1
|
Debs SR, Rothmond DA, Zhu Y, Weickert CS, Purves-Tyson TD. Molecular evidence of altered stress responsivity related to neuroinflammation in the schizophrenia midbrain. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 177:118-128. [PMID: 39004003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Stress and inflammation are risk factors for schizophrenia. Chronic psychosocial stress is associated with subcortical hyperdopaminergia, a core feature of schizophrenia. Hyperdopaminergia arises from midbrain neurons, leading us to hypothesise that changes in stress response pathways may occur in this region. To identify whether transcriptional changes in glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors (NR3C1/GR, NR3C2/MR) or other stress signalling molecules (FKBP4, FKBP5) exist in schizophrenia midbrain, we measured gene expression in the human brain (N = 56) using qRT-PCR. We assessed whether alterations in these mRNAs were related to previously identified high/low inflammatory status. We investigated relationships between stress-related transcripts themselves, and between FKBP5 mRNA, dopaminergic, and glial cell transcripts in diagnostic and inflammatory subgroups. Though unchanged by diagnosis, GR mRNA levels were reduced in high inflammatory compared to low inflammatory schizophrenia cases (p = 0.026). We found no effect of diagnosis or inflammation on MR mRNA. FKBP4 mRNA was decreased and FKBP5 mRNA was increased in schizophrenia (p < 0.05). FKBP5 changes occurred in high inflammatory (p < 0.001), whereas FKBP4 changes occurred in low inflammatory schizophrenia cases (p < 0.05). The decrease in mRNA encoding the main stress receptor (GR), as well as increased transcript levels of the stress-responsive negative regulator (FKBP5), may combine to blunt the midbrain response to stress in schizophrenia when neuroinflammation is present. Negative correlations between FKBP5 mRNA and dopaminergic transcripts in the low inflammatory subgroup suggest higher levels of FKBP5 mRNA may also attenuate dopaminergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia even when inflammation is absent. We report alterations in GR-mediated stress signalling in the midbrain in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie R Debs
- Preclinical Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia
| | - Debora A Rothmond
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia
| | - Yunting Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia; Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Tertia D Purves-Tyson
- Preclinical Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, 2031, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry & Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, 2052, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Thomas M, Whittle S, Tian YE, van Rheenen TE, Zalesky A, Cropley VL. Pathways from threat exposure to psychotic symptoms in youth: The role of emotion recognition bias and brain structure. Schizophr Res 2023; 261:304-313. [PMID: 37898031 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research supports an association between threatening experiences in childhood and psychosis. It is possible that early threat exposure disrupts the development of emotion recognition (specifically, producing a bias for facial expressions relating to threat) and the brain structures subserving it, contributing to psychosis development. METHODS Using data from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort, we examined associations between threat exposure and both the misattribution of facial expressions to fear/anger in an emotion recognition task, and gray matter volumes in key emotion processing regions. Our sample comprised youth with psychosis spectrum symptoms (N = 304), control youth (N = 787), and to evaluate specificity, youth with internalizing symptoms (N = 92). The moderating effects of group and sex were examined. RESULTS Both the psychosis spectrum and internalizing groups had higher levels of threat exposure than controls. In the total sample, threat exposure was associated with lower left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) volume but not misattributions to fear/anger. The effects of threat exposure did not significantly differ by group or sex. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide evidence for an effect of threat exposure on mPFC morphology, but do not support an association between threat exposure and a recognition bias for threat-related expressions, that is particularly pronounced in psychosis. Future research should investigate factors linking transdiagnostic alterations related to threat exposure with psychotic symptoms, and attempt to clarify the mechanisms underpinning emotion recognition misattributions in threat-exposed youth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan Thomas
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Sarah Whittle
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ye E Tian
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tamsyn E van Rheenen
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vanessa L Cropley
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Malekpour M, Shekouh D, Safavinia ME, Shiralipour S, Jalouli M, Mortezanejad S, Azarpira N, Ebrahimi ND. Role of FKBP5 and its genetic mutations in stress-induced psychiatric disorders: an opportunity for drug discovery. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1182345. [PMID: 37398599 PMCID: PMC10313426 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1182345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-induced mental health disorders are affecting many people around the world. However, effective drug therapy for curing psychiatric diseases does not occur sufficiently. Many neurotransmitters, hormones, and mechanisms are essential in regulating the body's stress response. One of the most critical components of the stress response system is the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The FKBP prolyl isomerase 51 (FKBP51) protein is one of the main negative regulators of the HPA axis. FKBP51 negatively regulates the cortisol effects (the end product of the HPA axis) by inhibiting the interaction between glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and cortisol, causing reduced transcription of downstream cortisol molecules. By regulating cortisol effects, the FKBP51 protein can indirectly regulate the sensitivity of the HPA axis to stressors. Previous studies have indicated the influence of FKBP5 gene mutations and epigenetic changes in different psychiatric diseases and drug responses and recommended the FKBP51 protein as a drug target and a biomarker for psychological disorders. In this review, we attempted to discuss the effects of the FKBP5 gene, its mutations on different psychiatric diseases, and drugs affecting the FKBP5 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Malekpour
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Dorsa Shekouh
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Shadi Shiralipour
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Jalouli
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sahar Mortezanejad
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Genetic and psychosocial stressors have independent effects on the level of subclinical psychosis: findings from the multinational EU-GEI study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2022; 31:e68. [PMID: 36165168 PMCID: PMC9533114 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796022000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Gene x environment (G×E) interactions, i.e. genetic modulation of the sensitivity to environmental factors and/or environmental control of the gene expression, have not been reliably established regarding aetiology of psychotic disorders. Moreover, recent studies have shown associations between the polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia (PRS-SZ) and some risk factors of psychotic disorders, challenging the traditional gene v. environment dichotomy. In the present article, we studied the role of GxE interaction between psychosocial stressors (childhood trauma, stressful life-events, self-reported discrimination experiences and low social capital) and the PRS-SZ on subclinical psychosis in a population-based sample. METHODS Data were drawn from the EUropean network of national schizophrenia networks studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) study, in which subjects without psychotic disorders were included in six countries. The sample was restricted to European descendant subjects (n = 706). Subclinical dimensions of psychosis (positive, negative, and depressive) were measured by the Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences (CAPE) scale. Associations between the PRS-SZ and the psychosocial stressors were tested. For each dimension, the interactions between genes and environment were assessed using linear models and comparing explained variances of 'Genetic' models (solely fitted with PRS-SZ), 'Environmental' models (solely fitted with each environmental stressor), 'Independent' models (with PRS-SZ and each environmental factor), and 'Interaction' models (Independent models plus an interaction term between the PRS-SZ and each environmental factor). Likelihood ration tests (LRT) compared the fit of the different models. RESULTS There were no genes-environment associations. PRS-SZ was associated with positive dimensions (β = 0.092, R2 = 7.50%), and most psychosocial stressors were associated with all three subclinical psychotic dimensions (except social capital and positive dimension). Concerning the positive dimension, Independent models fitted better than Environmental and Genetic models. No significant GxE interaction was observed for any dimension. CONCLUSIONS This study in subjects without psychotic disorders suggests that (i) the aetiological continuum hypothesis could concern particularly the positive dimension of subclinical psychosis, (ii) genetic and environmental factors have independent effects on the level of this positive dimension, (iii) and that interactions between genetic and individual environmental factors could not be identified in this sample.
Collapse
|
5
|
Hippocampal volume, FKBP5 genetic risk alleles, and childhood trauma interact to increase vulnerability to chronic multisite musculoskeletal pain. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6511. [PMID: 35444168 PMCID: PMC9021300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic multisite musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is common and highly morbid. However, vulnerability factors for CMP are poorly understood. Previous studies have independently shown that both small hippocampal brain volume and genetic risk alleles in a key stress system gene, FKBP5, increase vulnerability for chronic pain. However, little is known regarding the relationship between these factors and CMP. Here we tested the hypothesis that both small hippocampal brain volume and FKBP5 genetic risk, assessed using the tagging risk variant, FKBP5rs3800373, increase vulnerability for CMP. We used participant data from 36,822 individuals with available genetic, neuroimaging, and chronic pain data in the UK Biobank study. Although no main effects were observed, the interaction between FKBP5 genetic risk and right hippocampal volume was associated with CMP severity (β = -0.020, praw = 0.002, padj = 0.01). In secondary analyses, severity of childhood trauma further moderated the relationship between FKBP5 genetic risk, right hippocampal brain volume, and CMP (β = -0.081, p = 0.016). This study provides novel evidence that both FKBP5 genetic risk and childhood trauma moderate the relationship between right hippocampal brain volume and CMP. The data increases our understanding of vulnerability factors for CMP and builds a foundation for further work assessing causal relationships that might drive CMP development.
Collapse
|
6
|
Stramecki F, Misiak B, Gawęda Ł, Prochwicz K, Kłosowska J, Samochowiec J, Samochowiec A, Pawlak E, Szmida E, Skiba P, Cechnicki A, Frydecka D. The Moderating Role of the FKBP5 Gene Polymorphisms in the Relationship between Attachment Style, Perceived Stress and Psychotic-like Experiences in Non-Clinical Young Adults. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11061614. [PMID: 35329940 PMCID: PMC8953491 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported that stressful life experiences increase the risk of psychosis and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). Common variations of the FKBP5 gene have been reported to impact the risk of psychosis by moderating the effects of environmental exposures. Moreover, anxious and avoidant attachment styles have been shown to increase both the level of perceived stress and the risk for psychosis development. In the present cross-sectional study, we aimed to investigate whether variants of the FKBP5 gene moderate the effects of attachment styles and the level of perceived stress on the development of PLEs. A total of 535 non-clinical undergraduates were genotyped for six FKBP5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs3800373, rs9470080, rs4713902, rs737054, rs1360780 and rs9296158). The Psychosis Attachment Measure (PAM), the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10) and the Prodromal Questionnaire 16 (PQ-16) were administered to assess attachment styles, the level of perceived stress and PLEs, respectively. Anxious attachment style, lower levels of perceived self-efficacy and higher levels of perceived helplessness were associated with a significantly higher number of PLEs. The main effects of attachment style on the severity of PLEs were significant in models testing for the associations with perceived self-efficacy and three FKBP5 SNPs (rs1360780, rs9296158 and rs9470080). The main effect of rs38003733 on the number of PLEs was observed, with GG homozygotes reporting a significantly higher number of PLEs in comparison to T allele carriers. In individuals with dominant anxious attachment style, there was a significant effect of the interaction between the FKBP5 rs4713902 SNP and self-efficacy on the severity of PLEs. Among rs4713902 TT homozygotes, a low level of perceived self-efficacy was associated with higher severity of PLEs. In subjects with non-dominant anxious attachment, a low level of perceived self-efficacy was associated with a higher number of PLEs, regardless of the genotype. Our results indicate that the FKBP5 gene might moderate the relationship between attachment, perceived stress and PLEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Stramecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteur Street 10, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteur Street 10, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- Experimental Psychopathology Lab, Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jaracza Street 1, 00-378 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Prochwicz
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6 Street, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Joanna Kłosowska
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 6 Street, 30-060 Krakow, Poland; (K.P.); (J.K.)
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26 Street, 71-457 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Samochowiec
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Szczecin, 71-017 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Edyta Pawlak
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla Street 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Szmida
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1 Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Paweł Skiba
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1 Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.S.); (P.S.)
| | - Andrzej Cechnicki
- Department of Community Psychiatry, Medical College Jagiellonian University, Sikorskiego Place 2, 31-115 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteur Street 10, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cortisol Levels in Childhood Associated With Emergence of Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms in Early Adulthood. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:226-235. [PMID: 34715990 PMCID: PMC7612877 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In individuals at clinical high-risk for psychosis, elevated cortisol levels predict subsequent onset of psychotic disorder. However, it is unclear whether cortisol alterations are evident at an earlier clinical stage and promote progression of psychosis expression. This study aimed to address this issue by investigating whether cortisol levels in childhood were associated with the emergence of attenuated psychotic symptoms in early adulthood. In exploratory analyses, we examined whether cortisol and psychosocial stress measures interacted in predicting attenuated psychotic symptoms. METHODS A sample of children (N = 109) enriched for psychosis risk factors were recruited at age 9-12 years and assessed at age 11-14 years (T1) and 17-21 years (T2). Measures of psychopathology, psychosocial stressors, and salivary cortisol were obtained at T1. Attenuated psychotic symptoms were assessed at T2 using the Prodromal Questionnaire. RESULTS Diurnal cortisol (β = 0.915, 95% CI: 0.062-1.769) and daily stressors (β = 0.379, 95% CI: 0.034-0.723) at T1 were independently associated with total Prodromal Questionnaire scores at T2 after accounting for demographic factors and T1 psychopathology. Exploratory analyses indicated a significant interaction between T1 diurnal cortisol and daily stressors (β = 0.743, 95% CI: 0.081-1.405), with the highest predicted T2 total Prodromal Questionnaire scores occurring when both diurnal cortisol and daily stressors were increased. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that daily stressors and elevations in diurnal cortisol in late childhood/early adolescence increases risk for developing attenuated psychotic symptoms. These findings emphasize the importance of assessing environmental and biological risk factors for psychosis during neurodevelopmentally vulnerable time periods.
Collapse
|
8
|
Baumeister D, Ward T, Garety P, Jackson M, Morgan C, Charalambides M, Chadwick P, Howes O, Peters E. Need for care, adversity exposure and perceived stress in clinical and healthy voice-hearers. Psychol Med 2021; 51:1944-1950. [PMID: 32686627 PMCID: PMC8381238 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720002433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Psychosis, and in particular auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs), are associated with adversity exposure. However, AVHs also occur in populations with no need for care or distress. AIMS This study investigated whether adversity exposure would differentiate clinical and healthy voice-hearers within the context of a 'three-hit' model of vulnerability and stress exposure. METHODS Samples of 57 clinical and 45 healthy voice-hearers were compared on the three 'hits': familial risk; adversity exposure in childhood and in adolescence/adulthood. RESULTS Clinical voice-hearers showed greater familial risk than healthy voice-hearers, with more family members with a history of psychosis, but not with other mental disorders. The two groups did not differ in their exposure to adversity in childhood [sexual and non-sexual, victimisation; discrimination and socio-economic status (SES)]. Contrary to expectations, clinical voice-hearers did not differ from healthy voice-hearers in their exposure to victimisation (sexual/non-sexual) and discrimination in adolescence/adulthood, but reported more cannabis and substance misuse, and lower SES. CONCLUSIONS The current study found no evidence that clinical and healthy voice-hearers differ in lifetime victimisation exposure, suggesting victimisation may be linked to the emergence of AVHs generally, rather than need-for-care. Familial risk, substance misuse and lower SES may be additional risk factors involved in the emergence of need-for-care and distress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Baumeister
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Ward
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BX, UK
| | - Philippa Garety
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BX, UK
| | - Mike Jackson
- Bangor University, School of Psychology, Bangor, North Wales, UK
- Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board, Bangor, North Wales, UK
| | - Craig Morgan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, Health Service & Population Research, London, UK
| | - Monica Charalambides
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Chadwick
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver Howes
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BX, UK
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Peters
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham, Kent BR3 3BX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Robinson N, Bergen SE. Environmental Risk Factors for Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder and Their Relationship to Genetic Risk: Current Knowledge and Future Directions. Front Genet 2021; 12:686666. [PMID: 34262598 PMCID: PMC8273311 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.686666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are severe psychiatric disorders which result from complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. It is well-established that they are highly heritable disorders, and considerable progress has been made identifying their shared and distinct genetic risk factors. However, the 15-40% of risk that is derived from environmental sources is less definitively known. Environmental factors that have been repeatedly investigated and often associated with SZ include: obstetric complications, infections, winter or spring birth, migration, urban living, childhood adversity, and cannabis use. There is evidence that childhood adversity and some types of infections are also associated with BD. Evidence for other risk factors in BD is weaker due to fewer studies and often smaller sample sizes. Relatively few environmental exposures have ever been examined for SZ or BD, and additional ones likely remain to be discovered. A complete picture of how genetic and environmental risk factors confer risk for these disorders requires an understanding of how they interact. Early gene-by-environment interaction studies for both SZ and BD often involved candidate genes and were underpowered. Larger samples with genome-wide data and polygenic risk scores now offer enhanced prospects to reveal genetic interactions with environmental exposures that contribute to risk for these disorders. Overall, although some environmental risk factors have been identified for SZ, few have been for BD, and the extent to which these account for the total risk from environmental sources remains unknown. For both disorders, interactions between genetic and environmental risk factors are also not well understood and merit further investigation. Questions remain regarding the mechanisms by which risk factors exert their effects, and the ways in which environmental factors differ by sex. Concurrent investigations of environmental and genetic risk factors in SZ and BD are needed as we work toward a more comprehensive understanding of the ways in which these disorders arise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah E. Bergen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
The Impact of the FKBP5 Gene Polymorphisms on the Relationship between Traumatic Life Events and Psychotic-Like Experiences in Non-Clinical Adults. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050561. [PMID: 33925151 PMCID: PMC8144983 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Common variations of the FKBP5 gene are implicated in psychotic disorders, by modulating the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis reactivity to stress. It has been demonstrated that some of them might moderate the effects of childhood trauma on psychosis proneness. However, these associations have not been investigated with respect to traumatic life events (TLEs). Therefore, we aimed to explore whether the FKBP5 polymorphisms moderate the effects of TLEs on the level of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). A total of 535 non-clinical adults were approached for participation, and genotyping of six FKBP5 polymorphisms (rs3800373, rs9470080, rs4713902, rs737054, rs1360780 and rs9296158) was performed. The Prodromal Questionnaire-16 (PQ-16) and the Traumatic Events Checklist (TEC) were administered to assess PLEs and TLEs, respectively. Among the rs1360780 CC homozygotes, a history of physical abuse was associated with significantly higher PQ-16 scores. This difference was not significant in the rs1360780 T allele carriers. Similarly, a history of physical abuse was associated with significantly higher PQ-16 scores in the rs9296158 GG homozygotes but not in the rs9296158 A allele carriers. Finally, emotional neglect was related to significantly higher PQ-16 scores in the rs737054 T allele carriers but not in the rs737054 CC homozygotes. The present study indicates that variation in the FKBP5 gene might moderate the effects of lifetime traumatic events on psychosis proneness.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hertzberg L, Zohar AH, Yitzhaky A. Gene Expression Meta-Analysis of Cerebellum Samples Supports the FKBP5 Gene-Environment Interaction Model for Schizophrenia. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:190. [PMID: 33673722 PMCID: PMC7997256 DOI: 10.3390/life11030190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most studied molecular models of gene-environment interactions is that of FKBP5, which has been shown to interact with childhood adversity to increase the risk of psychiatric disorders, and has been implicated in schizophrenia. While the model predicts up-regulation of FKBP5, previous brain samples gene expression studies yielded inconsistent results. METHODS We performed a systematic gene expression meta-analysis of FKBP5 and NR3C1, a glucocorticoid receptor inhibited by FKBP5, in cerebellum samples of patients with schizophrenia. The gene expression databases GEO, SMRI and those of NIMH were searched, and out of six screened datasets, three were eligible for the meta-analysis (overall 69 with schizophrenia and 78 controls). RESULTS We detected up-regulation of FKBP5 and down-regulation of NR3C1 in schizophrenia, and a negative correlation between their expression patterns. Correlation analysis suggested that the detected differential expression did not result from potential confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS Our results give significant support to the FKBP5 gene-environment interaction model for schizophrenia, which provides a molecular mechanism by which childhood adversity is involved in the development of the disorder. To explore FKBP5's potential as a therapeutic target, a mapping of its differential expression patterns in different brain regions of schizophrenia patients is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Libi Hertzberg
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
- Shalvata Mental Health Center, Affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ada H. Zohar
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Hefer Valley 40250, Israel;
| | - Assif Yitzhaky
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Misiak B, Karpiński P, Szmida E, Grąźlewski T, Jabłoński M, Cyranka K, Rymaszewska J, Piotrowski P, Kotowicz K, Frydecka D. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Methylation of the FKBP5 Gene in Patients with Psychotic Disorders. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9123792. [PMID: 33255215 PMCID: PMC7759816 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered methylation of the FKBP5 gene has been observed in various mental disorders and attributed to the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). However, the level of FKBP5 methylation has not been investigated in patients with psychotic disorders. Therefore, in this study we aimed to determine the FKBP5 methylation in patients with psychosis and controls, taking into account the effects of ACEs. Participants were 85 patients with psychotic disorders, including first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and acutely relapsed schizophrenia (SCZ-AR) patients, as well as 56 controls. The level of four CpG sites at the FKBP5 gene was determined in the peripheral blood leukocytes using pyrosequencing. After controlling for potential confounding factors, the level of FKBP5 methylation at one out of four tested CpG sites was significantly lower in FEP patients compared to other groups of participants. Significant main effects of parental antipathy and sexual abuse on the level of FKBP5 methylation were observed at the differentially methylated CpG site. Participants reporting this category of ACEs had significantly lower levels of FKBP5 methylation at this CpG site. Lower levels of FKBP5 methylation were associated with better cognitive performance and higher functional capacity in patients with psychosis. In controls, lower methylation of FKBP5 was related to worse performance of immediate memory and language skills. Our findings suggest that hypomethylation of the FKBP5 appears at early stages of psychosis and might be associated with a history of ACEs as well as less severe clinical manifestation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10 Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.R.); (P.P.); (K.K.); (D.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Paweł Karpiński
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1 Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.K.); (E.S.)
- Laboratory of Genomics & Bioinformatics, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12 Street, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Szmida
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Marcinkowskiego 1 Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland; (P.K.); (E.S.)
| | - Tomasz Grąźlewski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26 Street, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (T.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Marcin Jabłoński
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 26 Street, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (T.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Katarzyna Cyranka
- Department of Psychiatry, Jagiellonian University, Kopernika 21a Street, 31-501 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Rymaszewska
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10 Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.R.); (P.P.); (K.K.); (D.F.)
| | - Patryk Piotrowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10 Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.R.); (P.P.); (K.K.); (D.F.)
| | - Kamila Kotowicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10 Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.R.); (P.P.); (K.K.); (D.F.)
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 10 Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland; (J.R.); (P.P.); (K.K.); (D.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cristóbal-Narváez P, Sheinbaum T, Rosa A, de Castro-Catala M, Domínguez-Martínez T, Kwapil TR, Barrantes-Vidal N. Interaction of both positive and negative daily-life experiences with FKBP5 haplotype on psychosis risk. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63:e11. [PMID: 32093798 PMCID: PMC7315877 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2019.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. There is limited research on the interaction of both positive and negative daily-life environments with stress-related genetic variants on psychotic experiences (PEs) and negative affect (NA) across the extended psychosis phenotype. This study examined whether the FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5) variability moderates the association of positive and negative experiences in the moment with PEs and NA in participants with incipient psychosis and their nonclinical counterparts. Methods. A total of 233 nonclinical and 86 incipient psychosis participants were prompted for a 1-week period to assess their day-to-day experiences. Participants were genotyped for four FKBP5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3800373, rs9296158, rs1360780, and rs9470080). Results. Multilevel analyses indicated that, unlike the risk haplotype, the protective FKBP5 haplotype moderated all the associations of positive experiences with diminished PEs and NA in incipient psychosis compared with nonclinical group. Conclusions. Participants with incipient psychosis showed symptomatic improvement when reporting positive appraisals in the interpersonal domain, which suggests that these act as a powerful coping mechanism. The fact that this occurred in daily-life underscores the clinical significance of this finding and pinpoints the importance of identifying protective mechanisms. In addition, results seem to concur with the vantage sensitivity model of gene–environment interaction, which poses that certain genetic variants may enhance the likelihood of benefiting from positive exposures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cristóbal-Narváez
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Sheinbaum
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Araceli Rosa
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta de Castro-Catala
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tecelli Domínguez-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Mental Global, Dirección de Investigaciones Epidemiológicas y Psicosociales, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría 'Ramon de la Fuente Muñiz', México
| | - Thomas R Kwapil
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Neus Barrantes-Vidal
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Sant Pere Claver-Fundació Sanitària, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Adverse childhood experiences and clinical severity in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: A transdiagnostic two-step cluster analysis. J Affect Disord 2019; 259:104-111. [PMID: 31445335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are risk factors for psychiatric disorders, but evidence about their relationship with clinical severity is limited. We aimed to classify patients according to ACEs and to compare these clusters with regards to the clinical severity. METHODS Seventy-four patients with Bipolar Disorder (BD) and 91 patients with a diagnosis within the Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (SSDs) were interviewed. The Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse scale (CECA) and the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) were administered. A two-step cluster analysis was run to identify clusters according to ACEs. PANSS average scores were compared between clusters. RESULTS Three clusters emerged; significant differences in ACEs distribution were evident. Cluster 1 was characterized by very low frequency of ACEs. ACEs related to lack of support/isolation were more frequent within Cluster 2, instead ACEs related to abuse/neglect were over represented in Cluster 3. The comparison of PANSS through ANOVA demonstrated that Cluster 3 not only had significantly higher scores in all dimensions than Cluster 1 and 2 but also a higher average number of ACEs. LIMITATIONS CECA is a self-report scale and is subject to recall bias. CONCLUSIONS Specific ACEs are related to clinical severity among BD and SSD patients. Early life adversities related to abuse and neglect are associated to greater symptomatic severity than those related to lack of support/isolation. Our findings suggest that a history of ACEs could be used to identify patients at higher risk of unfavorable clinical features.
Collapse
|
15
|
Söder E, Clamor A, Lincoln TM. Hair cortisol concentrations as an indicator of potential HPA axis hyperactivation in risk for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2019; 212:54-61. [PMID: 31455519 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A chronic hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is assumed to be an important indicator of vulnerability for psychosis. Despite the considerable research on this topic, putative social origins of HPA axis hyperactivation have received little attention in the literature so far. Also, the inconsistency of previous findings calls for new and reliable methods in the assessment of HPA axis activation. To address these issues, we used hair cortisol concentrations as an indicator of chronic HPA axis activation in participants at elevated risk for psychosis (clinical risk: n = 43, familial risk: n = 32) and low-risk controls (n = 35), and assessed its relation with a variety of social stressors. We also tested the interaction effect between social stressors and familial risk status on hair cortisol concentrations (moderation analysis). Participants at elevated risk for psychosis did not show significantly higher hair cortisol concentrations than low-risk controls. However, severe social stressors (child abuse experiences, traumatic events) predicted hair cortisol concentrations in the total sample. This relationship was not significantly moderated by familial risk status (as a marker of genetic risk). The results challenge the assumption that HPA axis hyperactivation is an early vulnerability indicator for psychosis but leave the possibility that it manifests only at more severe risk stages. Furthermore, the findings suggest that acquired experiences contribute to the emergence of HPA axis hyperactivation, which might occur via a gene-environment correlation rather than via a gene-environment interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Söder
- Universität Hamburg, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Annika Clamor
- Universität Hamburg, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tania M Lincoln
- Universität Hamburg, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Elbau IG, Cruceanu C, Binder EB. Genetics of Resilience: Gene-by-Environment Interaction Studies as a Tool to Dissect Mechanisms of Resilience. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:433-442. [PMID: 31202489 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The identification and understanding of resilience mechanisms holds potential for the development of mechanistically informed prevention and interventions in psychiatry. However, investigating resilience mechanisms is conceptually and methodologically challenging because resilience does not merely constitute the absence of disease-specific risk but rather reflects active processes that aid in the maintenance of physiological and psychological homeostasis across a broad range of environmental circumstances. In this conceptual review, we argue that the principle used in gene-by-environment interaction studies may help to unravel resilience mechanisms on different investigation levels. We present how this could be achieved by top-down designs that start with gene-by-environment interaction effects on disease phenotypes as well as by bottom-up approaches that start at the molecular level. We also discuss how recent technological advances may improve both top-down and bottom-up strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Immanuel G Elbau
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Cristiana Cruceanu
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Interactive effects of genetic polymorphisms and childhood adversity on brain morphologic changes in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019. [PMID: 29535036 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of depression is characterized by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors and brain structural alteration. Childhood adversity is a major contributing factor in the development of depression. Interactions between childhood adversity and candidate genes for depression could affect brain morphology via the modulation of neurotrophic factors, serotonergic neurotransmission, or the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and this pathway may explain the subsequent onset of depression. Childhood adversity is associated with structural changes in the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC), as well as white matter tracts such as the corpus callosum, cingulum, and uncinate fasciculus. Childhood adversity showed an interaction with the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene Val66Met polymorphism, serotonin transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR), and FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5) gene rs1360780 in brain morphologic changes in patients with depression and in a non-clinical population. Individuals with the Met allele of BDNF Val66Met and a history of childhood adversity had reduced volume in the hippocampus and its subfields, amygdala, and PFC and thinner rostral ACC in a study of depressed patients and healthy controls. The S allele of 5-HTTLPR combined with exposure to childhood adversity or a poorer parenting environment was associated with a smaller hippocampal volume and subsequent onset of depression. The FKBP5 gene rs160780 had a significant interaction with childhood adversity in the white matter integrity of brain regions involved in emotion processing. This review identified that imaging genetic studies on childhood adversity may deepen our understanding on the neurobiological background of depression by scrutinizing complicated pathways of genetic factors, early psychosocial environments, and the accompanying morphologic changes in emotion-processing neural circuitry.
Collapse
|
18
|
Sharma S, Ressler KJ. Genomic updates in understanding PTSD. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 90:197-203. [PMID: 30452941 PMCID: PMC6431237 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Twin studies as well as more recent genetics-based heritability analyses demonstrate that up to 40 to 50% of the variance in predicting PTSD following trauma is heritable. However, most of the specific gene pathways and mechanism that mediate risk vs. resilience for PTSD following trauma exposure have yet to be elucidated. This review will examine the latest results from large scale Genome-wide association studies as well as other approaches aimed at understanding mechanisms of development of and recovery from PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Sharma
- Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States; McLean Hospital, Division of Depression and Anxiety, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- McLean Hospital, Division of Depression and Anxiety, Belmont, MA, United States; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Traumatic life event exposure and psychotic-like experiences: A multiple mediation model of cognitive-based mechanisms. Schizophr Res 2019; 205:15-22. [PMID: 29463456 PMCID: PMC6098745 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several cognitive mechanisms have been proposed to account for the relationship between exposure to traumatic life events (TLEs) and the entire psychosis spectrum. However, only few of these mechanisms have been empirically tested and those that have been tested have not considered multiple mechanisms simultaneously. The purpose of this study was to examine whether perceived stress, dissociation, negative self-schemas, negative other-schemas, and/or external locus of control mediated the association between TLEs and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). An undergraduate sample of 945 individuals completed a battery of self-report questionnaires. We found significant indirect effects from TLE exposure to PLEs through perceived stress, dissociation, external locus of control, negative self-schemas, and negative other-schemas. When controlling for comorbid psychological symptoms, only the indirect effect from TLE exposure to PLEs through dissociation continued to be significant. Targeting stress sensitivity, maladaptive schemas, dissociative tendencies, and externalizing attributional styles may prove useful in the amelioration of risk for various psychopathologies (e.g., mood, psychosis) in the aftermath of TLE exposure. Findings underscore the importance of targeting trauma-related cognitions in the prevention or reduction of psychotic-like experiences or disorders.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kaufman J, Torbey S. Child maltreatment and psychosis. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 131:104378. [PMID: 30685353 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews the literature on the association between experiences of child abuse and neglect and the development of psychoses. It then explores the premise that psychotic patients with a history of maltreatment may comprise a clinically and biological distinct subgroup. The review demonstrates that there is a growing consensus in the field that experiences of child maltreatment contribute to the onset of psychotic symptoms and psychotic disorders. There is also strong support for the premise that patients with psychotic disorders and histories of child maltreatment have distinct clinical characteristics and unique treatment needs, and emerging preliminary data to suggest psychotic patients with a history of maltreatment may comprise a distinct neurobiological subgroup. The mechanisms by which experiences of child maltreatment confers risk for psychotic disorders remains unknown, and the review highlights the value of incorporating translational research perspectives to advance knowledge in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joan Kaufman
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Center for Child and Family Traumatic Stress, 1741 Ashland Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| | - Souraya Torbey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hernández-Díaz Y, González-Castro TB, Tovilla-Zárate CA, Juárez-Rojop IE, López-Narváez ML, Pérez-Hernández N, Rodríguez-Pérez JM, Genis-Mendoza AD. Association between FKBP5 polymorphisms and depressive disorders or suicidal behavior: A systematic review and meta-analysis study. Psychiatry Res 2019; 271:658-668. [PMID: 30791339 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are complex polygenic diseases that show common genetic vulnerability. Several studies have investigated the association of polymorphisms of FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5) gene and depressive disorders or suicidal behavior, however, the results have been controversial and ambiguous. The aim of our study was to explore the role of the FKBP5 gene variants (rs1360780, rs3800373 and rs4713916), in depressive disorders or suicidal behavior through a systematic review and a meta-analysis. The protocol number of the study is PROSPERO CRD42018089295. The meta-analysis included 12 studies. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were used to evaluate the association and the publication bias was tested by Egger's test and funnel plot; heterogeneity was assessed by the Cochran's chi-square-based Q statistic test and the inconsistency index. Our results showed that the rs3800373 and rs4713916 were associated with an increased risk of depressive disorders when using the heterozygous and dominant models. In the stratified analysis by ethnicity, a significantly increased risk of depressive disorders was also observed for rs3800373 and rs4713916 in Caucasians. When we analyzed suicidal behavior, we found a significant association with the rs1360780 of FKBP5 and suicidal behavior risk in the overall population and rs3800373 in completed suicide subgroup. Existing evidence indicates that the polymorphisms of FKBP5 gene are associated with risk of depressive disorders and suicidal behavior. Future studies with larger sample sizes will be necessary to confirm the present results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazmin Hernández-Díaz
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México; División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, México; División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México
| | - Thelma Beatriz González-Castro
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, México; División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México
| | - Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Jalpa de Méndez, Tabasco, México; División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México.
| | - Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México; División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México
| | - María Lilia López-Narváez
- Hospital General de Yajalón, Secretaría de Salud, Yajalón, Chiapas, México; División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México
| | - Nonanzit Pérez-Hernández
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México; División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México
| | - José Manuel Rodríguez-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México; División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México
| | - Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Genómica de Enfermedades Psiquiátricas y Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México; División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Comalcalco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Comalcalco, Tabasco, México.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Toutountzidis D, Gale TM, Irvine K, Sharma S, Laws KR. Sex differences in the association between childhood adversities and schizotypal personality traits. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269:31-37. [PMID: 30145298 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with psychosis report higher levels of adverse events in childhood. This relationship has not been extensively examined in healthy individuals who score highly on schizotypal personality traits. This study examined the association between different childhood traumas and psychosis-like traits in a general population sample, as well as differences in those links between men and women. Participants completed an online survey including measures of physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, and schizotypal personality traits. Results showed that the experience of emotional abuse was associated with a range of both positive and negative psychosis-like traits in both sexes. Sex differences emerged in the association between physical abuse and schizotypal personality traits. Although men reported more physical abuse in early life than women, this type of trauma was only associated with schizotypal traits in women and not in men. Additionally, women scored higher than men in sexual abuse; however, sexual abuse did not explicitly predict any schizotypal traits in the presence of the other two types of abuse. A simple linear or dose-response relationship between different types of trauma and psychosis-like traits was not supported. The importance of emotional abuse on schizotypy was highlighted in both sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim M Gale
- Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK; Research and Development Department, Hertfordshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Hatfield, UK
| | - Karen Irvine
- Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK; Research and Development Department, Hertfordshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Hatfield, UK
| | - Shivani Sharma
- Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Keith R Laws
- Department of Psychology and Sport Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Lin X, Liu J, Fu P, Zeng X, Qin J, Tang Z, Wu J. Associations Between Gene Polymorphisms and Psychological Stress in the Guangxi Minority Region of China. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:6680-6687. [PMID: 30242809 PMCID: PMC6166522 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether there is an association between gene polymorphisms, genetic and environmental interactions, and psychological stress reactivity in Chinese subjects living in the Guangxi minority region. This cross-sectional study enrolled subjects older than 18 years, living in Nandan county, Guangxi minority region, China for at least 1 year. All participants were healthy, without any mental diseases, and were able to communicate. Eligible participants were randomly selected. The Life Event Scale Questionnaire, Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire, and Social Support Rating Scale were used to measure the physiological stress, coping style, and social support, respectively, in individuals. A total of 600 participants were recruited. A decreased risk of psychological stress was only found in TT of NPSR1 (rs324981): A allele carriers vs. TT genotype (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.11, 2.42), and AT genotype vs. TT genotype (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.17, 2.65). The overall coping style was positively associated with psychological stress, and no significant interactions between genetics and environment were found. We found that the NPSR1 (rs324981) T/T genotype decreased the risk of psychological stress, while the overall coping style was a risk factor for psychological stress. However, there was no interactive effects of genes and environment on psychological stress. Our findings will improve understanding of the biological basis underlying psychological stress if the results can be replicated in further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujin Lin
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
- Mental Health Institute of The Second Xiangya Hospital and Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, The Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Fu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Zeng
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Jian Qin
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Zhenghua Tang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| | - Junduan Wu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Schizophrenia and other types of psychosis incur suffering, high health care costs and loss of human potential, due to the combination of early onset and poor response to treatment. Our ability to prevent or cure psychosis depends on knowledge of causal mechanisms. Molecular genetic studies show that thousands of common and rare variants contribute to the genetic risk for psychosis. Epidemiological studies have identified many environmental factors associated with increased risk of psychosis. However, no single genetic or environmental factor is sufficient to cause psychosis on its own. The risk of developing psychosis increases with the accumulation of many genetic risk variants and exposures to multiple adverse environmental factors. Additionally, the impact of environmental exposures likely depends on genetic factors, through gene-environment interactions. Only a few specific gene-environment combinations that lead to increased risk of psychosis have been identified to date. An example of replicable gene-environment interaction is a common polymorphism in the AKT1 gene that makes its carriers sensitive to developing psychosis with regular cannabis use. A synthesis of results from twin studies, molecular genetics, and epidemiological research outlines the many genetic and environmental factors contributing to psychosis. The interplay between these factors needs to be considered to draw a complete picture of etiology. To reach a more complete explanation of psychosis that can inform preventive strategies, future research should focus on longitudinal assessments of multiple environmental exposures within large, genotyped cohorts beginning early in life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Zwicker
- Department of Pathology,Dalhousie University,Halifax,NS,Canada
| | | | - Rudolf Uher
- Department of Pathology,Dalhousie University,Halifax,NS,Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Khan A, Powell SB. Sensorimotor gating deficits in "two-hit" models of schizophrenia risk factors. Schizophr Res 2018; 198:68-83. [PMID: 29070440 PMCID: PMC5911431 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental models of neuropsychiatric disease have grown exponentially over the last 20years. One measure that is often used to evaluate the translational relevance of these models to human neuropsychiatric disease is prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI), an operational measure of sensorimotor gating. Deficient PPI characterizes several neuropsychiatric disorders but has been most extensively studied in schizophrenia. It has become a useful tool in translational neuropharmacological and molecular genetics studies because it can be measured across species using almost the same experimental parameters. Although initial studies of PPI in rodents were pharmacological because of the robust predictive validity of PPI for antipsychotic efficacy, more recently, PPI has become standard common behavioral measures used in genetic and neurodevelopmental models of schizophrenia. Here we review "two hit" models of schizophrenia and discuss the utility of PPI as a tool in phenotyping these models of relevant risk factors. In the review, we consider approaches to rodent models of genetic and neurodevelopmental risk factors and selectively review "two hit" models of gene×environment and environment×environment interactions in which PPI has been measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Khan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Susan B Powell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Misiak B, Stramecki F, Gawęda Ł, Prochwicz K, Sąsiadek MM, Moustafa AA, Frydecka D. Interactions Between Variation in Candidate Genes and Environmental Factors in the Etiology of Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: a Systematic Review. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:5075-5100. [PMID: 28822116 PMCID: PMC5948257 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD) are complex and multidimensional disorders with high heritability rates. The contribution of genetic factors to the etiology of these disorders is increasingly being recognized as the action of multiple risk variants with small effect sizes, which might explain only a minor part of susceptibility. On the other site, numerous environmental factors have been found to play an important role in their causality. Therefore, in recent years, several studies focused on gene × environment interactions that are believed to bridge the gap between genetic underpinnings and environmental insults. In this article, we performed a systematic review of studies investigating gene × environment interactions in BD and schizophrenia spectrum phenotypes. In the majority of studies from this field, interacting effects of variation in genes encoding catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and FK506-binding protein 5 (FKBP5) have been explored. Almost consistently, these studies revealed that polymorphisms in COMT, BDNF, and FKBP5 genes might interact with early life stress and cannabis abuse or dependence, influencing various outcomes of schizophrenia spectrum disorders and BD. Other interactions still require further replication in larger clinical and non-clinical samples. In addition, future studies should address the direction of causality and potential mechanisms of the relationship between gene × environment interactions and various categories of outcomes in schizophrenia and BD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Misiak
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 1 Marcinkowski Street, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Filip Stramecki
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Gawęda
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- II Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Maria M Sąsiadek
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 1 Marcinkowski Street, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Marcs Institute of Brain and Behaviour, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Wroclaw Medical University, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367, Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pérez-Pérez B, Cristóbal-Narváez P, Sheinbaum T, Kwapil TR, Ballespí S, Peña E, de Castro-Catala M, Riba MD, Rosa A, Barrantes-Vidal N. Interaction between FKBP5 variability and recent life events in the anxiety spectrum: Evidence for the differential susceptibility model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193044. [PMID: 29466454 PMCID: PMC5821376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gene-environment interaction (GxE) research has highlighted the importance of investigating the FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5) gene as a sensitivity gene. However, previous GxE studies with FKBP5 have not measured the full environmental spectrum or applied statistical tests to discern whether the GxE interaction fits better with the differential-susceptibility or diathesis-stress hypotheses. This study examined whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on FKBP5 gene moderate the association of positive and negative recent life events (LEs) with depressive symptoms, state-anxiety, neuroticism, and social anxiety traits. Methods A total of 86 nonclinical young adults were administered psychological measures and were genotyped for five FKBP5 SNPs (rs3800373, rs9296158, rs1360780, rs9470080 and rs4713916). Results Regression analyses indicated significant GxE interactions for social anxiety and neuroticism. The interactions predicting neuroticism fit different models for different SNPs, although the overall effect indicated by the haplotype was consistent with the differential-susceptibility hypothesis: the risk-haplotype group presented higher neuroticism in the presence of more negative LEs and lower neuroticism in the presence of more positive LEs. The GxE interactions for social anxiety were consistent with the diathesis-stress model. The lack of significance in the for-better side for social anxiety might be related to the fact that it mapped onto low extraversion, which is associated with a lower permeability to positive experiences. Discussion Findings underscore the importance of testing the differential-susceptibility model in relation to FKBP5 to adequately characterize its role in healthy and pathological developmental processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Pérez-Pérez
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Cristóbal-Narváez
- Research, Innovation and Teaching Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Sheinbaum
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas R Kwapil
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sergi Ballespí
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elionora Peña
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta de Castro-Catala
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Dolors Riba
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Araceli Rosa
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Barrantes-Vidal
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Sant Pere Claver-Fundació Sanitària, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
SummaryIt has long been recognised that the pathology of schizophrenia may involve the immune system, yet this has been a relatively neglected area of research. Recent advances in our understanding of the complexities and functioning of the immune system have allowed new investigation into this area from many angles, including cellular and genetic avenues. A number of prominent theories have been developed. This article gives an overview of our understanding of the immune system and highlights recent advances pertaining to schizophrenia.LEARNING OBJECTIVES•To refresh and update understanding of the innate and adaptive immune system, presented clearly to the non-expert audience.•To understand key advances in immunological theories of schizophrenia.•To engender clinicians' enthusiasm for further reading and interest in this topic.
Collapse
|
29
|
Catone G, Marwaha S, Lennox B, Broome MR. Bullying victimisation and psychosis: The interdependence and independence of risk trajectories. BJPSYCH ADVANCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1192/apt.bp.116.016584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SummaryA number of studies have noted an association between being the victim of bullying and psychotic symptoms. We offer an overview of the topic, focusing especially on a developmental perspective. We highlight the results of the latest studies on psychosis across the continuum and its relationship with bullying. Then we summarise the three main explanatory models investigated: developmental, biological and cognitive. We recommend that bullying in psychosis requires careful study of the developmental trajectories involved, and that research should now focus on how personal, social and biological factors interact.LEARNING OBJECTIVES•Consider a spectrum of psychosis rather than a dichotomous concept of the disease (present/absent)•Understand that, by preventing bullying, it may also be possible to prevent the development of psychotic symptoms•Reflect that psychotherapy helps to integrate past stressful experiences with current symptoms, providing an alternative interpretation of them
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang Q, Shelton RC, Dwivedi Y. Interaction between early-life stress and FKBP5 gene variants in major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2018; 225:422-428. [PMID: 28850857 PMCID: PMC5626653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene-environment interaction contributes to the risks of psychiatric disorders. Interactions between FKBP5 gene variants and early-life stress may enhance the risk not only for mood disorder, but also for a number of other behavioral phenotypes. The aim of the present study was to review and conduct a meta-analysis on the results from published studies examining interaction between FKBP5 gene variants and early-life stress and their associations with stress-related disorders such as major depression and PTSD. METHODS A literature search was conducted using PsychINFO and PubMed databases until May 2017. A total of 14 studies with a pooled total of 15109 participants met the inclusion criteria, the results of which were combined and a meta-analysis was performed using the differences in correlations as the effect measure. Based on literature, rs1360780, rs3800373, and rs9470080 SNPs were selected within the FKBP5 gene and systematic review was conducted. RESULTS Based on the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software, no publication bias was detected. Sensitivity analysis and credibility of meta-analysis results also indicated that the analyses were stable. The meta-analysis showed that individuals who carry T allele of rs1360780, C-allele of rs3800373 or T-allele of rs9470080 exposed to early-life trauma had higher risks for depression or PTSD. LIMITATIONS The effects of ethnicity, age, sex, and different stress measures were not examined due to limited sample size. CONCLUSIONS These results provide strong evidence of interactions between FKBP5 genotypes and early-life stress, which could pose a significant risk factor for stress-associated disorders such as major depression and PTSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Richard C Shelton
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yogesh Dwivedi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
de Castro-Catala M, Peña E, Kwapil TR, Papiol S, Sheinbaum T, Cristóbal-Narváez P, Ballespí S, Barrantes-Vidal N, Rosa A. Interaction between FKBP5 gene and childhood trauma on psychosis, depression and anxiety symptoms in a non-clinical sample. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 85:200-209. [PMID: 28889074 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood trauma has been associated with a heightened risk for presenting clinical and non-clinical psychopathology in adulthood. Genes related with the stress response, such as the FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5), are plausible candidates moderating the effects of childhood trauma on the emergence of such symptoms later on. The present study aimed to explore the moderating role of FKBP5 genetic variability on the association of different types of childhood trauma with subclinical psychosis, depression and anxiety in a non-clinical sample. METHODS Schizotypy, psychotic-like experiences, depression and anxiety symptoms and childhood trauma were assessed in 808 young adults. Two FKBP5 haplotypic blocks were detected: block 1 (rs3800373 - rs9296158 - rs1360780) and block 2 (rs9470080 - rs4713916). Subjects were classified in two groups according to whether they carried or not the risk haplotype previously described in the literature (block 1: CAT and block 2: TA). Linear regression analyses were used to study (i) the main effects of childhood trauma and FKBP5 haplotype blocks and (ii) their interaction effects on the mentioned forms of psychopathology. RESULTS All childhood trauma scales, except sexual abuse, were associated with schizotypy, psychotic-like experiences, depression and anxiety symptoms. None of the analysed symptoms was associated with the main effects of FKBP5 genetic variability. However an interaction effect between block 1 and physical abuse was observed on anxiety, with lower scores in CAT carriers. This effect was driven by SNP 1 and 2. Moreover, an interaction effect between block 2 and physical abuse was identified on the variables tapping depressive and anxiety symptoms. Specifically, non-TA carrier subjects who were exposed to physical abuse were found to be at higher risk for depressive and anxiety symptoms. These effects were driven by SNP 5. No interaction effect was observed for the other variables. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that exposure to childhood physical abuse may increase the risk for sub-clinical depressive and anxiety symptoms depending on FKBP5 genetic variability. Further research is needed to better elucidate the role of FKBP5 on mental health in clinical and non-clinical cohorts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta de Castro-Catala
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elionora Peña
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas R Kwapil
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Champaign-Urbana, Champaign, IL 61820, United States
| | - Sergi Papiol
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany; Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Sheinbaum
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Cristóbal-Narváez
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Ballespí
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Barrantes-Vidal
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, United States; Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Sant Pere Claver-Fundació Sanitària Carrer Vila i Vilà 16, 08004 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Araceli Rosa
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Avinguda Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fraguas D, Díaz-Caneja CM, Corripio I, González-Pinto A, Lobo A, Bioque M, Cuesta MJ, Sanjuán J, Rodríguez-Toscano E, Arias B, Sarró S, Cabrera B, Bulbena A, Vieta E, Castro-Fornieles J, Arango C, Bernardo M, Parellada M. Gene-environment interaction as a predictor of early adjustment in first episode psychosis. Schizophr Res 2017; 189:196-203. [PMID: 28262436 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to explore the gene-environment interaction hypothesis applied to pre-symptomatic neurodevelopmental phenotypes of first episode psychosis (FEP), that is, genetic factors might increase vulnerability to the effects of environmental adverse conditions occurring at later stages of development. METHODS We constructed a schematic 'two-hit' model, with Val/Val homozygosity for the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met polymorphism as the 'first hit' and history of obstetric complications and parental socioeconomic status as 'second hits'. Early adjustment, measured using the Premorbid Adjustment Scale, was considered the main outcome. The study population comprised 221 adolescents and adults with FEP and 191 sex- and age-matched controls. RESULTS The interaction between the Val/Val COMT genotype and a positive history of obstetric complications plus low parental socioeconomic status was significantly associated with poorer early adjustment. These results were observed both in FEP individuals and in controls, and remained significant after controlling for age, sex, and diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Individuals carrying Val/Val seem to be more sensitive to the synergistic effect of environmental factors acting early in neurodevelopment, which leads to vulnerability phenotypes such as impaired early adjustment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Fraguas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Covadonga M Díaz-Caneja
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iluminada Corripio
- Department of Psychiatry, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica-Sant Pau (IIB-SANT PAU), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana González-Pinto
- BIOARABA Health Research Institute. OSI Araba. University Hospital. University of the Basque Country, CIBERSAM, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Antonio Lobo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), University of Zaragoza, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Miquel Bioque
- Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Manuel J Cuesta
- Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Julio Sanjuán
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clinic, University of Valencia, INCLIVA, CIBERSAM, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elisa Rodríguez-Toscano
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Arias
- Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, IBUB, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Salvador Sarró
- FIDMAG Hermanas Hospitalarias, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bibiana Cabrera
- Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Bulbena
- Institut de Neuropsiquiatria i Addiccions, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona; Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona UAB, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Bipolar Disorder Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, SGR489, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Bernardo
- Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, CIBERSAM, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Cristóbal‐Narváez P, Sheinbaum T, Myin‐Germeys I, Kwapil TR, de Castro‐Catala M, Domínguez‐Martínez T, Racioppi A, Monsonet M, Hinojosa‐Marqués L, van Winkel R, Rosa A, Barrantes‐Vidal N. The role of stress-regulation genes in moderating the association of stress and daily-life psychotic experiences. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017; 136:389-399. [PMID: 28865405 PMCID: PMC5697578 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The interaction of single nucleotide polymorphisms with both distal and proximal environmental factors across the extended psychosis phenotype is understudied. This study examined (i) the interaction of relevant SNPs with both early-life adversity and proximal (momentary) stress on psychotic experiences (PEs) in an extended psychosis sample; and (ii) differences between early-psychosis and non-clinical groups for these interactions. METHODS Two hundred and forty-two non-clinical and 96 early-psychosis participants were prompted randomly eight times daily for 1 week to complete assessments of current experiences, including PEs and stress. Participants also reported on childhood trauma and were genotyped for 10 SNPs on COMT, RGS4, BDNF, FKBP5, and OXTR genes. RESULTS Unlike genetic variants, distal and proximal stressors were associated with PEs in both samples and were more strongly associated with PEs in the early-psychosis than in the non-clinical group. The RGS4 TA and FKBP5 CATT haplotypes interacted with distal stress, whereas the A allele of OXTR (rs2254298) interacted with proximal stress, increasing momentary levels of PEs in the early-psychosis group. No interactions emerged with COMT or BDNF variants. CONCLUSION Individual differences in relevant stress-regulation systems interact with both distal and proximal psychosocial stressors in shaping the daily-life manifestation of PEs across the psychosis continuum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. Cristóbal‐Narváez
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la SalutUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - T. Sheinbaum
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la SalutUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - I. Myin‐Germeys
- Department of NeuroscienceCentre for Contextual PsychiatryKU Leuven–University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - T. R. Kwapil
- University of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignILUSA
| | - M. de Castro‐Catala
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia BiològicaDepartament de Biologia EvolutivaEcologia i Ciències AmbientalsFacultat de BiologiaUniversitat de Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - T. Domínguez‐Martínez
- CONACYT‐Dirección de Investigaciones Epidemiológicas y PsicosocialesInstituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente MuñizCiudad de MéxicoMéxico
| | - A. Racioppi
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la SalutUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - M. Monsonet
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la SalutUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - L. Hinojosa‐Marqués
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la SalutUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BarcelonaSpain
| | - R. van Winkel
- Department of NeuroscienceCentre for Contextual PsychiatryKU Leuven–University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - A. Rosa
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia BiològicaDepartament de Biologia EvolutivaEcologia i Ciències AmbientalsFacultat de BiologiaUniversitat de Barcelona (UB)BarcelonaSpain,Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain,Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental HealthInstituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain
| | - N. Barrantes‐Vidal
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la SalutUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BarcelonaSpain,Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental HealthInstituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERSAM)MadridSpain,Sant Pere Claver – Fundació SanitàriaBarcelonaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
The emerging role of the FKBP5 gene polymorphisms in vulnerability-stress model of schizophrenia: further evidence from a Serbian population. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2017; 267:527-539. [PMID: 27552816 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-016-0720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased reactivity to stress is observed in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and their healthy siblings in comparison with the general population. Additionally, higher levels of neuroticism, as a proposed psychological measure of stress sensitivity, increase the risk of schizophrenia. HPA axis dysregulation is one of the possible mechanisms related to the vulnerability-stress model of schizophrenia, and recent studies revealed a possible role of the functional genetic variants of FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP5) gene which modulate activity of HPA axis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate impact of FKBP5 on schizophrenia in Serbian patients and to explore relationship between genetic variants and neuroticism by using the case-sibling-control design. In 158 subjects, we measured psychotic experiences, childhood trauma and neuroticism. Nine single-nucleotide polymorphisms (rs9295158, rs3800373, rs9740080, rs737054, rs6926133, rs9380529, rs9394314, rs2766533 and rs12200498) were genotyped. The genetic influence was modeled using logistic regression, and the relationship between genetic variants and neuroticism was assessed by linear mixed model. Our results revealed genetic main effect of FKBP5 risk alleles (A allele of rs9296158 and T allele of rs3800373) and AGTC "risk" haplotype combination (rs9296158, rs3800373, rs9470080 and rs737054, respectively) on schizophrenia, particularly when childhood trauma was set as a confounding factor. We confirmed strong relationship between neuroticism and psychotic experiences in patients and siblings and further showed relationship between higher levels of neuroticism and FKBP5 risk variants suggesting potential link between biological and psychosocial risk factors. Our data support previous findings that trauma exposure shapes FKBP5 impact on schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
35
|
Cross D, Fani N, Powers A, Bradley B. Neurobiological Development in the Context of Childhood Trauma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:111-124. [PMID: 30906116 DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurobiological systems may be particularly susceptible to deleterious impact of childhood trauma, and the impact of childhood trauma on development and subsequent functional outcomes across the lifespan has been well-documented. The current review addresses the neurobiological impact of exposure to interpersonal trauma in childhood in the context of executive function, emotion regulation, and dissociation/interoceptive awareness. Subsequent risk for PTSD and depression is also discussed. The pathway of risk from childhood trauma to these cognitive, emotional, and psychiatric outcomes is addressed in terms of potential structural and functional alterations within the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala resulting from chronic or repeated activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and its interaction with and influence on genetic and epigenetic processes during sensitive periods of development. Implications for practice are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorthie Cross
- Department of Psychology, Georgia Southern University
| | - Negar Fani
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Abigail Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine
| | - Bekh Bradley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of MedicineAtlanta VA Medical Center
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Perkovic MN, Erjavec GN, Strac DS, Uzun S, Kozumplik O, Pivac N. Theranostic Biomarkers for Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E733. [PMID: 28358316 PMCID: PMC5412319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a highly heritable, chronic, severe, disabling neurodevelopmental brain disorder with a heterogeneous genetic and neurobiological background, which is still poorly understood. To allow better diagnostic procedures and therapeutic strategies in schizophrenia patients, use of easy accessible biomarkers is suggested. The most frequently used biomarkers in schizophrenia are those associated with the neuroimmune and neuroendocrine system, metabolism, different neurotransmitter systems and neurotrophic factors. However, there are still no validated and reliable biomarkers in clinical use for schizophrenia. This review will address potential biomarkers in schizophrenia. It will discuss biomarkers in schizophrenia and propose the use of specific blood-based panels that will include a set of markers associated with immune processes, metabolic disorders, and neuroendocrine/neurotrophin/neurotransmitter alterations. The combination of different markers, or complex multi-marker panels, might help in the discrimination of patients with different underlying pathologies and in the better classification of the more homogenous groups. Therefore, the development of the diagnostic, prognostic and theranostic biomarkers is an urgent and an unmet need in psychiatry, with the aim of improving diagnosis, therapy monitoring, prediction of treatment outcome and focus on the personal medicine approach in order to improve the quality of life in patients with schizophrenia and decrease health costs worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dubravka Svob Strac
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Suzana Uzun
- Clinic for Psychiatry Vrapce, 10090 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | | | - Nela Pivac
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Division of Molecular Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ma J, Wang L, Yang Y, Qiao Z, Fang D, Qiu X, Yang X, Zhu X, He J, Pan H, Ban B, Zhao Y, Sui H. GNB3 and CREB1 gene polymorphisms combined with negative life events increase susceptibility to major depression in a Chinese Han population. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170994. [PMID: 28225778 PMCID: PMC5321408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depression (MD) is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. In this study we investigated the interaction of variations in the G-protein beta 3 subunit (GNB3) and cAMP response element binding protein 1 (CREB1) genes with negative life events in the pathogenesis of MD. One GNB3 polymorphism (rs5443) and four CREB1 polymorphisms (rs2253206, rs2551941, rs6740584, rs11904814) were investigated based on known associations with MD. METHODS 512 patients with MD and 513 control subjects were genotyped. The frequency and severity of negative life events were measured by the Life Events Scale (LES). Gene-environment interactions (G×E) were assessed using the generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction (GMDR) method. RESULTS Differences in GNB3 rs5443 allele frequencies and genotype distributions were observed between MD patients and controls. Significant G×E interactions were detected between negative life events and genotypic variation of all five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Individuals carrying the T- allele of rs5443 (CC), A- allele of rs2253206 (GG), T- allele of rs2551941 (AA), C- allele of rs6740584 (TT) or G- allele of rs11904814 (TT) conferred susceptibility to MD in subjects only exposed to high-negative life events. However, individuals with the T+ allele of rs5443 (CT, TT) were susceptible to MD when exposed to low negative life events. CONCLUSIONS Interactions between GNB3, CREB1 and negative life events were revealed. Further evidence is provided about the role of the environment in genetic vulnerability to MD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Ma
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanjie Yang
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (YJY); (ZXQ)
| | - Zhengxue Qiao
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- * E-mail: (YJY); (ZXQ)
| | - Deyu Fang
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiuxian Yang
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiongzhao Zhu
- Medical Psychological Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jincai He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Peking union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Ban
- Affiliated Hosptial of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hosptial of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Sui
- Psychology Department of the Public Health Institute of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Misiak B, Krefft M, Bielawski T, Moustafa AA, Sąsiadek MM, Frydecka D. Toward a unified theory of childhood trauma and psychosis: A comprehensive review of epidemiological, clinical, neuropsychological and biological findings. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 75:393-406. [PMID: 28216171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing body of research focused on the relationship between childhood trauma and the risk of developing psychosis. Numerous studies, including many large-scale population-based studies, controlling for possible mediating variables, provide persuasive evidence of a dose-response association and are indicative of a causal relationship. Existing evidence supports the specificity model, showing differential associations between particular adversities and clinical symptoms, with cumulative adversity causing less favorable clinical and functional outcomes in psychotic patients. To date, several psychological and biological models have been proposed to search for underlying developmental trajectories leading to the onset of psychosis, influencing psychopathological manifestation and negative functional outcomes due to a history of childhood trauma. In this article, we provide a unified review on the relationship between childhood trauma and psychosis by integrating results of epidemiological, clinical, neuropsychological and biological studies. The question whether psychosis with a positive history of childhood trauma should be considered as a new psychotic phenotype, requiring specific therapeutic interventions, warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Misiak
- Department of Genetics, 1 Marcinkowski Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Maja Krefft
- Department of Psychiatry, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bielawski
- Department of Psychiatry, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Marcs Institute of Brain and Behaviour, University of Western Sydney, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria M Sąsiadek
- Department of Genetics, 1 Marcinkowski Street, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Frydecka
- Department of Psychiatry, 10 Pasteur Street, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
de Castro-Catala M, van Nierop M, Barrantes-Vidal N, Cristóbal-Narváez P, Sheinbaum T, Kwapil TR, Peña E, Jacobs N, Derom C, Thiery E, van Os J, van Winkel R, Rosa A. Childhood trauma, BDNF Val66Met and subclinical psychotic experiences. Attempt at replication in two independent samples. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 83:121-129. [PMID: 27596955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Childhood trauma exposure is a robust environmental risk factor for psychosis. However, not all exposed individuals develop psychotic symptoms later in life. The Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism (rs6265) has been suggested to moderate the psychosis-inducing effects of childhood trauma in clinical and nonclinical samples. Our study aimed to explore the interaction effect between childhood trauma and the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on subclinical psychotic experiences (PEs). This was explored in two nonclinical independent samples: an undergraduate and technical-training school student sample (n = 808, sample 1) and a female twin sample (n = 621, sample 2). Results showed that childhood trauma was strongly associated with positive and negative PEs in nonclinical individuals. A BDNF Val66Met x childhood trauma effect on positive PEs was observed in both samples. These results were discordant in terms of risk allele: while in sample 1 Val allele carriers, especially males, were more vulnerable to the effects of childhood trauma regarding PEs, in sample 2 Met carriers presented higher PEs scores when exposed to childhood trauma, compared with Val carriers. Moreover, in sample 2, a significant interaction was also found in relation to negative PEs. Our study partially replicates previous findings and suggests that some individuals are more prone to develop PEs following childhood trauma because of a complex combination of multiple factors. Further studies including genetic, environmental and epigenetic factors may provide insights in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta de Castro-Catala
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martine van Nierop
- KU Leuven, Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Psychiatry, Centre for Contextual Psychiatry, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Neus Barrantes-Vidal
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain; Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States; Sant Pere Claver - Fundació Sanitària, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Cristóbal-Narváez
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Tamara Sheinbaum
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Facultat de Psicologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Thomas R Kwapil
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Elionora Peña
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nele Jacobs
- KU Leuven, Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Psychiatry, Centre for Contextual Psychiatry, Leuven, Belgium; Faculty of Psychology, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Derom
- Centre of Human Genetics, University Hospital Leuven, Department of Human Genetics, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evert Thiery
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jim van Os
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, King's Health Partners, London, United Kingdom; Maastricht University Medical Centre, South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Network, EURON, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud van Winkel
- KU Leuven, Department of Neuroscience, Research Group Psychiatry, Centre for Contextual Psychiatry, Leuven, Belgium; University Psychiatric Center, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Araceli Rosa
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
The interactive effects of child maltreatment and the FK506 binding protein 5 gene (FKBP5) on dissociative symptoms in adolescence. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 29:1105-1117. [PMID: 27760575 DOI: 10.1017/s095457941600105x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The FK506 binding protein 5 gene (FKBP5) has been associated with susceptibility to pathogenic effects of childhood trauma including dissociative symptoms. This study examines the impact of maltreatment on dissociative tendencies in adolescence as moderated by the FKBP5 gene. Dissociative symptoms and variation within FKBP5 were assessed in a high-risk, low socioeconomic status community sample of 279 maltreated and 171 nonmaltreated adolescents. Following the assignment of haplotypes across four single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3800373, rs9296158, rs1360780, and rs9470080), individuals with one or more copies of the CATT haplotype (N = 230) were grouped together and compared to individuals with zero copies of this haplotype (N = 185). Analyses of covariance were conducted to test hypotheses regarding the effects of developmental timing and the chronicity of maltreatment and the CATT haplotype. We found a significant interactive effect of timing/chronicity of maltreatment and the CATT haplotype on dissociative symptoms. Among adolescents who had no copies of the CATT haplotype, dissociative symptoms were higher for chronically maltreated adolescents who had an infancy onset compared to those who were not maltreated or whose maltreatment experience was either relatively less chronic or not started in infancy. The groups did not differ significantly among subjects who carry one or more copies of the CATT haplotype.
Collapse
|
41
|
Kim JS, Lee SH. Influence of interactions between genes and childhood trauma on refractoriness in psychiatric disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 70:162-9. [PMID: 26827636 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are excellent disease models in which gene-environmental interaction play a significant role in the pathogenesis. Childhood trauma has been known as a significant environmental factor in the progress of, and prognosis for psychiatric illness. Patients with refractory illness usually have more severe symptoms, greater disability, lower quality of life and are at greater risk of suicide than other psychiatric patients. Our literature review uncovered some important clinical factors which modulate response to treatment in psychiatric patients who have experienced childhood trauma. Childhood trauma seems to be a critical determinant of treatment refractoriness in psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. In patients with psychotic disorders, the relationship between childhood trauma and treatment-refractoriness appears to be mediated by cognitive impairment. In the case of bipolar disorder, the relationship appears to be mediated by greater affective disturbance and earlier onset, while in major depressive disorder the mediating factors are persistent, severe symptoms and frequent recurrence. In suicidal individuals, childhood maltreatment was associated with violent suicidal attempts. In the case of PTSD patients, it appears that childhood trauma makes the brain more vulnerable to subsequent trauma, thus resulting in more severe, refractory symptoms. Given that several studies have suggested that there are distinct subtypes of genetic vulnerability to childhood trauma, it is important to understand how gene-environment interactions influence the course of psychiatric illnesses in order to improve therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sun Kim
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Clinical Emotion and Cognition Research Laboratory, Goyang, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Inje University College of Medicine, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Interplay between Schizophrenia Polygenic Risk Score and Childhood Adversity in First-Presentation Psychotic Disorder: A Pilot Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163319. [PMID: 27648571 PMCID: PMC5029892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A history of childhood adversity is associated with psychotic disorder, with an increase in risk according to number or severity of exposures. However, it is not known why only some exposed individuals go on to develop psychosis. One possibility is pre-existing genetic vulnerability. Research on gene-environment interaction in psychosis has primarily focused on candidate genes, although the genetic effects are now known to be polygenic. This pilot study investigated whether the effect of childhood adversity on psychosis is moderated by the polygenic risk score for schizophrenia (PRS). Data were utilised from the Genes and Psychosis (GAP) study set in South London, UK. The GAP sample comprises 285 first-presentation psychosis cases and 256 unaffected controls with information on childhood adversity. We studied only white subjects (80 cases and 110 controls) with PRS data, as the PRS has limited predictive ability in patients of African ancestry. The occurrence of childhood adversity was assessed with the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire (CECA.Q) and the PRS was based on genome-wide meta-analysis results for schizophrenia from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Higher schizophrenia PRS and childhood adversities each predicted psychosis status. Nevertheless, no evidence was found for interaction as departure from additivity, indicating that the effect of polygenic risk scores on psychosis was not increased in the presence of a history of childhood adversity. These findings are compatible with a multifactorial threshold model in which both genetic liability and exposure to environmental risk contribute independently to the etiology of psychosis.
Collapse
|
43
|
Gibson LE, Alloy LB, Ellman LM. Trauma and the psychosis spectrum: A review of symptom specificity and explanatory mechanisms. Clin Psychol Rev 2016; 49:92-105. [PMID: 27632064 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic life events have been robustly associated with various psychosis outcomes, including increased risk of psychotic disorders, the prodrome of psychosis, and dimensional measures of psychotic symptoms, such as attenuated positive psychotic symptoms. However, trauma exposure has been linked to various mental disorders; therefore, the specificity of trauma exposure to psychosis remains unclear. This review focuses on two understudied areas of the trauma and psychosis literature: 1) the specificity between trauma and psychosis in relation to other disorders that often result post-trauma, and 2) proposed mechanisms that uniquely link trauma to psychosis. We begin by discussing the underlying connection between trauma exposure and the entire psychosis spectrum with a focus on the influence of trauma type and specific psychotic symptoms. We then consider how the principles of multifinality and equifinality can be useful in elucidating the trauma-psychosis relationship versus the trauma-other disorder relationship. Next, we discuss several cognitive and neurobiological mechanisms that might uniquely account for the association between trauma and psychosis, as well as the role of gender. Lastly, we review important methodological issues that complicate the research on trauma and psychosis, ending with clinical implications for the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Gibson
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren B Alloy
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren M Ellman
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Cristóbal-Narváez P, Sheinbaum T, Rosa A, Ballespí S, de Castro-Catala M, Peña E, Kwapil TR, Barrantes-Vidal N. The Interaction between Childhood Bullying and the FKBP5 Gene on Psychotic-Like Experiences and Stress Reactivity in Real Life. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158809. [PMID: 27389186 PMCID: PMC4936666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study employed Experience Sampling Methodology to examine whether the interaction between childhood bullying and FKBP5 variability (i) is associated with the expression of psychotic-like experiences, paranoia, and negative affect, and (ii) moderates psychotic-like, paranoid, and affective reactivity to different forms of momentary stress (situational and social) in daily life. METHODS A total of 206 nonclinical young adults were interviewed for bullying with the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse and were prompted randomly eight times daily for one week to complete assessments of their current experiences, affect, and stress appraisals. Participants were genotyped for three FKBP5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs3800373, rs9296158, and rs1360780) that have been linked to hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity. Multilevel analyses were conducted to examine the effect of the interaction between childhood bullying and the FKBP5 haplotype derived from these three SNPs. RESULTS The interaction between bullying and the FKBP5 haplotype was associated with positive, but not negative, psychotic-like experiences, paranoia, and negative affect. The bullying x FKBP5 interaction also moderated the association of a social stress appraisal (specifically, being alone because people do not want to be with you) with psychotic-like experiences and negative affect in daily life. Simple slopes analyses indicated that, in all cases, the associations were significantly increased by exposure to bullying in participants with the risk haplotype, but not for those with the non-risk haplotype. DISCUSSION The present study provides the first evidence of the interplay between childhood bullying and FKBP5 variability in the real-world expression of psychosis proneness and social stress reactivity. The findings underscore the importance of investigating how gene-environment interactions are involved in mechanistic pathways to the extended psychosis phenotype and lend further support to the increasing relevance given to socially defeating appraisals in the experience of reality distortion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cristóbal-Narváez
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tamara Sheinbaum
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Araceli Rosa
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Ballespí
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta de Castro-Catala
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elionora Peña
- Secció de Zoologia i Antropologia, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas R. Kwapil
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG), Greensboro, NC, United States of America
| | - Neus Barrantes-Vidal
- Departament de Psicologia Clínica i de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro (UNCG), Greensboro, NC, United States of America
- Sant Pere Claver–Fundació Sanitària, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Morgan C, Gayer‐Anderson C. Childhood adversities and psychosis: evidence, challenges, implications. World Psychiatry 2016; 15:93-102. [PMID: 27265690 PMCID: PMC4911761 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a substantial body of research reporting evidence of associations between various forms of childhood adversity and psychosis, across the spectrum from experiences to disorder. This has been extended, more recently, to include studies of cumulative effects, of interactions with other factors, of specific effects, and of putative biological and psychological mechanisms. In this paper we evaluate this research and highlight the remaining methodological issues and gaps that temper, but do not dismiss, conclusions about the causal role of childhood adversity. We also consider the emerging work on cumulative, synergistic, and specific effects and on mechanisms; and discuss the broader implications of this line of research for our understanding of psychosis. We conclude that the current balance of evidence is that childhood adversities - particularly exposure to multiple adversities involving hostility and threat - do, in some people, contribute to the onset of psychotic experiences and psychotic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Morgan
- Society and Mental Health Research Group, Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Charlotte Gayer‐Anderson
- Society and Mental Health Research Group, Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College LondonLondonUK
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Pilot study of adrenal steroid hormones in hair as an indicator of chronic mental and physical stress. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25842. [PMID: 27174654 PMCID: PMC4865856 DOI: 10.1038/srep25842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the quantitative analysis of moderators affecting the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis in health and sickness is still unreliable. This is, in particular, due to physiological factors such as pulsatile ultradian and circadian glucocorticoid secretion as well as to methodological limitations of the current techniques for steroid hormone determination. Based on this background, the determination of long-term hair steroid concentrations is an important methodological improvement allowing for the quantitative analysis of chronic HPA axis-activation. In order to determine the relationship between chronic mental and physical stress and a chronic activation of the HPA axis, we performed a cross-sectional pilot-study with 40 healthy students and examined the relationships between physical activity, mental burden(s), subjective stress perceptions, depressiveness, anxiety, physical complaints, sense of coherence, resilience, and the long-term integrated steroid hormone levels in hair. The results showed that the concentrations of cortisol, cortisone, and dehydroepiandrosterone in hair were significantly correlated to mental (p = 0.034) and physical stress (p = 0.001) as well as to subjective stress perception (p = 0.006). We conclude that steroid concentrations in hair are decisive predictors for an increase in the long-term-HPA axis activity. Moreover, this biomarker is suitable for capturing the stresslevel after burdening events and physical activity.
Collapse
|
47
|
Gene-Stress-Epigenetic Regulation of FKBP5: Clinical and Translational Implications. Neuropsychopharmacology 2016; 41:261-74. [PMID: 26250598 PMCID: PMC4677131 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2015.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stress responses and related outcomes vary markedly across individuals. Elucidating the molecular underpinnings of this variability is of great relevance for developing individualized prevention strategies and treatments for stress-related disorders. An important modulator of stress responses is the FK506-binding protein 51 (FKBP5/FKBP51). FKBP5 acts as a co-chaperone that modulates not only glucocorticoid receptor activity in response to stressors but also a multitude of other cellular processes in both the brain and periphery. Notably, the FKBP5 gene is regulated via complex interactions among environmental stressors, FKBP5 genetic variants, and epigenetic modifications of glucocorticoid-responsive genomic sites. These interactions can result in FKBP5 disinhibition that has been shown to contribute to a number of aberrant phenotypes in both rodents and humans. Consequently, FKBP5 blockade may hold promise as treatment intervention for stress-related disorders, and recently developed selective FKBP5 blockers show encouraging results in vitro and in rodent models. Although risk for stress-related disorders is conferred by multiple environmental and genetic factors, the findings related to FKBP5 illustrate how a deeper understanding of the molecular and systemic mechanisms underlying specific gene-environment interactions may provide insights into the pathogenesis of stress-related disorders.
Collapse
|
48
|
Alemany S, Moya J, Ibáñez MI, Villa H, Mezquita L, Ortet G, Gastó C, Fañanás L, Arias B. Research Letter: Childhood trauma and the rs1360780 SNP of FKBP5 gene in psychosis: a replication in two general population samples. Psychol Med 2016; 46:221-223. [PMID: 26399750 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291715001695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Alemany
- Department of Animal Biology,Faculty of Biology,Anthropology Unit,University of Barcelona,Barcelona,Spain
| | - J Moya
- CIBER on Mental Health (CIBERSAM),Spain
| | | | - H Villa
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology,Faculty of Health Sciences,Universitat Jaume I,Castelló,Spain
| | - L Mezquita
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology,Faculty of Health Sciences,Universitat Jaume I,Castelló,Spain
| | - G Ortet
- CIBER on Mental Health (CIBERSAM),Spain
| | - C Gastó
- CIBER on Mental Health (CIBERSAM),Spain
| | - L Fañanás
- Department of Animal Biology,Faculty of Biology,Anthropology Unit,University of Barcelona,Barcelona,Spain
| | - B Arias
- Department of Animal Biology,Faculty of Biology,Anthropology Unit,University of Barcelona,Barcelona,Spain
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Comasco E, Gustafsson PA, Sydsjö G, Agnafors S, Aho N, Svedin CG. Psychiatric symptoms in adolescents: FKBP5 genotype--early life adversity interaction effects. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2015; 24:1473-83. [PMID: 26424511 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-015-0768-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are multi-factorial and their symptoms overlap. Constitutional and environmental factors influence each other, and this contributes to risk and resilience in mental ill-health. We investigated functional genetic variation of stress responsiveness, assessed as FKBP5 genotype, in relation to early life adversity and mental health in two samples of adolescents. One population-based sample of 909 12-year-old adolescents was assessed using the Life Incidence of Traumatic Events scale and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. One sample of 398 17-year-old adolescents, enriched for poly-victimized individuals (USSS), was assessed using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire and the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children (TSCC). The FKBP5 rs1360780 and rs3800373 polymorphisms were genotyped using a fluorescence-based competitive allele-specific PCR. Most prominently among poly-victimized older male adolescents, the least common alleles of the polymorphisms, in interaction with adverse life events, were associated with psychiatric symptoms, after controlling for ethno-socio-economic factors. The interaction effect between rs3800373 and adverse life events on the TSCC sub-scales-anxiety, depression, anger, and dissociation-and with the rs1360780 on dissociation in the USSS cohort remained significant after Bonferroni correction. This pattern of association is in line with the findings of clinical and neuroimaging studies, and implies interactive effects of FKBP5 polymorphisms and early life environment on several psychiatric symptoms. These correlates add up to provide constructs that are relevant to several psychiatric symptoms, and to identify early predictors of mental ill-health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Comasco
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Per A Gustafsson
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, IKE, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Gunilla Sydsjö
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sara Agnafors
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, IKE, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nikolas Aho
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, IKE, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Carl Göran Svedin
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, IKE, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, 581 85, Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ullmann E, Barthel A, Taché S, Bornstein A, Licinio J, Bornstein SR. Emotional and psychological trauma in refugees arriving in Germany in 2015. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1483-4. [PMID: 26527128 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Ullmann
- Department of Medicine, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Center of Developmental Pediatrics, City Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Barthel
- Department of Medicine, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Endokrinologikum Ruhr, Bochum, Germany
| | - S Taché
- German Red Cross, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Bornstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - J Licinio
- Mind and Brain Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - S R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Endocrinology and Diabetes, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Rayne Institute, Denmark Hill Campus, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Kings College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|