall illness anxiety scale (β = -0.65; 95% CI, -1.21, -0.14) and its constituent subscale disease conviction (β = -2.07; 95% CI, -3.94, -0.43). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that increased sensory responsiveness is associated with illness anxiety and hence should be examined further as potential target within the etiopathology of somatoform disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donja Rodic
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Hans Meyer
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Roselind Lieb
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Gunther Meinlschmidt
- Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany. .,Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Missionsstrasse 60/62, 4055, Basel, Switzerland.
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The Relationship of Hypochondriasis to Anxiety, Depressive, and Somatoform Disorders. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2015; 57:200-7. [PMID: 26785798 DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though the phenotype of anxiety about medical illness has long been recognized, there continues to be debate as to whether it is a distinct psychiatric disorder and, if so, to which diagnostic category it belongs. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to investigate the pattern of psychiatric comorbidity in hypochondriasis (HC) and to assess the relationship of health anxiety to anxiety, depressive, and somatoform disorders. METHODS Data were collected as part of a clinical trial on treatment methods for HC. In all, 194 participants meeting criteria for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) HC were assessed by sociodemographic variables, results of structured diagnostic interviews, and validated instruments for assessing various symptom dimensions of psychopathology. RESULTS Most of the individuals with HC had comorbid psychiatric illness; the mean number of comorbid diagnoses was 1.4, and 35.1% had HC as their only diagnosis. Participants were more likely to have only comorbid anxiety disorders than only comorbid depressive or somatoform disorders. Multiple regression analysis of continuous measures of symptoms revealed the strongest correlation of health anxiety with anxiety symptoms, and a weaker correlation with somatoform symptoms; in multiple regression analysis, there was no correlation between health anxiety and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the entity of health anxiety (HC in DSM-IV and illness anxiety disorder in DSM-5) is a clinical syndrome distinct from other psychiatric disorders. Analysis of comorbidity patterns and continuous measures of symptoms suggest that its appropriate classification is with anxiety rather than somatoform or mood disorders.
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Delparte CA, Wright KD, Walker JR, Feldgaier S, Furer P, Reiser SJ, Sharpe D. Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Childhood Illness Attitude Scales. CHILDRENS HEALTH CARE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/02739615.2014.948158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Weck F, Richtberg S, Jakob M, Neng JMB, Höfling V. Therapist competence and therapeutic alliance are important in the treatment of health anxiety (hypochondriasis). Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:53-8. [PMID: 25977073 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The role of treatment delivery factors (i.e., therapist adherence, therapist competence, and therapeutic alliance) is rarely investigated in psychotherapeutic treatment for health anxiety. This study aimed to investigate the role of the assessment perspective for the evaluation of treatment delivery factors and their relevance for treatment outcome. Therapist adherence, therapist competence, and therapeutic alliance were evaluated by independent raters, therapists, patients, and supervisors in 68 treatments. Patients with severe health anxiety (hypochondriasis) were treated with cognitive therapy or exposure therapy. Treatment outcome was assessed with a standardized interview by independent diagnosticians. A multitrait-multimethod analysis revealed a large effect for the assessment perspective of therapist adherence, therapist competence, and therapeutic alliance. The rater perspective was the most important for the prediction of treatment outcome. Therapeutic alliance and therapist competence accounted for 6% of the variance of treatment outcome while therapist adherence was not associated with treatment outcome. Therapist competence was only indirectly associated with treatment outcome, mediated by therapeutic alliance. Both therapeutic alliance and therapist competence demonstrated to be important treatment delivery factors in psychotherapy for health anxiety. A stronger consideration of those processes during psychotherapy for health anxiety might be able to improve psychotherapy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Weck
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Mainz, Wallstraße 3, D-55122 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Samantha Richtberg
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marion Jakob
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia M B Neng
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volkmar Höfling
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Bailer J, Kerstner T, Witthöft M, Diener C, Mier D, Rist F. Health anxiety and hypochondriasis in the light of DSM-5. ANXIETY STRESS AND COPING 2015; 29:219-39. [PMID: 25846805 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2015.1036243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the DSM-5, the diagnosis of hypochondriasis was replaced by two new diagnositic entities: somatic symptom disorder (SSD) and illness anxiety disorder (IAD). Both diagnoses share high health anxiety as a common criterion, but additonal somatic symptoms are only required for SSD but not IAD. DESIGN Our aim was to provide empirical evidence for the validity of these new diagnoses using data from a case-control study of highly health-anxious (n = 96), depressed (n = 52), and healthy (n = 52) individuals. RESULTS The individuals originally diagnosed as DSM-IV hypochondriasis predominantly met criteria for SSD (74%) and rarely for IAD (26%). Individuals with SSD were more impaired, had more often comorbid panic and generalized anxiety disorders, and had more medical consultations as those with IAD. Yet, no significant differences were found between SSD and IAD with regard to levels of health anxiety, other hypochondriacial characteristics, illness behavior, somatic symptom attributions, and physical concerns, whereas both groups differed significantly from clinical and healthy controls in all of these variables. CONCLUSION These results do not support the proposed splitting of health anxiety/hypochondriasis into two diagnoses. Further validation studies with larger samples and additional control groups are warranted to prove the validity of the new diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Bailer
- a Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim , University Heidelberg , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Tobias Kerstner
- a Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim , University Heidelberg , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Michael Witthöft
- b Department of Clinical Psychology , Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz , Germany
| | - Carsten Diener
- c School of Applied Psychology , SRH University of Applied Sciences , Heidelberg , Germany.,d Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health , University of Heidelberg , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Daniela Mier
- a Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim , University Heidelberg , Mannheim , Germany
| | - Fred Rist
- e Department of Clinical Psychology , University of Münster , Münster , Germany
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Hermans M, Korrelboom K, Visser S. A Dutch version of the Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS): Psychometric properties and validation. J Affect Disord 2015; 172:127-32. [PMID: 25451406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Overall Anxiety Severity and Impairment Scale (OASIS) is a 5-item self-report measure that can be used to assess the impact of any anxiety disorder or multiple anxiety disorders. Prior US investigations have shown the OASIS to be a reliable and valid measure. To date the OASIS has not been validated for use in a Dutch sample of anxiety disordered patients. METHODS The present study assessed the psychometric properties of a Dutch version of the OASIS in a clinical sample of anxiety patients. Latent structure, internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity, and cutoff score analyses were conducted. Results were compared to those obtained from a clinical sample of patients with psychiatric diagnoses other than anxiety disorders. RESULTS Principal component analysis supported a unidimensional structure. The five OASIS items loaded strongly on a single factor (eigenvalue=3.682, loadings=.80-.89) which accounted for 73.65% of the variance, and had a high degree of internal consistency (Cronbach׳s α=91). OASIS scores demonstrated robust correlations with other measures of anxiety, neuroticism and general distress. Correlations with unrelated constructs were weak. Mean score (8.46) and cutoff score of the Dutch sample of anxiety patients were lower than scores previously found in American samples. A cutoff score of 5 correctly classified 82.5% of this sample as having an anxiety disorder diagnosis or not. An improvement of 4 points is indicative of a clinically significant change. LIMITATIONS This study mainly relied on self-report measures in order to assess validity. Other types of measures should be used in future studies. CONCLUSIONS The Dutch version of the OASIS showed good reliability and validity. Its brevity and sound psychometric properties make it a good instrument for screening and assessment purposes in the field of anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hermans
- PsyQ Anxiety Disorders, The Hague, The Netherlands.
| | - K Korrelboom
- PsyQ Anxiety Disorders, The Hague, The Netherlands; PsyQ Department of Research and Innovation, The Hague, The Netherlands; Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
| | - S Visser
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fetzner MG, Asmundson GJG, Carey C, Thibodeau MA, Brandt C, Zvolensky MJ, Carleton RN. How do elements of a reduced capacity to withstand uncertainty relate to the severity of health anxiety? Cogn Behav Ther 2014; 43:262-74. [PMID: 24961385 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2014.929170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intolerance of uncertainty (IU)--a multidimensional cognitive vulnerability factor--is associated with a variety of anxiety disorders and health anxiety (HA). To date, few studies have assessed whether IU dimensions (prospective and inhibitory IU) are differentially associated with HA and whether their contributions are independent of anxiety sensitivity (AS). This study addressed these issues using independent community (n = 155; 81% women) and undergraduate (n = 560; 86% women) samples. Results indicated that prospective IU, but not inhibitory IU, had significant positive associations with HA in community dwellers and undergraduate students. AS somatic and cognitive concerns were also significant predictors among both samples. In addition, severity of IU dimensions among individuals reporting elevated HA were compared against individuals diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Results indicated minimal differences between those with elevated HA and each of the anxiety disorder diagnoses. Findings lend support to the unique transdiagnostic nature of IU and support commonalities between HA and anxiety disorders.
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Görgen SM, Hiller W, Witthöft M. Health anxiety, cognitive coping, and emotion regulation: a latent variable approach. Int J Behav Med 2014; 21:364-74. [PMID: 23436185 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-013-9297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Health anxiety, the fear or conviction of suffering from a severe disorder, represents a dimensional and multifactorial construct consisting of cognitive, behavioral, affective, and perceptual components. It has recently been proposed that dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies contribute to health anxiety, but the empirical evidence for this claim is sparse. PURPOSE The current research was aimed at broadly exploring and clarifying possible relationships between dimensions of health anxiety and cognitive coping and emotion regulation strategies. METHOD In two studies with non-clinical samples (n study 1 = 172; n study 2 = 242), health anxiety, cognitive coping, and emotion regulation strategies were assessed using multidimensional self-report measures. Functional (e.g., reappraisal) and dysfunctional (e.g., rumination) cognitive coping and emotion regulation strategies were differentiated. RESULTS Using structural equation modeling, the results of Study 1 revealed significant and consistent associations between the dimensions of health anxiety and dysfunctional coping and emotion regulation strategies. Study 2 replicated and extended the main findings of Study 1 by demonstrating that the associations between health anxiety and strategies of coping and emotion regulation were independent of the current level of depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION Health anxiety was found to be associated with dysfunctional coping and emotion regulation strategies (e.g., suppression). The positive associations between behavioral dimensions of health anxiety (e.g., seeking reassurance) and dysfunctional coping strategies may suggest that behavioral dimensions of health anxiety serve as a compensatory strategy to overcome difficulties in cognitive coping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie M Görgen
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Mainz, Wallstraße 3, 55122, Mainz, Germany,
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Olatunji BO, Kauffman BY, Meltzer S, Davis ML, Smits JAJ, Powers MB. Cognitive-behavioral therapy for hypochondriasis/health anxiety: a meta-analysis of treatment outcome and moderators. Behav Res Ther 2014; 58:65-74. [PMID: 24954212 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation employed meta-analysis to examine the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for hypochondriasis/health anxiety as well as potential moderators that may be associated with outcome. A literature search revealed 15 comparisons among 13 randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) with a total sample size of 1081 participants that met inclusion criteria. Results indicated that CBT outperformed control conditions on primary outcome measures at post-treatment (Hedges's g = 0.95) and at follow-up (Hedges's g = 0.34). CBT also outperformed control conditions on measures of depression at post-treatment (Hedges's g = 0.64) and at follow-up (Hedges's g = 0.35). Moderator analyses revealed that higher pre-treatment severity of hypochondriasis/health anxiety was associated with greater effect sizes at follow-up visits and depression symptom severity was significantly associated with a lower in effect sizes at post-treatment. Although effect size did not vary as a function of blind assessment, smaller effect sizes were observed for CBT vs. treatment as usual control conditions than for CBT vs. waitlist control. A dose response relationship was also observed, such that a greater number of CBT sessions was associated with larger effect sizes at post-treatment. This review indicates that CBT is efficacious in the treatment of hypochondriasis/health anxiety and identifies potential moderators that are associated with outcome. The implications of these findings for further delineating prognostic and prescriptive indicators of CBT for hypochondriasis/health anxiety are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sari Meltzer
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, United States
| | - Michelle L Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas-Austin, United States
| | - Jasper A J Smits
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas-Austin, United States
| | - Mark B Powers
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas-Austin, United States
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Weck F, Höfling V. Assessment of Implicit Health Attitudes: A Multitrait–Multimethod Approach and a Comparison Between Patients With Hypochondriasis and Patients With Anxiety Disorders. J Pers Assess 2014; 97:55-65. [DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2014.913253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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