1
|
Elkanawati RY, Sumiwi SA, Levita J. Impact of Lipids on Insulin Resistance: Insights from Human and Animal Studies. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:3337-3360. [PMID: 39100221 PMCID: PMC11298177 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s468147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a complex pathological condition central to metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). This review evaluates the impact of lipids on insulin resistance (IR) by analyzing findings from human and animal studies. The articles were searched on the PubMed database using two keywords: (1) "Role of Lipids AND Insulin Resistance AND Humans" and (2) "Role of Lipids AND Insulin Resistance AND Animal Models". Studies in humans revealed that elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) and triglycerides (TGs) are closely associated with reduced insulin sensitivity, and interventions like metformin and omega-3 fatty acids show potential benefits. In animal models, high-fat diets disrupt insulin signaling and increase inflammation, with lipid mediators such as diacylglycerol (DAG) and ceramides playing significant roles. DAG activates protein kinase C, which eventually impairs insulin signaling, while ceramides inhibit Akt/PKB, further contributing to IR. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies for IR-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rani Yulifah Elkanawati
- Master Program in Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Jawa Barat, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Sri Adi Sumiwi
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Jutti Levita
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Padjadjaran University, Sumedang, West Java, 45363, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang W, Feng R, Peng G, Wang Z, Cen M, Jing Y, Feng W, Long T, Liu Y, Li Z, Huang K, Chang G. Glycoursodeoxycholic Acid Alleviates Arterial Thrombosis via Suppressing Diacylglycerol Kinases Activity in Platelet. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:1283-1301. [PMID: 38572646 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.124.320728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) has been acknowledged for its ability to regulate lipid homeostasis and provide benefits for various metabolic disorders. However, the impact of GUDCA on arterial thrombotic events remains unexplored. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of GUDCA on thrombogenesis and elucidate its underlying mechanisms. METHODS Plasma samples from patients with arterial thrombotic events and diet-induced obese mice were collected to determine the GUDCA concentrations using mass spectrometry. Multiple in vivo murine thrombosis models and in vitro platelet functional assays were conducted to comprehensively evaluate the antithrombotic effects of GUDCA. Moreover, lipidomic analysis was performed to identify the alterations of intraplatelet lipid components following GUDCA treatment. RESULTS Plasma GUDCA level was significantly decreased in patients with arterial thrombotic events and negatively correlated with thrombotic propensity in diet-induced obese mice. GUDCA exhibited prominent suppressing effects on platelet reactivity as evidenced by the attenuation of platelet activation, secretion, aggregation, spreading, and retraction (P<0.05). In vivo, GUDCA administration robustly alleviated thrombogenesis (P<0.05) without affecting hemostasis. Mechanistically, GUDCA inhibited DGK (diacylglycerol kinase) activity, leading to the downregulation of the phosphatidic acid-mediated signaling pathway. Conversely, phosphatidic acid supplementation was sufficient to abolish the antithrombotic effects of GUDCA. More importantly, long-term oral administration of GUDCA normalized the enhanced DGK activity, thereby remarkably alleviating the platelet hyperreactivity as well as the heightened thrombotic tendency in diet-induced obese mice (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study implicated that GUDCA reduces platelet hyperreactivity and improves thrombotic propensity by inhibiting DGKs activity, which is a potentially effective prophylactic approach and promising therapeutic agent for arterial thrombotic events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Yang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (W.Y., R.F., G.P., Z.W., Y.J., W.F., T.L., Y.L., Z.L, K.H., G.C.)
| | - Ruijia Feng
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (W.Y., R.F., G.P., Z.W., Y.J., W.F., T.L., Y.L., Z.L, K.H., G.C.)
| | - Guiyan Peng
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (W.Y., R.F., G.P., Z.W., Y.J., W.F., T.L., Y.L., Z.L, K.H., G.C.)
| | - Zhecun Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (W.Y., R.F., G.P., Z.W., Y.J., W.F., T.L., Y.L., Z.L, K.H., G.C.)
| | - Meifeng Cen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, China (M.C.)
| | - Yexiang Jing
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (W.Y., R.F., G.P., Z.W., Y.J., W.F., T.L., Y.L., Z.L, K.H., G.C.)
| | - Weiqi Feng
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (W.Y., R.F., G.P., Z.W., Y.J., W.F., T.L., Y.L., Z.L, K.H., G.C.)
| | - Ting Long
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (W.Y., R.F., G.P., Z.W., Y.J., W.F., T.L., Y.L., Z.L, K.H., G.C.)
| | - Yunchong Liu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (W.Y., R.F., G.P., Z.W., Y.J., W.F., T.L., Y.L., Z.L, K.H., G.C.)
| | - Zilun Li
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (W.Y., R.F., G.P., Z.W., Y.J., W.F., T.L., Y.L., Z.L, K.H., G.C.)
| | - Kan Huang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (W.Y., R.F., G.P., Z.W., Y.J., W.F., T.L., Y.L., Z.L, K.H., G.C.)
| | - Guangqi Chang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China (W.Y., R.F., G.P., Z.W., Y.J., W.F., T.L., Y.L., Z.L, K.H., G.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nakano T, Goto K. Diacylglycerol Kinase ε in Adipose Tissues: A Crosstalk Between Signal Transduction and Energy Metabolism. Front Physiol 2022; 13:815085. [PMID: 35153836 PMCID: PMC8829450 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.815085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol (DG) is unique in lipid metabolism because it serves not only as an intermediate product for triglyceride synthesis, but also as a signaling molecule that activates proteins containing DG-responsive elements, such as protein kinase C. Consequently, DG acts as a hub between energy metabolism and intracellular signaling. Of DG metabolizing pathways, DG kinase (DGK) phosphorylates DG to produce phosphatidic acid, which also serves as a second messenger. Several lines of evidence suggest that DGK is deeply involved in metabolic diseases such as obesity and insulin resistance. Of DGK isozymes, DGKε is simplest in terms of structure, but it is characterized by substrate specificity toward arachidonoyl-DG. Recently, we have reported that DGKε deficiency promotes adipose tissue remodeling in mice during the course of high fat diet (HFD) feeding regimen including obesity, insulin resistance, and beige adipogenesis. DGKε ablation engenders altered expression of other lipid metabolizing enzymes, including adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), and diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT). Subcellular localization of DGKε in the endoplasmic reticulum suggests involvement of this isozyme in lipid energy homeostasis. This review presents current findings of DGKε in lipid-orchestrated pathophysiology, especially unique phenotypes of DGKε-knockout mice in the early and late stages of obesogenic conditions.
Collapse
|
4
|
Tavaglione F, Targher G, Valenti L, Romeo S. Human and molecular genetics shed lights on fatty liver disease and diabetes conundrum. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2020; 3:e00179. [PMID: 33102799 PMCID: PMC7576307 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The causal role of abdominal overweight/obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D) on the risk of fatty liver disease (FLD) has robustly been proven. A consensus of experts has recently proposed the novel definition of 'metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, MAFLD' instead of 'nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD', emphasizing the central role of dysmetabolism in the disease pathogenesis. Conversely, a direct and independent contribution of FLD per se on risk of developing T2D is still a controversial topic. When dealing with FLD as a potential risk factor for T2D, it is straightforward to think of hepatic insulin resistance as the most relevant underlying mechanism. Emerging evidence supports genetic determinants of FLD (eg PNPLA3, TM6SF2, MBOAT7, GCKR, HSD17B13) as determinants of insulin resistance and T2D. However, recent studies highlighted that the key molecular mechanism of dysmetabolism is not fat accumulation per se but the degree of hepatic fibrosis (excess liver fat content-lipotoxicity), leading to reduced insulin clearance, insulin resistance and T2D. A consequence of these findings is that drugs that will ameliorate liver fat accumulation and fibrosis in principle may also exert a beneficial effect on insulin resistance and risk of T2D in individuals with FLD. Finally, initial findings show that these genetic factors might be directly implicated in modulating pancreatic beta-cell function, although future studies are needed to fully understand this relationship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tavaglione
- Clinical Medicine and Hepatology UnitDepartment of Internal Medicine and GeriatricsCampus Bio‐Medico UniversityRomeItaly
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismDepartment of MedicineUniversity and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of VeronaVeronaItaly
| | - Luca Valenti
- Department of Pathophysiology and TransplantationUniversità degli Studi di MilanoMilanoItaly
- Translational MedicineDepartment of Transfusion Medicine and HematologyFondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore PoliclinicoMilanoItaly
| | - Stefano Romeo
- Department of Molecular and Clinical MedicineSahlgrenska AcademyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Clinical Nutrition UnitDepartment of Medical and Surgical ScienceMagna Graecia UniversityCatanzaroItaly
- Department of CardiologySahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Beyond Lipid Signaling: Pleiotropic Effects of Diacylglycerol Kinases in Cellular Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186861. [PMID: 32962151 PMCID: PMC7554708 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The diacylglycerol kinase family, which can attenuate diacylglycerol signaling and activate phosphatidic acid signaling, regulates various signaling transductions in the mammalian cells. Studies on the regulation of diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid levels by various enzymes, the identification and characterization of various diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid-regulated proteins, and the overlap of different diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid metabolic and signaling processes have revealed the complex and non-redundant roles of diacylglycerol kinases in regulating multiple biochemical and biological networks. In this review article, we summarized recent progress in the complex and non-redundant roles of diacylglycerol kinases, which is expected to aid in restoring dysregulated biochemical and biological networks in various pathological conditions at the bed side.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lair B, Laurens C, Van Den Bosch B, Moro C. Novel Insights and Mechanisms of Lipotoxicity-Driven Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6358. [PMID: 32887221 PMCID: PMC7504171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of studies reported an association between elevated circulating and tissue lipid content and metabolic disorders in obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and aging. This state of uncontrolled tissue lipid accumulation has been called lipotoxicity. It was later shown that excess lipid flux is mainly neutralized within lipid droplets as triglycerides, while several bioactive lipid species such as diacylglycerols (DAGs), ceramides and their derivatives have been mechanistically linked to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance (IR) by antagonizing insulin signaling and action in metabolic organs such as the liver and skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle and the liver are the main sites of glucose disposal in the body and IR in these tissues plays a pivotal role in the development of T2D. In this review, we critically examine recent literature supporting a causal role of DAGs and ceramides in the development of IR. A particular emphasis is placed on transgenic mouse models with modulation of total DAG and ceramide pools, as well as on modulation of specific subspecies, in relation to insulin sensitivity. Collectively, although a wide number of studies converge towards the conclusion that both DAGs and ceramides cause IR in metabolic organs, there are still some uncertainties on their mechanisms of action. Recent studies reveal that subcellular localization and acyl chain composition are determinants in the biological activity of these lipotoxic lipids and should be further examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lair
- INSERM, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; (B.L.); (C.L.); (B.V.D.B.)
- University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, 31330 Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Laurens
- INSERM, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; (B.L.); (C.L.); (B.V.D.B.)
- University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, 31330 Toulouse, France
| | - Bram Van Den Bosch
- INSERM, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; (B.L.); (C.L.); (B.V.D.B.)
- University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, 31330 Toulouse, France
| | - Cedric Moro
- INSERM, UMR1048, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, 31432 Toulouse, France; (B.L.); (C.L.); (B.V.D.B.)
- University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University, 31330 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chang W, Fa H, Xiao D, Wang J. MicroRNA-184 alleviates insulin resistance in cardiac myocytes and high fat diet-induced cardiac dysfunction in mice through the LPP3/DAG pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 508:110793. [PMID: 32229289 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Cardiovascular complication is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes. Insulin sensitivity loss is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases in diabetes. Based on our previous research, diacylglycerol (DAG) levels play an important role in high saturated fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Phosphatidic acid phosphatase (LPP3), a key enzyme for synthesizing DAG, is indispensable for normal cardiac functions and vascular health. However, adipose knockdown of LPP3 increases insulin sensitivity, suggesting that LPP3 regulation may be complicated in hearts. The aim of this study was to investigate LPP3 roles in diabetic cardiac insulin sensitivity and to identify potential upstream targets implicated in diabetic cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were fed a high fat diet (HF) or a low fat diet (control) for up to 24 weeks. After 24 weeks, we found that high fat diet-induced cardiac dysfunction is linked to elevated LPP3 compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, knockdown of LPP3 rescued the glucose uptake that was impaired by palmitate treatment alone in cardiomyoblasts (P < 0.05). Furthermore, we identified miR-184 as an upstream regulator targeting LPP3 and further confirmed the link between DAG and insulin sensitivity. MiR-184 mimic transfection rescued the glucose uptake and glucose consumption that had been impaired by palmitate treatment alone (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In hearts of high fat diet-fed mice, increased LPP3 contributes to insulin resistance via increased DAG levels. A small non-coding RNA, miR-184, at least partially regulates this signal pathway to alleviate insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Chang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Hongge Fa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dandan Xiao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
DGKα in Neutrophil Biology and Its Implications for Respiratory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225673. [PMID: 31766109 PMCID: PMC6887790 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) play a key role in phosphoinositide signaling by removing diacylglycerol and generating phosphatidic acid. Besides the well-documented role of DGKα and DGKζ as negative regulators of lymphocyte responses, a robust body of literature points to those enzymes, and specifically DGKα, as crucial regulators of leukocyte function. Upon neutrophil stimulation, DGKα activation is necessary for migration and a productive response. The role of DGKα in neutrophils is evidenced by its aberrant behavior in juvenile periodontitis patients, which express an inactive DGKα transcript. Together with in vitro experiments, this suggests that DGKs may represent potential therapeutic targets for disorders where inflammation, and neutrophils in particular, plays a major role. In this paper we focus on obstructive respiratory diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but also rare genetic diseases such as alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency. Indeed, the biological role of DGKα is understudied outside the T lymphocyte field. The recent wave of research aiming to develop novel and specific inhibitors as well as KO mice will allow a better understanding of DGK's role in neutrophilic inflammation. Better knowledge and pharmacologic tools may also allow DGK to move from the laboratory bench to clinical trials.
Collapse
|
9
|
Massart J, Zierath JR. Role of Diacylglycerol Kinases in Glucose and Energy Homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:603-617. [PMID: 31331711 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) catalyze a reaction that converts diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PA). DAG and PA act as intermediates of de novo lipid synthesis, cellular membrane constituents, and signaling molecules. DGK isoforms regulate a variety of intracellular processes by terminating DAG signaling and activating PA-mediated pathways. The ten DGK isoforms are unique, not only structurally, but also in tissue-specific expression profiles, subcellular localization, regulatory mechanisms, and DAG preferences, suggesting isoform-specific functions. DAG accumulation has been associated with insulin resistance; however, this concept is challenged by opposing roles of DGK isoforms in the development of type 2 diabetes and obesity despite elevated DAG levels. This review focuses on the tissue- and isoform-specific role of DGK in glucose and energy homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Massart
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Iwata K, Sakai H, Takahashi D, Sakane F. Myristic acid specifically stabilizes diacylglycerol kinase δ protein in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:1031-1038. [PMID: 30980919 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Decreased levels of the δ isozyme of diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) in skeletal muscle attenuate glucose uptake and, consequently, are critical for the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. We recently found that free myristic acid (14:0), but not free palmitic acid (16:0), increased the DGKδ protein levels and enhanced glucose uptake in C2C12 myotube cells. However, it has been unclear how myristic acid regulates the level of DGKδ2 protein. In the present study, we characterized the myristic acid-dependent increase of DGKδ protein. A cycloheximide chase assay demonstrated that myristic acid, but not palmitic acid, markedly stabilized DGKδ protein. Moreover, other DGK isozymes, DGKη and ζ, as well as glucose uptake-related proteins, such as protein kinase C (PKC) α, PKCζ, Akt and glycogen synthase kinase 3β, failed to be stabilized by myristic acid. Furthermore, DGKδ was not stabilized in cultured hepatocellular carcinoma cells, pancreas carcinoma cells or neuroblastoma cells, and only a moderate stabilizing effect was observed in embryonic kidney cells. A proteasome inhibitor and a lysosome inhibitor, MG132 and chloroquine, respectively, partly inhibited DGKδ degradation, suggesting that myristic acid prevents, at least in part, the degradation of DGKδ by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Overall, these results strongly suggest that myristic acid attenuates DGKδ protein degradation in skeletal muscle cells and that this attenuation is fatty acid-, protein- and cell line-specific. These new findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Iwata
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Sakai
- Department of Biosignaling and Radioisotope Experiment, Interdisciplinary Center for Science Research, Organization for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, Izumo 693-8501, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takahashi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fumio Sakane
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Merida I, Arranz-Nicolás J, Torres-Ayuso P, Ávila-Flores A. Diacylglycerol Kinase Malfunction in Human Disease and the Search for Specific Inhibitors. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 259:133-162. [PMID: 31227890 DOI: 10.1007/164_2019_221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) are master regulator kinases that control the switch from diacylglycerol (DAG) to phosphatidic acid (PA), two lipids with important structural and signaling properties. Mammalian DGKs distribute into five subfamilies that regulate local availability of DAG and PA pools in a tissue- and subcellular-restricted manner. Pharmacological manipulation of DGK activity holds great promise, given the critical contribution of specific DGK subtypes to the control of membrane structure, signaling complexes, and cell-cell communication. The latest advances in the DGK field have unveiled the differential contribution of selected isoforms to human disease. Defects in the expression/activity of individual DGK isoforms contribute substantially to cognitive impairment, mental disorders, insulin resistance, and vascular pathologies. Abnormal DGK overexpression, on the other hand, confers the acquisition of malignant traits including invasion, chemotherapy resistance, and inhibition of immune attack on tumors. Translation of these findings into therapeutic approaches will require development of methods to pharmacologically modulate DGK functions. In particular, inhibitors that target the DGKα isoform hold particular promise in the fight against cancer, on their own or in combination with immune-targeting therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Merida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Javier Arranz-Nicolás
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Torres-Ayuso
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute (NCI-NIH), Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Antonia Ávila-Flores
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Petersen MC, Shulman GI. Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:2133-2223. [PMID: 30067154 PMCID: PMC6170977 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00063.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1393] [Impact Index Per Article: 232.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1921 discovery of insulin was a Big Bang from which a vast and expanding universe of research into insulin action and resistance has issued. In the intervening century, some discoveries have matured, coalescing into solid and fertile ground for clinical application; others remain incompletely investigated and scientifically controversial. Here, we attempt to synthesize this work to guide further mechanistic investigation and to inform the development of novel therapies for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The rational development of such therapies necessitates detailed knowledge of one of the key pathophysiological processes involved in T2D: insulin resistance. Understanding insulin resistance, in turn, requires knowledge of normal insulin action. In this review, both the physiology of insulin action and the pathophysiology of insulin resistance are described, focusing on three key insulin target tissues: skeletal muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue. We aim to develop an integrated physiological perspective, placing the intricate signaling effectors that carry out the cell-autonomous response to insulin in the context of the tissue-specific functions that generate the coordinated organismal response. First, in section II, the effectors and effects of direct, cell-autonomous insulin action in muscle, liver, and white adipose tissue are reviewed, beginning at the insulin receptor and working downstream. Section III considers the critical and underappreciated role of tissue crosstalk in whole body insulin action, especially the essential interaction between adipose lipolysis and hepatic gluconeogenesis. The pathophysiology of insulin resistance is then described in section IV. Special attention is given to which signaling pathways and functions become insulin resistant in the setting of chronic overnutrition, and an alternative explanation for the phenomenon of ‟selective hepatic insulin resistanceˮ is presented. Sections V, VI, and VII critically examine the evidence for and against several putative mediators of insulin resistance. Section V reviews work linking the bioactive lipids diacylglycerol, ceramide, and acylcarnitine to insulin resistance; section VI considers the impact of nutrient stresses in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria on insulin resistance; and section VII discusses non-cell autonomous factors proposed to induce insulin resistance, including inflammatory mediators, branched-chain amino acids, adipokines, and hepatokines. Finally, in section VIII, we propose an integrated model of insulin resistance that links these mediators to final common pathways of metabolite-driven gluconeogenesis and ectopic lipid accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max C Petersen
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Metcalfe LK, Smith GC, Turner N. Defining lipid mediators of insulin resistance - controversies and challenges. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 62:JME-18-0023. [PMID: 30068522 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Essential elements of all cells, lipids play important roles in energy production, signalling and as structural components. Despite these critical functions, excessive availability and intracellular accumulation of lipid is now recognised as a major factor contributing to many human diseases, including obesity and diabetes. In the context of these metabolic disorders, ectopic deposition of lipid has been proposed to have deleterious effects of insulin action. While this relationship has been recognised for some time now, there is currently no unifying mechanism to explain how lipids precipitate the development of insulin resistance. This review summarises the evidence linking specific lipid molecules to the induction of insulin resistance, describing some of the current controversies and challenges for future studies in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise K Metcalfe
- L Metcalfe, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Kensington, Australia
| | - Greg C Smith
- G Smith, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Kensington, Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- N Turner, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nakano T, Seino K, Wakabayashi I, Stafforini DM, Topham MK, Goto K. Deletion of diacylglycerol kinase ε confers susceptibility to obesity
via
reduced lipolytic activity in murine adipocytes. FASEB J 2018; 32:4121-4131. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201701050r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Nakano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyYamagata University School of MedicineYamagataJapan
| | - Keiko Seino
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyYamagata University School of MedicineYamagataJapan
| | - Ichiro Wakabayashi
- Department of Environmental and Preventive MedicineHyogo College of MedicineNishinomiyaHyogoJapan
| | | | | | - Kaoru Goto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell BiologyYamagata University School of MedicineYamagataJapan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nascimento EBM, Mannerås-Holm L, Chibalin AV, Björnholm M, Zierath JR. Diacylglycerol kinase α deficiency alters inflammation markers in adipose tissue in response to a high-fat diet. J Lipid Res 2017; 59:273-282. [PMID: 29233919 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m079517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conversion of diacylglycerol to phosphatidic acid is mediated by diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs), with DGKα specifically linked to adaptive immune responses. We determined the role of DGKα in obesity and inflammatory responses to a high-fat diet (HFD). DGKα KO and WT littermates were either a) chow-fed, b) HFD-fed for 12 weeks (Long-Term HFD), or c) HFD-fed for 3 days (Acute HFD). Body weight/composition, oxygen consumption, food intake, and glucose tolerance was unaltered between chow-fed DGKα KO and WT mice. Insulin concentration during the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance (IPGT) test was elevated in chow-fed DGKα KO mice, suggesting mild insulin resistance. Insulin concentration during the IPGT test was reduced in Long-Term HFD-fed DGKα KO mice, suggesting a mild enhancement in insulin sensitivity. Acute HFD increased hormone sensitive lipase protein abundance and altered expression of interleukin 1β mRNA, an inflammatory marker in perigonadal adipose tissue of DGKα KO mice. In conclusion, DGKα ablation is associated with mild alterations in insulin sensitivity. However, DGKα is dispensable for whole body insulin-mediated glucose uptake, hepatic glucose production, and energy homeostasis. Our results suggest DGKα aids in modulating the early immune response of adipose tissue following an acute exposure to HFD, possibly through modulation of acute T-cell action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise Mannerås-Holm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander V Chibalin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Björnholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Benziane B, Borg ML, Tom RZ, Riedl I, Massart J, Björnholm M, Gilbert M, Chibalin AV, Zierath JR. DGKζ deficiency protects against peripheral insulin resistance and improves energy metabolism. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:2324-2333. [PMID: 29066466 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m079723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) regulate the balance between diacylglycerol (DAG) and phosphatidic acid. DGKζ is highly abundant in skeletal muscle and induces fiber hypertrophy. We hypothesized that DGKζ influences functional and metabolic adaptations in skeletal muscle and whole-body fuel utilization. DAG content was increased in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, but unaltered in liver of DGKζ KO mice. Linear growth, body weight, fat mass, and lean mass were reduced in DGKζ KO versus wild-type mice. Conversely, male DGKζ KO and wild-type mice displayed a similar robust increase in plantaris weight after functional overload, suggesting that DGKζ is dispensable for muscle hypertrophy. Although glucose tolerance was similar, insulin levels were reduced in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed DGKζ KO versus wild-type mice. Submaximal insulin-stimulated glucose transport and p-Akt Ser473 were increased, suggesting enhanced skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Energy homeostasis was altered in DGKζ KO mice, as evidenced by an elevated respiratory exchange ratio, independent of altered physical activity or food intake. In conclusion, DGKζ deficiency increases tissue DAG content and leads to modest growth retardation, reduced adiposity, and protection against insulin resistance. DGKζ plays a role in the control of growth and metabolic processes, further highlighting specialized functions of DGK isoforms in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boubacar Benziane
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melissa L Borg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robby Z Tom
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isabelle Riedl
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julie Massart
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Björnholm
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marc Gilbert
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander V Chibalin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden .,Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|