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Antony F, Brough Z, Orangi M, Al-Seragi M, Aoki H, Babu M, Duong van Hoa F. Sensitive Profiling of Mouse Liver Membrane Proteome Dysregulation Following a High-Fat and Alcohol Diet Treatment. Proteomics 2024:e202300599. [PMID: 39313981 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol consumption and high-fat (HF) diets often coincide in Western society, resulting in synergistic negative effects on liver function. Although studies have analyzed the global protein expression in the context of alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), none has offered specific insights on liver dysregulation at the membrane proteome level. Membrane-specific profiling of metabolic and compensatory phenomena is usually overshadowed in conventional proteomic workflows. In this study, we use the Peptidisc method to isolate and compare the membrane protein (MP) content of the liver with its unique biological functions. From mice fed with an HF diet and ethanol in drinking water, we annotate over 1500 liver proteins with half predicted to have at least one transmembrane segment. Among them, we identify 106 integral MPs that are dysregulated compared to the untreated sample. Gene Ontology analysis reveals several dysregulated membrane-associated processes like lipid metabolism, cell adhesion, xenobiotic processing, and mitochondrial membrane formation. Pathways related to cholesterol and bile acid transport are also mutually affected, suggesting an adaptive mechanism to counter the upcoming steatosis of the liver model. Taken together, our Peptidisc-based profiling of the diet-dysregulated liver provides specific insights and hypotheses into the role of the transmembrane proteome in disease development, and flags desirable MPs for therapeutic and diagnostic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Antony
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Zora Brough
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mona Orangi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mohammed Al-Seragi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hiroyuki Aoki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mohan Babu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Franck Duong van Hoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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2
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Wang X, Hu T, Jiang Y, He Y, Li P, Peng W, Wang Y, Su W. Jingzhi Guanxin Oral Liquids Attenuate Atherosclerotic Coronary Heart Disease via Modulating Lipid Metabolism and PPAR-Related Targets. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:784. [PMID: 38931451 PMCID: PMC11206304 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Jingzhi Guanxin Oral Liquids (JZGX), a traditional Chinese medicine formulation prepared from the decoction of five herbs, has been utilized to relieve chest pain with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the chemical composition and therapeutic mechanisms of JZGX remain obscured. In this research, the potential targets and pathways of JZGX against CAD were anticipated through network pharmacology based on analyzing its chemical constituents using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. One hundred seven ingredients in JZGX were identified. The 39 active chemicals and 37 key targets were screened, and CAD-related signaling pathways were clustered, mainly associated with lipid metabolism. Subsequently, the atherosclerotic CAD animal model employing 24 weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) ApoE-/- mice was constructed to investigate the JZGX efficacy and underlying mechanisms validating network forecasts. The histological staining examination and cardiovascular biomarker tests confirmed that JZGX reduced plaque formation in the aorta and decreased blood lipids in vivo. It featured anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, and myocardial protective effects. JZGX prevented excessive lipid deposits and inflammation within the liver and exhibited hepatoprotective properties. Serum untargeted metabolomics analysis indicated that JZGX ameliorated metabolic abnormalities in atherosclerotic CAD mice and prompted lipid metabolism, especially linoleic acid. The PPARs and attached critical targets (SREBP1, FASN, PTGS2, and CYP3A), filtered from the networks and connected with lipid metabolism, were dramatically modulated through JZGX administration, as revealed by western blotting. The molecular docking outcomes showed that all 39 active ingredients in JZGX had good binding activity with PPARα and PPARγ. These findings illustrate that JZGX alleviates atherosclerotic CAD progression by remodeling the lipid metabolism and regulating PPAR-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Weiwei Su
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Reevaluation of Post-Market Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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3
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Kobayashi K, Minegishi G, Kuriyama N, Miyajima A, Abe S, Kazuki K, Kazuki Y. Metabolic Disposition of Triazolam and Clobazam in Humanized CYP3A Mice with a Double-Knockout Background of Mouse Cyp2c and Cyp3a Genes. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:174-182. [PMID: 36379710 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Knockout (KO) of mouse Cyp3a genes increases the expression of hepatic CYP2C enzymes, which can metabolize triazolam, a typical substrate of human CYP3A. There is still marked formation of 1'-hydroxytriazolam in Cyp3a-KO (3aKO) mice after triazolam dosing. Here, we generated a new model of humanized CYP3A (hCYP3A) mice with a double-KO background of Cyp3a and Cyp2c genes (2c3aKO), and we examined the metabolic profiles of triazolam in wild-type (WT), 2c3aKO, and hCYP3A/2c3aKO mice in vitro and in vivo In vitro studies using liver microsomes showed that the formation of 1'-hydroxytriazolam in 2c3aKO mice was less than 8% of that in WT mice. The formation rate of 1'-hydroxytriazolam in hCYP3A/2c3aKO mice was eightfold higher than that in 2c3aKO mice. In vivo studies showed that area under the curve (AUC) of 1'-hydroxytriazolam in 2c3aKO mice was less than 3% of that in WT mice. The AUC of 1'-hydroxytriazolam in hCYP3A/2c3aKO mice was sixfold higher than that in 2c3aKO mice. These results showed that formation of 1'-hydroxytriazolam was significantly decreased in 2c3aKO mice. Metabolic functions of human CYP3A enzymes were distinctly found in hCYP3A mice with the 2c3aKO background. Moreover, hCYP3A/2c3aKO mice treated with clobazam showed human CYP3A-mediated formation of desmethylclobazam and prolonged elimination of desmethylclobazam, which is found in poor metabolizers of CYP2C19. The novel hCYP3A mouse model without mouse Cyp2c and Cyp3a genes (hCYP3A/2c3aKO) is expected to be useful to evaluate human CYP3A-mediated metabolism in vivo SIGNIFICANT STATEMENT: Humanized CYP3A (hCYP3A/2c3aKO) mice with a background of double knockout (KO) for mouse Cyp2c and Cyp3a genes were generated. Although CYP2C enzymes played a compensatory role in the metabolism of triazolam to 1'-hydroxytriazolam in the previous hCYP3A/3aKO mice with Cyp2c genes, the novel hCYP3A/2c3aKO mice clearly showed functions of human CYP3A enzymes introduced by chromosome engineering technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Kobayashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan (K.Ko., G.M., N.K., A.M.) and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC) (S.A., K.Ka., Y.K.) and Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Genki Minegishi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan (K.Ko., G.M., N.K., A.M.) and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC) (S.A., K.Ka., Y.K.) and Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Nina Kuriyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan (K.Ko., G.M., N.K., A.M.) and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC) (S.A., K.Ka., Y.K.) and Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyajima
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan (K.Ko., G.M., N.K., A.M.) and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC) (S.A., K.Ka., Y.K.) and Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan (K.Ko., G.M., N.K., A.M.) and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC) (S.A., K.Ka., Y.K.) and Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kanako Kazuki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan (K.Ko., G.M., N.K., A.M.) and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC) (S.A., K.Ka., Y.K.) and Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Clinical Pharmacy, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan (K.Ko., G.M., N.K., A.M.) and Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC) (S.A., K.Ka., Y.K.) and Department of Chromosome Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine (Y.K.), Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Lu J, Shang X, Yao B, Sun D, Liu J, Zhang Y, Wang H, Shi J, Chen H, Shi T, Liu M, Wang X. The role of CYP1A1/2 in cholesterol ester accumulation provides a new perspective for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:648-661. [PMID: 36873188 PMCID: PMC9978856 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an important precursor of many endogenous molecules. Disruption of cholesterol homeostasis can cause many pathological changes, leading to liver and cardiovascular diseases. CYP1A is widely involved in cholesterol metabolic network, but its exact function has not been fully elucidated. Here, we aim to explore how CYP1A regulates cholesterol homeostasis. Our data showed that CYP1A1/2 knockout (KO) rats presented cholesterol deposition in blood and liver. The serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol were significantly increased in KO rats. Further studies found that the lipogenesis pathway (LXRα-SREBP1-SCD1) of KO rats was activated, and the key protein of cholesterol ester hydrolysis (CES1) was inhibited. Importantly, lansoprazole can significantly alleviate rat hepatic lipid deposition in hypercholesterolemia models by inducing CYP1A. Our findings reveal the role of CYP1A as a potential regulator of cholesterol homeostasis and provide a new perspective for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dongyi Sun
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - He Wang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jingru Shi
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Huaqing Chen
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tieliu Shi
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Changning Maternity and Infant Health Hospital and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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Fujino C, Sanoh S, Katsura T. Variation in Expression of Cytochrome P450 3A Isoforms and Toxicological Effects: Endo- and Exogenous Substances as Regulatory Factors and Substrates. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1617-1634. [PMID: 34719640 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The CYP3A subfamily, which includes isoforms CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 in humans, plays important roles in the metabolism of various endogenous and exogenous substances. Gene and protein expression of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 show large inter-individual differences, which are caused by many endogenous and exogenous factors. Inter-individual differences can cause negative outcomes, such as adverse drug events and disease development. Therefore, it is important to understand the variations in CYP3A expression caused by endo- and exogenous factors, as well as the variation in the metabolism and kinetics of endo- and exogenous substrates. In this review, we summarize the factors regulating CYP3A expression, such as bile acids, hormones, microRNA, inflammatory cytokines, drugs, environmental chemicals, and dietary factors. In addition, variations in CYP3A expression under pathological conditions, such as coronavirus disease 2019 and liver diseases, are described as examples of the physiological effects of endogenous factors. We also summarize endogenous and exogenous substrates metabolized by CYP3A isoforms, such as cholesterol, bile acids, hormones, arachidonic acid, vitamin D, and drugs. The relationship between the changes in the kinetics of these substrates and the toxicological effects in our bodies are discussed. The usefulness of these substrates and metabolites as endogenous biomarkers for CYP3A activity is also discussed. Notably, we focused on discrimination between CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 to understand inter-individual differences in CYP3A expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieri Fujino
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University
| | - Toshiya Katsura
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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6
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Qin X, Zhang Y, Lu J, Huang S, Liu Z, Wang X. CYP3A deficiency alters bile acid homeostasis and leads to changes in hepatic susceptibility in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 429:115703. [PMID: 34461081 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) as an important enzyme metabolizes many drugs and a variety of endogenous substances. Bile acids (BA) regulate physiological function by activating BA receptors. In this study, CYP3A1/2 gene knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) rats were used to investigate the regulatory effects of CYP3A on BA homeostasis and liver function. Compared with WT rats, BA concentrations in serum, liver and small intestine of CYP3A1/2 KO rats increased significantly, which was due to the decrease of catabolism and the increase of synthesis. In particular, the composition of serum BA (overall hydrophobicity) presented an age- and CYP3A-dependent manner. With the aging of WT rats, the serum BA became more hydrophobic, while this trend was delayed in CYP3A1/2 KO rats. Moreover, the level of serum total cholesterol, the precursor of BA synthesis, decreased by about 20% in CYP3A1/2 KO rats, which is due to the low synthesis but high biotransformation rate. The increase of BA pool further led to the change of transcription level of BA receptor in liver (pregnane X receptor) and small intestine (Takeda G-protein receptor 5), and affected the function and morphology of CYP3A1/2 KO rat liver. In conclusion, CYP3A is a key regulator of BA homeostasis in rats, especially in regulating BA pool size, composition and balance of anabolism, and prevents susceptibility to hepatotoxicity under BA overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Center of Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yuanjin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengbo Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongjun Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Central Hospital of Shanghai Putuo District, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Lu J, Liu J, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Xu Y, Wang X. CRISPR-Cas9: A method for establishing rat models of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2973-2982. [PMID: 34745851 PMCID: PMC8551406 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry recognized CRISPR-Cas9, a super-selective and precise gene editing tool. CRISPR-Cas9 has an obvious advantage in editing multiple genes in the same cell, and presents great potential in disease treatment and animal model construction. In recent years, CRISPR-Cas9 has been used to establish a series of rat models of drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK), such as Cyp, Abcb1, Oatp1b2 gene knockout rats. These new rat models are not only widely used in the study of drug metabolism, chemical toxicity, and carcinogenicity, but also promote the study of DMPK related mechanism, and further strengthen the relationship between drug metabolism and pharmacology/toxicology. This review systematically introduces the advantages and disadvantages of CRISPR-Cas9, summarizes the methods of establishing DMPK rat models, discusses the main challenges in this field, and proposes strategies to overcome these problems.
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Key Words
- AAV, adeno-associated virus
- ADMET, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity
- Animal model
- BSEP, bile salt export pump
- CRISPR-Cas, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated
- CRISPR-Cas9
- DDI, drug–drug interaction
- DMPK, drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics
- DSB, double-strand break
- Drug metabolism
- Gene editing
- HBV, hepatitis B virus
- HDR, homology directed repair
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HPV, human papillomaviruses
- KO, knockout
- NCBI, National Center for Biotechnology Information
- NHEJ, non-homologous end joining
- OATP1B, organic anion transporting polypeptides 1B
- OTS, off-target site
- PAM, protospacer-associated motif
- Pharmacokinetics
- RNP, ribonucleoprotein
- SD, Sprague–Dawley
- SREBP-2, sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2
- T7E I, T7 endonuclease I
- TALE, transcriptional activator-like effector
- TALEN, transcriptional activators like effector nucleases
- WT, wild-type
- ZFN, zinc finger nucleases
- crRNAs, CRISPR RNAs
- pre-crRNA, pre-CRISPR RNA
- sgRNA, single guide RNA
- tracRNA, trans-activating crRNA
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Weisell J, Ruotsalainen AK, Näpänkangas J, Jauhiainen M, Rysä J. Menaquinone 4 increases plasma lipid levels in hypercholesterolemic mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3014. [PMID: 33542347 PMCID: PMC7862223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82724-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) progressive valvular calcification causes aortic valve dysfunction. CAVD has several risk factors such as age and dyslipidemia. Vitamin K was shown to inhibit vascular calcification in mice and valvular calcification in patients with CAVD. We studied the effect of menaquinone 4 (MK4/vitamin K2) on valvular calcification in the hypercholesterolemic mouse model of CAVD. LDLr−/−ApoB100/100 male mice were fed with a Western diet for 5 months, with (n = 10) or without (n = 10) added 0.2 mg/g MK4. Body weight gain was followed weekly. Morphology of aortic valves and liver was assessed with immunohistochemistry. Plasma cholesterol levels and cytokines from hepatic tissue were assessed in the end of the study. Hepatic gene expression of lipid metabolism regulating genes were assessed after 18 h diet. MK4 exacerbated the lipoprotein lipid profile without affecting aortic valve morphology in hypercholesterolemic LDLr−/− ApoB100/100 mice. The MK4-containing WD diet increased plasma levels of LDL and triglycerides, hepatic steatosis, and mRNA expression of genes required for triglyceride and cholesterol synthesis. MK4 diminished levels of several cytokines and chemokines in liver, including IL-6, TNFα and MCP1, as measured by hepatic cytokine array. Consequently, MK4 may exert non-beneficial effects on circulating lipid levels, especially in hypercholesterolemic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonna Weisell
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Kaisa Ruotsalainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Näpänkangas
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Jauhiainen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Rysä
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Song T, Wang P, Li C, Jia L, Liang Q, Cao Y, Dong P, Shi H, Jiang M. Salidroside simultaneously reduces de novo lipogenesis and cholesterol biosynthesis to attenuate atherosclerosis in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 134:111137. [PMID: 33341055 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Salidroside is a kind of phenylethanoid glycoside and widespread in the plants from Rhodiola and Ligustrum species. Our previous study has reported that salidroside can prevent atherosclerosis progression by ameliorating glyerolipid and glycerophospholipid metabolism in apoE-deficient (apoE-/-) mice. However, its effect on neutral lipids and underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. Here we investigated the molecular mechanism of salidroside action from the perspective of metabolic regulation by integrating metabonomics and transcriptomics pattern. The results showed that salidroside significantly reduced cholesterols, esterified cholesterols, fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids and triacylclycerols biosynthesis in liver through down-regulating the genes expressions of sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (Srebf1 and Srebf2). The expressions of SREBPs targeted and downstream genes, such as the encoding genes of fatty acid synthase (Fasn), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (Gpam), stearoyl-CoA desaturase (Scd), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (Hmgcr), and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (Pcsk9), were also inhibited after salidroside administration. ATP citrate lyase gene (Acly) that encodes an important enzyme producing acetyl-CoA for cholesterol and fatty acid biosynthesis significantly decreased after treatment as well. Moreover, one of ketone body products, 3-hydroxybutyrate, was significantly up-regulated in drug-treated group, indicating that fatty acid degradation was accelerated by salidroside at the same time. Our findings identify salidroside as a regulator of lipid homeostasis in atherosclerotic mice, suggesting its potential to be an alternative medicine for lowering the risks of atherosclerosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Pengli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Chenyang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Li Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Qianqian Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuanlin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Pengzhi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Miaomiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
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11
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Chiang JY, Ferrell JM. Up to date on cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in bile acid synthesis. LIVER RESEARCH 2020; 4:47-63. [PMID: 34290896 PMCID: PMC8291349 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1, EC1.14) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the classic bile acid synthesis pathway. Much progress has been made in understanding the transcriptional regulation of CYP7A1 gene expression and the underlying molecular mechanisms of bile acid feedback regulation of CYP7A1 and bile acid synthesis in the last three decades. Discovery of bile acid-activated receptors and their roles in the regulation of lipid, glucose and energy metabolism have been translated to the development of bile acid-based drug therapies for the treatment of liver-related metabolic diseases such as alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases, liver cirrhosis, diabetes, obesity and hepatocellular carcinoma. This review will provide an update on the advances in our understanding of the molecular biology and mechanistic insights of the regulation of CYP7A1 in bile acid synthesis in the last 40 years.
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12
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Phelps T, Snyder E, Rodriguez E, Child H, Harvey P. The influence of biological sex and sex hormones on bile acid synthesis and cholesterol homeostasis. Biol Sex Differ 2019; 10:52. [PMID: 31775872 PMCID: PMC6880483 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-019-0265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and elevated serum lipids are associated with a threefold increase in the risk of developing atherosclerosis, a condition that underlies stroke, myocardial infarction, and sudden cardiac death. Strategies that aim to reduce serum cholesterol through modulation of liver enzymes have been successful in decreasing the risk of developing atherosclerosis and reducing mortality. Statins, which inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver, are considered among the most successful compounds developed for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, recent debate surrounding their effectiveness and safety prompts consideration of alternative cholesterol-lowering therapies, including increasing cholesterol catabolism through bile acid (BA) synthesis. Targeting the enzymes that convert cholesterol to BAs represents a promising alternative to other cholesterol-lowering approaches that treat atherosclerosis as well as fatty liver diseases and diabetes mellitus. Compounds that modify the activity of these pathways have been developed; however, there remains a lack of consideration of biological sex. This is necessary in light of strong evidence for sexual dimorphisms not only in the incidence and progression of the diseases they influence but also in the expression and activity of the proteins affected and in the manner in which men and women respond to drugs that modify lipid handling in the liver. A thorough understanding of the enzymes involved in cholesterol catabolism and modulation by biological sex is necessary to maximize their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Phelps
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Erin Snyder
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Erin Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Hailey Child
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Pamela Harvey
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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13
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Minegishi G, Kazuki Y, Yamasaki Y, Okuya F, Akita H, Oshimura M, Kobayashi K. Comparison of the hepatic metabolism of triazolam in wild-type andCyp3a-knockout mice for understanding CYP3A-mediated metabolism inCYP3A-humanised mice in vivo. Xenobiotica 2019; 49:1303-1310. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1560516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Genki Minegishi
- Laboratory of DDS design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamasaki
- Laboratory of DDS design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fuka Okuya
- Laboratory of DDS design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Laboratory of DDS design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of DDS design and Drug Disposition, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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14
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Nitta SI, Hashimoto M, Kazuki Y, Takehara S, Suzuki H, Oshimura M, Akita H, Chiba K, Kobayashi K. Evaluation of 4β-Hydroxycholesterol and 25-Hydroxycholesterol as Endogenous Biomarkers of CYP3A4: Study with CYP3A-Humanized Mice. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:61. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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15
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Abstract
Cellular lipid metabolism and homeostasis are controlled by sterol regulatory-element binding proteins (SREBPs). In addition to performing canonical functions in the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis and uptake of lipids, genome-wide system analyses have revealed that these versatile transcription factors act as important nodes of convergence and divergence within biological signalling networks. Thus, they are involved in myriad physiological and pathophysiological processes, highlighting the importance of lipid metabolism in biology. Changes in cell metabolism and growth are reciprocally linked through SREBPs. Anabolic and growth signalling pathways branch off and connect to multiple steps of SREBP activation and form complex regulatory networks. In addition, SREBPs are implicated in numerous pathogenic processes such as endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, autophagy and apoptosis, and in this way, they contribute to obesity, dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, chronic kidney disease, neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. This Review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of SREBPs in physiology and pathophysiology at the cell, organ and organism levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Shimano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
- Life Science Center, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Sato
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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16
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Bisphenol A in eggs causes development-specific liver molecular reprogramming in two generations of rainbow trout. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14131. [PMID: 29074850 PMCID: PMC5658357 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in the manufacture of plastics and epoxy resins and is prevalent in the aquatic environment. BPA disrupts endocrine pathways in fish, but the long-term developmental implications are unknown. We demonstrate that BPA deposition in the eggs of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), an ecologically and economically important species of fish, reprograms liver metabolism in the offspring and alters the developmental growth trajectory in two generations. Specifically, BPA reduces growth during early development, followed by a catch-up growth post-juveniles. More importantly, we observed a developmental shift in the liver transcriptome, including an increased propensity for protein breakdown during early life stages to lipid and cholesterol synthesis post- juveniles. The liver molecular responses corresponded with the transient growth phenotypes observed in the F1 generation, and this was also evident in the F2 generation. Altogether, maternal and/or ancestral embryonic exposure to BPA affects liver metabolism leading to development-distinct effects on growth, underscoring the need for novel risk assessment strategies for this chemical in the aquatic environment. This is particularly applicable to migratory species, such as salmon, where distinct temporal changes in growth and physiology during development are critical for their spawning success.
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17
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Dumolt JH, Radhakrishnan SK, Moghadasian MH, Le K, Patel MS, Browne RW, Rideout TC. Maternal hypercholesterolemia enhances oxysterol concentration in mothers and newly weaned offspring but is attenuated by maternal phytosterol supplementation. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 52:10-17. [PMID: 29107136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In hypercholesterolemic pregnancies, the maternal environment is characterized by excessive levels of atherogenic lipids that may increase cardiovascular disease risk in mothers and their offspring. We examined the influence of maternal hypercholesterolemia and phytosterol (PS) intervention on the concentration and metabolism of oxysterols, bioactive oxygenated cholesterol derivatives that regulate arterial health and lesion progression, in mothers and their newly weaned offspring. Twenty-one female apoE-/- mice were randomly assigned to three different diets throughout gestation and lactation: (1) chow, (2) high cholesterol (CH; 0.15%) and (3) CH with added PS (2%, CH/PS). At the end of the lactation period, mothers and pups were euthanized for serum and hepatic oxysterol analyses, hepatic transcriptional profiling of hepatic sterol regulatory targets and atherosclerosis. Hypercholesterolemic dams and their pups demonstrated increased (P˂.05) serum oxysterols [including 24 hydroxycholesterol (HC), 25HC, 27HC, 7αHC, 7βHC and 7 ketocholesterol)] compared with the chow group that were normalized by maternal PS supplementation. Hepatic oxysterol concentrations followed a similar pattern of response in mothers but were not altered in newly weaned pups. Hepatic mRNA expression suggested a pattern of enhanced abca1/g1 high-density-lipoprotein-mediated efflux but a reduction in biliary abcg5/g8 export in both dams and their pups. Although arterial lesions were not apparent in newly weaned pups, CH dams demonstrated enhanced atherosclerosis that was reduced upon PS intervention. These results demonstrate that offspring from hypercholesterolemic pregnancies have enhanced circulating oxysterol concentrations and highlight the potential utility of PS as a lipid-lowering option during hypercholesterolemic pregnancies for which there are currently limited options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerad H Dumolt
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA 14214
| | - Sandhya K Radhakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA 14214
| | - Mohammed H Moghadasian
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, and Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, RH2 2A6
| | - Khuong Le
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, and Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada, RH2 2A6
| | - Mulchand S Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA 14214
| | - Richard W Browne
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA 14214
| | - Todd C Rideout
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA 14214.
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18
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Kumar R, Mota LC, Litoff EJ, Rooney JP, Boswell WT, Courter E, Henderson CM, Hernandez JP, Corton JC, Moore DD, Baldwin WS. Compensatory changes in CYP expression in three different toxicology mouse models: CAR-null, Cyp3a-null, and Cyp2b9/10/13-null mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174355. [PMID: 28350814 PMCID: PMC5370058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted mutant models are common in mechanistic toxicology experiments investigating the absorption, metabolism, distribution, or elimination (ADME) of chemicals from individuals. Key models include those for xenosensing transcription factors and cytochrome P450s (CYP). Here we investigated changes in transcript levels, protein expression, and steroid hydroxylation of several xenobiotic detoxifying CYPs in constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)-null and two CYP-null mouse models that have subfamily members regulated by CAR; the Cyp3a-null and a newly described Cyp2b9/10/13-null mouse model. Compensatory changes in CYP expression that occur in these models may also occur in polymorphic humans, or may complicate interpretation of ADME studies performed using these models. The loss of CAR causes significant changes in several CYPs probably due to loss of CAR-mediated constitutive regulation of these CYPs. Expression and activity changes include significant repression of Cyp2a and Cyp2b members with corresponding drops in 6α- and 16β-testosterone hydroxylase activity. Further, the ratio of 6α-/15α-hydroxylase activity, a biomarker of sexual dimorphism in the liver, indicates masculinization of female CAR-null mice, suggesting a role for CAR in the regulation of sexually dimorphic liver CYP profiles. The loss of Cyp3a causes fewer changes than CAR. Nevertheless, there are compensatory changes including gender-specific increases in Cyp2a and Cyp2b. Cyp2a and Cyp2b were down-regulated in CAR-null mice, suggesting activation of CAR and potentially PXR following loss of the Cyp3a members. However, the loss of Cyp2b causes few changes in hepatic CYP transcript levels and almost no significant compensatory changes in protein expression or activity with the possible exception of 6α-hydroxylase activity. This lack of a compensatory response in the Cyp2b9/10/13-null mice is probably due to low CYP2B hepatic expression, especially in male mice. Overall, compensatory and regulatory CYP changes followed the order CAR-null > Cyp3a-null > Cyp2b-null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiya Kumar
- Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Linda C. Mota
- Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth J. Litoff
- Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - John P. Rooney
- NHEERL, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America
| | - W. Tyler Boswell
- Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | - Elliott Courter
- Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
| | | | - Juan P. Hernandez
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | | | - David D. Moore
- Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - William S. Baldwin
- Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, United States of America
- Environmental Toxicology, Clemson University, Pendleton, SC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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CRISPR knockout rat cytochrome P450 3A1/2 model for advancing drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics research. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42922. [PMID: 28218310 PMCID: PMC5317174 DOI: 10.1038/srep42922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A accounts for nearly 30% of the total CYP enzymes in the human liver and participates in the metabolism of over 50% of clinical drugs. Moreover, CYP3A plays an important role in chemical metabolism, toxicity, and carcinogenicity. New animal models are needed to investigate CYP3A functions, especially for drug metabolism. In this report, Cyp3a1/2 double knockout (KO) rats were generated by CRISPR-Cas9 technology, and then were characterized for viability and physiological status. The Cyp3a1/2 double KO rats were viable and fertile, and had no obvious physiological abnormities. Compared with the wild-type (WT) rat, Cyp3a1/2 expression was completely absent in the liver of the KO rat. In vitro and in vivo metabolic studies of the CYP3A1/2 substrates indicated that CYP3A1/2 was functionally inactive in double KO rats. The Cyp3a1/2 double KO rat model was successfully generated and characterized. The Cyp3a1/2 KO rats are a novel rodent animal model that will be a powerful tool for the study of the physiological and pharmacological roles of CYP3A, especially in drug and chemical metabolism in vivo.
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20
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Liu X, Henkel AS, LeCuyer BE, Hubchak SC, Schipma MJ, Zhang E, Green RM. Hepatic deletion of X-box binding protein 1 impairs bile acid metabolism in mice. J Lipid Res 2016; 58:504-511. [PMID: 28039331 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m071266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive response to endoplasmic reticulum stress and the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α/X-box binding protein 1 (IRE1α/XBP1) pathway of the UPR is important in lipid metabolism. However, its role in bile acid metabolism remains unknown. We demonstrate that liver-specific Xbp1 knockout (LS-Xbp1-/-) mice had a 45% reduction in total bile acid pool. LS-Xbp1-/- mice had lower serum 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) levels compared with Xbp1fl/fl mice, indicating reduced cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) synthetic activity. This occurred without reductions of hepatic CYP7A1 protein expression. Feeding LS-Xbp1-/- mice cholestyramine increased hepatic CYP7A1 protein expression to levels 2-fold and 8-fold greater than cholestyramine-fed and chow-fed Xbp1fl/fl mice, respectively. However, serum C4 levels remained unchanged and were lower than both groups of Xbp1fl/fl mice. In contrast, although feeding LS-Xbp1-/- mice cholesterol did not increase CYP7A1 expression, serum C4 levels increased significantly up to levels similar to chow-fed Xbp1fl/fl mice and the total bile acid pool normalized. In conclusion, loss of hepatic XBP1 decreased the bile acid pool and CYP7A1 synthetic activity. Cholesterol feeding, but not induction of CYP7A1 with cholestyramine, increased CYP7A1 synthetic activity and corrected the genotype-specific total bile acid pools. These data demonstrate a novel role of IRE1α/XBP1 regulating bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Liu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Anne S Henkel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Brian E LeCuyer
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Susan C Hubchak
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Matthew J Schipma
- Next Generation Sequencing Core: Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Eric Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Richard M Green
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
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Hashimoto M, Kobayashi K, Yamazaki M, Kazuki Y, Takehara S, Oshimura M, Chiba K. Cyp3a deficiency enhances androgen receptor activity and cholesterol synthesis in the mouse prostate. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 163:121-8. [PMID: 27137100 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone regulates cellular functions in the prostate through activation of the androgen receptor (AR), which may enhance expression levels of cholesterogenic enzymes through activation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein2 (SREBP2). Because testosterone is inactivated to 6β-hydroxytestosterone by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A), we examined the effects of Cyp3a deficiency on circulating testosterone levels and its effects on activation of the AR and expression levels of cholesterogenic enzymes in the prostate using Cyp3a-knockout (Cyp3a(-/-)) mice. The results showed that Cyp3a(-/-) mice had remarkably increased free testosterone levels in plasma along with suppressed testosterone 6β-hydroxylation activities in liver microsomes, suggesting that Cyp3a is a major determinant of systemic levels of testosterone in mice. The results also showed that mRNA expression levels of the AR target genes were increased significantly, and that AR bindings to the promoter region of the AR target genes were more abundant in the prostates of Cyp3a(-/-) mice. These findings suggest that AR activation was stimulated in the prostate of Cyp3a(-/-) mice. In addition, the protein expression levels of SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), mRNA expression levels of SREBP2 target genes and total cholesterol contents were increased in the prostates of Cyp3a(-/-) mice. The findings suggest that Cyp3a deficiency stimulated the expression of Scap via activation of the AR, which elevated cholesterogenic gene expression levels through activation of SREBP2 and increased total cholesterol contents in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Mana Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, Japan; Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Shoko Takehara
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kan Chiba
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba, Japan
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22
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Mutemberezi V, Guillemot-Legris O, Muccioli GG. Oxysterols: From cholesterol metabolites to key mediators. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:152-169. [PMID: 27687912 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol metabolites that can be produced through enzymatic or radical processes. They constitute a large family of lipids (i.e. the oxysterome) involved in a plethora of physiological processes. They can act through GPCR (e.g. EBI2, SMO, CXCR2), nuclear receptors (LXR, ROR, ERα) and through transporters or regulatory proteins. Their physiological effects encompass cholesterol, lipid and glucose homeostasis. Additionally, they were shown to be involved in other processes such as immune regulatory functions and brain homeostasis. First studied as precursors of bile acids, they quickly emerged as interesting lipid mediators. Their levels are greatly altered in several pathologies and some oxysterols (e.g. 4β-hydroxycholesterol or 7α-hydroxycholestenone) are used as biomarkers of specific pathologies. In this review, we discuss the complex metabolism and molecular targets (including binding properties) of these bioactive lipids in human and mice. We also discuss the genetic mouse models currently available to interrogate their effects in pathophysiological settings. We also summarize the levels of oxysterols reported in two key organs in oxysterol metabolism (liver and brain), plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Finally, we consider future opportunities and directions in the oxysterol field in order to gain a better insight and understanding of the complex oxysterol system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Mutemberezi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.
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23
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Nakada N, Kawamura A, Kamimura H, Sato K, Kazuki Y, Kakuni M, Ohbuchi M, Kato K, Tateno C, Oshimura M, Usui T. MurineCyp3aknockout chimeric mice with humanized liver: prediction of the metabolic profile of nefazodone in humans. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2016; 37:3-14. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Nakada
- Drug Metabolism Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Osaka Japan
| | - Akio Kawamura
- Drug Metabolism Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Osaka Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kamimura
- ADME & Tox Research Institute; Sekisui Medical Co., Ltd; Tokyo Japan
| | - Koya Sato
- Drug Metabolism Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Osaka Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science; Tottori University; Yonago Tottori Japan
| | | | - Masato Ohbuchi
- Drug Metabolism Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Osaka Japan
| | - Kota Kato
- Drug Metabolism Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Osaka Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- PhoenixBio, Co., Ltd; Higashi Hiroshima Hiroshima Japan
- Liver Research Project Center; Hiroshima University; Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science; Tottori University; Yonago Tottori Japan
| | - Takashi Usui
- Drug Metabolism Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research; Astellas Pharma Inc.; Osaka Japan
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24
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Apellániz-Ruiz M, Inglada-Pérez L, Naranjo MEG, Sánchez L, Mancikova V, Currás-Freixes M, de Cubas AA, Comino-Méndez I, Triki S, Rebai A, Rasool M, Moya G, Grazina M, Opocher G, Cascón A, Taboada-Echalar P, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Carracedo A, Robledo M, Llerena A, Rodríguez-Antona C. High frequency and founder effect of the CYP3A4*20 loss-of-function allele in the Spanish population classifies CYP3A4 as a polymorphic enzyme. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2014; 15:288-92. [DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2014.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Disturbances in cholesterol, bile acid and glucose metabolism in peroxisomal 3-ketoacylCoA thiolase B deficient mice fed diets containing high or low fat contents. Biochimie 2013; 98:86-101. [PMID: 24287293 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisomal 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase B (ThB) catalyzes the thiolytic cleavage of straight chain 3-ketoacyl-CoAs. Up to now, the ability of ThB to interfere with lipid metabolism was studied in mice fed a laboratory chow enriched or not with the synthetic agonist Wy14,643, a pharmacological activator of the nuclear hormone receptor PPARα. The aim of the present study was therefore to determine whether ThB could play a role in obesity and lipid metabolism when mice are chronically fed a synthetic High Fat Diet (HFD) or a Low Fat Diet (LFD) as a control diet. To investigate this possibility, wild-type (WT) mice and mice deficient for Thb (Thb(-/-)) were subjected to either a synthetic LFD or a HFD for 25 weeks, and their responses were compared. First, when fed a normal regulatory laboratory chow, Thb(-/-) mice displayed growth retardation as well as a severe reduction in the plasma level of Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin Growth Factor-I (IGF-I), suggesting alterations in the GH/IGF-1 pathway. When fed the synthetic diets, the corrected energy intake to body mass was significantly higher in Thb(-/-) mice, yet those mice were protected from HFD-induced adiposity. Importantly, Thb(-/-) mice also suffered from hypoglycemia, exhibited reduction in liver glycogen stores and circulating insulin levels under the LFD and the HFD. Thb deficiency was also associated with higher levels of plasma HDL (High Density Lipoproteins) cholesterol and increased liver content of cholesterol under both the LFD and the HFD. As shown by the plasma lathosterol to cholesterol ratio, a surrogate marker for cholesterol biosynthesis, whole body cholesterol de novo synthesis was increased in Thb(-/-) mice. By comparing liver RNA from WT mice and Thb(-/-) mice using oligonucleotide microarray and RT-qPCR, a coordinated decrease in the expression of critical cholesterol synthesizing genes and an increased expression of genes involved in bile acid synthesis (Cyp7a1, Cyp17a1, Akr1d1) were observed in Thb(-/-) mice. In parallel, the elevation of the lathosterol to cholesterol ratio as well as the increased expression of cholesterol synthesizing genes were observed in the kidney of Thb(-/-) mice fed the LFD and the HFD. Overall, the data indicate that ThB is not fully interchangeable with the thiolase A isoform. The present study also reveals that modulating the expression of the peroxisomal ThB enzyme can largely reverberate not only throughout fatty acid metabolism but also cholesterol, bile acid and glucose metabolism.
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