1
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Zhao Y, Huang J, Zhao K, Li M, Wang S. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination in the regulation of N 6-methyladenosine functional molecules. J Mol Med (Berl) 2024; 102:337-351. [PMID: 38289385 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-024-02417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
N6 methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent RNA epigenetic modification, regulated by methyltransferases and demethyltransferases and recognized by methylation-related reading proteins to impact mRNA splicing, translocation, stability, and translation efficiency. It significantly affects a variety of activities, including stem cell maintenance and differentiation, tumor formation, immune regulation, and metabolic disorders. Ubiquitination refers to the specific modification of target proteins by ubiquitin molecule in response to a series of enzymes. E3 ligases connect ubiquitin to target proteins and usually lead to protein degradation. On the contrary, deubiquitination induced by deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) can separate ubiquitin and regulate the stability of protein. Recent studies have emphasized the potential importance of ubiquitination and deubiquitination in controlling the function of m6A modification. In this review, we discuss the impact of ubiquitination and deubiquitination on m6A functional molecules in diseases, such as metabolism, cellular stress, and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road No 438, Zhenjiang, 212002, China
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jiaojiao Huang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Kexin Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu University, Jiefang Road No 438, Zhenjiang, 212002, China.
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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2
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Ang MY, Takeuchi F, Kato N. Deciphering the genetic landscape of obesity: a data-driven approach to identifying plausible causal genes and therapeutic targets. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:823-833. [PMID: 37620670 PMCID: PMC10678330 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-023-01189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully revealed numerous susceptibility loci for obesity. However, identifying the causal genes, pathways, and tissues/cell types responsible for these associations remains a challenge, and standardized analysis workflows are lacking. Additionally, due to limited treatment options for obesity, there is a need for the development of new pharmacological therapies. This study aimed to address these issues by performing step-wise utilization of knowledgebase for gene prioritization and assessing the potential relevance of key obesity genes as therapeutic targets. METHODS AND RESULTS First, we generated a list of 28,787 obesity-associated SNPs from the publicly available GWAS dataset (approximately 800,000 individuals in the GIANT meta-analysis). Then, we prioritized 1372 genes with significant in silico evidence against genomic and transcriptomic data, including transcriptionally regulated genes in the brain from transcriptome-wide association studies. In further narrowing down the gene list, we selected key genes, which we found to be useful for the discovery of potential drug seeds as demonstrated in lipid GWAS separately. We thus identified 74 key genes for obesity, which are highly interconnected and enriched in several biological processes that contribute to obesity, including energy expenditure and homeostasis. Of 74 key genes, 37 had not been reported for the pathophysiology of obesity. Finally, by drug-gene interaction analysis, we detected 23 (of 74) key genes that are potential targets for 78 approved and marketed drugs. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide valuable insights into new treatment options for obesity through a data-driven approach that integrates multiple up-to-date knowledgebases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Yang Ang
- Department of Clinical Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Medical Genomics Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Fumihiko Takeuchi
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Medical Genomics Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiro Kato
- Department of Clinical Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Gene Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Medical Genomics Center, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Wang J, Casimiro-Garcia A, Johnson BG, Duffen J, Cain M, Savary L, Wang S, Nambiar P, Lech M, Zhao S, Xi L, Zhan Y, Olson J, Stejskal JA, Lin H, Zhang B, Martinez RV, Masek-Hammerman K, Schlerman FJ, Dower K. A protein kinase C α and β inhibitor blunts hyperphagia to halt renal function decline and reduces adiposity in a rat model of obesity-driven type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16919. [PMID: 37805649 PMCID: PMC10560236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its complications can have debilitating, sometimes fatal consequences for afflicted individuals. The disease can be difficult to control, and therapeutic strategies to prevent T2D-induced tissue and organ damage are needed. Here we describe the results of administering a potent and selective inhibitor of Protein Kinase C (PKC) family members PKCα and PKCβ, Cmpd 1, in the ZSF1 obese rat model of hyperphagia-induced, obesity-driven T2D. Although our initial intent was to evaluate the effect of PKCα/β inhibition on renal damage in this model setting, Cmpd 1 unexpectedly caused a marked reduction in the hyperphagic response of ZSF1 obese animals. This halted renal function decline but did so indirectly and indistinguishably from a pair feeding comparator group. However, above and beyond this food intake effect, Cmpd 1 lowered overall animal body weights, reduced liver vacuolation, and reduced inguinal adipose tissue (iWAT) mass, inflammation, and adipocyte size. Taken together, Cmpd 1 had strong effects on multiple disease parameters in this obesity-driven rodent model of T2D. Further evaluation for potential translation of PKCα/β inhibition to T2D and obesity in humans is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Wang
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | | | - Bryce G Johnson
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Duffen
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Cain
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Mediar Therapeutics, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leigh Savary
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Instem Life Science Systems Ltd, Mount Ida College, South Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Wang
- Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Novartis Gene Therapies, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Prashant Nambiar
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Strand Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Lech
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shanrong Zhao
- Clinical Genetics and Bioinformatics, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Amunix Pharmaceuticals, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Li Xi
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yutian Zhan
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Olson
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - James A Stejskal
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
- Charles River Laboratories, Shrewsbury, MA, USA
| | - Hank Lin
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Sunovion Pharmaceuticals Inc., Marlborough, MA, USA
| | - Baohong Zhang
- Clinical Genetics and Bioinformatics, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Data Sciences, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert V Martinez
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Technological Innovation, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Franklin J Schlerman
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ken Dower
- Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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4
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Shu Y, Gumma N, Hassan F, Branch DA, Baer LA, Ostrowski MC, Stanford KI, Baskin KK, Mehta KD. Hepatic protein kinase Cbeta deficiency mitigates late-onset obesity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104917. [PMID: 37315788 PMCID: PMC10393818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Although aging is associated with progressive adiposity and a decline in liver function, the underlying molecular mechanisms and metabolic interplay are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that aging induces hepatic protein kinase Cbeta (PKCβ) expression, while hepatocyte PKCβ deficiency (PKCβHep-/-) in mice significantly attenuates obesity in aged mice fed a high-fat diet. Compared with control PKCβfl/fl mice, PKCβHep-/- mice showed elevated energy expenditure with augmentation of oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production which was dependent on β3-adrenergic receptor signaling, thereby favoring negative energy balance. This effect was accompanied by induction of thermogenic genes in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and increased BAT respiratory capacity, as well as a shift to oxidative muscle fiber type with an improved mitochondrial function, thereby enhancing oxidative capacity of thermogenic tissues. Furthermore, in PKCβHep-/- mice, we determined that PKCβ overexpression in the liver mitigated elevated expression of thermogenic genes in BAT. In conclusion, our study thus establishes hepatocyte PKCβ induction as a critical component of pathophysiological energy metabolism by promoting progressive hepatic and extrahepatic metabolic derangements in energy homeostasis, contributing to late-onset obesity. These findings have potential implications for augmenting thermogenesis as a means of combating aging-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoling Shu
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nikhil Gumma
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Faizule Hassan
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Daniel A Branch
- Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Lisa A Baer
- Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael C Ostrowski
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Holling Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kristin I Stanford
- Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kedryn K Baskin
- Physiology & Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kamal D Mehta
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA; Division of Metabolic Syndrome, Instacare Therapeutics, Dublin, Ohio, USA.
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5
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Zheng Y, Yang N, Pang Y, Gong Y, Yang H, Ding W, Yang H. Mitochondria-associated regulation in adipose tissues and potential reagents for obesity intervention. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1132342. [PMID: 37396170 PMCID: PMC10313115 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1132342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A systematic review analysis was used to assess the profile of mitochondrial involvement in adipose tissue regulation and potential reagents to intervene in obesity through the mitochondrial pathway. Methods Three databases, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase, were searched online for literature associated with mitochondria, obesity, white adipose tissue, and brown adipose tissue published from the time of their creation until June 22, 2022, and each paper was screened. Results 568 papers were identified, of which 134 papers met the initial selection criteria, 76 were selected after full-text review, and 6 were identified after additional searches. A full-text review of the included 82 papers was performed. Conclusion Mitochondria play a key role in adipose tissue metabolism and energy homeostasis, including as potential therapeutic agents for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zheng
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ni Yang
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yueshan Pang
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanju Gong
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- School of Medical and Life Sciences/Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Weijun Ding
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongya Yang
- Department of Fundamental Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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6
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Patel A, Dobbins T, Kong X, Patel R, Carter G, Harding L, Sparks RP, Patel NA, Cooper DR. Induction of beige-like adipocyte markers and functions in 3T3-L1 cells by Clk1 and PKCβII inhibitory molecules. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4183-4194. [PMID: 35801494 PMCID: PMC9344812 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive dietary intake of fat results in its storage in white adipose tissue (WAT). Energy expenditure through lipid oxidation occurs in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Certain WAT depots can undergo a change termed beiging where markers that BAT express are induced. Little is known about signalling pathways inducing beiging. Here, inhibition of a signalling pathway regulating alternative pre‐mRNA splicing is involved in adipocyte beiging. Clk1/2/4 kinases regulate splicing by phosphorylating factors that process pre‐mRNA. Clk1 inhibition by TG003 results in beige‐like adipocytes highly expressing PGC1α and UCP1. SiRNA for Clk1, 2 and 4, demonstrated that Clk1 depletion increased UCP1 and PGC1α expression, whereas Clk2/4 siRNA did not. TG003‐treated adipocytes contained fewer lipid droplets, are smaller, and contain more mitochondria, resulting in proton leak increases. Additionally, inhibition of PKCβII activity, a splice variant regulated by Clk1, increased beiging. PGC1α is a substrate for both Clk1 and PKCβII kinases, and we surmised that inhibition of PGC1α phosphorylation resulted in beiging of adipocytes. We show that TG003 binds Clk1 more than Clk2/4 through direct binding, and PGC1α binds to Clk1 at a site close to TG003. Furthermore, we show that TG003 is highly specific for Clk1 across hundreds of kinases in our activity screen. Hence, Clk1 inhibition becomes a target for induction of beige adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achintya Patel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Tradd Dobbins
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Xiaoyuan Kong
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Rehka Patel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Gay Carter
- J.A. Haley Research Service, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Linette Harding
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Robert P Sparks
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Niketa A Patel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA.,J.A. Haley Research Service, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Denise R Cooper
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA.,J.A. Haley Research Service, Tampa, Florida, USA
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7
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The cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor Roscovitine prevents diet-induced metabolic disruption in obese mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20365. [PMID: 34645915 PMCID: PMC8514475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99871-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Most strategies to treat obesity-related disorders have involved prevention of diet-induced weight gain in lean mice. Treatment of obese individuals will require therapies that reverse the detrimental effects of excess body weight. Cyclin-dependent kinases have been shown to contribute to obesity and its adverse complications. Here, we show that roscovitine; a an orally available cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor; given to male mice during the last six weeks of a 19-week high fat diet, reduced weight gain and prevented accompanying insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, visceral adipose tissue (eWAT) inflammation/fibrosis as well as restored insulin secretion and enhanced whole body energy expenditure. Proteomics and phosphoproteomics analysis of eWAT demonstrated that roscovitine suppressed expression of peptides and phosphopeptides linked to inflammation and extracellular matrix proteins. It also identified 17 putative protein kinases perturbed by roscovitine, including CMGC kinases, AGC kinases and CAMK kinases. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that lipid metabolism, TCA cycle, fatty acid beta oxidation and creatine biosynthesis are enriched following roscovitine treatment. For brown adipose tissue (BAT), analysis of upstream kinases controlling the phosphoproteome revealed two major kinase groups, AGC and CMGC kinases. Among the top enriched pathways were insulin signaling, regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, thyroid hormone signaling, thermogenesis and cAMP-PKG signaling. We conclude that roscovitine is effective at preventing prolonged diet-induced metabolic disruption and restoring mitochondrial activity in BAT and eWAT.
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8
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Shu Y, Hassan F, Ostrowski MC, Mehta KD. Role of hepatic PKCβ in nutritional regulation of hepatic glycogen synthesis. JCI Insight 2021; 6:149023. [PMID: 34622807 PMCID: PMC8525638 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling mechanisms by which dietary fat and cholesterol signals regulate central pathways of glucose homeostasis are not completely understood. By using a hepatocyte-specific PKCβ-deficient (PKCβHep-/-) mouse model, we demonstrated the role of hepatic PKCβ in slowing disposal of glucose overload by suppressing glycogenesis and increasing hepatic glucose output. PKCβHep-/- mice exhibited lower plasma glucose under the fed condition, modestly improved systemic glucose tolerance and mildly suppressed gluconeogenesis, increased hepatic glycogen accumulation and synthesis due to elevated glucokinase expression and activated glycogen synthase (GS), and suppressed glucose-6-phosphatase expression compared with controls. These events were independent of hepatic AKT/GSK-3α/β signaling and were accompanied by increased HNF-4α transactivation, reduced FoxO1 protein abundance, and elevated expression of GS targeting protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3C in the PKCβHep-/- liver compared with controls. The above data strongly imply that hepatic PKCβ deficiency causes hypoglycemia postprandially by promoting glucose phosphorylation via upregulating glucokinase and subsequently redirecting more glucose-6-phosphate to glycogen via activating GS. In summary, hepatic PKCβ has a unique and essential ability to induce a coordinated response that negatively affects glycogenesis at multiple levels under physiological postprandial conditions, thereby integrating nutritional fat intake with dysregulation of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoling Shu
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Faizule Hassan
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael C Ostrowski
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Holling Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kamal D Mehta
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Instacare Therapeutics, Dublin, Ohio, USA
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9
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Shu Y, Hassan F, Coppola V, Baskin KK, Han X, Mehta NK, Ostrowski MC, Mehta KD. Hepatocyte-specific PKCβ deficiency protects against high-fat diet-induced nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis. Mol Metab 2021; 44:101133. [PMID: 33271332 PMCID: PMC7785956 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis, also known as fatty liver, is a uniform response of the liver to hyperlipidic-hypercaloric diet intake. However, the post-ingestive signals and mechanistic processes driving hepatic steatosis are not well understood. Emerging data demonstrate that protein kinase C beta (PKCβ), a lipid-sensitive kinase, plays a critical role in energy metabolism and adaptation to environmental and nutritional stimuli. Despite its powerful effect on glucose and lipid metabolism, knowledge of the physiological roles of hepatic PKCβ in energy homeostasis is limited. METHODS The floxed-PKCβ and hepatocyte-specific PKCβ-deficient mouse models were generated to study the in vivo role of hepatocyte PKCβ on diet-induced hepatic steatosis, lipid metabolism, and mitochondrial function. RESULTS We report that hepatocyte-specific PKCβ deficiency protects mice from development of hepatic steatosis induced by high-fat diet, without affecting body weight gain. This protection is associated with attenuation of SREBP-1c transactivation and improved hepatic mitochondrial respiratory chain. Lipidomic analysis identified significant increases in the critical mitochondrial inner membrane lipid, cardiolipin, in PKCβ-deficient livers compared to control. Moreover, hepatocyte PKCβ deficiency had no significant effect on either hepatic or whole-body insulin sensitivity supporting dissociation between hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS The above data indicate that hepatocyte PKCβ is a key focus of dietary lipid perception and is essential for efficient storage of dietary lipids in liver largely through coordinating energy utilization and lipogenesis during post-prandial period. These results highlight the importance of hepatic PKCβ as a drug target for obesity-associated nonalcoholic hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoling Shu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Faizule Hassan
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Kedryn K Baskin
- Physiology and Cell Biology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Department of Medicine, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | - Michael C Ostrowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kamal D Mehta
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
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10
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Kolczynska K, Loza-Valdes A, Hawro I, Sumara G. Diacylglycerol-evoked activation of PKC and PKD isoforms in regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism: a review. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:113. [PMID: 32466765 PMCID: PMC7257441 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) and Protein kinase D (PKD) isoforms can sense diacylglycerol (DAG) generated in the different cellular compartments in various physiological processes. DAG accumulates in multiple organs of the obese subjects, which leads to the disruption of metabolic homeostasis and the development of diabetes as well as associated diseases. Multiple studies proved that aberrant activation of PKCs and PKDs contributes to the development of metabolic diseases. DAG-sensing PKC and PKD isoforms play a crucial role in the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and therefore might serve as targets for the treatment of metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kolczynska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Angel Loza-Valdes
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Izabela Hawro
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Sumara
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093, Warszawa, Poland.
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11
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Yi H, Xu D, Wu X, Xu F, Lin L, Zhou H. Isosteviol Protects Free Fatty Acid- and High Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Injury via Modulating PKC-β/p66Shc/ROS and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Pathways. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1949-1968. [PMID: 30484323 PMCID: PMC6486675 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver diseases. However, there are no approved pharmacotherapies for the treatment of NAFLD other than managing life style and controlling diets. Extensive studies have demonstrated that multiple mechanisms are involved in free fatty acid (FFA)- and high fat diet (HFD)-induced hepatic injury, including mitochondrial dysfunction, activation of oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and lysosome dysfunction. A previous study reported that Isosteviol (ISV), a derivative of stevioside, prevents HFD-induced hepatic injury. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Results: In this study, we examined the potential cellular/molecular mechanisms underlying ISV-mediated protective effect against FFA-/HFD-induced hepatic lipotoxicity by using both in vitro primary rat hepatocytes and the in vivo rat NAFLD model. The results indicated that ISV inhibits FFA-/HFD-induced hepatic injury via reducing oxidative and ER stress. Specifically, ISV inhibited the expression, activation, and mitochondrial translocation of Src-homology-2-domain-containing transforming protein 1 (p66Shc), an adapter protein that mediates oxidative stress-induced injury and is a substrate of protein kinase C-β (PKC-β), via inhibition of PKC-β activity. However, ISV had no effect on the expression and activity of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase and serine/threonine protein phosphatase 2A, isomerase and phosphorylase of p66Shc. In addition, ISV also inhibited FFA-induced ER stress and decreased ER-mitochondrial interaction. Innovation and Conclusion: We first identified that ISV prevents FFA-/HFD-induced hepatic injury through modulating PKC-β/p66Shc/oxidative and ER stress pathways. ISV represents a promising therapeutic agent for NAFLD in the future. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 30, 1949-1968.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Yi
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Deyi Xu
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xudong Wu
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fang Xu
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Lin
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiping Zhou
- 3 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
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12
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Liu Z, Khalil RA. Evolving mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle contraction highlight key targets in vascular disease. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:91-122. [PMID: 29452094 PMCID: PMC5959760 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) plays an important role in the regulation of vascular function. Identifying the mechanisms of VSM contraction has been a major research goal in order to determine the causes of vascular dysfunction and exaggerated vasoconstriction in vascular disease. Major discoveries over several decades have helped to better understand the mechanisms of VSM contraction. Ca2+ has been established as a major regulator of VSM contraction, and its sources, cytosolic levels, homeostatic mechanisms and subcellular distribution have been defined. Biochemical studies have also suggested that stimulation of Gq protein-coupled membrane receptors activates phospholipase C and promotes the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids into inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 stimulates initial Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and is buttressed by Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent, receptor-operated, transient receptor potential and store-operated channels. In order to prevent large increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c), Ca2+ removal mechanisms promote Ca2+ extrusion via the plasmalemmal Ca2+ pump and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger, and Ca2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, and the coordinated activities of these Ca2+ handling mechanisms help to create subplasmalemmal Ca2+ domains. Threshold increases in [Ca2+]c form a Ca2+-calmodulin complex, which activates myosin light chain (MLC) kinase, and causes MLC phosphorylation, actin-myosin interaction, and VSM contraction. Dissociations in the relationships between [Ca2+]c, MLC phosphorylation, and force have suggested additional Ca2+ sensitization mechanisms. DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, which directly or indirectly via mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylate the actin-binding proteins calponin and caldesmon and thereby enhance the myofilaments force sensitivity to Ca2+. PKC-mediated phosphorylation of PKC-potentiated phosphatase inhibitor protein-17 (CPI-17), and RhoA-mediated activation of Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibit MLC phosphatase and in turn increase MLC phosphorylation and VSM contraction. Abnormalities in the Ca2+ handling mechanisms and PKC and ROCK activity have been associated with vascular dysfunction in multiple vascular disorders. Modulators of [Ca2+]c, PKC and ROCK activity could be useful in mitigating the increased vasoconstriction associated with vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Liu
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Raouf A Khalil
- Vascular Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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13
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Zeng X, Du X, Zhang J, Jiang S, Liu J, Xie Y, Shan W, He G, Sun Q, Zhao J. The essential function of CARD9 in diet-induced inflammation and metabolic disorders in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2993-3004. [PMID: 29575791 PMCID: PMC5980191 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and metabolic disorder are common pathophysiological conditions, which play a vital role in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of caspase recruitment domain (CARD) 9 in the high fat diet (HFD)‐treated mice and attempt to find a molecular therapeutic target for obesity development and treatment. Sixteen male CARD9−/− and corresponding male WT mice were fed with normal diet or high fat diet, respectively, for 12 weeks. Glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, oxygen consumption and heat production of the mice were detected. The CARD9/MAPK pathway‐related gene and protein were determined in insulin‐responsive organs using Western blotting and quantitative PCR. The results showed that HFD‐induced insulin resistance and impairment of glucose tolerance were more severe in WT mice than that in the CARD9−/− mice. CARD9 absence significantly modified O2 consumption, CO2 production and heat production. CARD9−/− mice displayed the lower expression of p38 MAPK, JNK and ERK when compared to the WT mice in both HFD‐ and ND‐treated groups. HFD induced the increase of p38 MAPK, JNK and ERK in WT mice but not in the CARD9−/− mice. The results indicated that CARD9 absence could be a vital protective factor in diet‐induced obesity via the CARD9/MAPK pathway, which may provide new insights into the development of gene knockout to improving diet‐induced obesity and metabolism disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Zeng
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xihao Du
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Jiang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuquan Xie
- Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Shan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanglong He
- College of Health Sciences, University of Wyoming School of Pharmacy, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jinzhuo Zhao
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,The Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China
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14
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Lu Y, Wu Q, Liu LZ, Yu XJ, Liu JJ, Li MX, Zang WJ. Pyridostigmine protects against cardiomyopathy associated with adipose tissue browning and improvement of vagal activity in high-fat diet rats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:1037-1050. [PMID: 29309922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, a major contributor to the development of cardiovascular diseases, is associated with an autonomic imbalance characterized by sympathetic hyperactivity and diminished vagal activity. Vagal activation plays important roles in weight loss and improvement of cardiac function. Pyridostigmine is a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, but whether it ameliorates cardiac lipid accumulation and cardiac remodeling in rats fed a high-fat diet has not been determined. This study investigated the effects of pyridostigmine on high-fat diet-induced cardiac dysfunction and explored the potential mechanisms. Rats were fed a normal or high-fat diet and treated with pyridostigmine. Vagal discharge was evaluated using the BL-420S system, and cardiac function by echocardiograms. Lipid deposition and cardiac remodeling were determined histologically. Lipid utility was assessed by qPCR. A high-fat diet led to a significant reduction in vagal discharge and lipid utility and a marked increase in lipid accumulation, cardiac remodeling, and cardiac dysfunction. Pyridostigmine improved vagal activity and lipid metabolism disorder and cardiac remodeling, accompanied by an improvement of cardiac function in high-fat diet-fed rats. An increase in the browning of white adipose tissue in pyridostigmine-treated rats was also observed and linked to the expression of UCP-1 and CIDEA. Additionally, pyridostigmine facilitated activation of brown adipose tissue via activation of the SIRT-1/AMPK/PGC-1α pathway. In conclusion, a high-fat diet resulted in cardiac lipid accumulation, cardiac remodeling, and a significant decrease in vagal discharge. Pyridostigmine ameliorated cardiomyopathy, an effect related to reduced cardiac lipid accumulation, and facilitated the browning of white adipose tissue while activating brown adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Long-Zhu Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Jun Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Man-Xiang Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical Collage, Xian Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Jin Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Tai H, Wang X, Zhou J, Han X, Fang T, Gong H, Huang N, Chen H, Qin J, Yang M, Wei X, Yang L, Xiao H. Protein kinase Cβ activates fat mass and obesity-associated protein by influencing its ubiquitin/proteasome degradation. FASEB J 2017. [PMID: 28626026 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601159rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase Cβ (PKCβ) is a serine-threonine kinase associated with obesity and diabetic complications; its activation contributes to weight gain, and deletion of its gene results in resistance to genetic- and diet-induced obesity. Fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) protein is a recently identified RNA demethylase, and its overexpression in mice leads to increased body weight as well as fat mass. Although sharing some features in anabolism regulation, PKCβ and FTO have not been investigated together; therefore, their relationship has not been established. We report that PKCβ positively regulates FTO on the posttranslation level, evidenced by the facts that PKCβ activation contributes to high-glucose-induced FTO up-regulation, and overexpression of PKCβ suppresses ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of FTO, whereas PKCβ inactivation acts in the opposite manner. It was also found that PKCβ can phosphorylate FTO on threonine, and this phosphorylation requires both catalytic and regulatory domains of PKCβ. Moreover, PKCβ inhibition can suppress 3T3-L1 cell differentiation in normal and FTO-overexpressing cells but not in FTO-silenced or -inhibited cells. We propose that PKCβ acts to suppress the degradation of FTO protein and reveals the associated role of PKCβ and FTO in adipogenesis, suggesting a new pathway that affects the development of obesity and metabolic diseases.-Tai, H., Wang, X., Zhou, J., Han, X., Fang, T., Gong, H., Huang, N., Chen, H., Qin, J., Yang, M., Wei, X., Yang, L., Xiao, H. Protein kinase Cβ activates fat mass and obesity-associated protein by influencing its ubiquitin/proteasome degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Tai
- Laboratory for Aging Research, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Laboratory for Aging Research, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Zhou
- Laboratory for Aging Research, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Han
- Laboratory for Aging Research, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tingting Fang
- Laboratory for Aging Research, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Laboratory for Aging Research, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Huang
- Laboratory for Aging Research, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Honghan Chen
- Laboratory for Aging Research, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianqiong Qin
- Laboratory for Aging Research, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Yang
- Laboratory for Aging Research, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiawei Wei
- Laboratory for Aging Research, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yang
- Laboratory for Aging Research, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hengyi Xiao
- Laboratory for Aging Research, Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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16
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Zinc Prevents the Development of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in db/db Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030580. [PMID: 28272348 PMCID: PMC5372596 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) is highly prevalent in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. Zinc is an important essential trace metal, whose deficiency is associated with various chronic ailments, including vascular diseases. We assessed T2DM B6.BKS(D)-Leprdb/J (db/db) mice fed for six months on a normal diet containing three zinc levels (deficient, adequate, and supplemented), to explore the role of zinc in DCM development and progression. Cardiac function, reflected by ejection fraction, was significantly decreased, along with increased left ventricle mass and heart weight to tibial length ratio, in db/db mice. As a molecular cardiac hypertrophy marker, atrial natriuretic peptide levels were also significantly increased. Cardiac dysfunction and hypertrophy were accompanied by significantly increased fibrotic (elevated collagen accumulation as well as transforming growth factor β and connective tissue growth factor levels) and inflammatory (enhanced expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, caspase recruitment domain family member 9, and B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 10, and activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase) responses in the heart. All these diabetic effects were exacerbated by zinc deficiency, and not affected by zinc supplementation, respectively. Mechanistically, oxidative stress and damage, mirrored by the accumulation of 3-nitrotyrosine and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, was significantly increased along with significantly decreased expression of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidants (NQO-1 and catalase). This was also exacerbated by zinc deficiency in the db/db mouse heart. These results suggested that zinc deficiency promotes the development and progression of DCM in T2DM db/db mice. The exacerbated effects by zinc deficiency on the heart of db/db mice may be related to further suppression of Nrf2 expression and function.
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17
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Hasan AU, Ohmori K, Hashimoto T, Kamitori K, Yamaguchi F, Noma T, Igarashi J, Tsuboi K, Tokuda M, Nishiyama A, Kohno M. GPR120 in adipocytes has differential roles in the production of pro-inflammatory adipocytokines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:76-82. [PMID: 28263744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
How nutritional excess leads to inflammatory responses in metabolic syndrome is not well characterized. Here, we evaluated the effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid specific G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) activation on inflammatory pathways in adipocytes, and the influence of this process on macrophage migration. Using 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we found that agonizing GPR120 using its synthetic ligand, GSK137647, attenuated both basal and lipopolysaccharide-induced production of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). Moreover, the intervention reduced the phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor alpha (IκBα) and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B p65 subunit (p65). Furthermore, the silencing of GPR120 itself reduced IL-6 and CCL2 mRNA expression. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) augmented the down-regulatory effect of GSK137647 on IL-6 and CCL2 mRNA. Using a luciferase assay to measure promoter activity of the IL-6 gene in mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we demonstrated that exogenous transfection of GPR120 alone reduced the promoter activity, which was augmented by GSK137647. Inhibition of PKC further reduced the promoter activity. Nevertheless, RAW 264.7 macrophages grown in conditioned medium collected from GSK137647-treated adipocytes attenuated the expressions of matrix metalloproteinases-9 and -3, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1. Conditioned medium also inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced migration of these macrophages. Taken together, these findings provide critical evidence that although GPR120 is associated with a PKC-mediated pro-inflammatory pathway, the direct inhibitory effects of GPR120 on the nuclear factor kappa B pathway are anti-inflammatory. Moreover, GPR120 activity can attenuate the adipocyte-mediated enhanced production of extracellular matrix-modulating factors in macrophages and can reduce their migration by a paracrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Ul Hasan
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Koji Ohmori
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Kamitori
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Fuminori Yamaguchi
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takahisa Noma
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Junsuke Igarashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tsuboi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Masaaki Tokuda
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kohno
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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18
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Mehta D, Mehta KD. PKCβ: Expanding role in hepatic adaptation of cholesterol homeostasis to dietary fat/cholesterol. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G266-G273. [PMID: 28104587 PMCID: PMC5401991 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00373.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol homeostasis relies on an intricate network of cellular processes whose deregulation in response to Western type high-fat/cholesterol diets can lead to several life-threatening pathologies. Significant advances have been made in resolving the molecular identity and regulatory function of transcription factors sensitive to fat, cholesterol, or bile acids, but whether body senses the presence of both fat and cholesterol simultaneously is not known. Assessing the impact of a high-fat/cholesterol load, rather than an individual component alone, on cholesterol homeostasis is more physiologically relevant because Western diets deliver both fat and cholesterol at the same time. Moreover, dietary fat and dietary cholesterol are reported to act synergistically to impair liver cholesterol homeostasis. A key insight into the role of protein kinase C-β (PKCβ) in hepatic adaptation to high-fat/cholesterol diets was gained recently through the use of knockout mice. The emerging evidence indicates that PKCβ is an important regulator of cholesterol homeostasis that ensures normal adaptation to high-fat/cholesterol intake. Consistent with this function, high-fat/cholesterol diets induce PKCβ expression and signaling in the intestine and liver, while systemic PKCβ deficiency promotes accumulation of cholesterol in the liver and bile. PKCβ disruption results in profound dysregulation of hepatic cholesterol and bile homeostasis and imparts sensitivity to cholesterol gallstone formation. The available results support involvement of a two-pronged mechanism by which intestine and liver PKCβ signaling converge on liver ERK1/2 to dictate diet-induced cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis. Collectively, PKCβ is an integrator of dietary fat/cholesterol signal and mediates changes to cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devina Mehta
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Kamal D. Mehta
- 2Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
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19
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Wang S, Gu J, Xu Z, Zhang Z, Bai T, Xu J, Cai J, Barnes G, Liu QJ, Freedman JH, Wang Y, Liu Q, Zheng Y, Cai L. Zinc rescues obesity-induced cardiac hypertrophy via stimulating metallothionein to suppress oxidative stress-activated BCL10/CARD9/p38 MAPK pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1182-1192. [PMID: 28158919 PMCID: PMC5431126 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity often leads to obesity-related cardiac hypertrophy (ORCH), which is suppressed by zinc-induced inactivation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK). In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which zinc inactivates p38 MAPK to prevent ORCH. Mice (4-week old) were fed either high fat diet (HFD, 60% kcal fat) or normal diet (ND, 10% kcal fat) containing variable amounts of zinc (deficiency, normal and supplement) for 3 and 6 months. P38 MAPK siRNA and the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 were used to suppress p38 MAPK activity in vitro and in vivo, respectively. HFD activated p38 MAPK and increased expression of B-cell lymphoma/CLL 10 (BCL10) and caspase recruitment domain family member 9 (CARD9). These responses were enhanced by zinc deficiency and attenuated by zinc supplement. Administration of SB203580 to HFD mice or specific siRNA in palmitate-treated cardiomyocytes eliminated the HFD and zinc deficiency activation of p38 MAPK, but did not significantly impact the expression of BCL10 and CARD9. In cultured cardiomyocytes, inhibition of BCL10 expression by siRNA prevented palmitate-induced increased p38 MAPK activation and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) expression. In contrast, inhibition of p38 MAPK prevented ANP expression, but did not affect BCL10 expression. Deletion of metallothionein abolished the protective effect of zinc on palmitate-induced up-regulation of BCL10 and phospho-p38 MAPK. HFD and zinc deficiency synergistically induce ORCH by increasing oxidative stress-mediated activation of BCL10/CARD9/p38 MAPK signalling. Zinc supplement ameliorates ORCH through activation of metallothionein to repress oxidative stress-activated BCL10 expression and p38 MAPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Wang
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Junlian Gu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zheng Xu
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tao Bai
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jianxiang Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Gregory Barnes
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Autism Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Qiu-Ju Liu
- Department of Hematology Disorders, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jonathan H Freedman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Quan Liu
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Wendy Novak Diabetes Care Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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20
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Bargut TCL, Souza-Mello V, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Browning of white adipose tissue: lessons from experimental models. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2017; 31:hmbci-2016-0051. [PMID: 28099124 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2016-0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Beige or brite (brown-in-white) adipocytes are present in white adipose tissue (WAT) and have a white fat-like phenotype that when stimulated acquires a brown fat-like phenotype, leading to increased thermogenesis. This phenomenon is known as browning and is more likely to occur in subcutaneous fat depots. Browning involves the expression of many transcription factors, such as PR domain containing 16 (PRDM16) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, and of uncoupling protein (UCP)-1, which is the hallmark of thermogenesis. Recent papers pointed that browning can occur in the WAT of humans, with beneficial metabolic effects. This fact indicates that these cells can be targeted to treat a range of diseases, with both pharmacological and nutritional activators. Pharmacological approaches to induce browning include the use of PPAR-α agonist, adrenergic receptor stimulation, thyroid hormone administration, irisin and FGF21 induction. Most of them act through the induction of PPAR-γ coactivator (PGC) 1-α and the consequent mitochondrial biogenesis and UCP1 induction. About the nutritional inducers, several compounds have been described with multiple mechanisms of action. Some of these activators include specific amino acids restriction, capsaicin, bile acids, Resveratrol, and retinoic acid. Besides that, some classes of lipids, as well as many plant extracts, have also been implicated in the browning of WAT. In conclusion, the discovery of browning in human WAT opens the possibility to target the adipose tissue to fight a range of diseases. Studies have arisen showing promising results and bringing new opportunities in thermogenesis and obesity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thereza Cristina Lonzetti Bargut
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Souza-Mello
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratorio de Morfometria, Metabolismo e Doença Cardiovascular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 20551-030 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Phone (+55.21) 2868-8316, Fax: 2868-8033, E-mail:
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21
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Dietary flavones counteract phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced SREBP-2 processing in hepatic cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 424:163-172. [PMID: 27778136 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of fruits and vegetables is generally regarded as beneficial to plasma lipid profile. The mechanism by which the plant foods induce desirable lipid changes remains unclear. SREBP-2 is crucial in cholesterol metabolism, and it is a major regulator of the cholesterol biosynthesis enzyme HMGCR. Our lab has previously illustrated that apigenin and luteolin could attenuate the nuclear translocation of SREBP-2 through an AMPK-dependent pathway. In the present study, these two flavones were studied for their ability to deter the same in an AMPK-independent signaling route. The processing of SREBP-2 protein was promoted by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in the hepatic cells WRL and HepG2, and the increased processing was reversed by apigenin or luteolin co-administration. EMSA results demonstrated that the PMA-induced DNA-binding activity was weakened by the flavones. The increased amount of nuclear SREBP-2 in cells was attenuated by the flavonoid as shown by immunocytochemical imaging. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay demonstrated that the transcription of HMGCR under both flavone treatments was reduced. However, apigenin appeared to be stronger than luteolin in restraining PMA-induced HMGCR mRNA expression. Since PMA is a diacylglycerol analog, these findings might have some physiological implications.
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22
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Heo HJ, Tozour JN, Delahaye F, Zhao Y, Cui L, Barzilai N, Einstein FH. Advanced aging phenotype is revealed by epigenetic modifications in rat liver after in utero malnutrition. Aging Cell 2016; 15:964-72. [PMID: 27470058 PMCID: PMC5013021 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse environmental exposures of mothers during fetal period predispose offspring to a range of age-related diseases earlier in life. Here, we set to determine whether a deregulated epigenetic pattern is similar in young animals whose mothers' nutrition was modulated during fetal growth to that acquired during normal aging in animals. Using a rodent model of maternal undernutrition (UN) or overnutrition (ON), we examined cytosine methylation profiles of liver from young female offspring and compared them to age-matched young controls and aged (20-month-old) animals. HELP-tagging, a genomewide restriction enzyme and sequencing assay demonstrates that fetal exposure to two different maternal diets is associated with nonrandom dysregulation of methylation levels with profiles similar to those seen in normal aging animals and occur in regions mapped to genes relevant to metabolic diseases and aging. Functional consequences were assessed by gene expression at 9 weeks old with more significant changes at 6 months of age. Early developmental exposures to unfavorable maternal diets result in altered methylation profiles and transcriptional dysregulation in Prkcb, Pc, Ncor2, and Smad3 that is also seen with normal aging. These Notch pathway and lipogenesis genes may be useful for prediction of later susceptibility to chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye J. Heo
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1300 Morris Park Ave Bronx NY 10461 USA
| | - Jessica N. Tozour
- Department of Genetics Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1300 Morris Park Ave Bronx NY 10461 USA
| | - Fabien Delahaye
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1300 Morris Park Ave Bronx NY 10461 USA
- Department of Genetics Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1300 Morris Park Ave Bronx NY 10461 USA
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1300 Morris Park Ave Bronx NY 10461 USA
| | - Lingguang Cui
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1300 Morris Park Ave Bronx NY 10461 USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Genetics Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1300 Morris Park Ave Bronx NY 10461 USA
- Department of Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1300 Morris Park Ave Bronx NY 10461 USA
| | - Francine Hughes Einstein
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1300 Morris Park Ave Bronx NY 10461 USA
- Department of Medicine Albert Einstein College of Medicine 1300 Morris Park Ave Bronx NY 10461 USA
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Ringvold HC, Khalil RA. Protein Kinase C as Regulator of Vascular Smooth Muscle Function and Potential Target in Vascular Disorders. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2016; 78:203-301. [PMID: 28212798 PMCID: PMC5319769 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle (VSM) plays an important role in maintaining vascular tone. In addition to Ca2+-dependent myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation, protein kinase C (PKC) is a major regulator of VSM function. PKC is a family of conventional Ca2+-dependent α, β, and γ, novel Ca2+-independent δ, ɛ, θ, and η, and atypical ξ, and ι/λ isoforms. Inactive PKC is mainly cytosolic, and upon activation it undergoes phosphorylation, maturation, and translocation to the surface membrane, the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and other cell organelles; a process facilitated by scaffold proteins such as RACKs. Activated PKC phosphorylates different substrates including ion channels, pumps, and nuclear proteins. PKC also phosphorylates CPI-17 leading to inhibition of MLC phosphatase, increased MLC phosphorylation, and enhanced VSM contraction. PKC could also initiate a cascade of protein kinases leading to phosphorylation of the actin-binding proteins calponin and caldesmon, increased actin-myosin interaction, and VSM contraction. Increased PKC activity has been associated with vascular disorders including ischemia-reperfusion injury, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and diabetic vasculopathy. PKC inhibitors could test the role of PKC in different systems and could reduce PKC hyperactivity in vascular disorders. First-generation PKC inhibitors such as staurosporine and chelerythrine are not very specific. Isoform-specific PKC inhibitors such as ruboxistaurin have been tested in clinical trials. Target delivery of PKC pseudosubstrate inhibitory peptides and PKC siRNA may be useful in localized vascular disease. Further studies of PKC and its role in VSM should help design isoform-specific PKC modulators that are experimentally potent and clinically safe to target PKC in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Ringvold
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - R A Khalil
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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Chang E, Abe JI. Kinase-SUMO networks in diabetes-mediated cardiovascular disease. Metabolism 2016; 65:623-633. [PMID: 27085771 PMCID: PMC5226250 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common comorbidity in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). Epidemiological studies including the Framingham, UKPDS, and MRFIT studies have shown diabetes to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease associated with increased incidence of morbidity and mortality. However, major randomized controlled clinical trials including ADVANCE, VAD, and ACCORD have failed to demonstrate a significant reduction in CVD complications from longstanding DM with strict glycemic control. This suggests that despite the strong clinical correlation between DM and CVD, the precise mechanisms of DM-mediated CVD pathogenesis remain unclear. Signal transduction investigations have shed some light on this question with numerous studies demonstrating the role of kinase pathways in facilitating DM and CVD pathology. Abnormalities in endothelial, vascular smooth muscle, and myocardial function from the pathological insults of hyperglycemia and oxidative stress in diabetes are thought to accelerate the development of cardiovascular disease. Extensive interplay between kinase pathways that regulate the complex pathology of DM-mediated CVD is heavily regulated by a number of post-translational modifications (PTMs). In this review, we focus on the role of a dynamic PTM known as SUMOylation and its role in regulating these kinase networks to provide a mechanistic link between DM and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Chang
- Department of Medicine, Case Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jun-Ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology - Research, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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Wang W, Feng SJ, Li H, Zhang XD, Wang SX. Correlation of Lower Concentrations of Hydrogen Sulfide with Activation of Protein Kinase CβII in Uremic Accelerated Atherosclerosis Patients. Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 128:1465-70. [PMID: 26021502 PMCID: PMC4733763 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.157653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a protective role in chronic hemodialysis (CHD) patients. In this study, we further investigate the relationship between H2S and conventional protein kinase CβII (cPKCβII) in CHD patients with uremic accelerated atherosclerosis (UAAS). Methods: A total of 30 healthy people, 30 CHD patients without AS and 30 CHD patients with AS (CHD + AS) were studied. Plasma H2S was measured with a sulfide sensitive electrode, and cPKCβII membrane translocation was detected by Western blotting. Results: Plasma H2S in CHD + AS group was significantly lower than that in CHD patients. cPKCβII membrane translocation in CHD + AS group increased significantly compared with CHD group. Plasma H2S concentration was negatively correlated with cPKCβII membrane translocation in CHD + AS patients. Conclusions: These findings suggest a possible linkage between H2S metabolism and cPKCβII activation, which may contribute to the development of UAAS in CHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Han Li
- Institute of Uro-Nephrology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University; Department of Blood Purification, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Nephrology Faculty, Capital Medical University, Beijng 100020, China
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26
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Shin S, Seong JK, Bae YS. Ahnak stimulates BMP2-mediated adipocyte differentiation through Smad1 activation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:398-407. [PMID: 26813528 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous reports have indicated that Ahnak-deficient mice were protected from high-fat diet-induced obesity. However, the molecular mechanism in which Ahnak mediates adipocyte differentiation and high-fat diet-induced obesity is unclear. METHODS Adipocytes from Ahnak knockout (Ahnak(-/-) ) mice and knockdown of Ahnak in C3H10T1/2 were used to investigate the function of Ahnak in adipocyte differentiation. Ahnak-induced adipocyte differentiation was analyzed by Oil Red O staining. RESULTS Adipocytes from Ahnak(-/-) mice were smaller than those from wild-type mice. Silencing of Ahnak in C3H10T1/2 and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) from Ahnak(-/-) mice showed severely impaired adipocyte differentiation. Down-regulation of Ahnak in C3H10T1/2 cells and ADSCs from Ahnak(-/-) mice attenuated the phosphorylation and nuclear localization of Smad1 in response to BMP2, whereas Ahnak overexpression in 3T3-L1 cells significantly increased Smad1 activation. Because PPARγ is a well-known transcriptional factor in adipocyte differentiation, the PPARγ expression in Ahnak-mediated adipocyte differentiation was investigated. Transfection of C3H10T1/2 cells with Ahnak siRNA resulted in reduced PPARγ expression apparently through inhibited binding of Smad1 to the Smad1-binding site in the PPARγ promoter. These results suggest that Ahnak regulates adipogenesis by regulating Smad1-dependent PPARγ expression. CONCLUSIONS A molecular mechanism was proposed in which Ahnak regulates adipocyte differentiation through Smad1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunmee Shin
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Daehak-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Soo Bae
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
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Huang SL, Chen PY, Wu MJ, Tai MH, Ho CT, Yen JH. Curcuminoids Modulate the PKCδ/NADPH Oxidase/Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling Pathway and Suppress Matrix Invasion during Monocyte-Macrophage Differentiation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8838-8848. [PMID: 26414495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte recruitment and invasion play critical roles in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. The reduction in monocyte adhesion and infiltration is thought to exert antiatherosclerotic effects. Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin (DMC), and bisdemethoxycurcumin (BDMC) are the major active components of curcuminoids and exhibit several biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, and hypocholesterolemic activities. The aim of this study was to investigate the antiatherogenic effects and mechanisms of curcuminoids during monocyte to macrophage differentiation. The results showed that curcumin, DMC, and BDMC (20 μM) suppressed matrix invasion from 100.0 ± 5.0% to 24.8 ± 1.4%, 26.6 ± 2.9%, and 33.7 ± 1.7%, respectively, during PMA-induced THP-1 differentiation. We found that curcuminoids significantly reduced PMA-induced CD11b and MMP-9 expression by THP-1 cells. Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by PMA (126.7 ± 2.1%) was markedly attenuated by curcumin, DMC, and BDMC to 99.5 ± 7.8%, 87.8 ± 8.2%, and 89.8 ± 7.6%, respectively, resulting in the down-regulation of CD11b and MMP-9 expression. We demonstrated that curcuminoids inhibited NADPH oxidase through the down-regulation of NOX2 expression and the reduction of p47phox membrane translocation. Moreover, we found involvement of PKCδ in the PMA-induced NOX2, CD11b, and MMP-9 mRNA expression. Curcumin, DMC, and BDMC decreased the active form of PKCδ protein stimulated by PMA in THP-1 cells. Overall, our results reveal that curcuminoids suppress matrix invasion through the inhibition of the PKCδ/NADPH oxidase/ROS signaling pathway during monocyte-macrophage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pei-Yi Chen
- Center of Medical Genetics, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital , Hualien 970, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science , Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | | | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University , 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, United States
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Fu J, Li Z, Zhang H, Mao Y, Wang A, Wang X, Zou Z, Zhang X. Molecular pathways regulating the formation of brown-like adipocytes in white adipose tissue. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:433-52. [PMID: 25139773 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is functionally composed of brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue. The unique thermogenic capacity of brown adipose tissue results from expression of uncoupling protein 1 in the mitochondrial inner membrane. On the basis of recent findings that adult humans have functionally active brown adipose tissue, it is now recognized as playing a much more important role in human metabolism than was previously thought. More importantly, brown-like adipocytes can be recruited in white adipose tissue upon environmental stimulation and pharmacologic treatment, and this change is associated with increased energy expenditure, contributing to a lean and healthy phenotype. Thus, the promotion of brown-like adipocyte development in white adipose tissue offers novel possibilities for the development of therapeutic strategies to combat obesity and related metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the recruitment of brown-like adipocyte in white adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Fu
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Medical Records and Statistics, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, 315010, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Huiqin Zhang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yushan Mao
- The Affiliated Hospital of School of Medicine of Ningbo University, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Anshi Wang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zuquan Zou
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Preventative Medicine and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathological and Physiological Technology, School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
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Hui ST, Parks BW, Org E, Norheim F, Che N, Pan C, Castellani LW, Charugundla S, Dirks DL, Psychogios N, Neuhaus I, Gerszten RE, Kirchgessner T, Gargalovic PS, Lusis AJ. The genetic architecture of NAFLD among inbred strains of mice. eLife 2015; 4:e05607. [PMID: 26067236 PMCID: PMC4493743 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify genetic and environmental factors contributing to the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, we examined liver steatosis and related clinical and molecular traits in more than 100 unique inbred mouse strains, which were fed a diet rich in fat and carbohydrates. A >30-fold variation in hepatic TG accumulation was observed among the strains. Genome-wide association studies revealed three loci associated with hepatic TG accumulation. Utilizing transcriptomic data from the liver and adipose tissue, we identified several high-confidence candidate genes for hepatic steatosis, including Gde1, a glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase not previously implicated in triglyceride metabolism. We confirmed the role of Gde1 by in vivo hepatic over-expression and shRNA knockdown studies. We hypothesize that Gde1 expression increases TG production by contributing to the production of glycerol-3-phosphate. Our multi-level data, including transcript levels, metabolite levels, and gut microbiota composition, provide a framework for understanding genetic and environmental interactions underlying hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T Hui
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Brian W Parks
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Elin Org
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nam Che
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Calvin Pan
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Lawrence W Castellani
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Sarada Charugundla
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Darwin L Dirks
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Nikolaos Psychogios
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Isaac Neuhaus
- Department of Computational Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, United States
| | - Robert E Gerszten
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Todd Kirchgessner
- Department of Cardiovascular Drug Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, United States
| | - Peter S Gargalovic
- Department of Computational Genomics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, United States
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States
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Huang W, Mehta KD. Modulation of Hepatic Protein Kinase Cβ Expression in Metabolic Adaptation to a Lithogenic Diet. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:395-405. [PMID: 28210689 PMCID: PMC5301293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dietary factors are likely an important determinant of gallstone development, and difficulty in adapting to lithogenic diets may predispose individuals to gallstone formation. Identification of the critical early diet-dependent metabolic markers of adaptability is urgently needed to prevent gallstone development. We focus on the interaction between diet and genes, and the resulting potential to influence gallstone risk by dietary modification. METHODS Expression levels of hepatic protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms were determined in lithogenic diet-fed mice, and the relationship of hepatic cholesterol content and PKCβ expression and the effect of hepatic PKCβ overexpression on intracellular signaling pathways were analyzed. RESULTS Lithogenic diet feeding resulted in a striking induction of hepatic PKCβ and PKCδ mRNA and protein levels, which preceded the appearance of biliary cholesterol crystals. Unlike PKCβ deficiency, global PKCδ deficiency did not influence lithogenic diet-induced gallstone formation. Interestingly, a deficiency of apolipoprotein E abrogated the diet-induced hepatic PKCβ expression, whereas a deficiency of liver X receptor-α further potentiated the induction, suggesting a potential link between the degree of hepatic PKCβ induction and the intracellular cholesterol content. Furthermore, our results suggest that PKCβ is a physiologic repressor of ileum basal fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) expression and activity of hepatic proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase Raf-1/mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (Raf-1/MEK/ERK1/2) cascade proteins, and the complex interactions between these pathways may determine the degree of hepatic ERK1/2 activation, a potent suppressor of cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase and sterol 12α-hydroxylase expression. We found that PKCβ regulated Raf-1 activity by modulating the inhibitory Raf-1Ser259 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate a novel interaction between the hepatic PKCβ/Raf-1 regulatory axis and ileum PKCβ/FGF15/ERK axis, which could modulate the bile lithogenecity of dietary lipids. The data presented are consistent with a two-pronged mechanism by which intestine and liver PKCβ signaling converges on the liver ERK1/2 pathway to control the hepatic adaptive response to a lithogenic diet. Elucidating the impact and the underlying mechanism(s) of PKCβ action could help us understand how different types of dietary fat modify the risk of gallstone formation, information that could help to identify novel targets for therapeutic approaches to combat this disease.
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Key Words
- Akt, protein kinase B
- ApoE, apolipoprotein E
- Cyp7a1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- Cyp8b1, sterol 12α-hydroxylase
- ERK1/2, extracellular signal regulated kinase-1/2
- FGF15, fibroblast growth factor 15
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- GSK-3, glycogen synthase kinase-3
- Hepatic Cholesterol Metabolism
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LXR, liver X receptor
- Lithogenic Diet
- MEK, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase kinase
- MMLD, modified milk fat lithogenic diet
- PKCβ, protein kinase C isoform β
- Protein Kinase Cβ
- Raf-1, Raf-1 hepatic proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase
- SREBP, sterol response element-binding protein
- Signal Transduction
- WT, wild type
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamal D. Mehta
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Kamal D. Mehta, PhD, Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, 464 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210. fax: 614-292-4118.
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31
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Yamaoka M, Maeda N, Takayama Y, Sekimoto R, Tsushima Y, Matsuda K, Mori T, Inoue K, Nishizawa H, Tominaga M, Funahashi T, Shimomura I. Adipose hypothermia in obesity and its association with period homolog 1, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation in fat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112813. [PMID: 25397888 PMCID: PMC4232416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral fat adiposity plays an important role in the development of metabolic syndrome. We reported previously the impact of human visceral fat adiposity on gene expression profile of peripheral blood cells. Genes related to circadian rhythm were highly associated with visceral fat area and period homolog 1 (PER1) showed the most significant negative correlation with visceral fat area. However, regulation of adipose Per1 remains poorly understood. The present study was designed to understand the regulation of Per1 in adipose tissues. Adipose Per1 mRNA levels of ob/ob mice were markedly low at 25 and 35 weeks of age. The levels of other core clock genes of white adipose tissues were also low in ob/ob mice at 25 and 35 weeks of age. Per1 mRNA was mainly expressed in the mature adipocyte fraction (MAF) and it was significantly low in MAF of ob/ob mice. To examine the possible mechanisms, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with H2O2, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), S100A8, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, no significant changes in Per1 mRNA level were observed by these agents. Exposure of cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes to low temperature (33°C) decreased Per1 and catalase, and increased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (Mcp-1) mRNA levels. Hypothermia also worsened insulin-mediated Akt phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Finally, telemetric analysis showed low temperature of adipose tissues in ob/ob mice. In obesity, adipose hypothermia seems to accelerate adipocyte dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Yamaoka
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norikazu Maeda
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Yasunori Takayama
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
| | - Ryohei Sekimoto
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu Tsushima
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Matsuda
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takuya Mori
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kana Inoue
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nishizawa
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tohru Funahashi
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Iichiro Shimomura
- Department of Metabolic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Central IKKβ inhibition prevents air pollution mediated peripheral inflammation and exaggeration of type II diabetes. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:53. [PMID: 25358444 PMCID: PMC4226918 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0053-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prior experimental and epidemiologic data support a link between exposure to fine ambient particulate matter (<2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter, PM2.5) and development of insulin resistance/Type II diabetes mellitus (Type II DM). We investigated the role of hypothalamic inflammation in PM2.5-mediated diabetes development. Methods KKay mice, a genetically susceptible model of Type II DM, were assigned to either concentrated PM2.5 or filtered air (FA) for 4–8 weeks via a versatile aerosol concentrator and exposure system, or administered intra-cerebroventricular with either IKKβ inhibitor (IMD-0354) or TNFα antibody (infliximab) for 4–5 weeks simultaneously with PM2.5 exposure. Glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, oxygen consumption and heat production were evaluated. At euthanasia, blood, spleen, visceral adipose tissue and hypothalamus were collected to measure inflammatory cells using flow cytometry. Standard immunohistochemical methods and quantitative PCR were used to assess targets of interest. Results PM2.5 exposure led to hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, which was accompanied by increased hypothalamic IL-6, TNFα, and IKKβ mRNA expression and microglial/astrocyte reactivity. Targeting the NFκB pathway with intra-cerebroventricular administration of an IKKβ inhibitor [IMD-0354, n = 8 for each group)], but not TNFα blockade with infliximab [(n = 6 for each group], improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, rectified energy homeostasis (O2 consumption, CO2 production, respiratory exchange ratio and heat generation) and reduced peripheral inflammation in response to PM2.5. Conclusions Central inhibition of IKKβ prevents PM2.5 mediated peripheral inflammation and exaggeration of type II diabetes. These results provide novel insights into how air pollution may mediate susceptibility to insulin resistance and Type II DM.
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Mehta NK, Mehta KD. Protein kinase C-beta: An emerging connection between nutrient excess and obesity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1841:1491-1497. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Zhang J, Burrington CM, Davenport SK, Johnson AK, Horsman MJ, Chowdhry S, Greene MW. PKCδ regulates hepatic triglyceride accumulation and insulin signaling in Lepr(db/db) mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1619-25. [PMID: 25035929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PKCδ has been linked to key pathophysiological features of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Yet, our knowledge of PKCδ's role in NAFLD development and progression in obese models is limited. PKCδ(-/-)/Lepr(db)(/)(db) mice were generated to evaluate key pathophysiological features of NAFLD in mice. Hepatic histology, oxidative stress, apoptosis, gene expression, insulin signaling, and serum parameters were analyzed in Lepr(db)(/)(db) and PKCδ(-/-)/Lepr(db)(/)(db) mice. The absence of PKCδ did not abrogate the development of obesity in Lepr(db)(/)(db) mice. In contrast, serum triglyceride levels and epididymal white adipose tissue weight normalized to body weight were reduced in PKCδ(-/-)/Lepr(db)(/)(db) mice compared Lepr(db)(/)(db) mice. Analysis of insulin signaling in mice revealed that hepatic Akt and GSK3β phosphorylation were strongly stimulated by insulin in PKCδ(-/-)/Lepr(db)(/)(db) compared Lepr(db)(/)(db) mice. PKCδ may be involved in the development of obesity-associated NAFLD by regulating hepatic lipid metabolism and insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Boshell Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Research Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States; College of Human Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Christine M Burrington
- Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Bassett Healthcare Network, Cooperstown, NY 13326, United States
| | - Samantha K Davenport
- Department of Pathology, Bassett Medical Center, Bassett Healthcare Network, Cooperstown, NY 13326, United States
| | - Andrew K Johnson
- Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Bassett Healthcare Network, Cooperstown, NY 13326, United States
| | - Melissa J Horsman
- Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Bassett Healthcare Network, Cooperstown, NY 13326, United States
| | - Saleem Chowdhry
- Department of Internal Medicine, Bassett Medical Center, Bassett Healthcare Network, Cooperstown, NY 13326, United States
| | - Michael W Greene
- Boshell Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Research Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States; College of Human Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States; Bassett Research Institute, Bassett Medical Center, Bassett Healthcare Network, Cooperstown, NY 13326, United States.
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Mehta KD. Emerging role of protein kinase C in energy homeostasis: A brief overview. World J Diabetes 2014; 5:385-392. [PMID: 24936260 PMCID: PMC4058743 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v5.i3.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C-β (PKCβ), a member of the lipid-activated serine/threonine PKC family, has been implicated in a wide range of important cellular processes. Very recently, the novel role of PKCβ in the regulation of triglyceride homeostasis via regulating mitochondrial function has been explored. In this review, I aim to provide an overview of PKCβ regarding regulation by lipids and recently gained knowledge on its role in energy homeostasis. Alterations in adipose PKCβ expression have been shown to be crucial for diet-induced obesity and related metabolic abnormalities. High-fat diet is shown to induce PKCβ expression in white adipose tissue in an isoform- and tissue-specific manner. Genetically manipulated mice devoid of PKCβ are lean with increased oxygen consumption and are resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis with improved insulin sensitivity. Available data support the model in which PKCβ functions as a “diet-sensitive” metabolic sensor whose induction in adipose tissue by high-fat diet is among the initiating event disrupting mitochondrial homeostasis via intersecting with p66Shc signaling to amplify adipose dysfunction and have systemic consequences. Alterations in PKCβ expression and/or function may have important implications in health and disease and warrants a detailed investigation into the downstream target genes and the underlying mechanisms involved. Development of drugs that target the PKCβ pathway and identification of miRs specifically controlling PKCβ expression may lead to novel therapeutic options for treating age-related metabolic disease including fatty liver, obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Fan HC, Fernández-Hernando C, Lai JH. Protein kinase C isoforms in atherosclerosis: Pro- or anti-inflammatory? Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:139-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rao X, Zhong J, Xu X, Jordan B, Maurya S, Braunstein Z, Wang TY, Huang W, Aggarwal S, Periasamy M, Rajagopalan S, Mehta K, Sun Q. Exercise protects against diet-induced insulin resistance through downregulation of protein kinase Cβ in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81364. [PMID: 24349059 PMCID: PMC3857188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is an important and effective therapy for diabetes. However, its underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Protein kinase Cβ (PKCβ) has been suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance, but the role of PKCβ in exercise-induced improvements in insulin resistance is completely unknown. In this study, we evaluated the involvement of PKCβ in exercise-attenuated insulin resistance in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. PKCβ(-/-) and wild-type mice were fed a HFD with or without exercise training. PKC protein expression, body and tissue weight change, glucose and insulin tolerance, metabolic rate, mitochondria size and number, adipose inflammation, and AKT activation were determined to evaluate insulin sensitivity and metabolic changes after intervention. PKCβ expression decreased in both skeletal muscle and liver tissue after exercise. Exercise and PKCβ deficiency can alleviate HFD-induced insulin resistance, as evidenced by improved insulin tolerance. In addition, fat accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by HFD were also ameliorated by both exercise and PKCβ deficiency. On the other hand, exercise had little effect on PKCβ(-/-) mice. Further, our data indicated improved activation of AKT, the downstream signal molecule of insulin, in skeletal muscle and liver of exercised mice, whereas PKCβ deficiency blunted the difference between sedentary and exercised mice. These results suggest that downregulation of PKCβ contributes to exercise-induced improvement of insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoquan Rao
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Brianna Jordan
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Santosh Maurya
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zachary Braunstein
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Tse-Yao Wang
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Wei Huang
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sudha Aggarwal
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Muthu Periasamy
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kamal Mehta
- Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America ; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Qinghua Sun
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America ; Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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38
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Brown and beige fat: development, function and therapeutic potential. Nat Med 2013; 19:1252-63. [PMID: 24100998 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1672] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue, best known for its role in fat storage, can also suppress weight gain and metabolic disease through the action of specialized, heat-producing adipocytes. Brown adipocytes are located in dedicated depots and express constitutively high levels of thermogenic genes, whereas inducible 'brown-like' adipocytes, also known as beige cells, develop in white fat in response to various activators. The activities of brown and beige fat cells reduce metabolic disease, including obesity, in mice and correlate with leanness in humans. Many genes and pathways that regulate brown and beige adipocyte biology have now been identified, providing a variety of promising therapeutic targets for metabolic disease.
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Lassarre C, Legay C, Karam M, Ricort JM. Platelet-derived growth factor negatively regulates the insulin-like growth factor signaling pathway through the coordinated action of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and protein kinase C beta I. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:1367-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Schmitz-Peiffer C. The tail wagging the dog--regulation of lipid metabolism by protein kinase C. FEBS J 2013; 280:5371-83. [PMID: 23587021 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Upon their discovery almost 40 years ago, isoforms of the lipid-activated protein kinase C (PKC) family were initially regarded only as downstream effectors of the second messengers calcium and diacylglycerol, undergoing activation upon phospholipid hydrolysis in response to acute stimuli. Subsequently, several isoforms were found to be associated with the inhibitory effects of lipid over-supply on glucose homeostasis, especially the negative cross-talk with insulin signal transduction, observed upon accumulation of diacylglycerol in insulin target tissues. The PKC family has therefore attracted much attention in diabetes and obesity research, because intracellular lipid accumulation is strongly correlated with defective insulin action and the development of type 2 diabetes. Causal roles for various isoforms in the generation of insulin resistance have more recently been confirmed using PKC-deficient mice. However, during characterization of these animals, it became increasingly evident that the enzymes play key roles in the modulation of lipid metabolism itself, and may control the supply of lipids between tissues such as adipose and liver. Molecular studies have also demonstrated roles for PKC isoforms in several aspects of lipid metabolism, such as adipocyte differentiation and hepatic lipogenesis. While the precise mechanisms involved, especially the identities of protein substrates, are still unclear, the emerging picture suggests that the currently held view of the contribution of PKC isoforms to metabolism is an over-simplification. Although PKCs may inhibit insulin signal transduction, these enzymes are not merely downstream effectors of lipid accumulation, but in fact control the fate of fatty acids, thus the tail wags the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schmitz-Peiffer
- Diabetes and Obesity Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Bonet ML, Oliver P, Palou A. Pharmacological and nutritional agents promoting browning of white adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:969-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Copps KD, White MF. Regulation of insulin sensitivity by serine/threonine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins IRS1 and IRS2. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2565-2582. [PMID: 22869320 PMCID: PMC4011499 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-012-2644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 684] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The insulin receptor substrate proteins IRS1 and IRS2 are key targets of the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase and are required for hormonal control of metabolism. Tissues from insulin-resistant and diabetic humans exhibit defects in IRS-dependent signalling, implicating their dysregulation in the initiation and progression of metabolic disease. However, IRS1 and IRS2 are regulated through a complex mechanism involving phosphorylation of >50 serine/threonine residues (S/T) within their long, unstructured tail regions. In cultured cells, insulin-stimulated kinases (including atypical PKC, AKT, SIK2, mTOR, S6K1, ERK1/2 and ROCK1) mediate feedback (autologous) S/T phosphorylation of IRS, with both positive and negative effects on insulin sensitivity. Additionally, insulin-independent (heterologous) kinases can phosphorylate IRS1/2 under basal conditions (AMPK, GSK3) or in response to sympathetic activation and lipid/inflammatory mediators, which are present at elevated levels in metabolic disease (GRK2, novel and conventional PKCs, JNK, IKKβ, mPLK). An emerging view is that the positive/negative regulation of IRS by autologous pathways is subverted/co-opted in disease by increased basal and other temporally inappropriate S/T phosphorylation. Compensatory hyperinsulinaemia may contribute strongly to this dysregulation. Here, we examine the links between altered patterns of IRS S/T phosphorylation and the emergence of insulin resistance and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Copps
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CLS 16020, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - M F White
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, CLS 16020, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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