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Quinn M, Zhang RYK, Bello I, Rye KA, Thomas SR. Myeloperoxidase as a Promising Therapeutic Target after Myocardial Infarction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:788. [PMID: 39061857 PMCID: PMC11274265 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13070788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) remain leading causes of death and disability worldwide. CAD begins with the formation of atherosclerotic plaques within the intimal layer of the coronary arteries, a process driven by persistent arterial inflammation and oxidation. Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a mammalian haem peroxidase enzyme primarily expressed within neutrophils and monocytes, has been increasingly recognised as a key pro-inflammatory and oxidative enzyme promoting the development of vulnerable coronary atherosclerotic plaques that are prone to rupture, and can precipitate a MI. Mounting evidence also implicates a pathogenic role for MPO in the inflammatory process that follows a MI, which is characterised by the rapid infiltration of activated neutrophils into the damaged myocardium and the release of MPO. Excessive and persistent cardiac inflammation impairs normal cardiac healing post-MI, resulting in adverse cardiac outcomes and poorer long-term cardiac function, and eventually heart failure. This review summarises the evidence for MPO as a significant oxidative enzyme contributing to the inappropriate inflammatory responses driving the progression of CAD and poor cardiac healing after a MI. It also details the proposed mechanisms underlying MPO's pathogenic actions and explores MPO as a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of unstable CAD and cardiac damage post-MI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shane R. Thomas
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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2
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Regard JB, Harrison TJ, Axford J, Axford L, Lee L, Ren X, Deng L, Reynolds A, Mao J, Liu Q, Patnaik A, Cohick E, Hollis-Symynkywicz M, Loi S, Riek S, McKeever U, Dunstan D, Sung M, Ware NF, Brown AP, Hamann LG, Marcinkeviciene J, Patterson AW, Marro ML. Discovery of a novel, highly potent and orally bioavailable pyrrolidinone indole series of irreversible Myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 209:115418. [PMID: 36693437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme-containing peroxidase from phagocytic cells, which plays an important role in the innate immune response. The primary anti-microbial function of MPO is achieved by catalyzing the oxidation of halides by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Upon activation of phagocytes, MPO activity is detectable in both phagosomes and extracellularly, where it can remain or transcytose into interstitial compartments. Activated MPO leads to oxidative stress and tissue damage in many inflammatory states, including cardiovascular disease. Starting from a low molecular weight (LMW) high throughput screening (HTS) hit, here we report the discovery of a novel pyrrolidinone indole (IN-4) as a highly potent MPO inhibitor. This compound displays similar in vitro potency across peroxidation, plasma and NETosis assays. In a dilution/dialysis study, <5% of the original MPO activity was detected post-incubation of MPO with IN-4, suggesting irreversible enzyme inhibition. A fast MPO inactivation rate (kinact/Ki) and low partition ratio (k3/k4) make IN-4 kinetic properties attractive for an MPO inhibitor. This compound also displays significant selectivity over the closely related thyroid peroxidase (TPO), and is selective for extracellular MPO over intracellular (neutrophil) MPO. Moreover, IN-4 shows good exposure, low clearance and high oral bioavailability in mice, rats and dogs. The high in vitro MPO activity and high oral exposure observed with IN-4 result in a dose-dependent inhibition of MPO activity in three mouse models of inflammation. In conclusion, IN-4 is a novel, potent, mechanism-based and selective MPO inhibitor, which may be used as superior therapeutic agent to treat multiple inflammatory conditions, including cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean B Regard
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jake Axford
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Laura Axford
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Lac Lee
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xianglin Ren
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Justin Mao
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Qian Liu
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Evan Cohick
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Sally Loi
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Simone Riek
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Switzlerland
| | - Una McKeever
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Autoimmunity, Transplantation and Inflammation, Switzlerland
| | | | - MooJe Sung
- Global Discovery Chemistry, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Alan P Brown
- Preclinical Safety, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Fabrikstrasse 2 Novartis Campus, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Martin L Marro
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Durrington PN, Bashir B, Soran H. Paraoxonase 1 and atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1065967. [PMID: 36873390 PMCID: PMC9977831 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1065967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), residing almost exclusively on HDL, was discovered because of its hydrolytic activity towards organophosphates. Subsequently, it was also found to hydrolyse a wide range of substrates, including lactones and lipid hydroperoxides. PON1 is critical for the capacity of HDL to protect LDL and outer cell membranes against harmful oxidative modification, but this activity depends on its location within the hydrophobic lipid domains of HDL. It does not prevent conjugated diene formation, but directs lipid peroxidation products derived from these to become harmless carboxylic acids rather than aldehydes which might adduct to apolipoprotein B. Serum PON1 is inversely related to the incidence of new atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events, particularly in diabetes and established ASCVD. Its serum activity is frequently discordant with that of HDL cholesterol. PON1 activity is diminished in dyslipidaemia, diabetes, and inflammatory disease. Polymorphisms, most notably Q192R, can affect activity towards some substrates, but not towards phenyl acetate. Gene ablation or over-expression of human PON1 in rodent models is associated with increased and decreased atherosclerosis susceptibility respectively. PON1 antioxidant activity is enhanced by apolipoprotein AI and lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase and diminished by apolipoprotein AII, serum amyloid A, and myeloperoxidase. PON1 loses this activity when separated from its lipid environment. Information about its structure has been obtained from water soluble mutants created by directed evolution. Such recombinant PON1 may, however, lose the capacity to hydrolyse non-polar substrates. Whilst nutrition and pre-existing lipid modifying drugs can influence PON1 activity there is a cogent need for more specific PON1-raising medication to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Durrington
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Bilal Bashir
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peter Mount Building, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Handrean Soran
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peter Mount Building, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Reynolds WF, Malle E, Maki RA. Thiocyanate Reduces Motor Impairment in the hMPO-A53T PD Mouse Model While Reducing MPO-Oxidation of Alpha Synuclein in Enlarged LYVE1/AQP4 Positive Periventricular Glymphatic Vessels. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122342. [PMID: 36552550 PMCID: PMC9774557 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is due to the oxidation of alpha synuclein (αSyn) contributing to motor impairment. We developed a transgenic mouse model of PD that overexpresses the mutated human αSyn gene (A53T) crossed to a mouse expressing the human MPO gene. This model exhibits increased oxidation and chlorination of αSyn leading to greater motor impairment. In the current study, the hMPO-A53T mice were treated with thiocyanate (SCN-) which is a favored substrate of MPO as compared to chlorine. We show that hMPO-A53T mice treated with SCN- have less chlorination in the brain and show an improvement in motor skills compared to the nontreated hMPO-A53T mice. Interestingly, in the hMPO-A53T mice we found a possible link between MPO-related disease and the glymphatic system which clears waste including αSyn from the brain. The untreated hMPO-A53T mice exhibited an increase in the size of periventricular glymphatic vessels expressing the glymphatic marker LYVE1 and aquaporin 4 (AQP4). These vessels also exhibited an increase in MPO and HOCl-modified epitopes in the glymphatic vessels correlating with loss of ependymal cells lining the ventricles. These findings suggest that MPO may significantly promote the impairment of the glymphatic waste removal system thus contributing to neurodegeneration in PD. Moreover, the inhibition of MPO chlorination/oxidation by SCN- may provide a potential therapeutic approach to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda F. Reynolds
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Ernst Malle
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Richard A. Maki
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Azcona JA, Tang S, Berry E, Zhang FF, Garvey R, Falck JR, Schwartzman ML, Yi T, Jeitner TM, Guo AM. Neutrophil-derived Myeloperoxidase and Hypochlorous Acid Critically Contribute to 20-HETE Increases that Drive Post-Ischemic Angiogenesis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 381:204-216. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.001036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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D-Mannose Slows Glioma Growth by Modulating Myeloperoxidase Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246360. [PMID: 34944979 PMCID: PMC8699108 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Inflammation and oxidative stress are important host defense responses. However, while the host response can be cytotoxic and kill tumor cells, tumor cells can also alter and exploit the host immune environment to further their survival. Thus, the host response can impact both tumor suppression and progression. Modulating the tumor–host response interaction to favor tumor suppression would be highly desirable. D-mannose has been found to have anti-inflammatory properties and can block signaling related to myeloperoxidase (MPO), a highly oxidizing pro-inflammatory enzyme secreted in host defense. However, the effect of D-mannose on host immune response in the glioma microenvironment has not been explored. We found that D-mannose slowed glioma growth by increasing MPO activity and oxidative stress in the glioma microenvironment. Our findings revealed that D-mannose may be able to shift the host immune response toward tumor suppression and could be a potential new therapeutic direction for these difficult-to-treat tumors. Abstract Host immune response in the tumor microenvironment plays key roles in tumorigenesis. We hypothesized that D-mannose, a simple sugar with anti-inflammatory properties, could decrease oxidative stress and slow glioma progression. Using a glioma stem cell model in immunocompetent mice, we induced gliomas in the brain and tracked MPO activity in vivo with and without D-mannose treatment. As expected, we found that D-mannose treatment decreased the number of MPO+ cells and slowed glioma progression compared to PBS-treated control animals with gliomas. Unexpectedly, instead of decreasing MPO activity, D-mannose increased MPO activity in vivo, revealing that D-mannose boosted the MPO activity per MPO+ cell. On the other hand, D-glucose had no effect on MPO activity. To better understand this effect, we examined the effect of D-mannose on bone marrow-derived myeloid cells. We found that D-mannose modulated MPO activity via two mechanisms: directly via N-glycosylation of MPO, which boosted the MPO activity of each molecule, and indirectly by increasing H2O2 production, the main substrate for MPO. This increased host immune response acted to reduce tumor size, suggesting that increasing MPO activity such as through D-mannose administration may be a potential new therapeutic direction for glioma treatment.
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ChhodenR S, Ferdous M, Adhikary DK, Salim MA, Banerjee SK, Fariduddin M, Biswas SK. Expression of neutrophil elastase and myeloperoxidase genes in coronary atherosclerosis. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Song P, Shen X. Juice from Fructus Rosae Roxburghii normalizes blood lipids in mice with diet-induced hyperlipidemia* †. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:6069-6082. [PMID: 33282259 PMCID: PMC7684604 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fructus Rosae Roxburghii (FRR) as a dietary supplement is considered to possess anti-atherosclerosis (AS), and hyperlipidemia (HLP) is material basis for AS formation, so the effects and molecular mechanism of FRR on diet-induced hyperlipidemic mice were explored. In Diet IV2 group, hepatic steatosis was significantly relieved; meanwhile, TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C, and ASI in serum were regulated to control level. Thirty-seven DCEG in Diet I, Diet II, and Diet IV2 groups were obtained by RNA-seq analysis. Relative mRNA levels were further determined by qRT-PCR, of which 28 genes were matched with those detected by RNA-seq. Ten DCEP were verified by targeted quantitative proteomic analysis, but expressive patterns of only six proteins were correlated with qRT-PCR data. These DCEG and DCEP played important roles in regulating the biosynthesis of BAs and steroids, fatty acid metabolism, and LPO production. They might cooperatively regulate the function of HDL or RCT by PPAR signaling pathway under the FRR action. As we know, it is the first time the potential anti-atherosclerotic mechanism of FRR regulating the blood lipids was explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal PlantsGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine ResourcesSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Xiangchun Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal PlantsGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
- Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine ResourcesSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesGuizhou Medical UniversityGuiyangChina
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9
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Myeloperoxidase: A versatile mediator of endothelial dysfunction and therapeutic target during cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107711. [PMID: 33137376 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a prominent mammalian heme peroxidase and a fundamental component of the innate immune response against microbial pathogens. In recent times, MPO has received considerable attention as a key oxidative enzyme capable of impairing the bioactivity of nitric oxide (NO) and promoting endothelial dysfunction; a clinically relevant event that manifests throughout the development of inflammatory cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence indicates that during cardiovascular disease, MPO is released intravascularly by activated leukocytes resulting in its transport and sequestration within the vascular endothelium. At this site, MPO catalyzes various oxidative reactions that are capable of promoting vascular inflammation and impairing NO bioactivity and endothelial function. In particular, MPO catalyzes the production of the potent oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the catalytic consumption of NO via the enzyme's NO oxidase activity. An emerging paradigm is the ability of MPO to also influence endothelial function via non-catalytic, cytokine-like activities. In this review article we discuss the implications of our increasing knowledge of the versatility of MPO's actions as a mediator of cardiovascular disease and endothelial dysfunction for the development of new pharmacological agents capable of effectively combating MPO's pathogenic activities. More specifically, we will (i) discuss the various transport mechanisms by which MPO accumulates into the endothelium of inflamed or diseased arteries, (ii) detail the clinical and basic scientific evidence identifying MPO as a significant cause of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, (iii) provide an up-to-date coverage on the different oxidative mechanisms by which MPO can impair endothelial function during cardiovascular disease including an evaluation of the contributions of MPO-catalyzed HOCl production and NO oxidation, and (iv) outline the novel non-enzymatic mechanisms of MPO and their potential contribution to endothelial dysfunction. Finally, we deliver a detailed appraisal of the different pharmacological strategies available for targeting the catalytic and non-catalytic modes-of-action of MPO in order to protect against endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease.
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10
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Maki RA, Holzer M, Motamedchaboki K, Malle E, Masliah E, Marsche G, Reynolds WF. Human myeloperoxidase (hMPO) is expressed in neurons in the substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease and in the hMPO-α-synuclein-A53T mouse model, correlating with increased nitration and aggregation of α-synuclein and exacerbation of motor impairment. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:115-140. [PMID: 31175983 PMCID: PMC6774439 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αSyn) is central to the neuropathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) due to its propensity for misfolding and aggregation into neurotoxic oligomers. Nitration/oxidation of αSyn leads to dityrosine crosslinking and aggregation. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an oxidant-generating enzyme implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. In the present work we have examined the impact of MPO in PD through analysis of postmortem PD brain and in a novel animal model in which we crossed a transgenic mouse expressing the human MPO (hMPO) gene to a mouse expressing human αSyn-A53T mutant (A53T) (hMPO-A53T). Surprisingly, our results show that in PD substantia nigra, the hMPO gene is expressed in neurons containing aggregates of nitrated αSyn as well as MPO-generated HOCl-modified epitopes. In our hMPO-A53T mouse model, we also saw hMPO expression in neurons but not mouse MPO. In the mouse model, hMPO was expressed in neurons colocalizing with nitrated αSyn, carbamylated lysine, nitrotyrosine, as well as HOCl-modified epitopes/proteins. RNAscope in situ hybridization confirmed hMPO mRNA expression in neurons. Interestingly, the hMPO protein expressed in hMPO-A53T brain is primarily the precursor proMPO, which enters the secretory pathway potentially resulting in interneuronal transmission of MPO and oxidative species. Importantly, the hMPO-A53T mouse model, when compared to the A53T model, exhibited significant exacerbation of motor impairment on rotating rods, balance beams, and wire hang tests. Further, hMPO expression in the A53T model resulted in earlier onset of end stage paralysis. Interestingly, there was a high concentration of αSyn aggregates in the stratum lacunosum moleculare of hippocampal CA2 region, which has been associated in humans with accumulation of αSyn pathology and neural atrophy in dementia with Lewy bodies. This accumulation of αSyn aggregates in CA2 was associated with markers of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response with expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), MPO, and cleaved caspase-3. Together these findings suggest that MPO plays an important role in nitrative and oxidative damage that contributes to αSyn pathology in synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Maki
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Holzer
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Khatereh Motamedchaboki
- Tumor Initiation & Maintenance Program and NCI Cancer Centre Proteomics Facility, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ernst Malle
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Molecular Neuropathology Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA; Department Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Wanda F Reynolds
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Panneerselvam S, Packirisamy RM, Bobby Z, Sridhar MG. WITHDRAWN: Soy isoflavones (from Glycine max) preserves hepatocellular free radical defense system potential and ameliorates inflammatory response in high fat fed ovariectomised Wistar rats: The molecular mechanisms. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2019:S0939-4753(19)30121-8. [PMID: 31151883 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Panneerselvam
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research [JIPMER], Puducherry, 605 006, India
| | - Rajaa M Packirisamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research [JIPMER], Puducherry, 605 006, India
| | - Zachariah Bobby
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research [JIPMER], Puducherry, 605 006, India.
| | - Magadi G Sridhar
- Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research [JIPMER], Puducherry, 605 006, India
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12
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Cai H, Chuang CY, Vanichkitrungruang S, Hawkins CL, Davies MJ. Hypochlorous acid-modified extracellular matrix contributes to the behavioral switching of human coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 134:516-526. [PMID: 30716431 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) influences the structure and function of the arterial wall and modulates the behavior of vascular cells through ECM-cell interactions. Alterations to the ECM have been implicated in multiple pathological processes, including atherosclerosis which is characterized by low-grade chronic inflammation and the infiltration and proliferation of smooth muscle cells during disease development. Considerable evidence has been presented for a role for inflammation-derived oxidation in atherogenesis, with enzymatically-active myeloperoxidase (MPO), elevated levels of 3-chlorotyrosine (a biomarker of MPO-catalyzed damage) and oxidized ECM materials detected in advanced human atherosclerotic lesions. Whether oxidant-modified ECM contributes to the altered behavior of smooth muscle cells is however unclear. This study therefore investigated the effects of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a major MPO-derived oxidant, on the structure of the native ECM synthesized by human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCAMSCs) and whether modified ECM proteins affected HCASMC adhesion, proliferation and gene expression. Exposure of native HCASMC-derived ECM to reagent HOCl or a MPO-Cl--H2O2 system resulted in extensive ECM modifications as evidenced by the loss of antibody recognition of epitopes on type IV collagen, laminin, versican and fibronectin. Oxidation of HCASMC ECM markedly reduced HCASMC adhesion to matrix components, but facilitated subsequent proliferation in vitro. Multiple genes were upregulated in HCASMCs in response to HOCl-modified HCASMC-ECM including interleukin-6 (IL-6), fibronectin (FN1) and matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs). These data reveal a mechanism through which inflammation-induced ECM-modification may contribute to the behavioral switching of HCASMCs, a key process in plaque formation during the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Cai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christine Y Chuang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Siriluck Vanichkitrungruang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Roth Flach RJ, Su C, Bollinger E, Cortes C, Robertson AW, Opsahl AC, Coskran TM, Maresca KP, Keliher EJ, Yates PD, Kim AM, Kalgutkar AS, Buckbinder L. Myeloperoxidase inhibition in mice alters atherosclerotic lesion composition. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214150. [PMID: 30889221 PMCID: PMC6424399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a highly abundant protein within the neutrophil that is associated with lipoprotein oxidation, and increased plasma MPO levels are correlated with poor prognosis after myocardial infarct. Thus, MPO inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of heart failure and acute coronary syndrome in humans. 2-(6-(5-Chloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-1(2H)-yl)acetamide PF-06282999 is a recently described selective small molecule mechanism-based inactivator of MPO. Here, utilizing PF-06282999, we investigated the role of MPO to regulate atherosclerotic lesion formation and composition in the Ldlr-/- mouse model of atherosclerosis. Though MPO inhibition did not affect lesion area in Ldlr-/- mice fed a Western diet, reduced necrotic core area was observed in aortic root sections after MPO inhibitor treatment. MPO inhibition did not alter macrophage content in and leukocyte homing to atherosclerotic plaques. To assess non-invasive monitoring of plaque inflammation, [18F]-Fluoro-deoxy-glucose (FDG) was administered to Ldlr-/- mice with established atherosclerosis that had been treated with clinically relevant doses of PF-06282999, and reduced FDG signal was observed in animals treated with a dose of PF-06282999 that corresponded with reduced necrotic core area. These data suggest that MPO inhibition does not alter atherosclerotic plaque area or leukocyte homing, but rather alters the inflammatory tone of atherosclerotic lesions; thus, MPO inhibition could have utility to promote atherosclerotic lesion stabilization and prevent atherosclerotic plaque rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J. Roth Flach
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Chunyan Su
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eliza Bollinger
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christian Cortes
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew W. Robertson
- Drug Safety Research and Development Global Pathology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Alan C. Opsahl
- Drug Safety Research and Development Global Pathology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Timothy M. Coskran
- Drug Safety Research and Development Global Pathology, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kevin P. Maresca
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Edmund J. Keliher
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Phillip D. Yates
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Albert M. Kim
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Amit S. Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leonard Buckbinder
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
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14
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Sirokmány G, Geiszt M. The Relationship of NADPH Oxidases and Heme Peroxidases: Fallin' in and Out. Front Immunol 2019; 10:394. [PMID: 30891045 PMCID: PMC6411640 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxidase enzymes can oxidize a multitude of substrates in diverse biological processes. According to the latest phylogenetic analysis, there are four major heme peroxidase superfamilies. In this review, we focus on certain members of the cyclooxygenase-peroxidase superfamily (also labeled as animal heme peroxidases) and their connection to specific NADPH oxidase enzymes which provide H2O2 for the one- and two-electron oxidation of various peroxidase substrates. The family of NADPH oxidases is a group of enzymes dedicated to the production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. There is a handful of known and important physiological functions where one of the seven known human NADPH oxidases plays an essential role. In most of these functions NADPH oxidases provide H2O2 for specific heme peroxidases and the concerted action of the two enzymes is indispensable for the accomplishment of the biological function. We discuss human and other metazoan examples of such cooperation between oxidases and peroxidases and analyze the biological importance of their functional interaction. We also review those oxidases and peroxidases where this kind of partnership has not been identified yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Sirokmány
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,"Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Geiszt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,"Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Chlorination and oxidation of the extracellular matrix protein laminin and basement membrane extracts by hypochlorous acid and myeloperoxidase. Redox Biol 2018; 20:496-513. [PMID: 30476874 PMCID: PMC6260226 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Basement membranes are specialized extracellular matrices that underlie arterial wall endothelial cells, with laminin being a key structural and biologically-active component. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl), a potent oxidizing and chlorinating agent, is formed in vivo at sites of inflammation via the enzymatic action of myeloperoxidase (MPO), released by activated leukocytes. Considerable data supports a role for MPO-derived oxidants in cardiovascular disease and particularly atherosclerosis. These effects may be mediated via extracellular matrix damage to which MPO binds. Herein we detect and quantify sites of oxidation and chlorination on isolated laminin-111, and laminin in basement membrane extracts (BME), by use of mass spectrometry. Increased modification was detected with increasing oxidant exposure. Mass mapping indicated selectivity in the sites and extent of damage; Met residues were most heavily modified. Fewer modifications were detected with BME, possibly due to the shielding effects. HOCl oxidised 30 (of 56 total) Met and 7 (of 24) Trp residues, and chlorinated 33 (of 99) Tyr residues; 3 Tyr were dichlorinated. An additional 8 Met and 10 Trp oxidations, 14 chlorinations, and 18 dichlorinations were detected with the MPO/H2O2/Cl- system when compared to reagent HOCl. Interestingly, chlorination was detected at Tyr2415 in the integrin-binding region; this may decrease cellular adhesion. Co-localization of MPO-damaged epitopes and laminin was detected in human atherosclerotic lesions. These data indicate that laminin is extensively modified by MPO-derived oxidants, with structural and functional changes. These modifications, and compromised cell-matrix interactions, may promote endothelial cell dysfunction, weaken the structure of atherosclerotic lesions, and enhance lesion rupture.
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16
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Marro ML, Patterson AW, Lee L, Deng L, Reynolds A, Ren X, Axford L, Patnaik A, Hollis-Symynkywicz M, Casson N, Custeau D, Ames L, Loi S, Zhang L, Honda T, Blank J, Harrison TJ, Papillon JPN, Hamann LG, Marcinkeviciene J, Regard JB. Discovery of 1-((6-Aminopyridin-3-yl)Methyl)-3-(4-Bromophenyl)Urea as a Potent, Irreversible Myeloperoxidase Inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 367:147-154. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.248435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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17
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Vanhamme L, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Van Antwerpen P, Delporte C. The other myeloperoxidase: Emerging functions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 649:1-14. [PMID: 29614255 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a member of the mammalian peroxidase family. It is mainly expressed in neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages. As a catalyzer of reactive oxidative species and radical species formation, it contributes to neutrophil bactericidal activity. Nevertheless MPO invalidation does not seem to have major health consequences in affected individuals. This suggests that MPO might have alternative functions supporting its conservation during evolution. We will review the available data supporting these non-canonical functions in terms of tissue specific expression, function and enzymatic activity. Thus, we discuss its cell type specific expression. We review in between others its roles in angiogenesis, endothelial (dys-) function, immune reaction, and inflammation. We summarize its pathological actions in clinical conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Vanhamme
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Inflammation, IBMM, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium; Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium.
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB 222 Unit), CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit, RD3, and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cédric Delporte
- Pharmacognosy, Bioanalysis and Drug Discovery Unit, RD3, and Analytical Platform of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
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18
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Zeng L, Mathew AV, Byun J, Atkins KB, Brosius FC, Pennathur S. Myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants damage artery wall proteins in an animal model of chronic kidney disease-accelerated atherosclerosis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7238-7249. [PMID: 29581235 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels and activity are associated with increased cardiovascular risk among individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, a lack of good animal models for examining the presence and catalytic activity of MPO in vascular lesions has impeded mechanistic studies into CKD-associated cardiovascular diseases. Here, we show for the first time that exaggerated atherosclerosis in a pathophysiologically relevant CKD mouse model is associated with increased macrophage-derived MPO activity. Male 7-week-old LDL receptor-deficient mice underwent sham (control mice) or 5/6 nephrectomy and were fed either a low-fat or high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 24 weeks, and the extents of atherosclerosis and vascular reactivity were assessed. MPO expression and oxidation products-protein-bound oxidized tyrosine moieties 3-chlorotyrosine, 3-nitrotyrosine, and o,o'-dityrosine-were examined with immunoassays and confirmed with mass spectrometry (MS). As anticipated, the CKD mice had significantly higher plasma creatinine, urea nitrogen, and intact parathyroid hormone along with lower hematocrit and body weight. On both the diet regimens, CKD mice did not have hypertension but had lower cholesterol and triglyceride levels than the control mice. Despite the lower cholesterol levels, CKD mice had increased aortic plaque areas, fibrosis, and luminal narrowing. They also exhibited increased MPO expression and activity (i.e. increased oxidized tyrosines) that co-localized with infiltrating lesional macrophages and diminished vascular reactivity. In summary, unlike non-CKD mouse models of atherosclerosis, CKD mice exhibit increased MPO expression and catalytic activity in atherosclerotic lesions, which co-localize with lesional macrophages. These results implicate macrophage-derived MPO in CKD-accelerated atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Zeng
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Anna V Mathew
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Jaeman Byun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Kevin B Atkins
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Frank C Brosius
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105.
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19
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Delporte C, Zouaoui Boudjeltia K, Furtmüller PG, Maki RA, Dieu M, Noyon C, Soudi M, Dufour D, Coremans C, Nuyens V, Reye F, Rousseau A, Raes M, Moguilevsky N, Vanhaeverbeek M, Ducobu J, Nève J, Robaye B, Vanhamme L, Reynolds WF, Obinger C, Van Antwerpen P. Myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of cyanide to cyanate: A potential carbamylation route involved in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques? J Biol Chem 2018; 293:6374-6386. [PMID: 29496995 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.801076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein carbamylation by cyanate is a post-translational modification associated with several (patho)physiological conditions, including cardiovascular disorders. However, the biochemical pathways leading to protein carbamylation are incompletely characterized. This work demonstrates that the heme protein myeloperoxidase (MPO), which is secreted at high concentrations at inflammatory sites from stimulated neutrophils and monocytes, is able to catalyze the two-electron oxidation of cyanide to cyanate and promote the carbamylation of taurine, lysine, and low-density lipoproteins. We probed the role of cyanide as both electron donor and low-spin ligand by pre-steady-state and steady-state kinetic analyses and analyzed reaction products by MS. Moreover, we present two further pathways of carbamylation that involve reaction products of MPO, namely oxidation of cyanide by hypochlorous acid and reaction of thiocyanate with chloramines. Finally, using an in vivo approach with mice on a high-fat diet and carrying the human MPO gene, we found that during chronic exposure to cyanide, mimicking exposure to pollution and smoking, MPO promotes protein-bound accumulation of carbamyllysine (homocitrulline) in atheroma plaque, demonstrating a link between cyanide exposure and atheroma. In summary, our findings indicate that cyanide is a substrate for MPO and suggest an additional pathway for in vivo cyanate formation and protein carbamylation that involves MPO either directly or via its reaction products hypochlorous acid or chloramines. They also suggest that chronic cyanide exposure could promote the accumulation of carbamylated proteins in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Delporte
- From the Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and.,Analytical Platform, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karim Zouaoui Boudjeltia
- the Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Paul G Furtmüller
- the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard A Maki
- Torrey Pines Pharmaceuticals, Del Mar, California 92014.,the Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Marc Dieu
- the Laboratory of Cellular Biology and
| | | | - Monika Soudi
- the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Damien Dufour
- From the Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and.,Analytical Platform, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Coremans
- From the Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and.,Analytical Platform, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Nuyens
- the Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | | | - Alexandre Rousseau
- the Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | | | | | - Michel Vanhaeverbeek
- the Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Jean Ducobu
- the Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, CHU de Charleroi, A. Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6110 Montigny-le-Tilleul, Belgium
| | - Jean Nève
- From the Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and
| | - Bernard Robaye
- the Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium, and
| | - Luc Vanhamme
- the Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Faculty of Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Wanda F Reynolds
- the Sanford-Burnham-Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Christian Obinger
- the Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pierre Van Antwerpen
- From the Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and .,Analytical Platform, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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20
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Violi F, Loffredo L, Carnevale R, Pignatelli P, Pastori D. Atherothrombosis and Oxidative Stress: Mechanisms and Management in Elderly. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 27:1083-1124. [PMID: 28816059 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE The incidence of cardiovascular events (CVEs) increases with age, representing the main cause of death in an elderly population. Aging is associated with overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may affect clotting and platelet activation, and impair endothelial function, thus predisposing elderly patients to thrombotic complications. Recent Advances: There is increasing evidence to suggest that aging is associated with an imbalance between oxidative stress and antioxidant status. Thus, upregulation of ROS-producing enzymes such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and myeloperoxidase, along with downregulation of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, occurs during aging. This imbalance may predispose to thrombosis by enhancing platelet and clotting activation and eliciting endothelial dysfunction. Recently, gut-derived products, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and lipopolysaccharide, are emerging as novel atherosclerotic risk factors, and gut microbiota composition has been shown to change by aging, and may concur with the increased cardiovascular risk in the elderly. CRITICAL ISSUES Antioxidant treatment is ineffective in patients at risk or with cardiovascular disease. Further, anti-thrombotic treatment seems to work less in the elderly population. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Interventional trials with antioxidants targeting enzymes implicated in aging-related atherothrombosis are warranted to explore whether modulation of redox status is effective in lowering CVEs in the elderly. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 27, 1083-1124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Violi
- 1 I Clinica Medica, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome , Roma, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Loffredo
- 1 I Clinica Medica, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome , Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Carnevale
- 1 I Clinica Medica, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome , Roma, Italy .,2 Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome , Latina, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pignatelli
- 1 I Clinica Medica, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome , Roma, Italy
| | - Daniele Pastori
- 1 I Clinica Medica, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome , Roma, Italy
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21
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Duclos F, Abell LM, Harden DG, Pike K, Nowak K, Locke GA, Duke GJ, Liu X, Fernando G, Shaw SA, Vokits BP, Wurtz NR, Viet A, Valente MN, Stachura S, Sleph P, Khan JA, Gao J, Dongre AR, Zhao L, Wexler RR, Gordon DA, Kick EK. Triazolopyrimidines identified as reversible myeloperoxidase inhibitors. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:2093-2099. [PMID: 30108726 PMCID: PMC6071758 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00268h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase, a mammalian peroxidase involved in the immune system as an anti-microbial first responder, can produce hypochlorous acid in response to invading pathogens. Myeloperoxidase has been implicated in several chronic pathological diseases due to the chronic production of hypochlorous acid, as well as other reactive radical species. A high throughput screen and triaging protocol was developed to identify a reversible inhibitor of myeloperoxidase toward the potential treatment of chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis. The identification and characterization of a reversible myeloperoxidase inhibitor, 7-(benzyloxy)-3H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-5-amine is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Duclos
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Lynn M Abell
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - David G Harden
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Kristen Pike
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Kimberly Nowak
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Gregory A Locke
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Gerald J Duke
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Gayani Fernando
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Scott A Shaw
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Benjamin P Vokits
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Nicholas R Wurtz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Andrew Viet
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Meriah N Valente
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Sylwia Stachura
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Paul Sleph
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Javed A Khan
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Ji Gao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Ashok R Dongre
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Lei Zhao
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - David A Gordon
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
| | - Ellen K Kick
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company , P.O. Box 5400 , Princeton , New Jersey 08543-5400 , USA .
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22
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Delanghe S, Delanghe JR, Speeckaert R, Van Biesen W, Speeckaert MM. Mechanisms and consequences of carbamoylation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2017; 13:580-593. [PMID: 28757635 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2017.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein carbamoylation is a non-enzymatic post-translational modification that binds isocyanic acid, which can be derived from the dissociation of urea or from the myeloperoxidase-mediated catabolism of thiocyanate, to the free amino groups of a multitude of proteins. Although the term 'carbamoylation' is usually replaced by the term "carbamylation" in the literature, carbamylation refers to a different chemical reaction (the reversible interaction of CO2 with α and ε-amino groups of proteins). Depending on the altered molecule (for example, collagen, erythropoietin, haemoglobin, low-density lipoprotein or high-density lipoprotein), carbamoylation can have different pathophysiological effects. Carbamoylated proteins have been linked to atherosclerosis, lipid metabolism, immune system dysfunction (such as inhibition of the classical complement pathway, inhibition of complement-dependent rituximab cytotoxicity, reduced oxidative neutrophil burst, and the formation of anti-carbamoylated protein antibodies) and renal fibrosis. In this Review, we discuss the carbamoylation process and evaluate the available biomarkers of carbamoylation (for example, homocitrulline, the percentage of carbamoylated albumin, carbamoylated haemoglobin, and carbamoylated low-density lipoprotein). We also discuss the relationship between carbamoylation and the occurrence of cardiovascular events and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease and assess the effects of strategies to lower the carbamoylation load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigurd Delanghe
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris R Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Reinhart Speeckaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Biesen
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marijn M Speeckaert
- Department of Nephrology, Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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23
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Talib J, Maghzal GJ, Cheng D, Stocker R. Detailed protocol to assess in vivo and ex vivo myeloperoxidase activity in mouse models of vascular inflammation and disease using hydroethidine. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:124-135. [PMID: 27184954 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity contributes to arterial inflammation, vascular dysfunction and disease, including atherosclerosis. Current assessment of MPO activity in biological systems in vivo utilizes 3-chlorotyrosine (3-Cl-Tyr) as a biomarker of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and other chlorinating species. However, 3-Cl-Tyr is formed in low yield and is subject to further metabolism. Recently, we reported a method to selectively assess MPO-activity in vivo by measuring the conversion of hydroethidine to 2-chloroethidium (2-Cl-E(+)) by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) (J. Biol. Chem., 289, 2014, pp. 5580-5595). The hydroethidine-based method has greater sensitivity for MPO activity than measurement of 3-Cl-Tyr. The current methods paper provides a detailed protocol to determine in vivo and ex vivo MPO activity in arteries from mouse models of vascular inflammation and disease by utilizing the conversion of hydroethidine to 2-Cl-E(+). Procedures for the synthesis of standards, preparation of tissue homogenates and the generation of 2-Cl-E(+) are also provided in detail, as are the conditions for LC-MS/MS detection of 2-Cl-E(+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihan Talib
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Ghassan J Maghzal
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - David Cheng
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Roland Stocker
- Vascular Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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Grigorieva DV, Gorudko IV, Kostevich VA, Sokolov AV, Buko IV, Vasilyev VB, Polonetsky LZ, Panasenko OM, Cherenkevich SN. [Myeloperoxidase activity in blood plasma as a criterion of therapy for patients with cardiovascular disease]. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2016; 62:318-24. [PMID: 27420626 DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20166203318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A significant increase in the myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity has been found in plasma of patients with stable angina and with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in comparison with the control group. MPO concentration was significantly increased in plasma of ACS patients. Reduced MPO activity in the treated ACS patients correlated with a favorable outcome of the disease. Generally, changes in plasma MPO concentration coincided with changes in lactoferrin concentration thus confirming the role of neutrophil degranulation in the increase of plasma concentrations of these proteins. The increase in MPO activity was obviously determined by modification of the MPO protein caused by reactive oxygen species and halogen in the molar ratio of 1 : 25 and 1 : 50. The decrease in plasma MPO activity may be associated with increased plasma concentrations of the physiological inhibitor of its activity, ceruloplasmin, and also with modification of the MPO protein with reactive oxygen species and halogen at their molar ratio of 1 : 100 and higher. Thus, MPO activity may be used for evaluation of effectiveness of the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - V A Kostevich
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Sokolov
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - I V Buko
- Scientific practical centre of hygiene republican unitary enterprise, Minsk, Belarus
| | - V B Vasilyev
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - L Z Polonetsky
- Republican Science-Practical Center of Cardiology, Minsk, Belarus
| | - O M Panasenko
- Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
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Tiyerili V, Camara B, Becher MU, Schrickel JW, Lütjohann D, Mollenhauer M, Baldus S, Nickenig G, Andrié RP. Neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase promotes atherogenesis and neointima formation in mice. Int J Cardiol 2015; 204:29-36. [PMID: 26655530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myeloperoxidase (MPO), expressed mainly in neutrophils, is an enzyme linked to inflammation and oxidative stress. MPO is an independent prognostic marker in healthy individuals as well as in patients with coronary artery disease. In this present study we analyze the role of MPO in experimental atherogenesis and neointima formation after vascular injury in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS 6-8 weeks old apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks with concomitant treatment with two different doses (10 μg/mg bw vs. 20 μg/mg bw) of 4-ABAH (MPO inhibitor). Application at lower dosage did not affect oxidative stress, endothelial function and atherosclerotic plaque development. 4-ABAH in higher dosage decreased inflammatory markers and vascular oxidative stress, consecutively improved endothelial function and reduced significantly atherosclerotic plaque development. To assess the role of circulating intracellular MPO, irradiated ApoE(-/-) mice were repopulated with bone marrow-derived cells from MPO(-/-) mice and were fed a high-cholesterol diet for 8 weeks. This MPO deficiency resulted in alleviated inflammation, reduced oxidative stress and improved endothelial function with a significant impact on plaque formation. To understand the possible role of MPO in vascular remodeling, we tested its effects on neointima formation following vascular injury in mice. MPO inhibition by 4-ABAH reduced significantly neointima formation. It was significantly reduced in MPO deficient mice, whereas transfer of spleen-derived neutrophils from WT mice enhanced it. CONCLUSION Our data suggests a central role of MPO in the pathogenesis of atherogenesis and prefers pharmacological MPO inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for prevention and therapy of atherosclerosis and restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedat Tiyerili
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Bakary Camara
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc U Becher
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Mollenhauer
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Baldus
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Georg Nickenig
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - René P Andrié
- Department of Cardiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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26
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Green tea polyphenol extract in vivo attenuates inflammatory features of neutrophils from obese rats. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:1261-74. [PMID: 26031433 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Our study aimed to evaluate whether obesity induced by cafeteria diet changes the neutrophil effector/inflammatory function and whether treatment with green tea extract (GT) can improve neutrophil function. METHODS Male Wistar rats were treated with GT by gavage (12 weeks/5 days/week; 500 mg/kg of body weight), and obesity was induced by cafeteria diet (8 weeks). Neutrophils were obtained from the peritoneal cavity (injection of oyster glycogen). The following analyses were performed: phagocytic capacity, chemotaxis, myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), superoxide anion (O 2 (·-) ), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα, mRNA levels of inflammatory genes, calcium mobilisation, activities of antioxidant enzymes, hexokinase and G6PDH. RESULTS Neutrophils from obese rats showed a significant decrease in migration capacity, H2O2 and HOCl production, MPO activity and O 2 (·-) production. Phagocytosis and CD11b mRNA levels were increased, while inflammatory cytokines release remained unmodified. mRNA levels of TLR4 and IκK were enhanced. Treatment of obese rats with GT increased neutrophil migration, MPO activity, H2O2, HOCl and O 2 (·-) production, whereas TNF-α and IL-6 were decreased (versus obese). Similar reductions in TLR4, IκK and CD11b mRNA were observed. Catalase and hexokinase were increased by obesity, while SOD and G6PDH were decreased. Treatment with GT reduced catalase and increased the GSH/GSSG ratio. CONCLUSION In response to a cafeteria diet, we found a decreased chemotaxis, H2O2 release, MPO activity and HOCl production. We also showed a significant immunomodulatory effect of GT on the obese condition recovering some of these factors such H2O2 and HOCl production, also reducing the levels of inflammatory cytokines.
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27
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Wu D, Chen X, Dong C, Liu Q, Yang Y, He C, Wang J, Sun M, Wu Y. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in MPO and COX genes with oral lichen planus. Int J Immunogenet 2015; 42:161-7. [PMID: 25823564 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an intractable, chronic inflammatory disorder, and its pathogenesis is still largely unknown. Some literatures supported that genes involved in both oxidative stress and prostaglandin metabolism play an important role in the process of inflammation. To explore their association with OLP, we investigated four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from myeloperoxidase (MPO) and cyclooxygenase (COX) genes in 475 Chinese individuals (242 case and 233 controls) by MassArray. Although the genotype distributions had no significant differences between the patients and controls, we found that in different gender, rs2243828 from MPO displayed the statistically significant variance genotype frequencies between patients and controls (P = 0.018 in females, P = 0.035 in males). Moreover, for the major allele recessive model, this SNP also showed a significant difference between case and control groups in males (P = 0.015). In this study, we first observed significant association with MPO polymorphism and OLP risk in different gender groups in Chinese, suggesting MPO polymorphism is a gender-specific risk factor of OLP probably by influencing sex hormone-sensitive elements to regulate inflammatory gene expression networks, and we further revealed that oxidative stress was actually involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. Moreover, these findings inspire us some constructive solutions to the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wu
- Center for DNA Typing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - X Chen
- Center for DNA Typing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - C Dong
- Hematology Department, Xianyang Rainbow Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Q Liu
- Periodontal Mucosal Department, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Y Yang
- Center for DNA Typing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - C He
- Center for DNA Typing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - M Sun
- Center for DNA Typing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Y Wu
- Center for DNA Typing, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Morgan PE, Laura RP, Maki RA, Reynolds WF, Davies MJ. Thiocyanate supplementation decreases atherosclerotic plaque in mice expressing human myeloperoxidase. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:743-9. [PMID: 25812586 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1019347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Elevated levels of the heme enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) are associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes. MPO predominantly catalyzes formation of the oxidants hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from Cl(-), and hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN) from SCN(-), with these anions acting as competitive substrates. HOSCN is a less powerful and more specific oxidant than HOCl, and selectively targets thiols; such damage is largely reversible, unlike much HOCl-induced damage. We hypothesized that increased plasma SCN(-), and hence HOSCN formation instead of HOCl, may decrease artery wall damage. This was examined using high-fat fed atherosclerosis-prone LDLR(-/-) mice transgenic for human MPO, with and without SCN(-) (10 mM) added to drinking water. Serum samples, collected fortnightly, were analyzed for cholesterol, triglycerides, thiols, MPO, and SCN(-); study-long exposure was calculated by area under the curve (AUC). Mean serum SCN(-) concentrations were elevated in the supplemented mice (200-320 μM) relative to controls (< 120 μM). Normalized aortic root plaque areas at sacrifice were 26% lower in the SCN(-)-supplemented mice compared with controls (P = 0.0417), but plaque morphology was not appreciably altered. Serum MPO levels steadily increased in mice on the high-fat diet, however, comparison of SCN(-)-supplemented versus control mice showed no significant changes in MPO protein, cholesterol, or triglyceride levels; thiol levels were decreased in supplemented mice at one time-point. Plaque areas increased with higher cholesterol AUC (r = 0.4742; P = 0.0468), and decreased with increasing SCN(-) AUC (r = - 0.5693; P = 0.0134). These data suggest that increased serum SCN(-) levels, which can be achieved in humans by dietary manipulation, may decrease atherosclerosis burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Morgan
- The Heart Research Institute , Newtown, NSW , Australia
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29
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Chandler JD, Day BJ. Biochemical mechanisms and therapeutic potential of pseudohalide thiocyanate in human health. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:695-710. [PMID: 25564094 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.1003372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Thiocyanate (SCN(-)) is a ubiquitous molecule in mammalian biology, reaching up to mM concentrations in extracellular fluids. Two- electron oxidation of SCN(-) by H2O2 produces hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN), a potent anti-microbial species. This reaction is catalyzed by chordate peroxidases (e.g., myeloperoxidase and lactoperoxidase), occurring in human secretory mucosa, including the oral cavity, airway, and alimentary tract, and regulates resident and transient flora as part of innate immunity. Increasing SCN(-) levels limits the concentrations of a family of 2-electron oxidants (H2O2, hypohalous acids, and haloamines) in favor of HOSCN formation, altering the oxidative impact on host tissue by substitution of repairable thiol and selenol oxidations instead of biomolecule degradation. This fine-tuning of inflammatory oxidation paradoxically associates with maintained host defense and decreased host injury during infections, due in part to phylogenetic differences in the thioredoxin reductase system between mammals and their pathogens. These differences could be exploited by pharmacologic use of SCN(-). Recent preclinical studies have identified anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory effects of SCN(-) in pulmonary and cardiovascular animal models, with implications for treatment of infectious lung disease and atherogenesis. Further research is merited to expand on these findings and identify other diseases where SCN(-) may be of use. High oral bioavailability and an increased knowledge of the biochemical effects of SCN(-) on a subset of pro-inflammatory reactions suggest clinical utility.
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Salam MA, Mahran Z, Emran T, Khalik HA. Evaluation of Myeloperoxidase Level and Cardiovascular Problems in Psoriatic Children in Damietta Governorate. RESEARCH JOURNAL OF CARDIOLOGY 2014; 8:12-19. [DOI: 10.3923/rjc.2015.12.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Scharnagl H, Kleber ME, Genser B, Kickmaier S, Renner W, Weihrauch G, Grammer T, Rossmann C, Winkelmann BR, Boehm BO, Sattler W, März W, Malle E. Association of myeloperoxidase with total and cardiovascular mortality in individuals undergoing coronary angiography--the LURIC study. Int J Cardiol 2014; 174:96-105. [PMID: 24746542 PMCID: PMC4045190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.03.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The phagocytic enzyme myeloperoxidase (MPO) acts as a front-line defender against microorganisms. However, increased MPO levels have been found to be associated with complex and calcified atherosclerotic lesions and incident cardiovascular disease. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate a predictive role of MPO, a biomarker of inflammation and oxidative stress, for total and cardiovascular mortality in patients referred to coronary angiography. Methods and results MPO plasma concentrations along with eight MPO polymorphisms were determined in 3036 participants of the Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health study (median follow-up 7.75 years). MPO concentrations were positively associated with age, diabetes, smoking, markers of systemic inflammation (interleukin-6, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A) and vascular damage (vascular cellular adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1) but negatively associated with HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I. After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors MPO concentrations in the highest versus the lowest quartile were associated with a 1.34-fold risk (95% CI: 1.09–1.67) for total mortality. In the adjusted model the hazard ratio for cardiovascular mortality in the highest MPO quartile was 1.42 (95% CI: 1.07–1.88). Five MPO polymorphisms were positively associated with MPO concentrations but not with mortality. Using Mendelian randomization, we did not obtain evidence for a causal association of MPO with either total or cardiovascular mortality. Conclusions MPO concentrations but not genetic variants at the MPO locus are independently associated with risk for total and cardiovascular mortality in coronary artery disease patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Marcus E Kleber
- Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bernd Genser
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Rupertus Carola University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sandra Kickmaier
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Wilfried Renner
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Gisela Weihrauch
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Tanja Grammer
- Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Rossmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Bernhard O Boehm
- Ulm University Medical Centre, Department of Internal Medicine I, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany; LKC School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore and Imperial College London, UK
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Winfried März
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Medical Clinic V, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; Synlab Academy, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ernst Malle
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
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Castillo-Tong DC, Pils D, Heinze G, Braicu I, Sehouli J, Reinthaller A, Schuster E, Wolf A, Watrowski R, Maki RA, Zeillinger R, Reynolds WF. Association of myeloperoxidase with ovarian cancer. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:141-8. [PMID: 23893381 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an oxidant generating enzyme normally restricted to myeloid cells, however aberrant MPO expression has been found to occur in non-myeloid cells in some disease states. The functional -463GA promoter polymorphism alters MPO expression levels. The -463G is within an SP1 binding site and is associated with higher gene expression. The G allele is most frequent with ~62% of European populations being GG homozygotes. The GA polymorphism has been associated with risk or survival in a variety of cancers including lung and breast cancer. In this study we determined the frequency of the -463G/A polymorphism in 230 ovarian cancer patients, 75 patients with borderline ovarian tumors, and 299 healthy controls. The GG genotype was found to be overrepresented in patients with early stage ovarian cancer (83.3% GG, p = 0.008) as compared to healthy controls (62% GG), suggesting that MPO oxidants may increase risk. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed MPO expression in a subset of columnar ovarian epithelial carcinoma cells in early stage carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cacsire Castillo-Tong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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Zhang T, Shan KR, Tu X, He Y, Pei JJ, Guan ZZ. Myeloperoxidase activity and its corresponding mRNA expression as well as gene polymorphism in the population living in the coal-burning endemic fluorosis area in Guizhou of China. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 152:379-86. [PMID: 23436245 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and its corresponding mRNA expression as well as gene polymorphism were investigated in the population who live in the endemic fluorosis area. In the study, 150 people were selected from the coal-burning endemic fluorosis area and 150 normal persons from the non-fluorosis area in Guizhou province of China. The blood samples were collected from these people. The activity of MPO in the plasma was determined by spectrophotometer; the expression of MPO mRNA was measured by employing real-time polymerase chain reaction; DNAs were extracted from the leucocytes in blood and five SNP genotypes of MPO promoter gene detected by a multiplex genotyping method, adapter-ligation-mediated allele-specific amplification. The results showed that the MPO activity and its corresponding mRNA in blood were significantly increased in the population living in the area of fluorosis. The different genotype frequencies of MPO, including -1228G/A, -585T/C, -463G/A, and -163C/T, and the three haplotypes with higher frequencies, including -163C-463G-585T-1228G-1276T, -163C-463G-585T-1228G-1276C, and -163C-463G-585T-1228A-1276T, were significantly associated with fluorosis. The results indicated that the elevated activity of MPO induced by endemic fluorosis may be connected in mechanism to the stimulated expression of MPO mRNA and the changed gene polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Guiyang Medical College, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
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Klebanoff SJ, Kettle AJ, Rosen H, Winterbourn CC, Nauseef WM. Myeloperoxidase: a front-line defender against phagocytosed microorganisms. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 93:185-98. [PMID: 23066164 PMCID: PMC3545676 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0712349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 460] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful immune defense requires integration of multiple effector systems to match the diverse virulence properties that members of the microbial world might express as they initiate and promote infection. Human neutrophils--the first cellular responders to invading microbes--exert most of their antimicrobial activity in phagosomes, specialized membrane-bound intracellular compartments formed by ingestion of microorganisms. The toxins generated de novo by the phagocyte NADPH oxidase and delivered by fusion of neutrophil granules with nascent phagosomes create conditions that kill and degrade ingested microbes. Antimicrobial activity reflects multiple and complex synergies among the phagosomal contents, and optimal action relies on oxidants generated in the presence of MPO. The absence of life-threatening infectious complications in individuals with MPO deficiency is frequently offered as evidence that the MPO oxidant system is ancillary rather than essential for neutrophil-mediated antimicrobial activity. However, that argument fails to consider observations from humans and KO mice that demonstrate that microbial killing by MPO-deficient cells is less efficient than that of normal neutrophils. We present evidence in support of MPO as a major arm of oxidative killing by neutrophils and propose that the essential contribution of MPO to normal innate host defense is manifest only when exposure to pathogens overwhelms the capacity of other host defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony J. Kettle
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and
| | - Henry Rosen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christine C. Winterbourn
- Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand; and
| | - William M. Nauseef
- Iowa Inflammation Program and Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Coralville, Iowa, USA
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35
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Liu C, Desikan R, Ying Z, Gushchina L, Kampfrath T, Deiuliis J, Wang A, Xu X, Zhong J, Rao X, Sun Q, Maiseyeu A, Parthasarathy S, Rajagopalan S. Effects of a novel pharmacologic inhibitor of myeloperoxidase in a mouse atherosclerosis model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50767. [PMID: 23251382 PMCID: PMC3519467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress play fundamental roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Myeloperoxidase has been extensively implicated as a key mediator of inflammatory and redox-dependent processes in atherosclerosis. However, the effect of synthetic myeloperoxidase inhibitors on atherosclerosis has been insufficiently studied. In this study, ApoE(-/-) mice were randomized to low- and high-dose INV-315 groups for 16 weeks on high-fat diet. INV-315 resulted in reduced plaque burden and improved endothelial function in response to acetylcholine. These effects occurred without adverse events or changes in body weight or blood pressure. INV-315 treatment resulted in a decrease in iNOS gene expression, superoxide production and nitrotyrosine content in the aorta. Circulating IL-6 and inflammatory CD11b(+)/Ly6G(low)/7/4(hi) monocytes were significantly decreased in response to INV-315 treatment. Acute pretreatment with INV-315 blocked TNFα-mediated leukocyte adhesion in cremasteric venules and inhibited myeloperoxidase activity. Cholesterol efflux was significantly increased by high-dose INV-315 via ex-vivo reverse cholesterol transport assays. Our results suggest that myeloperoxidase inhibition may exert anti-atherosclerotic effects via inhibition of oxidative stress and enhancement of cholesterol efflux. These findings demonstrate a role for pharmacologic modulation of myeloperoxidase in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiqing Liu
- Department of Physiology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Zhekang Ying
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Liubov Gushchina
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas Kampfrath
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Deiuliis
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Aixia Wang
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jixin Zhong
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Xiaoquan Rao
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Qinghua Sun
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Andrei Maiseyeu
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sampath Parthasarathy
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sanjay Rajagopalan
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO), a member of the heme peroxidase superfamily, is a leukocyte-derived enzyme that generates reactive intermediates, leading to oxidative damage of host lipids and proteins. It has been shown that MPO is present within atherosclerotic plaque in human arteries and contributes to atherogenesis by catalyzing oxidative reactions in the vascular wall. This review provides an overview of the analytical and pathophysiologic characteristics of MPO and summarizes the possible clinical applicability of MPO as a marker for diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome and a marker for prediction of cardiovascular disease.
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Karakas M, Koenig W, Zierer A, Herder C, Rottbauer W, Baumert J, Meisinger C, Thorand B. Myeloperoxidase is associated with incident coronary heart disease independently of traditional risk factors: results from the MONICA/KORA Augsburg study. J Intern Med 2012; 271:43-50. [PMID: 21535251 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2011.02397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Oxidative stress plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a marker of oxidative stress. We prospectively investigated whether an increased serum concentration of MPO is associated with an increased risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD). METHODS We conducted a population-based case-cohort study in middle-aged, healthy men and women within the MONICA/KORA Augsburg studies. Serum levels of MPO were measured in 333 subjects with (cases) and 1727 without (noncases) incident CHD. Mean follow-up time was 10.8 ± 4.6 years. RESULTS Baseline concentrations of MPO were higher in cases compared with noncases (P ≤ 0.001 in men; P=0.131 in women). After adjustment for major cardiovascular risk factors, the hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) comparing the top with the two lower tertiles was 1.70 (95% CI, 1.25-2.30). After additional adjustment for markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, the association was attenuated (HR 1.50; 95% CI, 1.08-2.09). There were no significant interactions of MPO with sex or increased weight on CHD risk. CONCLUSIONS Elevated concentrations of the oxidative stress marker MPO were independently associated with increased risk of incident CHD. This finding deserves detailed evaluation in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karakas
- Department of Internal Medicine II-Cardiology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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Nicholls SJ, Tang WHW, Brennan D, Brennan ML, Mann S, Nissen SE, Hazen SL. Risk prediction with serial myeloperoxidase monitoring in patients with acute chest pain. Clin Chem 2011; 57:1762-70. [PMID: 21940659 PMCID: PMC3335294 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2011.166827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although myeloperoxidase (MPO) monitoring is predictive for cardiovascular outcomes in suspected acute coronary syndromes, the value of serial testing is unknown. METHODS We investigated the relationship between serial MPO concentrations in 490 individuals with acute chest pain and incident major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during 6 months of follow-up. We measured MPO with the CardioMPO assay, and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), with the Abbott Architect assay. RESULTS Plasma MPO concentrations during the first 16 h were higher in individuals who experienced MACE. Higher MPO quartiles predicted a greater likelihood of 6-month MACE at baseline [OR (95% CI), 2.4 (1.4-4.1), P = 0.001 for highest vs lowest quartile] and all subsequent time points, with strongest predictive ability found in 16-h postbaseline samples [9.9 (4.7-20.9), P < 0.001 for highest vs lowest quartile]. MPO was predictive for MACE among individuals whose cTnI remained within reference intervals (<0.028 μg/L). The lowest rate of missed cases was found when MPO was <640 pmol/L at baseline and all other time points. Serial MPO monitoring predicted MACE risk better than baseline MPO measurements alone (c statistic 0.813 vs 0.602; P = 0.002), including in individuals whose cTnI remained within reference intervals (c statistic 0.903; P = 0.009). Combined serial cTnI and MPO testing improved accuracy for predicting 6-month MACE, reduced the number of missed MACE events from cTnI testing alone, and improved risk classification in 26.1% of patients. CONCLUSIONS MPO concentrations are predictive of outcome up to 16 h after presentation with chest pain and predict events missed by cTnI testing, supporting a potential role in rapid patient triage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Nicholls
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Bai YP, Hu CP, Yuan Q, Peng J, Shi RZ, Yang TL, Cao ZH, Li YJ, Cheng G, Zhang GG. Role of VPO1, a newly identified heme-containing peroxidase, in ox-LDL induced endothelial cell apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1492-500. [PMID: 21820048 PMCID: PMC3570029 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an important enzyme involved in the genesis and development of atherosclerosis. Vascular peroxidase 1 (VPO1) is a newly discovered member of the peroxidase family that is mainly expressed in vascular endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells and has structural characteristics and biological activity similar to those of MPO. Our specific aims were to explore the effects of VPO1 on endothelial cell apoptosis induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and the underlying mechanisms. The results showed that ox-LDL induced endothelial cell apoptosis and the expression of VPO1 in endothelial cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner concomitant with increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) generation, and up-regulated protein expression of the NADPH oxidase gp91(phox) subunit and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. All these effects of ox-LDL were inhibited by VPO1 gene silencing and NADPH oxidase gp91(phox) subunit gene silencing or by pretreatment with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin or diphenyliodonium. The p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 or the caspase-3 inhibitor DEVD-CHO significantly inhibited ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell apoptosis, but had no effect on intracellular ROS and HOCl generation or the expression of NADPH oxidase gp91(phox) subunit or VPO1. Collectively, these findings suggest for the first time that VPO1 plays a critical role in ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell apoptosis and that there is a positive feedback loop between VPO1/HOCl and the now-accepted dogma that the NADPH oxidase/ROS/p38 MAPK/caspase-3 pathway is involved in ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ping Bai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Chang-Ping Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Qiong Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Rui-Zheng Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Tian-Lun Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Ze-Hong Cao
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Yuan-Jian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Guangjie Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Corresponding authors. Fax: +1 086 731 84327695; +1 205 935 8565. (G. Cheng), (G.-G. Zhang)
| | - Guo-Gang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
- Corresponding authors. Fax: +1 086 731 84327695; +1 205 935 8565. (G. Cheng), (G.-G. Zhang)
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Bhattacharya P, Chekmenev EY, Reynolds WF, Wagner S, Zacharias N, Chan HR, Bünger R, Ross BD. Parahydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) hyperpolarized MR receptor imaging in vivo: a pilot study of 13C imaging of atheroma in mice. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2011; 24:1023-8. [PMID: 21538638 PMCID: PMC3240663 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.1717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
MR techniques using hyperpolarized (13)C have successfully produced examples of angiography and intermediary metabolic imaging, but, to date, no receptor imaging has been attempted. The goal of this study was to synthesize and evaluate a novel hyperpolarizable molecule, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl 1-(13)C-propionate-d(2,3,3) (TFPP), for the detection of atheromatous plaques in vivo. TFPP binds to lipid bilayers and its use in hyperpolarized MR could prove to be a major step towards receptor imaging. The precursor, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl 1-(13)C-acrylate-d(2,3,3) (TFPA), binds to 1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine lipid bilayers with a 1.6-ppm chemical shift in the (19)F MR spectrum. This molecule was designed to be hyperpolarized through the addition of parahydrogen to the (13)C-acrylate moiety by parahydrogen-induced polarization. TFPA was hyperpolarized to TFPP to an extent similar to that of the hydroxyethylacrylate to hydroxyethylpropionate transition: 17 ± 4% for TFPP versus 20% for hydroxyethylpropionate; T(1) relaxation times (45 ± 2 s versus 55 ± 2 s) were comparable and the hyperpolarized properties of TFPP were characterized. Hydroxyethylacrylate, like TFPA, has a chemical structure with an acrylate moiety, but does not contain the lipid-binding tetrafluoropropyl functional group. Hyperpolarized TFPP binds to the lipid bilayer, appearing as a second, chemically shifted (13)C hyperpolarized MR signal with a further reduction in the longitudinal relaxation time (T(1) = 21 ± 1 s). In aortas harvested from low-density lipoprotein receptor knock-out mice fed with a high-fat diet for 9 months, and in which atheroma is deposited in the aorta and heart, TFPP showed greater binding to lipid on the intimal surface than in control mice fed a normal diet. When TFPP was hyperpolarized and administered in vivo to atheromatous mice in a pilot study, increased binding was observed on the endocardial surface of the intact heart compared with normally fed controls. Hyperpolarized TFPP has bio-sensing specificity for lipid, coupled with a 42,000-fold sensitivity gain in the MR signal at 4.7 T. Binding of TFPP with lipids results in the formation of a characteristic second peak in MRS. TFPP therefore has the potential to act as an in vivo molecular probe for atheromatous plaque imaging and may serve as a model of receptor-targeted bio-imaging with enhanced MR sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratip Bhattacharya
- Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA 91105, USA.
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Shi R, Hu C, Yuan Q, Yang T, Peng J, Li Y, Bai Y, Cao Z, Cheng G, Zhang G. Involvement of vascular peroxidase 1 in angiotensin II-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:27-36. [PMID: 21292788 PMCID: PMC3112017 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Vascular peroxidase 1 (VPO1) is a newly identified haem-containing peroxidase that catalyses the oxidation of a variety of substrates by hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). Considering the well-defined effects of H(2)O(2) on the vascular remodelling during hypertension, and that VPO1 can utilize H(2)O(2) generated from co-expressed NADPH oxidases to catalyse peroxidative reactions, the aims of this study were to determine the potential role of VPO1 in vascular remodelling during hypertension. METHODS AND RESULTS The vascular morphology and the expression of VPO1 in arterial tissues of spontaneously hypertensive rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats were assessed. The VPO1 expression was significantly increased concomitantly with definite vascular remodelling assessed by evaluating the media thickness, lumen diameter, media thickness-to-lumen diameter ratio and mean nuclear area in artery media in spontaneously hypertensive rats. In addition, in cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells we found that the angiotensin II-mediated cell proliferation was inhibited by knockdown of VPO1 using small hairpin RNA. Moreover, the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, apocynin, and the hydrogen peroxide scavenger, catalase, but not the ERK1/2 inhibitor, PD98059, attenuated angiotensin II-mediated up-regulation of VPO1 and generation of hypochlorous acid. CONCLUSION VPO1 is a novel regulator of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation via NADPH oxidase-H(2)O(2)-VPO1-hypochlorous acid-ERK1/2 pathways, which may contribute to vascular remodelling in hypertension.
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MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/enzymology
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Activation
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Free Radical Scavengers/pharmacology
- Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism
- Hypertension/enzymology
- Hypertension/pathology
- Hypochlorous Acid/metabolism
- Male
- Mesenteric Arteries/enzymology
- Mesenteric Arteries/pathology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- NADPH Oxidases/antagonists & inhibitors
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Peroxidase/genetics
- Peroxidase/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred SHR
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- Peroxidasin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizheng Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Changping Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Qiong Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Tianlun Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yuanjian Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yongping Bai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zehong Cao
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Guangjie Cheng
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Guogang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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Ford DA. Lipid oxidation by hypochlorous acid: chlorinated lipids in atherosclerosis and myocardial ischemia. CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY 2010; 5:835-852. [PMID: 21339854 PMCID: PMC3041592 DOI: 10.2217/clp.10.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Leukocytes, containing myeloperoxidase (MPO), produce the reactive chlorinating species, HOCl, and they have important roles in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Leukocyte-derived HOCl can target primary amines, alkenes and vinyl ethers of lipids, resulting in chlorinated products. Plasmalogens are vinyl ether-containing phospholipids that are abundant in tissues of the cardiovascular system. The HOCl oxidation products derived from plasmalogens are α-chlorofatty aldehyde and unsaturated molecular species of lysophosphatidylcholine. α-chlorofatty aldehyde is the precursor of both α-chlorofatty alcohol and α-chlorofatty acid. Both α-chlorofatty aldehyde and α-chlorofatty acid accumulate in activated neutrophils and have disparate chemotactic properties. In addition, α-chlorofatty aldehyde increases in activated monocytes, human atherosclerotic lesions and rat infarcted myocardium. This article addresses the pathways for the synthesis of these lipids and their biological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Ford
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Room 325, Doisy Research Center, 1100 South Grand Blvd, St Louis, MO 63104, USA, Tel.: +1 314 977 9264, Fax: +1 314 977 9205
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Abstract
Exposure to chlorine gas (Cl(2)) primarily causes injury to the lung and is characterized by inflammation and oxidative stress mediated by reactive chlorine species. Reducing lung injury and improving respiratory function are the principal therapeutic goals in treating individuals exposed to Cl(2) gas. Less is known on the potential for Cl(2) gas exposure to cause injury to extrapulmonary tissues and specifically to mediate endothelial dysfunction. This concept is forwarded in this article on the basis that (1) many irritant gases whose reactivity is limited to the lung have now been shown to have effects that promote endothelial dysfunction in the systemic vasculature, and as such lead to the acute and chronic cardiovascular disease events (e.g., myocardial infarctions and atherosclerosis); and (2) that endogenously produced reactive chlorine species are now considered to be central in the development of cardiovascular diseases. This article discusses these two areas with the view of providing a framework in which potential extrapulmonary toxic effects of Cl(2) gas exposure may be considered.
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Nijhuis J, Rensen SS, Slaats Y, van Dielen FMH, Buurman WA, Greve JWM. Neutrophil activation in morbid obesity, chronic activation of acute inflammation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2009; 17:2014-8. [PMID: 19390527 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies show that morbid obesity is associated with activation of the innate immune response. Neutrophil activation is a fundamental process in the innate immune response. Therefore, the activation state of neutrophils in severely obese subjects and the effect of bariatric surgery on neutrophil activation was evaluated. Neutrophil activation was assessed by measuring circulating concentrations of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and calprotectin in 37 severely obese and 9 control subjects (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Moreover, membrane expression of CD66b on circulating neutrophils was measured using flow cytometry in a group of seven severely obese and six control subjects. Immunohistochemical detection of MPO was performed in adipose and muscle tissue. Plasma MPO and calprotectin levels were significantly increased in severely obese subjects as compared to healthy controls, 27.1 +/- 10.8 vs. 17.3 +/- 5.5 ng/ml (P < 0.001) and 115.5 +/- 43.5 vs. 65.1 +/- 23.1 ng/ml (P < 0.001) for MPO and calprotectin, respectively. In line, CD66b expression was significantly increased in severely obese individuals, 177.3 +/- 43.7 vs. 129.7 +/- 9.2 (mean fluorescence intensity) (P < 0.01). Bariatric surgery resulted in decreased calprotectin, but MPO plasma levels remained elevated. Adipose and muscle tissue did not contain increased numbers of MPO expressing cells in severely obese individuals. These results point out that circulating neutrophils are activated to a greater extent in severely obese subjects. Our data support the finding that the innate immune system is activated in severely obese individuals. Moreover, because neutrophils have a short life span, this indicates that the chronic inflammatory condition associated with morbid obesity is characterized by a continuous activation of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Nijhuis
- Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Department of General Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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van der Veen BS, de Winther MPJ, Heeringa P. Myeloperoxidase: molecular mechanisms of action and their relevance to human health and disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2899-937. [PMID: 19622015 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a heme-containing peroxidase abundantly expressed in neutrophils and to a lesser extent in monocytes. Enzymatically active MPO, together with hydrogen peroxide and chloride, produces the powerful oxidant hypochlorous acid and is a key contributor to the oxygen-dependent microbicidal activity of phagocytes. In addition, excessive generation of MPO-derived oxidants has been linked to tissue damage in many diseases, especially those characterized by acute or chronic inflammation. It has become increasingly clear that MPO exerts effects that are beyond its oxidative properties. These properties of MPO are, in many cases, independent of its catalytic activity and affect various processes involved in cell signaling and cell-cell interactions and are, as such, capable of modulating inflammatory responses. Given these diverse effects, an increased interest has emerged in the role of MPO and its downstream products in a wide range of inflammatory diseases. In this article, our knowledge pertaining to the biologic role of MPO and its downstream effects and mechanisms of action in health and disease is reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty S van der Veen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, the Netherlands
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Nicholls SJ, Hazen SL. Myeloperoxidase, modified lipoproteins, and atherogenesis. J Lipid Res 2009; 50 Suppl:S346-51. [PMID: 19091698 PMCID: PMC2674690 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r800086-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous lines of evidence implicate a role for myeloperoxidase (MPO) in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Enriched within vulnerable plaque, MPO serves as an enzymatic source of eicosanoids and bioactive lipids and generates atherogenic forms of both low- and high-density lipoproteins. These factors likely contribute to clinical studies demonstrating that increased systemic levels of MPO and its oxidation products predict increased cardiovascular risk. As a result, interest has focused on the potential to target MPO for the development of new risk markers, imaging, and therapies to prevent cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stanley L. Hazen
- Departments of Cell Biology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics and Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Maki RA, Tyurin VA, Lyon RC, Hamilton RL, DeKosky ST, Kagan VE, Reynolds WF. Aberrant expression of myeloperoxidase in astrocytes promotes phospholipid oxidation and memory deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:3158-3169. [PMID: 19059911 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m807731200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is expressed in Alzheimer disease (AD) but not normal aged brain. A functional -463G/A MPO promoter polymorphism has been associated with AD risk through as yet unidentified mechanisms. Here we report that human MPO-463G allele, but not MPO-463A or mouse MPO, is strongly expressed in astrocytes and deposited in plaques in huMPO transgenic mice crossed to the APP23 model. MPO is similarly expressed in astrocytes in human AD tissue. In cortical homogenates of the MPOG-APP23 model, MPO expression correlated with increased levels of a lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxynonenal. Fluorescence high-performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy identified selective accumulation of phospholipid hydroperoxides in two classes of anionic phospholipids, phosphatidylserine (PS-OOH) and phosphatidylinositol (PI-OOH). The same molecular species of PS-OOH and PI-OOH were elevated in human AD brains as compared with non-demented controls. Augmented lipid peroxidation in MPOG-APP23 mice correlated with greater memory deficits. We suggest that aberrant huMPO expression in astrocytes leads to a specific pattern of phospholipid peroxidation and neuronal dysfunction contributing to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Maki
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Robert C Lyon
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, California 92121
| | - Ronald L Hamilton
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Steven T DeKosky
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
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Vaccarino V, Brennan ML, Miller AH, Bremner JD, Ritchie JC, Lindau F, Veledar E, Su S, Murrah NV, Jones L, Jawed F, Dai J, Goldberg J, Hazen SL. Association of major depressive disorder with serum myeloperoxidase and other markers of inflammation: a twin study. Biol Psychiatry 2008; 64:476-83. [PMID: 18514165 PMCID: PMC2597204 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been linked to inflammation, but this association may be due to common precursors to both depression and inflammation. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an inflammatory enzyme produced by activated leukocytes that predicts risk of coronary heart disease. We sought to examine whether MPO and other markers of inflammation are associated with MDD and whether the association is confounded by genetic or other shared familial factors. METHODS We examined 178 monozygotic and dizygotic middle-aged male twin pairs. We assessed MDD with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Blood markers of inflammation included MPO, interleukin-6, white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, the TNF-alpha soluble receptor II, and fibrinogen. Analyses were conducted in the overall sample and among 67 twin pairs discordant for MDD using mixed effects regression. RESULTS Twins with a history of MDD had 32% higher levels of MPO (p < .0001); this difference persisted after adjusting for other risk factors. Among dizygotic MDD-discordant twin pairs, twins with MDD had 77% higher MPO than their brothers without MDD, after adjusting for other factors (p < .0001). In contrast, no significant association was found in monozygotic twins (p = .13). Similar, but weaker, associations were found between MDD and other inflammatory biomarkers. CONCLUSIONS Myeloperoxidase is a useful biomarker of immune activation in MDD. However, the association between inflammation and MDD is largely due to common genetic liability. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that genes promoting inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Vaccarino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30306, USA.
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Davies MJ, Hawkins CL, Pattison DI, Rees MD. Mammalian heme peroxidases: from molecular mechanisms to health implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:1199-234. [PMID: 18331199 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 423] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A marked increase in interest has occurred over the last few years in the role that mammalian heme peroxidase enzymes, primarily myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase, and lactoperoxidase, may play in both disease prevention and human pathologies. This increased interest has been sparked by developments in our understanding of polymorphisms that control the levels of these enzymes, a greater understanding of the basic chemistry and biochemistry of the oxidants formed by these species, the development of specific biomarkers that can be used in vivo to detect damage induced by these oxidants, the detection of active forms of these peroxidases at most, if not all, sites of inflammation, and a correlation between the levels of these enzymes and a number of major human pathologies. This article reviews recent developments in our understanding of the enzymology, chemistry, biochemistry and biologic roles of mammalian peroxidases and the oxidants that they generate, the potential role of these oxidants in human disease, and the use of the levels of these enzymes in disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Camperdown, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia., Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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Wang Z, Nicholls SJ, Rodriguez ER, Kummu O, Hörkkö S, Barnard J, Reynolds WF, Topol EJ, DiDonato JA, Hazen SL. Protein carbamylation links inflammation, smoking, uremia and atherogenesis. Nat Med 2007; 13:1176-84. [PMID: 17828273 DOI: 10.1038/nm1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 495] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification and functional impairment of proteins through carbamylation is thought to promote vascular dysfunction during end-stage renal disease. Cyanate, a reactive species in equilibrium with urea, carbamylates protein lysine residues to form epsilon-carbamyllysine (homocitrulline), altering protein structure and function. We now report the discovery of an alternative and quantitatively dominant mechanism for cyanate formation and protein carbamylation at sites of inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque: myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate, an anion abundant in blood whose levels are elevated in smokers. We also show that myeloperoxidase-catalyzed lipoprotein carbamylation facilitates multiple pro-atherosclerotic activities, including conversion of low-density lipoprotein into a ligand for macrophage scavenger receptor A1 recognition, cholesterol accumulation and foam-cell formation. In two separate clinical studies (combined n = 1,000 subjects), plasma levels of protein-bound homocitrulline independently predicted increased risk of coronary artery disease, future myocardial infarction, stroke and death. We propose that protein carbamylation is a mechanism linking inflammation, smoking, uremia and coronary artery disease pathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Blood Proteins/metabolism
- Carbamates/metabolism
- Cholesterol/biosynthesis
- Citrulline/analogs & derivatives
- Citrulline/biosynthesis
- Citrulline/blood
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Coronary Artery Disease/etiology
- Coronary Artery Disease/pathology
- Cyanates/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Foam Cells/cytology
- Humans
- Inflammation/pathology
- Jurkat Cells
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Lipoproteins, LDL/pharmacology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Biological
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Peroxidase/metabolism
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, LDL/metabolism
- Scavenger Receptors, Class A/metabolism
- Smoking/metabolism
- Uremia/blood
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeneng Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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