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Packard CJ, Pirillo A, Tsimikas S, Ference BA, Catapano AL. Exploring apolipoprotein C-III: pathophysiological and pharmacological relevance. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 119:2843-2857. [PMID: 38039351 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The availability of pharmacological approaches able to effectively reduce circulating LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) has led to a substantial reduction in the risk of atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, a residual cardiovascular (CV) risk persists in treated individuals with optimal levels of LDL-C. Additional risk factors beyond LDL-C are involved, and among these, elevated levels of triglycerides (TGs) and TG-rich lipoproteins are causally associated with an increased CV risk. Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) is a key regulator of TG metabolism and hence circulating levels through several mechanisms including the inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity and alterations in the affinity of apoC-III-containing lipoproteins for both the hepatic receptors involved in their removal and extracellular matrix in the arterial wall. Genetic studies have clarified the role of apoC-III in humans, establishing a causal link with CVD and showing that loss-of-function mutations in the APOC3 gene are associated with reduced TG levels and reduced risk of coronary heart disease. Currently available hypolipidaemic drugs can reduce TG levels, although to a limited extent. Substantial reductions in TG levels can be obtained with new drugs that target specifically apoC-III; these include two antisense oligonucleotides, one small interfering RNA and an antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Angela Pirillo
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, E. Bassini Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Center for the Study of Dyslipidaemias, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy
| | - Sotirios Tsimikas
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Sulpizio Cardiovascular Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian A Ference
- Centre for Naturally Randomized Trials, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alberico L Catapano
- Center for the Study of Dyslipidaemias, IRCCS MultiMedica, Sesto S. Giovanni, 20099 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
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2
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Gianazza E, Zoanni B, Mallia A, Brioschi M, Colombo GI, Banfi C. Proteomic studies on apoB-containing lipoprotein in cardiovascular research: A comprehensive review. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:1397-1423. [PMID: 34747518 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which remains the leading cause of death worldwide, makes the current clinical pathway for cardiovascular risk assessment unsatisfactory, as there remains a substantial unexplained residual risk. Simultaneous assessment of a large number of plasma proteins may be a promising tool to further refine risk assessment, and lipoprotein-associated proteins have the potential to fill this gap. Technical advances now allow for high-throughput proteomic analysis in a reproducible and cost-effective manner. Proteomics has great potential to identify and quantify hundreds of candidate marker proteins in a sample and allows the translation from isolated lipoproteins to whole plasma, thus providing an individual multiplexed proteomic fingerprint. This narrative review describes the pathophysiological roles of atherogenic apoB-containing lipoproteins and the recent advances in their mass spectrometry-based proteomic characterization and quantitation for better refinement of CVD risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alice Mallia
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milano, Italy
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3
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Apolipoprotein C3 and necrotic core volume are correlated but also associated with future cardiovascular events. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14554. [PMID: 36008556 PMCID: PMC9458721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18914-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to clarify the relationship between apolipoprotein C3 (apo-C3) and the vascular composition of lesion plaque in stable coronary disease (SCD) before percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and to investigate major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) within 4 years. Data of 98 consecutive patients with SCD who underwent PCI between November 1, 2012, and March 10, 2015, were analyzed. Laboratory and virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS) examinations of culprit lesions were conducted before PCI. Patients were divided according to median apo-C3 into low apo-C3 (≤ 8.5 mg/dL) and high apo-C3 (> 8.5 mg/dL) groups. VH-IVUS data indicated that the percentage of necrotic core volume (%NC) was significantly higher in the high apo-C3 group than in the low apo-C3 group. Moreover, the %NC significantly correlated with the apo-C3 level (R = 0.2109, P = 0.037). Kaplan–Meier curve analysis revealed that freedom from MACEs exhibited a greater decrease in the high apo-C3 group than in the low apo-C3 group, and in the high %NC group than in the low %NC group. Multivariate Cox hazards analysis showed that the %NC and high apo-C3 were independent predictors of 4 year MACEs. Apo-C3 may be a useful marker of future MACEs in patients with SCD after PCI and contribute to %NC growth.
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4
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Benitez-Amaro A, Martínez-Bosch N, Manero-Rupérez N, Claudi L, La Chica Lhoëst MT, Soler M, Ros-Blanco L, Navarro P, Llorente-Cortés V. Peptides against Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Aggregation Inhibit Intracellular Cholesteryl Ester Loading and Proliferation of Pancreatic Tumor Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14040890. [PMID: 35205638 PMCID: PMC8869901 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dyslipidemia is a modifiable risk factor for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), one of the most lethal cancers. A key component of dyslipidemia is a high level of small and dense low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). These LDLs have a high probability to be entrapped and modified (aggregated) in the extracellular matrix (ECM), becoming a source of cholesterol for tumor cells. However, the effect of aggregated LDLs on tumor progression has been unexplored. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of modified LDLs on intracellular cholesteryl ester/free cholesterol ratio (CE/FC) and cancer cell growth, and the efficacy of peptides designed to inhibit LDL aggregation on these processes. Our results show that aggregated LDL upregulates the intracellular CE/FC ratio and cell growth in pancreatic cancer and that these upregulatory effects were blocked by peptides against LDL aggregation. We propose that anti-LDL aggregation peptides deserve to be further investigated as anti-tumoral strategies. Abstract Dyslipidemia, metabolic disorders and/or obesity are postulated as risk factors for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The majority of patients with these metabolic alterations have low density lipoproteins (LDLs) with increased susceptibility to become aggregated in the extracellular matrix (ECM). LDL aggregation can be efficiently inhibited by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)-based peptides. The objectives of this work were: (i) to determine if aggregated LDLs affect the intracellular cholesteryl ester (CE)/free cholesterol (FC) ratio and/or the tumor pancreatic cell proliferation, using sphingomyelinase-modified LDL particles (Aggregated LDL, AgLDL); and (ii) to test whether LRP1-based peptides, highly efficient against LDL aggregation, can interfere in these processes. For this, we exposed human pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1, RWP-1 and Capan-1) to native (nLDL) or AgLDLs in the absence or presence of LRP1-based peptides (DP3) or irrelevant peptides (IP321). Results of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) following lipid extraction indicate that AgLDLs induce a higher intracellular CE/FC ratio than nLDL, and that DP3 but not IP321 counteracts this effect. AgLDLs also increase PANC-1 cell proliferation, which is inhibited by the DP3 peptide. Our results indicate that AgLDL-induced intracellular CE accumulation plays a crucial role in the proliferation of pancreatic tumor cell lines. Peptides with anti-LDL aggregation properties may thus exhibit anti-tumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleyda Benitez-Amaro
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.-A.); (L.C.); (M.T.L.C.L.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Neus Martínez-Bosch
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Unidad Asociada IIBB-CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (N.M.-B.); (N.M.-R.)
| | - Noemí Manero-Rupérez
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Unidad Asociada IIBB-CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (N.M.-B.); (N.M.-R.)
| | - Lene Claudi
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.-A.); (L.C.); (M.T.L.C.L.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Maria Teresa La Chica Lhoëst
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.-A.); (L.C.); (M.T.L.C.L.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Marta Soler
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Lia Ros-Blanco
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.-A.); (L.C.); (M.T.L.C.L.)
- Cancer Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Unidad Asociada IIBB-CSIC, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (N.M.-B.); (N.M.-R.)
- August Pi Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (V.L.-C.)
| | - Vicenta Llorente-Cortés
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Barcelona (IIBB), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (A.B.-A.); (L.C.); (M.T.L.C.L.)
- Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08025 Barcelona, Spain; (M.S.); (L.R.-B.)
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.N.); (V.L.-C.)
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Wang D, Yu B, Li Q, Guo Y, Koike T, Koike Y, Wu Q, Zhang J, Mao L, Tang X, Sun L, Lin X, Wu J, Chen YE, Peng D, Zeng R. OUP accepted manuscript. J Mol Cell Biol 2022; 14:6547772. [PMID: 35278086 PMCID: PMC9254886 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein, especially high-density lipoprotein (HDL), particles are composed of multiple heterogeneous subgroups containing various proteins and lipids. The molecular distribution among these subgroups is closely related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here, we established high-resolution proteomics and lipidomics (HiPL) methods to depict the molecular profiles across lipoprotein (Lipo-HiPL) and HDL (HDL-HiPL) subgroups by optimizing the resolution of anion-exchange chromatography and comprehensive quantification of proteins and lipids on the omics level. Furthermore, based on the Pearson correlation coefficient analysis of molecular profiles across high-resolution subgroups, we achieved the relationship of proteome‒lipidome connectivity (PLC) for lipoprotein and HDL particles. By application of these methods to high-fat, high-cholesterol diet-fed rabbits and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, we uncovered the delicate dynamics of the molecular profile and reconstruction of lipoprotein and HDL particles. Of note, the PLC features revealed by the HDL-HiPL method discriminated ACS from healthy individuals better than direct proteome and lipidome quantification or PLC features revealed by the Lipo-HiPL method, suggesting their potential in ACS diagnosis. Together, we established HiPL methods to trace the dynamics of the molecular profile and PLC of lipoprotein and even HDL during the development of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Tomonari Koike
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yui Koike
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Qingqing Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ling Mao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiarui Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | | | | | - Rong Zeng
- Correspondence to: Rong Zeng, E-mail:
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Pedrelli M, Parini P, Kindberg J, Arnemo JM, Bjorkhem I, Aasa U, Westerståhl M, Walentinsson A, Pavanello C, Turri M, Calabresi L, Öörni K, Camejo G, Fröbert O, Hurt-Camejo E. Vasculoprotective properties of plasma lipoproteins from brown bears (Ursus arctos). J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100065. [PMID: 33713671 PMCID: PMC8131316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels are twice as high in hibernating brown bears (Ursus arctos) than healthy humans. Yet, bears display no signs of early stage atherosclerosis development when adult. To explore this apparent paradox, we analyzed plasma lipoproteins from the same 10 bears in winter (hibernation) and summer using size exclusion chromatography, ultracentrifugation, and electrophoresis. LDL binding to arterial proteoglycans (PGs) and plasma cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) were also evaluated. The data collected and analyzed from bears were also compared with those from healthy humans. In bears, the cholesterol ester, unesterified cholesterol, TG, and phospholipid contents of VLDL and LDL were higher in winter than in summer. The percentage lipid composition of LDL differed between bears and humans but did not change seasonally in bears. Bear LDL was larger, richer in TGs, showed prebeta electrophoretic mobility, and had 5-10 times lower binding to arterial PGs than human LDL. Finally, plasma CEC was higher in bears than in humans, especially the HDL fraction when mediated by ABCA1. These results suggest that in brown bears the absence of early atherogenesis is likely associated with a lower affinity of LDL for arterial PGs and an elevated CEC of bear plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Pedrelli
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Translational Science & Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Paolo Parini
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Metabolism Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Inflammation and Infection, Karolinska university Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Kindberg
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jon M Arnemo
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Umeå, Sweden; Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Koppang, Norway
| | - Ingemar Bjorkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Aasa
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Maria Westerståhl
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Walentinsson
- Translational Science & Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Chiara Pavanello
- Centro Enrica Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Turri
- Centro Enrica Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Centro Enrica Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gérman Camejo
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole Fröbert
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Umeå, Sweden; Örebro University, Faculty of Health, Department of Cardiology, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Eva Hurt-Camejo
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Translational Science & Experimental Medicine, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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7
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Ozdemir B, Selamoglu Z, Braidy N. Absolute Quantification of Plasma Apolipoproteins for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Prediction. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2138:373-379. [PMID: 32219764 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0471-7_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins have important structural and functional roles in several lipoprotein particles. Apolipoproteins regulate lipid metabolism, adipose tissue, and energy production and serve major regulatory roles in both pre- and pro-atherosclerotic mechanisms. They are also involved in protective mechanisms against atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, accurate quantification of apolipoproteins may serve as a crucial biomarker for cardiovascular diseases. However, most apolipoproteins cannot be detected using standard clinical immunoassays, and multiplexing is not available for some species of apolipoproteins. Herein, we describe a highly robust and quantitative method using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to quantify apolipoproteins in plasma. This methodology may add clinical value for profiling cardiovascular risk in vulnerable individuals and enable monitoring of apolipoprotein levels in plasma following intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betul Ozdemir
- Department of Cardiology Faculty of Medicine, Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Zeliha Selamoglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ömer Halisdemir University, Nigde, Turkey
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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8
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Minniti ME, Pedrelli M, Vedin L, Delbès A, Denis RG, Öörni K, Sala C, Pirazzini C, Thiagarajan D, Nurmi HJ, Grompe M, Mills K, Garagnani P, Ellis EC, Strom SC, Luquet SH, Wilson EM, Bial J, Steffensen KR, Parini P. Insights From Liver-Humanized Mice on Cholesterol Lipoprotein Metabolism and LXR-Agonist Pharmacodynamics in Humans. Hepatology 2020; 72:656-670. [PMID: 31785104 PMCID: PMC7496592 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Genetically modified mice have been used extensively to study human disease. However, the data gained are not always translatable to humans because of major species differences. Liver-humanized mice (LHM) are considered a promising model to study human hepatic and systemic metabolism. Therefore, we aimed to further explore their lipoprotein metabolism and to characterize key hepatic species-related, physiological differences. APPROACH AND RESULTS Fah-/- , Rag2-/- , and Il2rg-/- knockout mice on the nonobese diabetic (FRGN) background were repopulated with primary human hepatocytes from different donors. Cholesterol lipoprotein profiles of LHM showed a human-like pattern, characterized by a high ratio of low-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein, and dependency on the human donor. This pattern was determined by a higher level of apolipoprotein B100 in circulation, as a result of lower hepatic mRNA editing and low-density lipoprotein receptor expression, and higher levels of circulating proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9. As a consequence, LHM lipoproteins bind to human aortic proteoglycans in a pattern similar to human lipoproteins. Unexpectedly, cholesteryl ester transfer protein was not required to determine the human-like cholesterol lipoprotein profile. Moreover, LHM treated with GW3965 mimicked the negative lipid outcomes of the first human trial of liver X receptor stimulation (i.e., a dramatic increase of cholesterol and triglycerides in circulation). Innovatively, LHM allowed the characterization of these effects at a molecular level. CONCLUSIONS LHM represent an interesting translatable model of human hepatic and lipoprotein metabolism. Because several metabolic parameters displayed donor dependency, LHM may also be used in studies for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko E. Minniti
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Matteo Pedrelli
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Lise‐Lotte Vedin
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Anne‐Sophie Delbès
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive BiologyParis Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Raphaël G.P. Denis
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive BiologyParis Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research LaboratoryWihuri Research InstituteHelsinkiFinland
| | - Claudia Sala
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | | | - Divya Thiagarajan
- Department of Laboratory MedicineClinical Research CenterKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Harri J. Nurmi
- Atherosclerosis Research LaboratoryWihuri Research InstituteHelsinkiFinland,Center of Excellence in Translational Cancer BiologyUniversity of HelsinkiBiomedicum HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Markus Grompe
- Department of PediatricsOregon Stem Cell CenterOregon Health and Science UniversityPortlandOR,Yecuris CorporationTualatinOR
| | - Kevin Mills
- Center for Inborn Errors of MetabolismUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden,Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, and “L. Galvani” Interdepartmental Research CenterUniversity of BolognaBolognaItaly
| | - Ewa C.S. Ellis
- Department of Clinical ScienceIntervention and TechnologyDivision of SurgeryKarolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden
| | - Stephen C. Strom
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of PathologyKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Serge H. Luquet
- Unit of Functional and Adaptive BiologyParis Diderot UniversitySorbonne Paris CitéParisFrance
| | | | | | - Knut R. Steffensen
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Paolo Parini
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden,Department of MedicineMetabolism UnitKarolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital HuddingeStockholmSweden,Patient Area Nephrology and Endocrinology, Inflammation and Infection ThemeKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
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9
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Soppert J, Lehrke M, Marx N, Jankowski J, Noels H. Lipoproteins and lipids in cardiovascular disease: from mechanistic insights to therapeutic targeting. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:4-33. [PMID: 32730849 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
With cardiovascular disease being the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, effective and cost-efficient therapies to reduce cardiovascular risk are highly needed. Lipids and lipoprotein particles crucially contribute to atherosclerosis as underlying pathology of cardiovascular disease and influence inflammatory processes as well as function of leukocytes, vascular and cardiac cells, thereby impacting on vessels and heart. Statins form the first-line therapy with the aim to block cholesterol synthesis, but additional lipid-lowering drugs are sometimes needed to achieve low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol target values. Furthermore, beyond LDL cholesterol, also other lipid mediators contribute to cardiovascular risk. This review comprehensively discusses low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipoprotein (a), triglycerides as well as fatty acids and derivatives in the context of cardiovascular disease, providing mechanistic insights into their role in pathological processes impacting on cardiovascular disease. Also, an overview of applied as well as emerging therapeutic strategies to reduce lipid-induced cardiovascular burden is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Soppert
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Lehrke
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Marx
- Medical Clinic I, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Jankowski
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pathology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, the Netherlands
| | - Heidi Noels
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
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10
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Borén J, Packard CJ, Taskinen MR. The Roles of ApoC-III on the Metabolism of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:474. [PMID: 32849270 PMCID: PMC7399058 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. It is well-established based on evidence accrued during the last three decades that high plasma concentrations of cholesterol-rich atherogenic lipoproteins are causatively linked to CVD, and that lowering these reduces atherosclerotic cardiovascular events in humans (1-9). Historically, most attention has been on low-density lipoproteins (LDL) since these are the most abundant atherogenic lipoproteins in the circulation, and thus the main carrier of cholesterol into the artery wall. However, with the rise of obesity and insulin resistance in many populations, there is increasing interest in the role of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) and their metabolic remnants, with accumulating evidence showing they too are causatively linked to CVD. Plasma triglyceride, measured either in the fasting or non-fasting state, is a useful index of the abundance of TRLs and recent research into the biology and genetics of triglyceride heritability has provided new insight into the causal relationship of TRLs with CVD. Of the genetic factors known to influence plasma triglyceride levels variation in APOC3- the gene for apolipoprotein (apo) C-III - has emerged as being particularly important as a regulator of triglyceride transport and a novel therapeutic target to reduce dyslipidaemia and CVD risk (10).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Jan Borén
| | - Chris J. Packard
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Research Programs Unit, Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Apolipoprotein C-III (apoC-III) is known to inhibit lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and function as an important regulator of triglyceride metabolism. In addition, apoC-III has also more recently been identified as an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which apoC-III induces hypertriglyceridemia and promotes atherogenesis, as well as the findings from recent clinical trials using novel strategies for lowering apoC-III. Recent Findings Genetic studies have identified subjects with heterozygote loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in APOC3, the gene coding for apoC-III. Clinical characterization of these individuals shows that the LOF variants associate with a low-risk lipoprotein profile, in particular reduced plasma triglycerides. Recent results also show that complete deficiency of apoC-III is not a lethal mutation and is associated with very rapid lipolysis of plasma triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL). Ongoing trials based on emerging gene-silencing technologies show that intervention markedly lowers apoC-III levels and, consequently, plasma triglyceride. Unexpectedly, the evidence points to apoC-III not only inhibiting LPL activity but also suppressing removal of TRLs by LPL-independent pathways. Summary Available data clearly show that apoC-III is an important cardiovascular risk factor and that lifelong deficiency of apoC-III is cardioprotective. Novel therapies have been developed, and results from recent clinical trials indicate that effective reduction of plasma triglycerides by inhibition of apoC-III might be a promising strategy in management of severe hypertriglyceridemia and, more generally, a novel approach to CHD prevention in those with elevated plasma triglyceride.
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Flavonoids Ability to Disrupt Inflammation Mediated by Lipid and Cholesterol Oxidation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1161:243-253. [PMID: 31562634 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21735-8_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites that act as protectants against harmful effects of UV-B radiation inasmuch as biotic stress, conferring at the same time pigmentation of fruits and leaves [67]. The term "flavonoid" refers to phenolics having a basic skeleton of diphenylpropane (C6-C3-C6), which consists of two aromatic rings linked through three carbons that usually form an oxygenated heterocycle [25, 52]. Flavonoids are broken down into several different sub-categories based on their chemical structure. The main subclasses commonly found in food items are: flavonols, flavones, flavanones, flavan-3-ols, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins [44, 67]. Figure 19.1 depicts the major classification of flavonoids according to their chemical structure. Their occurrence in food matrices has been extensively reviewed [39, 44], and has been subject of extensive research in the last decades. Table 19.1 contains a few examples of compounds from each of the subcategory, with the fruit (berry) in which they are commonly found. The monomeric unit of flavonoids can dimerize and polymerize to form other important high molecular weight molecules; this is the case of proanthocyanidins, that are polymers of flavan-3-ols or flavanols. Not only do these compounds act as plant protectants, but they can also be very beneficial to human health. Cohorts studies performed in the early '90 have shown that dietary consumption of flavonoids was inversely associated with morbidity and mortality from coronary heart disease [31, 32]. These findings have opened an intensive field of research on the effects of flavonoids and flavonoids-rich food extracts in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) progression, particularly in the modulating CVD-associated oxidative stress and inflammation. In this short review, we will summarize the current findings in flavonoids beneficial effects in preventing CVD through inhibition of initial stages of CVD progression. Given the magnitude of scientific literature in the field, we will focus on two strictly mechanistic aspects: inhibition of chemical-induced LDL oxidation, and the effect of flavonoids in the monocyte/macrophages activation pathways.
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ApoB-100 Lipoprotein Complex Formation with Intima Proteoglycans as a Cause of Atherosclerosis and Its Possible Ex Vivo Evaluation as a Disease Biomarker. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2018; 5:jcdd5030036. [PMID: 29966388 PMCID: PMC6162553 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd5030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and clinical data indicate that the initiation and progress of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations are first caused by circulating apoB-100 lipoproteins that enter and are retained in the arterial intima. Extracellular sulfated proteoglycans (PGs) of the intima are the retention agents. The PGs also initiate physical and biochemical lipoprotein degradation with the production of bioactive, lipid products that trigger an inflammatory response that leads to atherosclerosis. There are many simple methods for measuring abnormalities of circulating lipoproteins and their relation to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD). However, limited research aims to evaluate procedures that could report quantitatively about the contribution of the interaction of apoB-100 lipoprotein-arterial intima PGs to clinical manifestation of ACVD. In the present review we discuss observations indicating that simple ex vivo evaluation of the affinity of apoB-100 lipoproteins for arterial PGs and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) can give an indication of its association with clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis. In addition, we discuss molecular and cellular aspects of the apoB-100 lipoproteins association with arterial PGs that are related to atherogenesis and that support the experimental framework behind the current “Response-to-Retention” hypothesis of atherosclerosis.
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Masana L, Girona J, Ibarretxe D, Rodríguez-Calvo R, Rosales R, Vallvé JC, Rodríguez-Borjabad C, Guardiola M, Rodríguez M, Guaita-Esteruelas S, Oliva I, Martínez-Micaelo N, Heras M, Ferré R, Ribalta J, Plana N. Clinical and pathophysiological evidence supporting the safety of extremely low LDL levels-The zero-LDL hypothesis. J Clin Lipidol 2018; 12:292-299.e3. [PMID: 29398429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
While the impact of very low concentrations of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) on cardiovascular prevention is very reassuring, it is intriguing to know what effect these extremely low LDL-C concentrations have on lipid homoeostasis. The evidence supporting the safety of extremely low LDL levels comes from genetic studies and clinical drug trials. Individuals with lifelong low LDL levels due to mutations in genes associated with increased LDL-LDL receptor (LDLR) activity reveal no safety issues. Patients achieving extremely low LDL levels in the IMPROVE-IT and FOURIER, and the PROFICIO and ODYSSEY programs seem not to have an increased prevalence of adverse effects. The main concern regarding extremely low LDL-C plasma concentrations is the adequacy of the supply of cholesterol, and other molecules, to peripheral tissues. However, LDL proteomic and kinetic studies reaffirm that LDL is the final product of endogenous lipoprotein metabolism. Four of 5 LDL particles are cleared through the LDL-LDLR pathway in the liver. Given that mammalian cells have no enzymatic systems to degrade cholesterol, the LDL-LDLR pathway is the main mechanism for removal of cholesterol from the body. Our focus, therefore, is to review, from a physiological perspective, why such extremely low LDL-C concentrations do not appear to be detrimental. We suggest that extremely low LDL-C levels due to increased LDLR activity may be a surrogate of adequate LDL-LDLR pathway function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Masana
- Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Unitat de Recerca en Lipids i Arteriosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain.
| | - Josefa Girona
- Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Unitat de Recerca en Lipids i Arteriosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Daiana Ibarretxe
- Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Unitat de Recerca en Lipids i Arteriosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Ricardo Rodríguez-Calvo
- Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Unitat de Recerca en Lipids i Arteriosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Roser Rosales
- Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Unitat de Recerca en Lipids i Arteriosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Joan-Carles Vallvé
- Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Unitat de Recerca en Lipids i Arteriosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Cèlia Rodríguez-Borjabad
- Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Unitat de Recerca en Lipids i Arteriosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Montserrat Guardiola
- Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Unitat de Recerca en Lipids i Arteriosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Marina Rodríguez
- Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Unitat de Recerca en Lipids i Arteriosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Sandra Guaita-Esteruelas
- Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Unitat de Recerca en Lipids i Arteriosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Iris Oliva
- Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Unitat de Recerca en Lipids i Arteriosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Neus Martínez-Micaelo
- Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Unitat de Recerca en Lipids i Arteriosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Mercedes Heras
- Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Unitat de Recerca en Lipids i Arteriosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Raimon Ferré
- Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Unitat de Recerca en Lipids i Arteriosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Josep Ribalta
- Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Unitat de Recerca en Lipids i Arteriosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Núria Plana
- Unitat de Medicina Vascular i Metabolisme, Unitat de Recerca en Lipids i Arteriosclerosis, Sant Joan University Hospital, IISPV, CIBERDEM, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Taskinen MR, Borén J. Why Is Apolipoprotein CIII Emerging as a Novel Therapeutic Target to Reduce the Burden of Cardiovascular Disease? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2017; 18:59. [PMID: 27613744 PMCID: PMC5018018 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-016-0614-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
ApoC-III was discovered almost 50 years ago, but for many years, it did not attract much attention. However, as epidemiological and Mendelian randomization studies have associated apoC-III with low levels of triglycerides and decreased incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), it has emerged as a novel and potentially powerful therapeutic approach to managing dyslipidemia and CVD risk. The atherogenicity of apoC-III has been attributed to both direct lipoprotein lipase-mediated mechanisms and indirect mechanisms, such as promoting secretion of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), provoking proinflammatory responses in vascular cells and impairing LPL-independent hepatic clearance of TRL remnants. Encouraging results from clinical trials using antisense oligonucleotide, which selectively inhibits apoC-III, indicate that modulating apoC-III may be a potent therapeutic approach to managing dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Heart and Lung Centre, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Research Programs' Unit, Diabetes & Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Kuklenyik Z, Jones JI, Toth CA, Gardner MS, Pirkle JL, Barr JR. Optimization of the linear quantification range of an online trypsin digestion coupled liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) platform. INSTRUMENTATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:102-114. [PMID: 37180980 PMCID: PMC10174070 DOI: 10.1080/10739149.2017.1311912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based proteomic workflows with a bottom-up approach require enzymatic digestion of proteins to peptide analytes, usually by trypsin. Online coupling of trypsin digestion of proteins, using an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER), with liquid chromatography (LC) and MS/MS is becoming a frequently used approach. However, finding IMER digestion conditions that allow quantitative analysis of multiple proteins with wide range of endogenous concentration requires optimization of multiple interactive parameters: digestion buffer flow rate, injection volume, sample dilution, and surfactant type/ concentration. In this report, we present a design of experiment approach for the optimization of an integrated IMER-LC-MS/MS platform. With bovine serum albumin as a model protein, the digestion efficacy and digestion rate were monitored based on LC-MS/MS peak area count versus protein concentration regression. The optimal parameters were determined through multivariate surface response modeling and consideration of diffusion controlled immobilized enzyme kinetics. The results may provide guidance to other users for the development of quantitative IMER-LC-MS/MS methods for other proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Kuklenyik
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jeffrey I Jones
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher A Toth
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Michael S Gardner
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James L Pirkle
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John R Barr
- Division of Laboratory Sciences, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Thongtang N, Diffenderfer MR, Ooi EMM, Barrett PHR, Turner SM, Le NA, Brown WV, Schaefer EJ. Metabolism and proteomics of large and small dense LDL in combined hyperlipidemia: effects of rosuvastatin. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1315-1324. [PMID: 28392500 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m073882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small dense LDL (sdLDL) has been reported to be more atherogenic than large buoyant LDL (lbLDL). We examined the metabolism and protein composition of sdLDL and lbLDL in six subjects with combined hyperlipidemia on placebo and rosuvastatin 40 mg/day. ApoB-100 kinetics in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs), lbLDL (density [d] = 1.019-1.044 g/ml), and sdLDL (d = 1.044-1.063 g/ml) were determined in the fed state by using stable isotope tracers, mass spectrometry, and compartmental modeling. Compared with placebo, rosuvastatin decreased LDL cholesterol and apoB-100 levels in TRL, lbLDL, and sdLDL by significantly increasing the fractional catabolic rate of apoB-100 (TRL, +45%; lbLDL, +131%; and sdLDL, +97%), without a change in production. On placebo, 25% of TRL apoB-100 was catabolized directly, 37% was converted to lbLDL, and 38% went directly to sdLDL; rosuvastatin did not alter these distributions. During both phases, sdLDL apoB-100 was catabolized more slowly than lbLDL apoB-100 (P < 0.01). Proteomic analysis indicated that rosuvastatin decreased apoC-III and apoM content within the density range of lbLDL (P < 0.05). In our view, sdLDL is more atherogenic than lbLDL because of its longer plasma residence time, potentially resulting in more particle oxidation, modification, and reduction in size, with increased arterial wall uptake. Rosuvastatin enhances the catabolism of apoB-100 in both lbLDL and sdLDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuntakorn Thongtang
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Margaret R Diffenderfer
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - Esther M M Ooi
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA
| | - P Hugh R Barrett
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Ngoc-Anh Le
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA; and; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - W Virgil Brown
- Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA; and; Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ernst J Schaefer
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA;.
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Özler S, Öztaş E, Tokmak A, Ergin M, Kuru Pekcan M, Gümüş Güler B, Yakut Hİ, Yılmaz N. Role of Versican and ADAMTS-1 in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 2017; 9:24-30. [PMID: 27908842 PMCID: PMC5363161 DOI: 10.4274/jcrpe.3414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE ADAMTS-1 is a matrix metalloproteinase which cleaves versican in the cumulus oocyte complex under the effect of luteinizing hormone surge in the periovulatory period. Altered levels may have a role in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). We aimed to determine the serum versican and ADAMTS-1 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motif-1) levels in PCOS patients and compare the results with healthy controls. METHODS Thirty-eight patients with PCOS and forty healthy controls aged between 15 and 22 years were included in the study. They were sampled according to their basal hormone, serum versican, and ADAMTS-1 levels. Serum versican and ADAMTS-1 levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify the independent risk factors of PCOS. RESULTS Serum versican levels were significantly decreased in the PCOS group when compared with the controls. The best versican cut-off value for PCOS was calculated to be 33.65 with 76.74% sensitivity and 52.94% specificity. Serum versican levels, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index, a Ferriman-Gallwey score higher than 8, and oligomenorrhea were the strongest predictors of PCOS. Serum versican levels were significantly decreased in PCOS patients. Besides, serum ADAMTS-1 and versican levels were significantly and positively correlated with each other. CONCLUSION Serum versican levels were significantly decreased in patients with PCOS. This suggests a possible role of versican in ovulatory dysfunction and in the pathogenesis of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Özler
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women's Health Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Perinatology, Ankara, Turkey Phone: +90 312 306 50 00 E-mail:
| | - Efser Öztaş
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Perinatology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aytekin Tokmak
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Ergin
- 25 Aralık State Hospital, Clinic of Clinical Biochemistry, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Meryem Kuru Pekcan
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Halil İbrahim Yakut
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Pediatrics, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nafiye Yılmaz
- Zekai Tahir Burak Women’s Health Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ankara, Turkey
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Borén J, Williams KJ. The central role of arterial retention of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a triumph of simplicity. Curr Opin Lipidol 2016; 27:473-83. [PMID: 27472409 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Today, it is no longer a hypothesis, but an established fact, that increased plasma concentrations of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins are causatively linked to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and that lowering plasma LDL concentrations reduces cardiovascular events in humans. Here, we review evidence behind this assertion, with an emphasis on recent studies supporting the 'response-to-retention' model - namely, that the key initiating event in atherogenesis is the retention, or trapping, of cholesterol-rich apoB-containing lipoproteins within the arterial wall. RECENT FINDINGS New clinical trials have shown that ezetimibe and anti-PCSK9 antibodies - both nonstatins - lower ASCVD events, and they do so to the same extent as would be expected from comparable plasma LDL lowering by a statin. These studies demonstrate beyond any doubt the causal role of apoB-containing lipoproteins in atherogenesis. In addition, recent laboratory experimentation and human Mendelian randomization studies have revealed novel information about the critical role of apoB-containing lipoproteins in atherogenesis. New information has also emerged on mechanisms for the accumulation in plasma of harmful cholesterol-rich and triglyceride-rich apoB-containing remnant lipoproteins in states of overnutrition. Like LDL, these harmful cholesterol-rich and triglyceride-rich apoB-containing remnant lipoprotein remnants become retained and modified within the arterial wall, causing atherosclerosis. SUMMARY LDL and other cholesterol-rich, apoB-containing lipoproteins, once they become retained and modified within the arterial wall, cause atherosclerosis. This simple, robust pathophysiologic understanding may finally allow us to eradicate ASCVD, the leading killer in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Borén
- aDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg bSahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden cSection of Endocrinology, Diabetes, & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Toth CA, Kuklenyik Z, Jones JI, Parks BA, Gardner MS, Schieltz DM, Rees JC, Andrews ML, McWilliams LG, Pirkle JL, Barr JR. On-column trypsin digestion coupled with LC-MS/MS for quantification of apolipoproteins. J Proteomics 2016; 150:258-267. [PMID: 27667389 PMCID: PMC10071838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins measured in plasma or serum are potential biomarkers for assessing metabolic irregularities that are associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). LC-MS/MS allows quantitative measurement of multiple apolipoproteins in the same sample run. However, the accuracy and precision of the LC-MS/MS measurement depends on the reproducibility of the enzymatic protein digestion step. With the application of an immobilized enzyme reactor (IMER), the reproducibility of the trypsin digestion can be controlled with high precision via flow rate, column volume and temperature. In this report, we demonstrate the application of an integrated IMER-LC-MS/MS platform for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of eight apolipoproteins. Using a dilution series of a characterized serum pool as calibrator, the method was validated by repeated analysis of pooled sera and individual serum samples with a wide range of lipid profiles, all showing intra-assay CV<4.4% and inter-assay CV<8%. In addition, the method was compared with traditional homogeneous digestion coupled LC-MS/MS for the quantification of apoA-I and apoB-100. Applied in large scale human population studies, this method can serve the translation of a wider panel of apolipoprotein biomarkers from research to clinical application. SIGNIFICANCE Currently, the translation of apolipoprotein biomarkers to clinical application is impaired because of the high cost of large cohort studies using traditional single-analyte immunoassays. The application of on-line tryptic digestion coupled with LC-MS/MS analysis is an effective way to address this problem. In this work we demonstrate a high throughput, multiplexed, automated proteomics workflow for the simultaneous analysis of multiple proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Toth
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zsuzsanna Kuklenyik
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Jeffrey I Jones
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Bryan A Parks
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael S Gardner
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - David M Schieltz
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jon C Rees
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Michael L Andrews
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lisa G McWilliams
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - James L Pirkle
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - John R Barr
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Laboratory Sciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Bañuls C, Rovira-Llopis S, Falcón R, Veses S, Monzó N, Víctor VM, Rocha M, Hernández-Mijares A. Chronic consumption of an inositol-enriched carob extract improves postprandial glycaemia and insulin sensitivity in healthy subjects: A randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr 2016; 35:600-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Norata GD, Tsimikas S, Pirillo A, Catapano AL. Apolipoprotein C-III: From Pathophysiology to Pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:675-687. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Rull A, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Sánchez-Quesada JL. The role of LDL-bound apoJ in the development of atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.15.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Cubedo J, Padró T, García-Arguinzonis M, Vilahur G, Miñambres I, Pou JM, Ybarra J, Badimon L. A novel truncated form of apolipoprotein A-I transported by dense LDL is increased in diabetic patients. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1762-73. [PMID: 26168996 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p057513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic (DM) patients have exacerbated atherosclerosis and high CVD burden. Changes in lipid metabolism, lipoprotein structure, and dysfunctional HDL are characteristics of diabetes. Our aim was to investigate whether serum ApoA-I, the main protein in HDL, was biochemically modified in DM patients. By using proteomic technologies, we have identified a 26 kDa ApoA-I form in serum. MS analysis revealed this 26 kDa form as a novel truncated variant lacking amino acids 1-38, ApoA-IΔ(1-38). DM patients show a 2-fold increase in ApoA-IΔ(1-38) over nondiabetic individuals. ApoA-IΔ(1-38) is found in LDL, but not in VLDL or HDL, with an increase in LDL3 and LDL4 subfractions. To identify candidate mechanisms of ApoA-I truncation, we investigated potentially involved enzymes by in silico data mining, and tested the most probable molecule in an established animal model of diabetes. We have found increased hepatic cathepsin D activity as one of the potential proteases involved in ApoA-I truncation. Cathepsin D-cleaved ApoA-I exhibited increased LDL binding affinity and decreased antioxidant activity against LDL oxidation. In conclusion, we show for the first time: a) presence of a novel truncated ApoA-I form, ApoA-IΔ(1-38), in human serum; b) ApoA-IΔ(1-38) is transported by LDL; c) ApoA-IΔ(1-38) is increased in dense LDL fractions of DM patients; and d) cathepsin D-ApoA-I truncation may lead to ApoA-IΔ(1-38) binding to LDLs, increasing their susceptibility to oxidation and contributing to the high cardiovascular risk of DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Cubedo
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Padró
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maisa García-Arguinzonis
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Vilahur
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inka Miñambres
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose María Pou
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Lina Badimon
- Cardiovascular Research Center (CSIC-ICCC), Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain Cardiovascular Research Chair, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We provide a historical perspective of how high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol became a clinical standard, the evidence in favor of HDL function as a more appropriate indication of HDL's antiatherogenic nature, and the options ahead. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies have demonstrated a strong relationship between the cholesterol efflux capacity of plasma and prevalent cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD event risk, indicating the utility of HDL function as a diagnostic/prognostic of CVD. SUMMARY We will present how HDL cholesterol came to be the standard proxy of HDL function, the key observations that drew its clinical relevance into question, and the pros and cons of commercially available approaches to measuring HDL function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael N Oda
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California, USA
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Savinova OV, Fillaus K, Jing L, Harris WS, Shearer GC. Reduced apolipoprotein glycosylation in patients with the metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104833. [PMID: 25118169 PMCID: PMC4130598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the apolipoprotein composition of the three major lipoprotein classes in patients with metabolic syndrome to healthy controls. Methods Very low density (VLDL), intermediate/low density (IDL/LDL, hereafter LDL), and high density lipoproteins (HDL) fractions were isolated from plasma of 56 metabolic syndrome subjects and from 14 age-sex matched healthy volunteers. The apolipoprotein content of fractions was analyzed by one-dimensional (1D) gel electrophoresis with confirmation by a combination of mass spectrometry and biochemical assays. Results Metabolic syndrome patients differed from healthy controls in the following ways: (1) total plasma - apoA1 was lower, whereas apoB, apoC2, apoC3, and apoE were higher; (2) VLDL - apoB, apoC3, and apoE were increased; (3) LDL - apoC3 was increased, (4) HDL -associated constitutive serum amyloid A protein (SAA4) was reduced (p<0.05 vs. controls for all). In patients with metabolic syndrome, the most extensively glycosylated (di-sialylated) isoform of apoC3 was reduced in VLDL, LDL, and HDL fractions by 17%, 30%, and 25%, respectively (p<0.01 vs. controls for all). Similarly, the glycosylated isoform of apoE was reduced in VLDL, LDL, and HDL fractions by 15%, 26%, and 37% (p<0.01 vs. controls for all). Finally, glycosylated isoform of SAA4 in HDL fraction was 42% lower in patients with metabolic syndrome compared with controls (p<0.001). Conclusions Patients with metabolic syndrome displayed several changes in plasma apolipoprotein composition consistent with hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL cholesterol levels. Reduced glycosylation of apoC3, apoE and SAA4 are novel findings, the pathophysiological consequences of which remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Savinova
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Kristi Fillaus
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Linhong Jing
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - William S. Harris
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Shearer
- Cardiovascular Health Research Center, Sanford Research USD, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hu ZJ, Ren LP, Wang C, Liu B, Song GY. Associations between apolipoprotein CIII concentrations and microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:951-956. [PMID: 25120629 PMCID: PMC4113638 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalbuminuria (MAU) is a strong predictor of diabetic nephropathy (DN), which is the main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Dyslipidemia exists in the majority of patients with DM and contributes to micro- and macrovascular complications associated with DM. Apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) is an inhibitor of the activity of lipoprotein lipase, which metabolizes triglyceride (TG) in very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and facilitates its clearance from plasma. The aim of the present study was to investigate the associations between apoCIII and MAU and the effects of atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes. In total, 120 subjects were divided into type 2 diabetes and type 2 DN groups, while 60 healthy subjects were selected as controls. The patients with DN were administered 20 mg atorvastatin daily for 16 weeks. Blood pressure, body mass index (BMI) and levels of HbA1c, FBG, TG, VLDL-cholesterol (VLDL-C), apoCIII and MAU were markedly elevated in the type 2 diabetes and type 2 DN groups compared with those in the control group (P<0.01), while high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were decreased significantly (P<0.01). All patients with type 2 DN showed significantly elevated blood pressure, apoCIII levels, MAU, course of the disease and rate of stroke and retinopathy compared with the patients with type 2 diabetes (P<0.01). MAU was significantly positively correlated with the course of the disease, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, BMI and HbA1c, FBG, TG, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, VLDL-C and apoCIII levels (P<0.05), whereas negatively correlated with HDL-C levels (r=−0.194, P=0.020). Logistic regression analysis showed that apoCIII levels were independently associated with MAU (odds ratio, 1.100; 95% confidence interval, 1.037–1.153; P<0.001). Atorvastatin improved the lipid profile and MAU in patients with type 2 DN (P<0.01). Therefore, the present study demonstrated that an independent positive correlation exists between the levels of apoCIII and MAU in patients with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, atorvastatin may be used to improve the lipid profile and MAU in type 2 DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Juan Hu
- Department of Nephrology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Lu-Ping Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Yao Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Decreased size and increased density of LDL have been associated with increased coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. Elevated plasma concentrations of small dense LDL (sdLDL) correlate with high plasma triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol levels. This review highlights recent findings about the metabolism and composition of LDL subfractions. RECENT FINDINGS The development of an automated assay has recently made possible the assessment of the CHD risk associated with sdLDL in large clinical trials and has demonstrated convincingly that sdLDL cholesterol levels are a more significant independent determinant of CHD risk than total LDL cholesterol. Metabolic studies have revealed that sdLDL particles originate through the delipidation of larger atherogenic VLDL and large LDL and from direct de novo production by the liver. Proteins associated with LDL, in addition to apolipoprotein (apo) B, include the C apolipoproteins, apoA-I, apoA-IV, apoD, apoE, apoF, apoH, apoJ, apoL-1, apoM, α-1 antitrypsin, migration inhibitory factor-related protein 8, lysosome C, prenylcysteine oxidase 1, paraoxonase 1, transthyretin, serum amyloid A4, and fibrinogen α chain. The role of the increasing number of LDL-associated proteins remains unclear; however, the data do indicate that LDL particles not only transport lipids but also carry proteins involved in inflammation and thrombosis. The sdLDL proteome in diabetic individuals differs significantly from that of larger LDL, being enriched in apoC-III. SUMMARY Progress in our understanding of the composition and metabolism of LDL subfractions strengthens the association between sdLDL and CHD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Diffenderfer
- Cardiovascular Nutrition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
The world is facing an epidemic rise in diabetes mellitus (DM) incidence, which is challenging health funders, health systems, clinicians, and patients to understand and respond to a flood of research and knowledge. Evidence-based guidelines provide uniform management recommendations for "average" patients that rarely take into account individual variation in susceptibility to DM, to its complications, and responses to pharmacological and lifestyle interventions. Personalized medicine combines bioinformatics with genomic, proteomic, metabolomic, pharmacogenomic ("omics") and other new technologies to explore pathophysiology and to characterize more precisely an individual's risk for disease, as well as response to interventions. In this review we will introduce readers to personalized medicine as applied to DM, in particular the use of clinical, genetic, metabolic, and other markers of risk for DM and its chronic microvascular and macrovascular complications, as well as insights into variations in response to and tolerance of commonly used medications, dietary changes, and exercise. These advances in "omic" information and techniques also provide clues to potential pathophysiological mechanisms underlying DM and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry S. Glauber
- Department of Endocrinology, Northwest Permanente, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Galil Center for Telemedicine, Medical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, RB Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Eddy Karnieli
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel and
- Galil Center for Telemedicine, Medical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, RB Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Proteomic analysis of plasma-purified VLDL, LDL, and HDL fractions from atherosclerotic patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: identification of serum amyloid A as a potential marker. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2013; 2013:385214. [PMID: 24454983 PMCID: PMC3886437 DOI: 10.1155/2013/385214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins are very heterogeneous protein family, implicated in plasma lipoprotein structural stabilization, lipid metabolism, inflammation, or immunity. Obtaining detailed information on apolipoprotein composition and structure may contribute to elucidating lipoprotein roles in atherogenesis and to developing new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of lipoprotein-associated disorders. This study aimed at developing a comprehensive method for characterizing the apolipoprotein component of plasma VLDL, LDL, and HDL fractions from patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy, by means of two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) coupled with Mass Spectrometry analysis, useful for identifying potential markers of plaque presence and vulnerability. The adopted method allowed obtaining reproducible 2-DE maps of exchangeable apolipoproteins from VLDL, LDL, and HDL. Twenty-three protein isoforms were identified by peptide mass fingerprinting analysis. Differential proteomic analysis allowed for identifying increased levels of acute-phase serum amyloid A protein (AP SAA) in all lipoprotein fractions, especially in LDL from atherosclerotic patients. Results have been confirmed by western blotting analysis on each lipoprotein fraction using apo AI levels for data normalization. The higher levels of AP SAA found in patients suggest a role of LDL as AP SAA carrier into the subendothelial space of artery wall, where AP SAA accumulates and may exert noxious effects.
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de Gonzalo-Calvo D, Revuelta-López E, Llorente-Cortés V. [Basic mechanisms. Regulation and clearance of lipoproteins that contain apolipoprotein B]. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2013; 25:194-200. [PMID: 23768652 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David de Gonzalo-Calvo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, CSIC-ICCC, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, España
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Eberini I, Wait R, Calabresi L, Sensi C, Miller I, Gianazza E. A proteomic portrait of atherosclerosis. J Proteomics 2013; 82:92-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Nicolardi S, van der Burgt YEM, Wuhrer M, Deelder AM. Mapping O-glycosylation of apolipoprotein C-III in MALDI-FT-ICR protein profiles. Proteomics 2013; 13:992-1001. [PMID: 23335445 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrahigh resolution MALDI-FT-ICR profiles were obtained from human serum samples that were processed using a fully automated RPC18-based magnetic bead method. Proteins were profiled from m/z value 6630 with a resolving power of 73 000 up to m/z value 12 600 with a resolving power of 37 000. In this study, a detailed evaluation was performed of the isoforms of apolipoprotein C-III, i.e. the different mucin-type core 1 O-glycans with the addition of one or two sialic acid residues. The MALDI-FT-ICR profiles are discussed with regard to reproducibility of the signal intensities as well as the accurate mass measurements. ESI-FT-ICR-MS/MS analyses of the same serum samples were performed to confirm the identity of apolipoprotein C-III glycoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Nicolardi
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
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Kim K, Kim SJ, Han D, Jin J, Yu J, Park KS, Yu HG, Kim Y. Verification of multimarkers for detection of early stage diabetic retinopathy using multiple reaction monitoring. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1078-89. [PMID: 23368427 DOI: 10.1021/pr3012073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes and 80% of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients whose DM duration is over 10 years can be expected to suffer with DR. The diagnosis of DR depends on an ophthalmological examination, and no molecular methods of screening DR status exist. Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) is the early DR which is hard to be noticed in early NPDR, showing significant cause of adult blindness in type 2 diabetes patients. Protein biomarkers have been valuable in the diagnosis of disease and the use of multiple biomarkers has been suggested to overcome the low specificity of single ones. For biomarker development, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) has been spotlighted as an alternative method to quantify target proteins with no need for immunoassay. In this study, 54 candidate DR marker proteins from a previous study were verified by MRM in plasma samples from NPDR patients in 3 stages (mild, moderate and severe; 15 cases each) and diabetic patients without retinopathy (15 cases) as a control. Notably, 27 candidate markers distinguished moderate NPDR from type 2 diabetic patients with no diabetic retinopathy, generating AUC values (>0.7). Specifically, 28 candidate proteins underwent changes in expression as type 2 diabetic patients with no diabetic retinopathy progressed to mild and moderate NPDR. Further, a combination of 4 markers from these 28 candidates had the improved specificity in distinguishing moderate NPDR from type 2 diabetic patients with no diabetic retinopathy, yielding a merged AUC value of nearly 1.0. We concluded that MRM is a fast, robust approach of multimarker panel determination and an assay platform that provides improved specificity compared with single biomarker assay systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunggon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute of Medical & Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Umaerus M, Rosengren B, Fagerberg B, Hurt-Camejo E, Camejo G. HDL2 interferes with LDL association with arterial proteoglycans: A possible athero-protective effect. Atherosclerosis 2012; 225:115-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Background/Objectives Small dense LDL particles and apolipoprotein (apo) CIII are risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) that can be modulated by diet, but there is little information regarding the effects of dietary saturated fat on their plasma levels. We tested the effects of high vs. low saturated fat intake in the context of a high beef protein diet on levels and composition of LDL subclasses and on apoCIII levels in plasma and LDL. Subjects/Methods Following consumption of a baseline diet (50% CHO, 13% protein, 38% total fat, 15% saturated fat) for 3 wk, 14 healthy men were randomly assigned to two reduced carbohydrate high beef protein diets (31% CHO, 31% protein, 38% fat) that differed in saturated fat content (15% vs. 8%) for 3 wk each in a crossover design. Results The high saturated fat diet resulted in higher mass concentrations of buoyant LDL I, medium density LDL II and dense LDL III, but not the very dense LDL IV; and significant increases in plasma and LDL apoCIII concentration of 9.4% and 33.5%, respectively. The saturated fat-induced changes in LDL apoCIII were specifically correlated with changes in apoCIII content of LDL IV. Conclusions Taken together with previous observations, these findings suggest that, at least in the context of a lower carbohydrate high beef protein diet, high saturated fat intake may increase CVD risk by metabolic processes that involve apoCIII.
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Fogelstrand P, Borén J. Retention of atherogenic lipoproteins in the artery wall and its role in atherogenesis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 22:1-7. [PMID: 22176921 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In this review, we discuss the mechanisms behind the binding of low-density lipoproteins (LDL) to the arterial wall and how this interaction might be targeted to prevent atherosclerosis. DATA SYNTHESIS An increasing body of evidence shows that accumulation of LDL in the vessel wall is a critical step in the development of atherosclerosis. The retained lipoproteins subsequently provoke an inflammatory response that ultimately leads to atherosclerosis. In the arterial wall, LDL binds ionically to proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix. In particular, proteoglycans with elongated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains seem to play a crucial role in this process. CONCLUSIONS The LDL-proteoglycan interaction is a highly regulated process that might provide new therapeutic targets against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Fogelstrand
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Wallenberg Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Kim SM, Park JS, Norwitz ER, Lee SM, Kim BJ, Park CW, Jun JK, Kim CW, Syn HC. Identification of proteomic biomarkers in maternal plasma in the early second trimester that predict the subsequent development of gestational diabetes. Reprod Sci 2011; 19:202-9. [PMID: 22101237 DOI: 10.1177/1933719111417889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study is designed to identify proteomic biomarkers that predict the subsequent development of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). METHODS Maternal blood was obtained prospectively from healthy pregnant women in the early second trimester (16-20 weeks). Twelve women subsequently diagnosed with GDM at 24 to 28 weeks were selected as cases; an equal number of normoglycemic women as controls. Proteomic analysis of the previously stored plasma was performed by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. RESULTS Three peaks (9122 Da, 9412 Da, and 9701 Da) that were increased in cases were characterized as isoforms of apolipoprotein CIII. Another discriminatory peak (17 105 Da) that was decreased in cases was matched to apolipoprotein AII. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confirmed that women who subsequently developed GDM had significantly higher levels of apolipoprotein CIII than controls did. Levels of apolipoprotein AII failed to reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that there already exist biomarkers in the maternal circulation at 16 to 20 weeks in women who subsequently develop GDM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Min Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Pettersson C, Karlsson H, Ståhlman M, Larsson T, Fagerberg B, Lindahl M, Wiklund O, Borén J, Fogelstrand L. LDL-associated apolipoprotein J and lysozyme are associated with atherogenic properties of LDL found in type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. J Intern Med 2011; 269:306-21. [PMID: 21205019 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2010.02292.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Exchangeable low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-associated proteins can affect the atherogenic properties of LDL. Our aim was to analyse the protein composition of LDL from individuals with or without type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome (T2DM) in relation to other LDL particle characteristics, to assess whether certain proteins associate more with certain subclasses of LDL typical for T2DM, such as small, apoCIII-rich LDL. DESIGN Low-density lipoprotein from two cohorts of 61-year-old men (n = 19 and 64) with or without T2DM was isolated using size-exclusion chromatography or deuterium oxide-based ultracentrifugation. LDL-associated proteins were identified using mass spectrometry and quantified using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Differently expressed LDL-associated proteins apolipoprotein (apo)J and lysozyme were also measured in serum from a third cohort of women (n = 71) with or without T2DM. Lysozyme binding to advanced glycation end product (AGE)-LDL was examined in vitro. RESULTS ApoJ and lysozyme were increased in LDL particles with increased apoCIII content and decreased cholesterol content. When isolated with size-exclusion chromatography, LDL from individuals with T2DM contained more apoJ and lysozyme and less apoA1 than LDL from control individuals. LDL content of apoJ correlated with a smaller LDL particle size. Serum levels of lysozyme, but not apoJ, were increased in individuals with T2DM. In vitro, lysozyme associated more with AGE-LDL than with unmodified LDL. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that apoJ and lysozyme are increased in LDL with characteristics of small dense LDL in T2DM. Small dense LDL is easily glycated, and the increased affinity of lysozyme for AGE-LDL provides a possible partial explanation for an increase lysozyme in LDL from those with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pettersson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hoofnagle AN, Heinecke JW. Lipoproteomics: using mass spectrometry-based proteomics to explore the assembly, structure, and function of lipoproteins. J Lipid Res 2010; 50:1967-75. [PMID: 19738003 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r900015-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipoproteins are centrally important in lipid transport, fuel metabolism, and cardiovascular disease. The prototypic lipoprotein has an outer shell of amphipathic lipids and proteins that solubilizes a hydrophobic lipid core. Lipoprotein-associated proteins have classically been viewed as structural elements and factors important in lipid metabolism. Recent mass spectrometric analyses reveal that the protein cargo of lipoproteins is much more diverse than previously appreciated, raising the possibility that lipoproteins play previously unsuspected roles in host defense mechanisms and inflammation. They further suggest that lipoprotein-associated proteins can identify humans at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Here, we summarize recent developments in lipoproteomics, the proteomic analysis of lipoproteins. We also discuss the promises and challenges this powerful analytical strategy offers for expanding our understanding of the biology and structures of lipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Hoofnagle
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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42
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Garces F, López F, Niño C, Fernandez A, Chacin L, Hurt-Camejo E, Camejo G, Apitz-Castro R. High plasma phospholipase A2 activity, inflammation markers, and LDL alterations in obesity with or without type 2 diabetes. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:2023-9. [PMID: 20134414 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2010.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Plasma phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)) hydrolyze phospholipids of circulating lipoproteins or deposited in arteries producing bioactive lipids believed to contribute to the atherosclerotic inflammatory response. PLA(2)(s) are elevated in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) but it is not clear which of these conditions is the cause since they frequently coexist. This study attempts to evaluate if high plasma PLA(2)(s) activities and markers of their effects in lipoproteins are associated with obesity or T2D diabetes, or with both. Total PLA(2) and Ca(2+)-dependent and -independent activities, lipids, lipoproteins, apoAI, and apoB apolipoproteins and affinity of apoB-lipoproteins for arterial proteoglycans were measured, as well as Inflammation markers. These parameters were evaluated in plasma samples of four groups: (i) apparently healthy controls with normal BMI (nBMI), (ii) obese subjects with no T2D, (iii) patients with T2D but with nBMI, and (iv) obese patients with T2D. PLA(2) activities were measured in the presence and absence of Ca(2+) and in the presence of specific inhibitors. Obese subjects, with or without T2D, had high activities of total PLA(2) and of Ca(2+)-dependent and Ca(2+)-independent enzymes. The activities were correlated with inflammation markers in obese subjects with and without diabetes and with alterations of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) that increased their affinity for arterial proteoglycans. Ca(2+)-dependent secretory (sPLA(2)) enzymes were the main responsible of the obesity-associated high activity. We speculate that augmented PLA(2)(s) activity that increases affinity of circulating LDL for arterial intima proteoglycans could be another atherogenic component of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Garces
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Básicas y Aplicadas, Escuela de Bioanálisis, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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43
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Bancells C, Canals F, Benítez S, Colomé N, Julve J, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Sánchez-Quesada JL. Proteomic analysis of electronegative low-density lipoprotein. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:3508-15. [PMID: 20699421 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m009258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Low density lipoprotein is a heterogeneous group of lipoproteins that differs in lipid and protein composition. One copy of apolipoprotein (apo)B accounts for over 95% of the LDL protein, but the presence of minor proteins could disturb its biological behavior. Our aim was to study the content of minor proteins in LDL subfractions separated by anion exchange chromatography. Electropositive LDL [LDL(+)] is the native form, whereas electronegative LDL [LDL⁻] is a minor atherogenic fraction present in blood. LC-ESI MS/MS analysis of both LDL fractions identified up to 28 different proteins. Of these, 13 proteins, including apoB, were detected in all the analyzed samples. LDL⁻ showed a higher content of most minor proteins. Statistical analysis of proteomic data indicated that the content of apoE, apoA-I, apoC-III, apoA-II, apoD, apoF, and apoJ was higher in LDL⁻ than in LDL(+). Immunoturbidimetry, ELISA, or Western blot analysis confirmed these differences. ApoJ and apoF presented the highest difference between LDL(+) and LDL⁻ (>15-fold). In summary, the increased content of several apolipoproteins, and specifically of apoF and apoJ, could be related to the physicochemical characteristics of LDL⁻, such as apoB misfolding, aggregation, and abnormal lipid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bancells
- Servei de Bioquímica, Institut de Recerca, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
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44
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Shin MJ, Krauss RM. Apolipoprotein CIII bound to apoB-containing lipoproteins is associated with small, dense LDL independent of plasma triglyceride levels in healthy men. Atherosclerosis 2010; 211:337-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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45
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Guevara J, Prashad N, Ermolinsky B, Gaubatz JW, Kang D, Schwarzbach AE, Loose DS, Guevara NV. Apo B100 similarities to viral proteins suggest basis for LDL-DNA binding and transfection capacity. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:1704-18. [PMID: 20173184 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m003277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
LDL mediates transfection with plasmid DNA in a variety of cell types in vitro and in several tissues in vivo in the rat. The transfection capacity of LDL is based on apo B100, as arginine/lysine clusters, suggestive of nucleic acid-binding domains and nuclear localization signal sequences, are present throughout the molecule. Apo E may also contribute to this capacity because of its similarity to the Dengue virus capsid proteins and its ability to bind DNA. Synthetic peptides representing two apo B100 regions with prominent Arg/Lys clusters were shown to bind DNA. Region 1 (0014Lys-Ser0160) shares sequence motifs present in DNA binding domains of Interferon Regulatory Factors and Flaviviridae capsid/core proteins. It also contains a close analog of the B/E receptor ligand of apo E. Region 1 peptides, B1-1 (0014Lys-Glu0054) and B1-2 (0055Leu-Ala0096), mediate transfection of HeLa cells but are cytotoxic. Region 2 (3313Asp-Thr3431), containing the known B/E receptor ligand, shares analog motifs with the human herpesvirus 5 immediate-early transcriptional regulator (UL122) and Flaviviridae NS3 helicases. Region 2 peptides, B2-1 (3313Asp-Glu3355), and B2-2 (3356Gly-Thr3431) are ineffective in cell transfection and are noncytotoxic. These results confirm the role of LDL as a natural transfection vector in vivo, a capacity imparted by the apo B100, and suggest a basis for Flaviviridae cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Guevara
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas Brownsville/Texas Southmost College, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
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46
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Davidsson P, Hulthe J, Fagerberg B, Camejo G. Proteomics of apolipoproteins and associated proteins from plasma high-density lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 30:156-63. [PMID: 19778948 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.179317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics studies have extended the list of identified apolipoproteins and associated proteins present in HDL and its subclasses. These proteins appear to cluster around specific functions related to lipid metabolism, inflammation, the immune system, hormone-binding, hemostasis, and antioxidant properties. Small studies suggest that there are substantial differences between the HDL proteome from cardiovascular disease patients and that from controls. Furthermore, dyslipidemia therapy shifts the HDL proteome from patients toward the profile observed in healthy controls. In addition, the proteome of HDL and LDL from patients with insulin resistance and peripheral atherosclerosis show significant differences with that of matched healthy controls. The proteome of HDL and LDL density subclasses have apolipoproteins and associated proteins profiles that suggest subclass-specific functions. However, proteomics studies of lipoproteins are few and small and should be interpreted with caution. Nonetheless rapid technical progress in proteomic platforms suggest that soon analysis time will be reduced and precise measurement of identified proteins will be possible. This, combined with controlled purification steps of HDL and its subclasses should provide further information about proteins involved in the particles postulated spectrum of functions, including those believed to be atheroprotective.
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47
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Hiukka A, Ståhlman M, Pettersson C, Levin M, Adiels M, Teneberg S, Leinonen ES, Hultén LM, Wiklund O, Orešič M, Olofsson SO, Taskinen MR, Ekroos K, Borén J. ApoCIII-enriched LDL in type 2 diabetes displays altered lipid composition, increased susceptibility for sphingomyelinase, and increased binding to biglycan. Diabetes 2009; 58:2018-26. [PMID: 19502413 PMCID: PMC2731525 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein CIII (apoCIII) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, but the molecular mechanisms involved are poorly understood. We investigated potential proatherogenic properties of apoCIII-containing LDL from hypertriglyceridemic patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS LDL was isolated from control subjects, subjects with type 2 diabetes, and apoB transgenic mice. LDL-biglycan binding was analyzed with a solid-phase assay using immunoplates coated with biglycan. Lipid composition was analyzed with mass spectrometry. Hydrolysis of LDL by sphingomyelinase was analyzed after labeling plasma LDL with [(3)H]sphingomyelin. ApoCIII isoforms were quantified after isoelectric focusing. Human aortic endothelial cells were incubated with desialylated apoCIII or with LDL enriched with specific apoCIII isoforms. RESULTS We showed that enriching LDL with apoCIII only induced a small increase in LDL-proteoglycan binding, and this effect was dependent on a functional site A in apoB100. Our findings indicated that intrinsic characteristics of the diabetic LDL other than apoCIII are responsible for further increased proteoglycan binding of diabetic LDL with high-endogenous apoCIII, and we showed alterations in the lipid composition of diabetic LDL with high apoCIII. We also demonstrated that high apoCIII increased susceptibility of LDL to hydrolysis and aggregation by sphingomyelinases. In addition, we demonstrated that sialylation of apoCIII increased with increasing apoCIII content and that sialylation of apoCIII was essential for its proinflammatory properties. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated a number of features of apoCIII-containing LDL from hypertriglyceridemic patients with type 2 diabetes that could explain the proatherogenic role of apoCIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Hiukka
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory and the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Camilla Pettersson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory and the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Malin Levin
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory and the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Adiels
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory and the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanne Teneberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Eeva S. Leinonen
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lillemor Mattsson Hultén
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory and the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olov Wiklund
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory and the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Matej Orešič
- Technical Research Centre of Finland VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sven-Olof Olofsson
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory and the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marja-Riitta Taskinen
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital and Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Jan Borén
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research/Wallenberg Laboratory and the Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Corresponding author: Jan Borén,
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48
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Karlsson H, Mörtstedt H, Lindqvist H, Tagesson C, Lindahl M. Protein profiling of low-density lipoprotein from obese subjects. Proteomics Clin Appl 2009; 3:663-71. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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49
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Bancells C, Benítez S, Jauhiainen M, Ordóñez-Llanos J, Kovanen PT, Villegas S, Sánchez-Quesada JL, O¨o¨rni K. High binding affinity of electronegative LDL to human aortic proteoglycans depends on its aggregation level. J Lipid Res 2009; 50:446-455. [DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m800318-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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50
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Banfi C, Brioschi M, Barcella S, Wait R, Begum S, Galli S, Rizzi A, Tremoli E. Proteomic analysis of human low-density lipoprotein reveals the presence of prenylcysteine lyase, a hydrogen peroxide-generating enzyme. Proteomics 2009; 9:1344-52. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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