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Kumarapperuma H, Chia ZJ, Malapitan SM, Wight TN, Little PJ, Kamato D. Response to retention hypothesis as a source of targets for arterial wall-directed therapies to prevent atherosclerosis: A critical review. Atherosclerosis 2024; 397:118552. [PMID: 39180958 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2024.118552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
The subendothelial retention of circulating lipoproteins on extracellular matrix proteins and proteoglycans is one of the earliest events in the development of atherosclerosis. Multiple factors, including the size, type, composition, surrounding pH, and chemical modifications to lipoproteins, influence the electrostatic interactions between relevant moieties of the apolipoproteins on lipoproteins and the glycosaminoglycans of proteoglycans. The length and chemical composition of glycosaminoglycan chains attached to proteoglycan core proteins determine the extent of initial lipoprotein binding and retention in the artery wall. The phenomena of hyperelongation of glycosaminoglycan chains is associated with initial lipid retention and later atherosclerotic plaque formation. This review includes a summary of the current literature surrounding cellular mechanisms leading to GAG chain modification and lipid retention and discusses potential therapeutic strategies to target lipoprotein:proteoglycan interactions to prevent the development and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirushi Kumarapperuma
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia; Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; Discovery Biology, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Zheng-Jie Chia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia; Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; Discovery Biology, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Sanchia Marie Malapitan
- Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; Discovery Biology, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia; Department of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Xinhua University, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Pr., 510520, China
| | - Danielle Kamato
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia; Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia; Discovery Biology, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
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2
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Foran D, Antoniades C, Akoumianakis I. Emerging Roles for Sphingolipids in Cardiometabolic Disease: A Rational Therapeutic Target? Nutrients 2024; 16:3296. [PMID: 39408263 PMCID: PMC11478599 DOI: 10.3390/nu16193296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. New research elucidates increasingly complex relationships between cardiac and metabolic health, giving rise to new possible therapeutic targets. Sphingolipids are a heterogeneous class of bioactive lipids with critical roles in normal human physiology. They have also been shown to play both protective and deleterious roles in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Ceramides are implicated in dysregulating insulin signalling, vascular endothelial function, inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipoprotein aggregation, thereby promoting atherosclerosis and vascular disease. Ceramides also advance myocardial disease by enhancing pathological cardiac remodelling and cardiomyocyte death. Glucosylceramides similarly contribute to insulin resistance and vascular inflammation, thus playing a role in atherogenesis and cardiometabolic dysfunction. Sphingosing-1-phosphate, on the other hand, may ameliorate some of the pathological functions of ceramide by protecting endothelial barrier integrity and promoting cell survival. Sphingosine-1-phosphate is, however, implicated in the development of cardiac fibrosis. This review will explore the roles of sphingolipids in vascular, cardiac, and metabolic pathologies and will evaluate the therapeutic potential in targeting sphingolipids with the aim of prevention and reversal of cardiovascular disease in order to improve long-term cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ioannis Akoumianakis
- Cardiovascular Medicine Division, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; (D.F.); (C.A.)
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3
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Geh EN, Swertfeger DK, Sexmith H, Heink A, Tarapore P, Melchior JT, Davidson WS, Shah AS. A novel assay to measure low-density lipoproteins binding to proteoglycans. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0291632. [PMID: 38295021 PMCID: PMC10830033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The binding of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to proteoglycans (PGs) in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the arterial intima is a key initial step in the development of atherosclerosis. Although many techniques have been developed to assess this binding, most of the methods are labor-intensive and technically challenging to standardize across research laboratories. Thus, sensitive, and reproducible assay to detect LDL binding to PGs is needed to screen clinical populations for atherosclerosis risk. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative, and reproducible assay to evaluate the affinity of LDL towards PGs and to replicate previously published results on LDL-PG binding. METHODS Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed to visualize the binding of LDL to PGs using mouse vascular smooth muscle (MOVAS) cells. An in-cell ELISA (ICE) was also developed and optimized to quantitatively measure LDL-PG binding using fixed MOVAS cells cultured in a 96-well format. RESULTS We used the ICE assay to show that, despite equal APOB concentrations, LDL isolated from adults with cardiovascular disease bound to PG to a greater extent than LDL isolated from adults without cardiovascular disease (p<0.05). CONCLUSION We have developed an LDL-PG binding assay that is capable of detecting differences in PG binding affinities despite equal APOB concentrations. Future work will focus on candidate apolipoproteins that enhance or diminish this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmond N. Geh
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center & the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Debi K. Swertfeger
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center & the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hannah Sexmith
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center & the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anna Heink
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center & the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Pheruza Tarapore
- Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Science, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - John T. Melchior
- Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Science, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - W. Sean Davidson
- Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Science, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amy Sanghavi Shah
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center & the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
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4
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Li Y, Luo X, Hua Z, Xue X, Wang X, Pang M, Wang T, Lyu A, Liu Y. Apolipoproteins as potential communicators play an essential role in the pathogenesis and treatment of early atherosclerosis. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:4493-4510. [PMID: 37781031 PMCID: PMC10535700 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.86475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis as the leading cause of the cardiovascular disease is closely related to cholesterol deposition within subendothelial areas of the arteries. Significantly, early atherosclerosis intervention is the critical phase for its reversal. As atherosclerosis progresses, early foam cells formation may evolve into fibrous plaques and atheromatous plaque, ulteriorly rupture of atheromatous plaque increases risks of myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke, resulting in high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Notably, amphiphilic apolipoproteins (Apos) can concomitantly combine with lipids to form soluble lipoproteins that have been demonstrated to associate with atherosclerosis. Apos act as crucial communicators of lipoproteins, which not only can mediate lipids metabolism, but also can involve in pro-atherogenic and anti-atherogenic processes of atherosclerosis via affecting subendothelial retention and aggregation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), oxidative modification of LDL, foam cells formation and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) in macrophage cells. Correspondingly, Apos can be used as endogenous and/or exogenous targeting agents to effectively attenuate the development of atherosclerosis. The article reviews the classification, structure, and relationship between Apos and lipids, how Apos serve as communicators of lipoproteins to participate in the pathogenesis progression of early atherosclerosis, as well as how Apos as the meaningful targeting mass is used in early atherosclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xinyi Luo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenglai Hua
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoxia Xue
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiangpeng Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingshi Pang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Tieshan Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Aiping Lyu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yuanyan Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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5
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Effect of Sphingomyelinase-Treated LDLs on HUVECs. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052100. [PMID: 36903354 PMCID: PMC10004656 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) exert a key role in the transport of esterified cholesterol to tissues. Among the atherogenic modifications of LDLs, the oxidative modification has been mainly investigated as a major risk factor for accelerating atherogenesis. Since LDL sphingolipids are also emerging as important regulators of the atherogenic process, increasing attention is devoted to the effects of sphingomyelinase (SMase) on LDL structural and atherogenic properties. The aims of the study were to investigate the effect of SMase treatment on the physical-chemical properties of LDLs. Moreover, we evaluated cell viability, apoptosis, and oxidative and inflammatory status in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with either ox-LDLs or SMase-treated LDLs (SMase-LDLs). Both treatments were associated with the accrual of the intracellular ROS and upregulation of the antioxidant Paraoxonase 2 (PON2), while only SMase-LDLs induced an increase of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), suggesting the activation of a feedback loop to restrain the detrimental effects of ROS. The increased caspase-3 activity and reduced viability observed in cells treated with SMase-LDLs and ox-LDLs suggest a pro-apoptotic effect of these modified lipoproteins on endothelial cells. Moreover, a strong proinflammatory effect of SMase-LDLs compared to ox-LDLs was confirmed by an increased activation of NF-κB and consequent increased expression of its downstream cytokines IL-8 and IL-6 in HUVECs.
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Piccoli M, Cirillo F, Ghiroldi A, Rota P, Coviello S, Tarantino A, La Rocca P, Lavota I, Creo P, Signorelli P, Pappone C, Anastasia L. Sphingolipids and Atherosclerosis: The Dual Role of Ceramide and Sphingosine-1-Phosphate. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010143. [PMID: 36671005 PMCID: PMC9855164 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids are bioactive molecules that play either pro- and anti-atherogenic roles in the formation and maturation of atherosclerotic plaques. Among SLs, ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate showed antithetic properties in regulating various molecular mechanisms and have emerged as novel potential targets for regulating the development of atherosclerosis. In particular, maintaining the balance of the so-called ceramide/S1P rheostat is important to prevent the occurrence of endothelial dysfunction, which is the trigger for the entire atherosclerotic process and is strongly associated with increased oxidative stress. In addition, these two sphingolipids, together with many other sphingolipid mediators, are directly involved in the progression of atherogenesis and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques by promoting the oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and influencing the vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype. The modulation of ceramide and S1P levels may therefore allow the development of new antioxidant therapies that can prevent or at least impair the onset of atherogenesis, which would ultimately improve the quality of life of patients with coronary artery disease and significantly reduce their mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Piccoli
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Cirillo
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Ghiroldi
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Rota
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Coviello
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Adriana Tarantino
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo La Rocca
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivana Lavota
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Pasquale Creo
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Signorelli
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Aldo Ravelli Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Pappone
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Arrhythmology Department, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Anastasia
- Laboratory of Stem Cells for Tissue Engineering, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, Piazza Malan 2, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Institute for Molecular and Translational Cardiology (IMTC), San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0226437765
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7
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Anbalakan K, Toh HW, Ang HY, Buist ML, Leo HL. How does the Nature of an Excipient and an Atheroma Influence Drug-Coated Balloon Therapy? Cardiovasc Eng Technol 2022; 13:915-929. [PMID: 35606568 DOI: 10.1007/s13239-022-00626-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The advent of drug-eluting stents and drug-coated balloons have significantly improved the clinical outcome of patients with vascular occlusions. However, ischemic vascular disease remains the most common cause of death worldwide. Improving the current treatment modalities demands a better understanding of the processes which govern drug uptake and retention in blood vessels. In this study, we evaluated the influence of urea and butyryl-trihexyl citrate, as excipients, on the efficacy of drug-coated balloon therapy. An integrated approach, utilizing both in-vitro and in-silico methods, was used to quantify the tracking loss, vessel adhesion, drug release, uptake, and distribution associated with the treatment. Moreover, a parametric study was used to evaluate the potential influence of different types of lesions on drug-coated balloon therapy. Despite the significantly higher tracking loss (urea: 35.5% vs. butyryl-trihexyl citrate: 8.13%) observed in the urea-based balloons, the drug uptake was almost two times greater than with its hydrophobic counterpart. Non-calcified lesions were found to delay the transmural propagation of sirolimus while calcification was shown to limit the retentive potential of lesions. Ultimately this study helps to elucidate how different excipients and types of lesions may influence the efficacy of drug-coated balloon therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthic Anbalakan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
| | - Han Wei Toh
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Singapore
| | - Hui Ying Ang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.,National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Center Singapore, Singapore, 169609, Singapore.,Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Martin Lindsay Buist
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
| | - Hwa Liang Leo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117576, Singapore.
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8
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Lahelma M, Qadri S, Ahlholm N, Porthan K, Ruuth M, Juuti A, Orešič M, Hyötyläinen T, Öörni K, Yki-Järvinen H. The human liver lipidome is significantly related to the lipid composition and aggregation susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. Atherosclerosis 2022; 363:22-29. [PMID: 36455305 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) to aggregation predicts atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. However, causes of interindividual variation in LDL lipid composition and aggregation susceptibility remain unclear. We examined whether the lipid composition and aggregation susceptibility of LDL reflect the lipid composition of the human liver. METHODS Liver biopsies and blood samples for isolation of LDL particles were obtained from 40 obese subjects (BMI 45.9 ± 6.1 kg/m2, age 43 ± 8 years). LDL was isolated using sequential ultracentrifugation and lipidomic analyses of liver and LDL samples were determined using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. LDL aggregation susceptibility ex vivo was analyzed by inducing aggregation by human recombinant secretory sphingomyelinase and following aggregate formation. RESULTS The composition (acyl carbon number and double bond count) of hepatic triglycerides, phosphatidylcholines, and sphingomyelins (SMs) was closely associated with that of LDL particles. Hepatic dihydroceramides and ceramides were positively correlated with concentrations of the corresponding SM species in LDL as well with LDL aggregation. These relationships remained statistically significant after adjustment for age, sex, and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS Lipid composition of LDL reflects that of the human liver in obese patients. Changes in hepatic sphingolipid metabolism may contribute to interindividual variation of LDL lipid composition and susceptibility to aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Lahelma
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Sami Qadri
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Noora Ahlholm
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kimmo Porthan
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maija Ruuth
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Juuti
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Abdominal Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matej Orešič
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden; Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannele Yki-Järvinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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9
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Nguyen SD, Maaninka K, Mäyränpää MI, Baumann M, Soliymani R, Lee-Rueckert M, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen PT, Öörni K. Neutrophil proteinase 3 - An LDL- and HDL-proteolyzing enzyme with a potential to contribute to cholesterol accumulation in human atherosclerotic lesions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159225. [PMID: 36058498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Su Duy Nguyen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Maaninka
- Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; EV Group, Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland; CURED, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko I Mäyränpää
- Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marc Baumann
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rabah Soliymani
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland; National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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10
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Lorey MB, Öörni K, Kovanen PT. Modified Lipoproteins Induce Arterial Wall Inflammation During Atherogenesis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:841545. [PMID: 35310965 PMCID: PMC8927694 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.841545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, notably the low-density lipoproteins, enter the inner layer of the arterial wall, the intima, where a fraction of them is retained and modified by proteases, lipases, and oxidizing agents and enzymes. The modified lipoproteins and various modification products, such as fatty acids, ceramides, lysophospholipids, and oxidized lipids induce inflammatory reactions in the macrophages and the covering endothelial cells, initiating an increased leukocyte diapedesis. Lipolysis of the lipoproteins also induces the formation of cholesterol crystals with strong proinflammatory properties. Modified and aggregated lipoproteins, cholesterol crystals, and lipoproteins isolated from human atherosclerotic lesions, all can activate macrophages and thereby induce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes. The extent of lipoprotein retention, modification, and aggregation have been shown to depend largely on differences in the composition of the circulating lipoprotein particles. These properties can be modified by pharmacological means, and thereby provide opportunities for clinical interventions regarding the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina B. Lorey
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Katariina Öörni
| | - Petri T. Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Zelnik ID, Kim JL, Futerman AH. The Complex Tail of Circulating Sphingolipids in Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease. J Lipid Atheroscler 2021; 10:268-281. [PMID: 34621698 PMCID: PMC8473959 DOI: 10.12997/jla.2021.10.3.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are critical players in a number of cellular processes and have recently been implicated in a large number of human diseases, including atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). SLs are generated intracellularly in a stepwise manner, starting with the generation of the sphingoid long chain base (LCB), followed by N-acylation of the LCB to form ceramide, which can be subsequently metabolized to sphingomyelin and glycosphingolipids. Fatty acids, which are taken up by cells prior to their activation to fatty acyl-CoAs, are used in 2 of these enzymatic steps, including by ceramide synthases, which use fatty acyl-CoAs of different chain lengths to generate ceramides with different N-acyl chain lengths. Recently, alterations in plasma ceramides with specific N-acyl chain lengths and degrees of saturation have emerged as novel biomarkers for the prediction of atherosclerosis and overall cardiovascular risk in the general population. We briefly review the sources of plasma SLs in atherosclerosis, the roles of SLs in CVD, and the possible use of the "ceramide score" as a prognostic marker for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris D Zelnik
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jiyoon L Kim
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Anthony H Futerman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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12
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Wang K, Gan C, Wang H, Ao M, Fan Y, Chen Y. AFM detects the effects of acidic condition on the size and biomechanical properties of native/oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 208:112053. [PMID: 34438294 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.112053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Solution acidification exists under some physiological conditions (e.g. lysosomes in cells) and diseases (e.g. atherosclerosis, tumors, etc.). It is poorly understood whether and how acidification influences the size and biomechanical (stiffness and stickiness) properties of native Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and its oxidized form (oxLDL) which plays a vital role in atherogenesis and tumorigenesis. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) evaluated that gradient acidification from pH 7.4 to pH 4.4 caused an expanding-first-and-then-shrinking decrease in size and a dramatic decrease in stiffness (but no statistically significant changes in stickiness) of LDL/oxLDL particles by influencing secondary/tertiary structures and lipid release detected by infrared spectral analysis and cholesterol detection, respectively. The smaller and softer characteristics of LDL/oxLDL at acidic conditions versus at the neutral pH partially explains the atherogenic role of acidification. The data may provide important information for a better understanding of LDL/oxLDL and some diseases (e.g. atherosclerosis and tumors).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Microscale interdisciplinary Study, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, PR China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, PR China
| | - Chaoye Gan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Microscale interdisciplinary Study, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, PR China
| | - Huaying Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Microscale interdisciplinary Study, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, PR China
| | - Meiying Ao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330025, PR China
| | - Youlong Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330025, PR China
| | - Yong Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Microscale interdisciplinary Study, Institute for Advanced Study, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, PR China.
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13
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Benitez Amaro A, Solanelles Curco A, Garcia E, Julve J, Rives J, Benitez S, Llorente Cortes V. Apolipoprotein and LRP1-Based Peptides as New Therapeutic Tools in Atherosclerosis. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10163571. [PMID: 34441867 PMCID: PMC8396846 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10163571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (Apo)-based mimetic peptides have been shown to reduce atherosclerosis. Most of the ApoC-II and ApoE mimetics exert anti-atherosclerotic effects by improving lipid profile. ApoC-II mimetics reverse hypertriglyceridemia and ApoE-based peptides such as Ac-hE18A-NH2 reduce cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels in humans. Conversely, other classes of ApoE and ApoA-I mimetic peptides and, more recently, ApoJ and LRP1-based peptides, exhibit several anti-atherosclerotic actions in experimental models without influencing lipoprotein profile. These other mimetic peptides display at least one atheroprotective mechanism such as providing LDL stability against mechanical modification or conferring protection against the action of lipolytic enzymes inducing LDL aggregation in the arterial intima. Other anti-atherosclerotic effects exerted by these peptides also include protection against foam cell formation and inflammation, and induction of reverse cholesterol transport. Although the underlying mechanisms of action are still poorly described, the recent findings suggest that these mimetics could confer atheroprotection by favorably influencing lipoprotein function rather than lipoprotein levels. Despite the promising results obtained with peptide mimetics, the assessment of their stability, atheroprotective efficacy and tissue targeted delivery are issues currently under progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleyda Benitez Amaro
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.A.); (E.G.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
| | | | - Eduardo Garcia
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.A.); (E.G.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Josep Julve
- Metabolic Basis of Cardiovascular Risk Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Rives
- Biochemistry Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08016 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Benitez
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.B.); or (V.L.C.)
| | - Vicenta Llorente Cortes
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.A.); (E.G.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain;
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.B.); or (V.L.C.)
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14
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Öörni K, Kovanen PT. Aggregation Susceptibility of Low-Density Lipoproteins-A Novel Modifiable Biomarker of Cardiovascular Risk. J Clin Med 2021; 10:1769. [PMID: 33921661 PMCID: PMC8074066 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles enter the arterial intima where they bind to the extracellular matrix and become modified by lipases, proteases, and oxidizing enzymes and agents. The modified LDL particles aggregate and fuse into larger matrix-bound lipid droplets and, upon generation of unesterified cholesterol, cholesterol crystals are also formed. Uptake of the aggregated/fused particles and cholesterol crystals by macrophages and smooth muscle cells induces their inflammatory activation and conversion into foam cells. In this review, we summarize the causes and consequences of LDL aggregation and describe the development and applications of an assay capable of determining the susceptibility of isolated LDL particles to aggregate when exposed to human recombinant sphingomyelinase enzyme ex vivo. Significant person-to-person differences in the aggregation susceptibility of LDL particles were observed, and such individual differences largely depended on particle lipid composition. The presence of aggregation-prone LDL in the circulation predicted future cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We also discuss means capable of reducing LDL particles' aggregation susceptibility that could potentially inhibit LDL aggregation in the arterial wall. Whether reductions in LDL aggregation susceptibility are associated with attenuated atherogenesis and a reduced risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katariina Öörni
- Wihuri Research Institute, 00290 Helsinki, Finland;
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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15
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Öörni K, Jauhiainen M, Kovanen PT. Why and how increased plasma ceramides predict future cardiovascular events? Atherosclerosis 2020; 314:71-73. [PMID: 33121744 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Ruuth M, Nguyen SD, Vihervaara T, Hilvo M, Laajala TD, Kondadi PK, Gisterå A, Lähteenmäki H, Kittilä T, Huusko J, Uusitupa M, Schwab U, Savolainen MJ, Sinisalo J, Lokki ML, Nieminen MS, Jula A, Perola M, Ylä-Herttula S, Rudel L, Öörni A, Baumann M, Baruch A, Laaksonen R, Ketelhuth DFJ, Aittokallio T, Jauhiainen M, Käkelä R, Borén J, Williams KJ, Kovanen PT, Öörni K. Susceptibility of low-density lipoprotein particles to aggregate depends on particle lipidome, is modifiable, and associates with future cardiovascular deaths. Eur Heart J 2019; 39:2562-2573. [PMID: 29982602 PMCID: PMC6047440 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) through their retention, modification, and accumulation within the arterial intima. High plasma concentrations of LDL drive this disease, but LDL quality may also contribute. Here, we focused on the intrinsic propensity of LDL to aggregate upon modification. We examined whether inter-individual differences in this quality are linked with LDL lipid composition and coronary artery disease (CAD) death, and basic mechanisms for plaque growth and destabilization. Methods and results We developed a novel, reproducible method to assess the susceptibility of LDL particles to aggregate during lipolysis induced ex vivo by human recombinant secretory sphingomyelinase. Among patients with an established CAD, we found that the presence of aggregation-prone LDL was predictive of future cardiovascular deaths, independently of conventional risk factors. Aggregation-prone LDL contained more sphingolipids and less phosphatidylcholines than did aggregation-resistant LDL. Three interventions in animal models to rationally alter LDL composition lowered its susceptibility to aggregate and slowed atherosclerosis. Similar compositional changes induced in humans by PCSK9 inhibition or healthy diet also lowered LDL aggregation susceptibility. Aggregated LDL in vitro activated macrophages and T cells, two key cell types involved in plaque progression and rupture. Conclusion Our results identify the susceptibility of LDL to aggregate as a novel measurable and modifiable factor in the progression of human ASCVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Ruuth
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Su Duy Nguyen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Mika Hilvo
- Zora Biosciences, Biologinkuja 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland
| | - Teemu D Laajala
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, P.O. Box 20, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Pradeep Kumar Kondadi
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SU Sahlgrenska, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anton Gisterå
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Solna 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna Lähteenmäki
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiia Kittilä
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Huusko
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Uusitupa
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ursula Schwab
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, P.O. Box 100, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Markku J Savolainen
- Research Unit of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, P.O. Box 8000, 90014, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, P.O. Box 8000, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Juha Sinisalo
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4, P.O. Box 340, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja-Liisa Lokki
- Transplantation Laboratory, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, P.O. Box 21, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku S Nieminen
- Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 4, P.O. Box 340, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Jula
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Mannerheimintie 166, P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Mannerheimintie 166, P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland and Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttula
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.,Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Puijonlaaksontie 2, P.O. Box 100, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lawrence Rudel
- Department of Biochemistry Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Anssi Öörni
- Information Systems, Åbo Akademi University, Fänriksgatan 3A, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Marc Baumann
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Amos Baruch
- Genentech Research and Early Development, 1 DNA Way Mailstop 258A, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Reijo Laaksonen
- Zora Biosciences, Biologinkuja 1, 02150 Espoo, Finland.,Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Tampere, Kalevantie 4, 33100 Tampere, Finland.,Finnish Clinical Biobank Tampere, University Hospital of Tampere, Arvo Ylpön katu 6, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Daniel F J Ketelhuth
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Solna 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tero Aittokallio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, P.O. Box 20, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Department of Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, Mannerheimintie 166, P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland.,Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit, Helsinki Institute for Life Science (HiLIFE), Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SU Sahlgrenska, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kevin Jon Williams
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, SU Sahlgrenska, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland.,Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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17
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Ruuth M, Janssen LG, Äikäs L, Tigistu-Sahle F, Nahon KJ, Ritvos O, Ruhanen H, Käkelä R, Boon MR, Öörni K, Rensen PC. LDL aggregation susceptibility is higher in healthy South Asian compared with white Caucasian men. J Clin Lipidol 2019; 13:910-919.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2019.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Cysteamine inhibits lysosomal oxidation of low density lipoprotein in human macrophages and reduces atherosclerosis in mice. Atherosclerosis 2019; 291:9-18. [PMID: 31629988 PMCID: PMC6912160 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background and aims We have shown previously that low density lipoprotein (LDL) aggregated by vortexing is internalised by macrophages and oxidised by iron in lysosomes to form the advanced lipid/protein oxidation product ceroid. We have now used sphingomyelinase-aggregated LDL, a more pathophysiological form of aggregated LDL, to study lysosomal oxidation of LDL and its inhibition by antioxidants, including cysteamine (2-aminoethanethiol), which concentrates in lysosomes by several orders of magnitude. We have also investigated the effect of cysteamine on atherosclerosis in mice. Methods LDL was incubated with sphingomyelinase, which increased its average particle diameter from 26 to 170 nm, and was then incubated for up to 7 days with human monocyte-derived macrophages. LDL receptor-deficient mice were fed a Western diet (19–22 per group) and some given cysteamine in their drinking water at a dose equivalent to that used in cystinosis patients. The extent of atherosclerosis in the aortic root and the rest of the aorta was measured. Results Confocal microscopy revealed lipid accumulation in lysosomes in the cultured macrophages. Large amounts of ceroid were produced, which colocalised with the lysosomal marker LAMP2. The antioxidants cysteamine, butylated hydroxytoluene, amifostine and its active metabolite WR-1065, inhibited the production of ceroid. Cysteamine at concentrations well below those expected to be present in lysosomes inhibited the oxidation of LDL by iron ions at lysosomal pH (pH 4.5) for prolonged periods. Finally, we showed that the extent of atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root and arch of mice was significantly reduced by cysteamine. Conclusions These results support our hypothesis that lysosomal oxidation of LDL is important in atherosclerosis and hence antioxidant drugs that concentrate in lysosomes might provide a novel therapy for this disease. The drug cysteamine, which accumulates in lysosomes, inhibited the oxidation of LDL by iron at pH 4.5 (the pH of lysosomes). Cysteamine inhibited the lysosomal oxidation of LDL inside cultured macrophages. Cysteamine reduced atherosclerosis in LDL receptor knockout mice. These results support our hypothesis that lysosomal oxidation of LDL is important in atherosclerosis. Antioxidant drugs that concentrate in lysosomes might provide a novel therapy for this disease.
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19
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Benitez-Amaro A, Pallara C, Nasarre L, Rivas-Urbina A, Benitez S, Vea A, Bornachea O, de Gonzalo-Calvo D, Serra-Mir G, Villegas S, Prades R, Sanchez-Quesada JL, Chiva C, Sabido E, Tarragó T, Llorente-Cortés V. Molecular basis for the protective effects of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)-derived peptides against LDL aggregation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2019; 1861:1302-1316. [PMID: 31077676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aggregated LDL is the first ligand reported to interact with the cluster II CR9 domain of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). In particular, the C-terminal half of domain CR9, comprising the region Gly1127-Cys1140 exclusively recognizes aggregated LDL and it is crucial for aggregated LDL binding. Our aim was to study the effect of the sequence Gly1127-Cys1140 (named peptide LP3 and its retro-enantio version, named peptide DP3) on the structural characteristics of sphingomyelinase- (SMase) and phospholipase 2 (PLA2)-modified LDL particles. Turbidimetry, gel filtration chromatography (GFC) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that LP3 and DP3 peptides strongly inhibited SMase- and PLA2-induced LDL aggregation. Nondenaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE), agarose gel electrophoresis and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) indicated that LP3 and DP3 prevented SMase-induced alterations in LDL particle size, electric charge and phospholipid content, respectively, but not those induced by PLA2. Western blot analysis showed that LP3 and DP3 counteracted changes in ApoB-100 conformation induced by the two enzymes. LDL proteomics (LDL trypsin digestion followed by mass spectroscopy) and computational modeling methods evidenced that peptides preserve ApoB-100 conformation due to their electrostatic interactions with a basic region of ApoB-100. These results demonstrate that LRP1-derived peptides are protective against LDL aggregation, even in conditions of extreme lipolysis, through their capacity to bind to ApoB-100 regions critical for ApoB-100 conformational preservation. These results suggests that these LRP1(CR9) derived peptides could be promising tools to prevent LDL aggregation induced by the main proteolytic enzymes acting in the arterial intima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleyda Benitez-Amaro
- Group of Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Chiara Pallara
- Iproteos S.L., Barcelona Science Park (PCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Nasarre
- Group of Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Rivas-Urbina
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Benitez
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angela Vea
- Group of Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Bornachea
- Group of Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David de Gonzalo-Calvo
- Group of Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERcv), Spain
| | - Gabriel Serra-Mir
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Villegas
- Protein Design and Immunotherapy Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roger Prades
- Iproteos S.L., Barcelona Science Park (PCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luís Sanchez-Quesada
- Cardiovascular Biochemistry Group, Research Institute of the Hospital de Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER DIABETES y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERdem), Spain
| | - Cristina Chiva
- Proteomics Unit, Centre de Regulació Genòmica, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Sabido
- Proteomics Unit, Centre de Regulació Genòmica, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Tarragó
- Iproteos S.L., Barcelona Science Park (PCB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenta Llorente-Cortés
- Group of Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERcv), Spain.
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20
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ApoB-100 Lipoprotein Complex Formation with Intima Proteoglycans as a Cause of Atherosclerosis and Its Possible Ex Vivo Evaluation as a Disease Biomarker. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5030036. [PMID: 29966388 PMCID: PMC6162553 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and clinical data indicate that the initiation and progress of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations are first caused by circulating apoB-100 lipoproteins that enter and are retained in the arterial intima. Extracellular sulfated proteoglycans (PGs) of the intima are the retention agents. The PGs also initiate physical and biochemical lipoprotein degradation with the production of bioactive, lipid products that trigger an inflammatory response that leads to atherosclerosis. There are many simple methods for measuring abnormalities of circulating lipoproteins and their relation to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD). However, limited research aims to evaluate procedures that could report quantitatively about the contribution of the interaction of apoB-100 lipoprotein-arterial intima PGs to clinical manifestation of ACVD. In the present review we discuss observations indicating that simple ex vivo evaluation of the affinity of apoB-100 lipoproteins for arterial PGs and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) can give an indication of its association with clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. In addition, we discuss molecular and cellular aspects of the apoB-100 lipoproteins association with arterial PGs that are related to atherogenesis and that support the experimental framework behind the current “Response-to-Retention” hypothesis of atherosclerosis.
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Lehti S, Nguyen SD, Belevich I, Vihinen H, Heikkilä HM, Soliymani R, Käkelä R, Saksi J, Jauhiainen M, Grabowski GA, Kummu O, Hörkkö S, Baumann M, Lindsberg PJ, Jokitalo E, Kovanen PT, Öörni K. Extracellular Lipids Accumulate in Human Carotid Arteries as Distinct Three-Dimensional Structures and Have Proinflammatory Properties. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 188:525-538. [PMID: 29154769 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid accumulation is a key characteristic of advancing atherosclerotic lesions. Herein, we analyzed the ultrastructure of the accumulated lipids in endarterectomized human carotid atherosclerotic plaques using three-dimensional (3D) electron microscopy, a method never used in this context before. 3D electron microscopy revealed intracellular lipid droplets and extracellular lipoprotein particles. Most of the particles were aggregated, and some connected to needle-shaped or sheet-like cholesterol crystals. Proteomic analysis of isolated extracellular lipoprotein particles revealed that apolipoprotein B is their main protein component, indicating their origin from low-density lipoprotein, intermediate-density lipoprotein, very-low-density lipoprotein, lipoprotein (a), or chylomicron remnants. The particles also contained small exchangeable apolipoproteins, complement components, and immunoglobulins. Lipidomic analysis revealed differences between plasma lipoproteins and the particles, thereby indicating involvement of lipolytic enzymes in their generation. Incubation of human monocyte-derived macrophages with the isolated extracellular lipoprotein particles or with plasma lipoproteins that had been lipolytically modified in vitro induced intracellular lipid accumulation and triggered inflammasome activation in them. Taken together, extracellular lipids accumulate in human carotid plaques as distinct 3D structures that include aggregated and fused lipoprotein particles and cholesterol crystals. The particles originate from plasma lipoproteins, show signs of lipolytic modifications, and associate with cholesterol crystals. By inducing intracellular cholesterol accumulation (ie, foam cell formation) and inflammasome activation, the extracellular lipoprotein particles may actively enhance atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Lehti
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Su D Nguyen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilya Belevich
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Helena Vihinen
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna M Heikkilä
- Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rabah Soliymani
- Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Medicum-Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jani Saksi
- Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gregory A Grabowski
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio; Kiniksa Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Wellesley, Massachusetts
| | - Outi Kummu
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sohvi Hörkkö
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center and Nordlab Oulu, University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marc Baumann
- Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, Medicum-Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Perttu J Lindsberg
- Molecular Neurology, Research Programs Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Clinical Neurosciences, Neurology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit, Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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22
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Qi XY, Cao Y, Li YL, Mo MG, Zhou L, Ye DY. Discovery of the selective sphingomyelin synthase 2 inhibitors with the novel structure of oxazolopyridine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3511-3515. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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A correlation between secondary structure and rheological properties of low-density lipoproteins at air/water interfaces. J Biol Phys 2017. [PMID: 28647778 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-017-9458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The secondary structure of apolipoprotein B-100 is studied within the bulk phase and at the air/water interface. In these "in viro" experiments, infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) study was performed at the air/water interface while circular dichroism (CD) was conducted in the bulk phase. In the bulk phase, the conformational structure containing a significant amount of β-structure, whereas varying amount of α-helix, unordered structures, and β-sheet were observed at the air/water interface depending on the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) film interfacial pressure. The present IRRAS results demonstrate the importance of interfacial pressure-induced structural conformations on the apoB-100. A correlation between the secondary structure of the apoB-100 protein and the monomolecular film elasticity at the air/water interface was also established. The orientation of apoB-100 with respect to the LDL film-normal was found to depend on the interfacial pressure exhibited by the monomolecular film. These results may shed light on LDL's pivotal role in the progression of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease as demonstrated previously by clinical trials.
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24
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Borén J, Williams KJ. The central role of arterial retention of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a triumph of simplicity. Curr Opin Lipidol 2016; 27:473-83. [PMID: 27472409 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Today, it is no longer a hypothesis, but an established fact, that increased plasma concentrations of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins are causatively linked to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and that lowering plasma LDL concentrations reduces cardiovascular events in humans. Here, we review evidence behind this assertion, with an emphasis on recent studies supporting the 'response-to-retention' model - namely, that the key initiating event in atherogenesis is the retention, or trapping, of cholesterol-rich apoB-containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. RECENT FINDINGS New clinical trials have shown that ezetimibe and anti-PCSK9 antibodies - both nonstatins - lower ASCVD events, and they do so to the same extent as would be expected from comparable plasma LDL lowering by a statin. These studies demonstrate beyond any doubt the causal role of apoB-containing lipoproteins in atherogenesis. In addition, recent laboratory experimentation and human Mendelian randomization studies have revealed novel information about the critical role of apoB-containing lipoproteins in atherogenesis. New information has also emerged on mechanisms for the accumulation in plasma of harmful cholesterol-rich and triglyceride-rich apoB-containing remnant lipoproteins in states of overnutrition. Like LDL, these harmful cholesterol-rich and triglyceride-rich apoB-containing remnant lipoprotein remnants become retained and modified within the arterial wall, causing atherosclerosis. SUMMARY LDL and other cholesterol-rich, apoB-containing lipoproteins, once they become retained and modified within the arterial wall, cause atherosclerosis. This simple, robust pathophysiologic understanding may finally allow us to eradicate ASCVD, the leading killer in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- aDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg bSahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden cSection of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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25
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Vito CD, Hadi LA, Navone SE, Marfia G, Campanella R, Mancuso ME, Riboni L. Platelet-derived sphingosine-1-phosphate and inflammation: from basic mechanisms to clinical implications. Platelets 2016; 27:393-401. [PMID: 26950429 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2016.1144179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Beyond key functions in hemostasis and thrombosis, platelets are recognized as key players of inflammation, an underlying feature of a variety of diseases. In this regard, platelets act as a circulating source of several pro- and anti-inflammatory molecules, which are secreted from their intracellular stores upon activation. Among them, mounting evidence highlights a crucial role of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a multifunctional sphingoid mediator. S1P-induced pleiotropic effects include those crucial in inflammatory processes, such as the maintenance of the endothelial barrier integrity, and leukocyte activation and recruitment at the injured site. This review outlines the peculiar features and molecular mechanisms that allow platelets for acting as a unique factory that produces and stores S1P in large quantities. A particular emphasis is placed on the autocrine and paracrine roles of S1P derived from the "inflamed" platelets, highlighting the role of its cross-talk with endothelial and blood cells involved in inflammation, and the mechanisms of its contribution to the development and progression of inflammatory diseases. Finally, potential clinical implications of platelet-derived S1P as diagnostic tool of inflammatory severity, and as therapeutic target in inflammation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Di Vito
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, LITA-Segrate , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Loubna Abdel Hadi
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, LITA-Segrate , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefania Elena Navone
- b Neurosurgery Unit, Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Giovanni Marfia
- b Neurosurgery Unit, Laboratory of Experimental Neurosurgery and Cell Therapy, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Rolando Campanella
- c Division of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Maria Elisa Mancuso
- d Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Laura Riboni
- a Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, LITA-Segrate , University of Milan , Milan , Italy
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26
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Nguyen SD, Javanainen M, Rissanen S, Zhao H, Huusko J, Kivelä AM, Ylä-Herttuala S, Navab M, Fogelman AM, Vattulainen I, Kovanen PT, Öörni K. Apolipoprotein A-I mimetic peptide 4F blocks sphingomyelinase-induced LDL aggregation. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1206-21. [PMID: 25861792 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m059485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipolytic modification of LDL particles by SMase generates LDL aggregates with a strong affinity for human arterial proteoglycans and may so enhance LDL retention in the arterial wall. Here, we evaluated the effects of apoA-I mimetic peptide 4F on structural and functional properties of the SMase-modified LDL particles. LDL particles with and without 4F were incubated with SMase, after which their aggregation, structure, and proteoglycan binding were analyzed. At a molar ratio of L-4F to apoB-100 of 2.5 to 20:1, 4F dose-dependently inhibited SMase-induced LDL aggregation. At a molar ratio of 20:1, SMase-induced aggregation was fully blocked. Binding of 4F to LDL particles inhibited SMase-induced hydrolysis of LDL by 10% and prevented SMase-induced LDL aggregation. In addition, the binding of the SMase-modified LDL particles to human aortic proteoglycans was dose-dependently inhibited by pretreating LDL with 4F. The 4F stabilized apoB-100 conformation and inhibited SMase-induced conformational changes of apoB-100. Molecular dynamic simulations showed that upon binding to protein-free LDL surface, 4F locally alters membrane order and fluidity and induces structural changes to the lipid layer. Collectively, 4F stabilizes LDL particles by preventing the SMase-induced conformational changes in apoB-100 and so blocks SMase-induced LDL aggregation and the resulting increase in LDL retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Duy Nguyen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Javanainen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Rissanen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jenni Huusko
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Annukka M Kivelä
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mohamad Navab
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alan M Fogelman
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ilpo Vattulainen
- Department of Physics, Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Petri T Kovanen
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Wihuri Research Institute, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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27
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28
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Takechi-Haraya Y, Tanaka K, Tsuji K, Asami Y, Izawa H, Shigenaga A, Otaka A, Saito H, Kawakami K. Molecular Complex Composed of β-Cyclodextrin-Grafted Chitosan and pH-Sensitive Amphipathic Peptide for Enhancing Cellular Cholesterol Efflux under Acidic pH. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:572-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Takechi-Haraya
- Institute
of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78-1 Shoumachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kento Tanaka
- Institute
of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78-1 Shoumachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kohei Tsuji
- Institute
of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78-1 Shoumachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yasuo Asami
- TA Instruments Japan, Inc., 5-2-4 Nishi-Gotanda, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 141-0031 Japan
| | - Hironori Izawa
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-Minami, Tottori 680-8552, Japan
| | - Akira Shigenaga
- Institute
of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78-1 Shoumachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Otaka
- Institute
of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78-1 Shoumachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Saito
- Institute
of Health Biosciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokushima, 1-78-1 Shoumachi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Kohsaku Kawakami
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich C Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Medical Faculty, Berlin, Germany,
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30
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Varvel SA, Dayspring TD, Edmonds Y, Thiselton DL, Ghaedi L, Voros S, McConnell JP, Sasinowski M, Dall T, Warnick GR. Discordance between apolipoprotein B and low-density lipoprotein particle number is associated with insulin resistance in clinical practice. J Clin Lipidol 2014; 9:247-55. [PMID: 25911082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discordance between measures of atherogenic lipoprotein particle number (apolipoprotein B [ApoB] and low-density lipoprotein [LDL] particle number by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [LDL-PNMR]) is not well understood. Appropriate treatment considerations in such cases are unclear. OBJECTIVES To assess discordance between apoB determined by immunoassay and LDL-PNMR in routine clinical practice, and to characterize biomarker profiles and other clinical characteristics of patients identified as discordant. METHODS Two retrospective cohorts were evaluated. First, 412,013 patients with laboratory testing performed by Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc., as part of routine care; and second, 1411 consecutive patients presenting for risk assessment/reduction at 6 US outpatient clinics. Discordance was quantified as a percentile difference (LDL-PNMR percentile - apoB percentile) and attainment of percentile cutpoints (LDL-PNMR ≥ 1073 nmol/L or apoB ≥ 69 mg/dL). A wide range of cardiovascular risk factors were compared. RESULTS ApoB and LDL-PNMR values were highly correlated (R(2) = 0.79), although substantial discordance was observed. Similar numbers of patients were identified as at-risk by LDL-PNMR when apoB levels were < 69 mg/dL (5%-6%) and by apoB values when LDL-PNMR was < 1073 nmol/L (6%-7%). Discordance (LDL-PNMR > apoB) was associated with insulin resistance, smaller LDL particle size, increased systemic inflammation, and low circulating levels of "traditional" lipids, whereas discordance (apoB > LDL-PNMR) was associated with larger LDL particle size, and elevated levels of lipoprotein(a) and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2). CONCLUSION Discordance between apoB and LDL-PNMR in routine clinical practice is more widespread than currently recognized and may be associated with insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Leila Ghaedi
- Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Szilard Voros
- Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Tara Dall
- Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, VA, USA
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31
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Reis A, Rudnitskaya A, Chariyavilaskul P, Dhaun N, Melville V, Goddard J, Webb DJ, Pitt AR, Spickett CM. Top-down lipidomics of low density lipoprotein reveal altered lipid profiles in advanced chronic kidney disease. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:413-22. [PMID: 25424003 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m055624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the molecular lipidomic profile of LDL in patients with nondiabetic advanced renal disease and no evidence of CVD to that of age-matched controls, with the hypothesis that it would reveal proatherogenic lipid alterations. LDL was isolated from 10 normocholesterolemic patients with stage 4/5 renal disease and 10 controls, and lipids were analyzed by accurate mass LC/MS. Top-down lipidomics analysis and manual examination of the data identified 352 lipid species, and automated comparative analysis demonstrated alterations in lipid profile in disease. The total lipid and cholesterol content was unchanged, but levels of triacylglycerides and N-acyltaurines were significantly increased, while phosphatidylcholines, plasmenyl ethanolamines, sulfatides, ceramides, and cholesterol sulfate were significantly decreased in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Chemometric analysis of individual lipid species showed very good discrimination of control and disease sample despite the small cohorts and identified individual unsaturated phospholipids and triglycerides mainly responsible for the discrimination. These findings illustrate the point that although the clinical biochemistry parameters may not appear abnormal, there may be important underlying lipidomic changes that contribute to disease pathology. The lipidomic profile of CKD LDL offers potential for new biomarkers and novel insights into lipid metabolism and cardiovascular risk in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Reis
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alisa Rudnitskaya
- Centro de Estudios do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM), Department of Chemistry, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Pajaree Chariyavilaskul
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Neeraj Dhaun
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vanessa Melville
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jane Goddard
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Webb
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Andrew R Pitt
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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Öörni K, Rajamäki K, Nguyen SD, Lähdesmäki K, Plihtari R, Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen PT. Acidification of the intimal fluid: the perfect storm for atherogenesis. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:203-14. [PMID: 25424004 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r050252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic lesions are often hypoxic and exhibit elevated lactate concentrations and local acidification of the extracellular fluids. The acidification may be a consequence of the abundant accumulation of lipid-scavenging macrophages in the lesions. Activated macrophages have a very high energy demand and they preferentially use glycolysis for ATP synthesis even under normoxic conditions, resulting in enhanced local generation and secretion of lactate and protons. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the effects of acidic extracellular pH on three key players in atherogenesis: macrophages, apoB-containing lipoproteins, and HDL particles. Acidic extracellular pH enhances receptor-mediated phagocytosis and antigen presentation by macrophages and, importantly, triggers the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages through activation of the inflammasome pathway. Acidity enhances the proteolytic, lipolytic, and oxidative modifications of LDL and other apoB-containing lipoproteins, and strongly increases their affinity for proteoglycans, and may thus have major effects on their retention and the ensuing cellular responses in the arterial intima. Finally, the decrease in the expression of ABCA1 at acidic pH may compromise cholesterol clearance from atherosclerotic lesions. Taken together, acidic extracellular pH amplifies the proatherogenic and proinflammatory processes involved in atherogenesis.
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33
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Ito Y, Satoh N, Ishii T, Kumakura J, Hirano T. Development of a homogeneous assay for measurement of high-density lipoprotein-subclass cholesterol. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 427:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Lu M, Gantz DL, Herscovitz H, Gursky O. Kinetic analysis of thermal stability of human low density lipoproteins: a model for LDL fusion in atherogenesis. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2175-2185. [PMID: 22855737 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m029629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusion of modified LDL in the arterial wall promotes atherogenesis. Earlier we showed that thermal denaturation mimics LDL remodeling and fusion, and revealed kinetic origin of LDL stability. Here we report the first quantitative analysis of LDL thermal stability. Turbidity data show sigmoidal kinetics of LDL heat denaturation, which is unique among lipoproteins, suggesting that fusion is preceded by other structural changes. High activation energy of denaturation, E(a) = 100 ± 8 kcal/mol, indicates disruption of extensive packing interactions in LDL. Size-exclusion chromatography, nondenaturing gel electrophoresis, and negative-stain electron microscopy suggest that LDL dimerization is an early step in thermally induced fusion. Monoclonal antibody binding suggests possible involvement of apoB N-terminal domain in early stages of LDL fusion. LDL fusion accelerates at pH < 7, which may contribute to LDL retention in acidic atherosclerotic lesions. Fusion also accelerates upon increasing LDL concentration in near-physiologic range, which likely contributes to atherogenesis. Thermal stability of LDL decreases with increasing particle size, indicating that the pro-atherogenic properties of small dense LDL do not result from their enhanced fusion. Our work provides the first kinetic approach to measuring LDL stability and suggests that lipid-lowering therapies that reduce LDL concentration but increase the particle size may have opposite effects on LDL fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Lu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118.
| | - Donald L Gantz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Haya Herscovitz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Olga Gursky
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118.
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