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Kralova K, Vrtelka O, Fouskova M, Smirnova TA, Michalkova L, Hribek P, Urbanek P, Kuckova S, Setnicka V. Comprehensive spectroscopic, metabolomic, and proteomic liquid biopsy in the diagnostics of hepatocellular carcinoma. Talanta 2024; 270:125527. [PMID: 38134814 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy is a very topical issue in clinical diagnostics research nowadays. In this study, we explored and compared various analytical approaches to blood plasma analysis. Finally, we proposed a comprehensive procedure, which, thanks to the utilization of multiple analytical techniques, allowed the targeting of various biomolecules in blood plasma reflecting diverse biological processes underlying disease development. The potential of such an approach, combining proteomics, metabolomics, and vibrational spectroscopy along with preceding blood plasma fractionation, was demonstrated on blood plasma samples of patients suffering from hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic terrain (n = 20) and control subjects with liver cirrhosis (n = 20) as well as healthy subjects (n = 20). Most of the applied methods allowed the classification of the samples with an accuracy exceeding 80.0 % and therefore have the potential to be used as a stand-alone method in clinical diagnostics. Moreover, a final panel of 48 variables obtained by a combination of the utilized analytical methods enabled the discrimination of the hepatocellular carcinoma samples from cirrhosis with 94.3 % cross-validated accuracy. Thus, this study, although limited by the cohort size, clearly demonstrated the benefit of the multimethod approach in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Kralova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Vrtelka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Fouskova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tatiana Anatolievna Smirnova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Michalkova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojova 135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hribek
- Military University Hospital Prague, Department of Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, U Vojenske Nemocnice 1200, 169 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defense, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Urbanek
- Military University Hospital Prague, Department of Medicine 1st Faculty of Medicine Charles University and Military University Hospital Prague, U Vojenske Nemocnice 1200, 169 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Stepanka Kuckova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Setnicka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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2
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Wang C, Yin L, Fu P, Lu G, Zhai X, Yang C. Anti-inflammatory effect of ApoE23 on Salmonella typhimurium-induced sepsis in mice. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230767. [PMID: 37533741 PMCID: PMC10390754 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two independent experiments were performed with three groups each (sepsis control, sepsis, and sepsis with apoE23 treatment) to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of apolipoprotein 23 (apoE23) in a mouse model of sepsis induced by S. typhimurium. Survival rates; plasma level variations in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS); S. typhimurium colony-forming units in the spleen tissue; and mRNA and protein expression levels of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), LDLR-related protein (LRP), syndecan-1, and scavenger receptor B1 were evaluated in the livers of mice from the three groups. Results found that the survival rate of septic mice treated with apoE23 was 100% within 48 h, while it was only 40% in septic mice without apoE23 treatment (P < 0.001). The plasma LPS, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels and the S. typhimurium load in mice in the apoE23-treated group were significantly lower than those in septic mice (P < 0.05). Moreover, apoE23 restored the downregulated expression of LDLR and LRP in the liver tissue of septic mice. So apoE23 exhibits an anti-inflammatory effect in the mouse model of S. typhimurium-induced sepsis. Further studies are required to understand the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of apoE23.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqing Wang
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Control and the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Control, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Lijun Yin
- Department of Nosocomial Infection Control, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Pan Fu
- Department of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Guoping Lu
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhai
- Department of Hematology, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai200032, China
| | - Changsheng Yang
- The Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases of Shanghai, Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Ministry of Health, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai200032, China
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3
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Gelemanović A, Ćatipović Ardalić T, Pribisalić A, Hayward C, Kolčić I, Polašek O. Genome-Wide Meta-Analysis Identifies Multiple Novel Rare Variants to Predict Common Human Infectious Diseases Risk. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7006. [PMID: 37108169 PMCID: PMC10138356 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases still threaten global human health, and host genetic factors have been indicated as determining risk factors for observed variations in disease susceptibility, severity, and outcome. We performed a genome-wide meta-analysis on 4624 subjects from the 10,001 Dalmatians cohort, with 14 infection-related traits. Despite a rather small number of cases in some instances, we detected 29 infection-related genetic associations, mostly belonging to rare variants. Notably, the list included the genes CD28, INPP5D, ITPKB, MACROD2, and RSF1, all of which have known roles in the immune response. Expanding our knowledge on rare variants could contribute to the development of genetic panels that could assist in predicting an individual's life-long susceptibility to major infectious diseases. In addition, longitudinal biobanks are an interesting source of information for identifying the host genetic variants involved in infectious disease susceptibility and severity. Since infectious diseases continue to act as a selective pressure on our genomes, there is a constant need for a large consortium of biobanks with access to genetic and environmental data to further elucidate the complex mechanisms behind host-pathogen interactions and infectious disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gelemanović
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | | | - Ajka Pribisalić
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Ivana Kolčić
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Department of General Courses, Algebra University College, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Department of Public Health, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Department of General Courses, Algebra University College, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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4
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Feng J, Jiang W, Cheng X, Zou B, Varley AW, Liu T, Qian G, Zeng W, Tang J, Zhao Q, Chu Y, Wei Y, Li X, Munford RS, Lu M. A host lipase prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced foam cell formation. iScience 2021; 24:103004. [PMID: 34522852 PMCID: PMC8426562 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) molecules can promote cholesterol accumulation in macrophages, the existence of a host-derived MAMP inactivation mechanism that prevents foam cell formation has not been described. Here, we tested the ability of acyloxyacyl hydrolase (AOAH), the host lipase that inactivates gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), to prevent foam cell formation in mice. Following exposure to small intraperitoneal dose(s) of LPSs, Aoah -/- macrophages produced more low-density lipoprotein receptor and less apolipoprotein E and accumulated more cholesterol than did Aoah +/+ macrophages. The Aoah -/- macrophages also maintained several pro-inflammatory features. Using a perivascular collar placement model, we found that Aoah -/- mice developed more carotid artery foam cells than did Aoah +/+ mice after they had been fed a high fat, high cholesterol diet, and received small doses of LPSs. This is the first demonstration that an enzyme that inactivates a stimulatory MAMP in vivo can reduce cholesterol accumulation and inflammation in arterial macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Feng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE, NHC, CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE, NHC, CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Xiaofang Cheng
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE, NHC, CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Benkun Zou
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE, NHC, CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Alan W. Varley
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT-Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE, NHC, CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guojun Qian
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE, NHC, CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wenjiao Zeng
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jianguo Tang
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200020, China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE, NHC, CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE, NHC, CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Robert S. Munford
- Antibacterial Host Defense Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mingfang Lu
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE, NHC, CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Trauma-Emergency & Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
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5
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Su X, Zhang G, Cheng Y, Wang B. New insights into the emerging effects of inflammatory response on HDL particles structure and function. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5723-5733. [PMID: 34319542 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
According to the increasing results, it has been well-demonstrated that the chronic inflammatory response, including systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The mechanism whereby inflammatory response up-regulates the risk of cardio-metabolic disorder disease is multifactorial; furthermore, the alterations in high density lipoprotein (HDL) structure and function which occur under the inflammatory response could play an important modulatory function. On the other hand, the serum concentrations of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) have been shown to be reduced significantly under inflammatory status with remarked alterations in HDL particles. Nevertheless, the potential mechanism whereby the inflammatory response reduces serum HDL-C levels is not simply defined but reduces apolipoprotein A1 production. The alterations in HDL structure mediated by the inflammatory response has been also confirmed to decrease the ability of HDL particle to play an important role in reverse cholesterol transport and protect the LDL particles from oxidation. Recently, it has been shown that under the inflammatory condition, diverse alterations in HDL structure could be observed which lead to changes in HDL function. In the current review, the emerging effects of inflammatory response on HDL particles structure and function are well-summarized to elucidate the potential mechanism whereby different inflammatory status modulates the pathogenic development of dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Su
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China
| | - Guoming Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China
| | - Ye Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital of Xiamen University, No. 2999 Jinshan Road, Xiamen, 361000, Fujian, China.
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6
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Sood N, Verma DK, Paria A, Yadav SC, Yadav MK, Bedekar MK, Kumar S, Swaminathan TR, Mohan CV, Rajendran KV, Pradhan PK. Transcriptome analysis of liver elucidates key immune-related pathways in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus following infection with tilapia lake virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 111:208-219. [PMID: 33577877 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most important aquaculture species farmed worldwide. However, the recent emergence of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) disease, also known as syncytial hepatitis of tilapia, has threatened the global tilapia industry. To gain more insight regarding the host response against the disease, the transcriptional profiles of liver in experimentally-infected and control tilapia were compared. Analysis of RNA-Seq data identified 4640 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were involved among others in antigen processing and presentation, MAPK, apoptosis, necroptosis, chemokine signaling, interferon, NF-kB, acute phase response and JAK-STAT pathways. Enhanced expression of most of the DEGs in the above pathways suggests an attempt by tilapia to resist TiLV infection. However, upregulation of some of the key genes such as BCL2L1 in apoptosis pathway; NFKBIA in NF-kB pathway; TRFC in acute phase response; and SOCS, EPOR, PI3K and AKT in JAK-STAT pathway and downregulation of the genes, namely MAP3K7 in MAPK pathway; IFIT1 in interferon; and TRIM25 in NF-kB pathway suggested that TiLV was able to subvert the host immune response to successfully establish the infection. The study offers novel insights into the cellular functions that are affected following TiLV infection and will serve as a valuable genomic resource towards our understanding of susceptibility of tilapia to TiLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Sood
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dev Kumar Verma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anutosh Paria
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shrish Chandra Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Megha Kadam Bedekar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, 682 018, Kerala, India
| | | | - K V Rajendran
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pravata Kumar Pradhan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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7
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Riahi Rad Z, Riahi Rad Z, Goudarzi H, Goudarzi M, Mahmoudi M, Yasbolaghi Sharahi J, Hashemi A. MicroRNAs in the interaction between host-bacterial pathogens: A new perspective. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6249-6270. [PMID: 33599300 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression regulation plays a critical role in host-pathogen interactions, and RNAs function is essential in this process. miRNAs are small noncoding, endogenous RNA fragments that affect stability and/or translation of mRNAs, act as major posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. miRNA is involved in regulating many biological or pathological processes through targeting specific mRNAs, including development, differentiation, apoptosis, cell cycle, cytoskeleton organization, and autophagy. Deregulated microRNA expression is associated with many types of diseases, including cancers, immune disturbances, and infection. miRNAs are a vital section of the host immune response to bacterial-made infection. Bacterial pathogens suppress host miRNA expression for their benefit, promoting survival, replication, and persistence. The role played through miRNAs in interaction with host-bacterial pathogen has been extensively studied in the past 10 years, and knowledge about these staggering molecules' function can clarify the complicated and ambiguous interactions of the host-bacterial pathogen. Here, we review how pathogens prevent the host miRNA expression. We briefly discuss emerging themes in this field, including their role as biomarkers in identifying bacterial infections, as part of the gut microbiota, on host miRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Riahi Rad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Riahi Rad
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Goudarzi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Yasbolaghi Sharahi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hashemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Sabherwal S, Föcking M, English JA, Fitzsimons S, Hryniewiecka M, Wynne K, Scaife C, Healy C, Cannon M, Belton O, Zammit S, Cagney G, Cotter DR. ApoE elevation is associated with the persistence of psychotic experiences from age 12 to age 18: Evidence from the ALSPAC birth cohort. Schizophr Res 2019; 209:141-147. [PMID: 31080155 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins, which play important roles in lipid metabolism, innate immunity and synaptic signalling, have been implicated in first episode psychosis and schizophrenia. This is the first study to investigate plasma apolipoprotein expression in children with psychotic experiences that persist into adulthood. Here, using semi-targeted proteomic analysis we compared plasma apolipoprotein expression levels in age 12 subjects who reported psychotic experiences at both age 12 and age 18 (n = 37) with age-matched subjects who only experienced psychotic experiences (PEs) at age 12 (n = 38). Participants were recruited from the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) cohort who participated in psychiatric assessment interviews at ages 12 and 18. We identified apoE, a protein with significant regulatory activity on cholesterol metabolism in the brain, to be significantly up regulated (p < 0.003) in those with persistent psychotic experiences. We confirmed this finding in these samples using ELISA. Our findings indicate elevated plasma apoE in age 12 children who experience PEs is associated with persistence psychotic experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Sabherwal
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Melanie Föcking
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane A English
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Fitzsimons
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Magdalena Hryniewiecka
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kieran Wynne
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caitriona Scaife
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Colm Healy
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Orina Belton
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stanley Zammit
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK; Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gerard Cagney
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David R Cotter
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (RCSI), Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
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9
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Liu X, Suo R, Chan CZY, Liu T, Tse G, Li G. The immune functions of PCSK9: Local and systemic perspectives. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19180-19188. [PMID: 30950043 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) binds to low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) to trigger endocytosis and lysosome degradation in hepatocytes, regulating intracellular and plasma cholesterol levels. The discovery of PCSK9 has provided a new target for the management of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular risk reduction. There is emerging evidence that shows that PCSK9 may influence the activity of various cell types through either LDLR-dependent or LDLR-independent mechanisms. Changes in the circulating PCSK9 levels have been observed during infection and proinflammatory conditions. Furthermore, PCSK9 as a secreted protein has both local and systemic effects on cellular function. In this review, we summarize the roles of PCSK9 in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Suo
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Calista Zhuo Yi Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - GuangPing Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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10
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Ward MD, Brueggemann EE, Kenny T, Reitstetter RE, Mahone CR, Trevino S, Wetzel K, Donnelly GC, Retterer C, Norgren RB, Panchal RG, Warren TK, Bavari S, Cazares LH. Characterization of the plasma proteome of nonhuman primates during Ebola virus disease or melioidosis: a host response comparison. Clin Proteomics 2019; 16:7. [PMID: 30774579 PMCID: PMC6366079 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-019-9227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In-depth examination of the plasma proteomic response to infection with a wide variety of pathogens can assist in the development of new diagnostic paradigms, while providing insight into the interdependent pathogenic processes which encompass a host’s immunological and physiological responses. Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a highly lethal infection termed Ebola virus disease (EVD) in primates and humans. The Gram negative non-spore forming bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) causes melioidosis in primates and humans, characterized by severe pneumonia with high mortality. We sought to examine the host response to infection with these two bio-threat pathogens using established animal models to provide information on the feasibility of pre-symptomatic diagnosis, since the induction of host molecular signaling networks can occur before clinical presentation and pathogen detection. Methods Herein we report the quantitative proteomic analysis of plasma collected at various times of disease progression from 10 EBOV-infected and 5 Bp-infected nonhuman primates (NHP). Our strategy employed high resolution LC–MS/MS and a peptide-tagging approach for relative protein quantitation. In each infection type, for all proteins with > 1.3 fold abundance change at any post-infection time point, a direct comparison was made with levels obtained from plasma collected daily from 5 naïve rhesus macaques, to determine the fold changes that were significant, and establish the natural variability of abundance for endogenous plasma proteins. Results A total of 41 plasma proteins displayed significant alterations in abundance during EBOV infection, and 28 proteins had altered levels during Bp infection, when compared to naïve NHPs. Many major acute phase proteins quantitated displayed similar fold-changes between the two infection types but exhibited different temporal dynamics. Proteins related to the clotting cascade, immune signaling and complement system exhibited significant differential abundance during infection with EBOV or Bp, indicating a specificity of the response. Conclusions These results advance our understanding of the global plasma proteomic response to EBOV and Bp infection in relevant primate models for human disease and provide insight into potential innate immune response differences between viral and bacterial infections. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12014-019-9227-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Ward
- 1Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Ernst E Brueggemann
- 1Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Tara Kenny
- 1Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Raven E Reitstetter
- 1Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Christopher R Mahone
- 1Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Sylvia Trevino
- 2Bacteriology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Kelly Wetzel
- 1Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Ginger C Donnelly
- 1Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Cary Retterer
- 1Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Robert B Norgren
- 3Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198 USA
| | - Rekha G Panchal
- 1Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Travis K Warren
- 1Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Sina Bavari
- 1Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Lisa H Cazares
- 1Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
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Kulminski AM, Barochia AV, Loika Y, Raghavachari N, Arbeev KG, Wojczynski MK, Thyagarajan B, Vardarajan BN, Christensen K, Yashin AI, Levine SJ. The APOE ε4 allele is associated with a reduction in FEV1/FVC in women: A cross-sectional analysis of the Long Life Family Study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206873. [PMID: 30412599 PMCID: PMC6226172 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Murine studies have shown that apolipoprotein E modulates pulmonary function during development, aging, and allergen-induced airway disease. It is not known whether the polymorphic human APOE gene influences pulmonary function. OBJECTIVES We assessed whether an association exists between the polymorphic human APOE ε2, ε3, and ε4 alleles and pulmonary function among participants in the Long Life Family Study. METHODS Data from 4,468 Caucasian subjects who had genotyping performed for the APOE ε2, ε3, and ε4 alleles were analyzed, with and without stratification by sex. Statistical models were fitted considering the effects of the ε2 allele, defined as ε2/2 or ε2/3 genotypes, and the ε4 allele, defined as ε3/4 or ε4/4 genotypes, which were compared to the ε3/3 genotype. RESULTS The mean FEV1/FVC ratio (the forced expiratory volume in one second divided by the forced vital capacity) was lower among women with the ε4 allele as compared to women with the ε3/3 genotype or the ε2 allele. Carriage of the APOE ε4 allele was associated with FEV1/FVC, which implied lower values. Further analysis showed that the association primarily reflected women without lung disease who were older than 70 years. The association was not mediated by lipid levels, smoking status, body mass index, or cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS This study for the first time identifies that the APOE gene is associated with modified lung physiology in women. This suggests that a link may exist between the APOE ε4 allele, female sex, and a reduction in the FEV1/FVC ratio in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Kulminski
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Sciences Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AMK); (SJL)
| | - Amisha V. Barochia
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Yury Loika
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Sciences Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Nalini Raghavachari
- National Institute on Aging, Gateway Building, Suite, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Konstantin G. Arbeev
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Sciences Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Wojczynski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Badri N. Vardarajan
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Kaare Christensen
- The Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Anatoliy I. Yashin
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Sciences Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Stewart J. Levine
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AMK); (SJL)
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Bagdade JD, Jilma B, Hudgins LC, Alaupovic P, McCurdy CE. LpA-II:B:C:D:E: a new immunochemically-defined acute phase lipoprotein in humans. Lipids Health Dis 2018; 17:127. [PMID: 29807532 PMCID: PMC5972402 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-018-0769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies of lipoproteins in patients with sepsis have been performed on density fractions isolated by conventional ultracentrifugation that are heterogeneous and provide no information about the cargo of apoproteins present in the immunochemically distinct subclasses that populate the density classes. Since apoproteins are now known to have important roles in host defense, we have separated these subclasses according to their apoprotein content and characterized their changes during experimental endotoxemia in human volunteers. Methods We have studied apoB- and apoA containing lipoprotein subclasses in twelve healthy male volunteers before and for 8 h after a single dose of endotoxin (ET; 2 μg/kg) to stimulate inflammation. Results After endotoxin, TG, TC, apoB and the apoB-containing lipoprotein cholesterol-rich subclass LpB and two of the three triglyceride-rich subclasses (TGRLP: Lp:B:C, LpB:C:E+ LpB:E) all declined. In contrast, the third TGRLP, LpA-II:B:C:D:E (“complex particle”), after reaching a nadir at 4 h rose 49% above baseline, p = .006 at 8 h and became the dominant particle in the TGRLP pool. This increment exceeds the threshold of > 25% change required for designation as an acute phase protein. Simultaneous decreases in LpA-I:A-II and LpB:C:E + LpB:E suggest that these subclasses undergo post-translational modification and contribute to the formation of new LpA-II:B:C:D:E particles. Conclusions We have identified a new acute phase lipoprotein whose apoprotein constituents have metabolic and immunoregulatory properties applicable to host defense that make it well constituted to engage in the APR.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Bagdade
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, 122c Esslinger Hall, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA.
| | - Bernd Jilma
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa C Hudgins
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and the Rogosin Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Petar Alaupovic
- Lipid and Lipoprotein Laboratory, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Carrie E McCurdy
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, 122c Esslinger Hall, Eugene, OR, 97403, USA
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Alvi SS, Ansari IA, Ahmad MK, Iqbal J, Khan MS. Lycopene amends LPS induced oxidative stress and hypertriglyceridemia via modulating PCSK-9 expression and Apo-CIII mediated lipoprotein lipase activity. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:1082-1093. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Roberts JM, Dai DLY, Hollander Z, Ng RT, Tebbutt SJ, Wilcox PG, Sin DD, Quon BS. Multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry to identify novel plasma protein biomarkers of treatment response in cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbations. J Cyst Fibros 2017; 17:333-340. [PMID: 29174082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation decreases with IV antibiotics during the treatment of CF pulmonary exacerbations (PEx). We used multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry and immunoassays to monitor blood proteins during PEx treatment to determine if early changes could be used to predict PEx outcomes following treatment. METHODS Blood samples from 25 PEx (22 unique adults) were collected within 24h of admission, day 5, day 10, and at IV antibiotic completion. Ninety-two blood proteins involved in host immunity and inflammation were measured. RESULTS Levels of several blood proteins changed from admission to end of IV antibiotics, most increasing with treatment. Early changes (admission to day 5) in fibrinogen levels had the strongest correlation with overall improvement in CFRSD-CRISS and FEV1% predicted by the end of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Several plasma proteins changed significantly with IV antibiotics. Future studies will evaluate fibrinogen as an early biomarker of PEx treatment response in CF.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Roberts
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Canada
| | - Darlene L Y Dai
- Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Zsuzsanna Hollander
- Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Raymond T Ng
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Canada; Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Scott J Tebbutt
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Canada; Prevention of Organ Failure (PROOF) Centre of Excellence, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Pearce G Wilcox
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Canada; Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Don D Sin
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Canada; Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bradley S Quon
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, Canada; Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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15
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Lipopolysaccharide enters the rat brain by a lipoprotein-mediated transport mechanism in physiological conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13113. [PMID: 29030613 PMCID: PMC5640642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is present in the bloodstream and can be bound to several proteins for its transport (i.e.) LPS binding protein (LBP) and plasma lipoproteins). LPS receptors CD14 and TLR-4 are constitutively expressed in the Central Nervous System (CNS). To our knowledge, LPS infiltration in CNS has not been clearly demonstrated. A naturalistic experiment with healthy rats was performed to investigate whether LPS is present with its receptors in brain. Immunofluorescences showed that lipid A and core LPS were present in circumventricular organs, choroid plexus, meningeal cells, astrocytes, tanycytes and endothelial cells. Co-localization of LPS regions with CD14/TLR-4 was found. The role of lipoprotein receptors (SR-BI, ApoER2 and LDLr) in the brain as targets for a LPS transport mechanism by plasma apolipoproteins (i.e. ApoAI) was studied. Co-localization of LPS regions with these lipoproteins markers was observed. Our results suggest that LPS infiltrates in the brain in physiological conditions, possibly, through a lipoprotein transport mechanism, and it is bound to its receptors in blood-brain interfaces.
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16
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Yao X, Gordon EM, Figueroa DM, Barochia AV, Levine SJ. Emerging Roles of Apolipoprotein E and Apolipoprotein A-I in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Lung Disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:159-69. [PMID: 27073971 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0060tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging roles are being recognized increasingly for apolipoproteins in the pathogenesis and treatment of lung diseases on the basis of their ability to suppress inflammation, oxidative stress, and tissue remodeling, and to promote adaptive immunity and host defense. Apolipoproteins, such as apolipoprotein E (apoE) and apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), are important components of lipoprotein particles that facilitate the transport of cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids between plasma and cells. ApoE-containing lipoprotein particles are internalized into cells by low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLRs), whereas apoA-I can interact with the ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1) transporter to efflux cholesterol and phospholipids out of cells. ApoE and apoA-I also mediate receptor-independent effects, such as binding to and neutralizing LPS. Both apoE and apoA-I are expressed by lung cells, which allows apoE/LDLR- and apoA-I/ABCA1-dependent pathways to modulate normal lung health and the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases, including asthma, acute lung injury, cancer, emphysema, pulmonary fibrosis, and pulmonary hypertension. Data from human studies and research using experimental murine model systems have shown that both apoE and apoA-I pathways play primarily protective roles in lung biology and respiratory disease. Furthermore, apolipoprotein mimetic peptides, corresponding to the LDLR-binding domain of apoE or the class A amphipathic α-helical structure of apoA-I, have antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects that attenuate the severity of lung disease in murine models. Thus, the development of inhaled apolipoprotein mimetic peptides as a novel treatment paradigm could represent a significant advance for patients with respiratory disease who do not respond to current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglan Yao
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth M Gordon
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Debbie M Figueroa
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Amisha V Barochia
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stewart J Levine
- Laboratory of Asthma and Lung Inflammation, Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, Division of Intramural Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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17
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Milovanović I, Busarčević M, Trbovich A, Ivović V, Uzelac A, Djurković-Djaković O. Evidence for host genetic regulation of altered lipid metabolism in experimental toxoplasmosis supported with gene data mining results. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176700. [PMID: 28459857 PMCID: PMC5411058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is one of the most successful parasites on Earth, infecting a wide array of mammals including one third of the global human population. The obligate intracellular protozoon is not capable of synthesizing cholesterol (Chl), and thus depends on uptake of host Chl for its own development. To explore the genetic regulation of previously observed lipid metabolism alterations during acute murine T. gondii infection, we here assessed total Chl and its fractions in serum and selected tissues at the pathophysiological and molecular level, and integrated the observed gene expression of selected molecules relevant for Chl metabolism, including its biosynthetic and export KEGG pathways, with the results of published transcriptomes obtained in similar murine models of T. gondii infection. The serum lipid status as well as the transcript levels of relevant genes in the brain and the liver were assessed in experimental models of acute and chronic toxoplasmosis in wild-type mice. The results showed that acute infection was associated with a decrease in Chl content in both the liver and periphery (brain, peripheral lymphocytes), and a decrease in Chl reverse transport. In contrast, in chronic infection, a return to normal levels of Chl metabolism has been noted. These changes corresponded to the brain and liver gene expression results as well as to data obtained via mining. We propose that the observed changes in Chl metabolism are part of the host defense response. Further insight into the lipid metabolism in T. gondii infection may provide novel targets for therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Milovanović
- Institute for Pathologic Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Miloš Busarčević
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alexander Trbovich
- Institute for Pathologic Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Ivović
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Uzelac
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olgica Djurković-Djaković
- National Reference Laboratory for Toxoplasmosis, Center of Excellence for Food- and Vector-borne Zoonoses, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- * E-mail:
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18
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Momtazi AA, Banach M, Pirro M, Katsiki N, Sahebkar A. Regulation of PCSK9 by nutraceuticals. Pharmacol Res 2017; 120:157-169. [PMID: 28363723 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9) is a liver secretory enzyme that regulates plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (LDL-C) levels through modulation of LDL receptor (LDLR) density on the surface of hepatocytes. Inhibition of PCSK9 using monoclonal antibodies can efficiently lower plasma LDL-C, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lipoprotein (a). PCSK9 inhibition is also an effective adjunct to statin therapy; however, the cost-effectiveness of currently available PCSK9 inhibitors is under question. Nutraceuticals offer a safe and cost-effective option for PCSK9 inhibition. Several nutraceuticals have been reported to modulate PCSK9 levels and exert LDL-lowering activity. Mechanistically, those nutraceuticals that inhibit PCSK9 through a SREBP (sterol-responsive element binding protein)-independent pathway can be more effective in lowering plasma LDL-C levels compared with those inhibiting PCSK9 through the SREBP pathway. The present review aims to collect available data on the nutraceuticals with PCSK9-inhibitory effect and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abbas Momtazi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, Lodz, Poland; Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Niki Katsiki
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran; Metabolic Research Centre, Royal Perth Hospital, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Paciullo F, Fallarino F, Bianconi V, Mannarino MR, Sahebkar A, Pirro M. PCSK9 at the crossroad of cholesterol metabolism and immune function during infections. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2330-2338. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paciullo
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Francesca Fallarino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Unit of Pharmacology; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Vanessa Bianconi
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Massimo R. Mannarino
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center; Mashhad University of Medical Sciences; Mashhad Iran
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Internal Medicine; University of Perugia; Perugia Italy
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20
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D'Elios MM, Vallese F, Capitani N, Benagiano M, Bernardini ML, Rossi M, Rossi GP, Ferrari M, Baldari CT, Zanotti G, de Bernard M, Codolo G. The Helicobacter cinaedi antigen CAIP participates in atherosclerotic inflammation by promoting the differentiation of macrophages in foam cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40515. [PMID: 28074932 PMCID: PMC5225449 DOI: 10.1038/srep40515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that certain specific microbial infections participate in atherosclerosis by inducing inflammation and immune reactions, but how the pathogens implicated in this pathology trigger the host responses remains unknown. In this study we show that Helicobacter cinaedi (Hc) is a human pathogen linked to atherosclerosis development since at least 27% of sera from atherosclerotic patients specifically recognize a protein of the Hc proteome, that we named Cinaedi Atherosclerosis Inflammatory Protein (CAIP) (n = 71). CAIP appears to be implicated in this pathology because atheromatous plaques isolated from atherosclerotic patients are enriched in CAIP-specific T cells (10%) which, in turn, we show to drive a Th1 inflammation, an immunopathological response typically associated to atherosclerosis. Recombinant CAIP promotes the differentiation and maintenance of the pro-inflammatory profile of human macrophages and triggers the formation of foam cells, which are a hallmark of atherosclerosis. This study identifies CAIP as a relevant factor in atherosclerosis inflammation linked to Hc infection and suggests that preventing and eradicating Hc infection could reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Milco D'Elios
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Vallese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Nagaja Capitani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marisa Benagiano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Lina Bernardini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, "C. Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Institute Pasteur Italy - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Mirko Rossi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Italy
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Vascular Surgery Unit, Cisanello University Hospital AOUP, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Zanotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Gaia Codolo
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Patel S, Meher B. A review on emerging frontiers of house dust mite and cockroach allergy research. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2016; 44:580-593. [PMID: 26994963 DOI: 10.1016/j.aller.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Currently, mankind is afflicted with diversified health issues, allergies being a common, yet little understood malady. Allergies, the outcome of a baffled immune system encompasses myriad allergens and causes an array of health consequences, ranging from transient to recurrent and mild to fatal. Indoor allergy is a serious hypersensitivity in genetically-predisposed people, triggered by ingestion, inhalation or mere contact of allergens, of which mite and cockroaches are one of the most-represented constituents. Arduous to eliminate, these aeroallergens pose constant health challenges, mostly manifested as respiratory and dermatological inflammations, leading to further aggravations if unrestrained. Recent times have seen an unprecedented endeavour to understand the conformation of these allergens, their immune manipulative ploys and other underlying causes of pathogenesis, most importantly therapies. Yet a large section of vulnerable people is ignorant of these innocuous-looking immune irritants, prevailing around them, and continues to suffer. This review aims to expedite this field by a concise, informative account of seminal findings in the past few years, with particular emphasis on leading frontiers like genome-wide association studies (GWAS), epitope mapping, metabolomics etc. Drawbacks linked to current approaches and solutions to overcome them have been proposed.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Studies have shown that chronic inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and psoriasis are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The mechanism by which inflammation increases cardiovascular disease is likely multifactorial but changes in HDL structure and function that occur during inflammation could play a role. RECENT FINDINGS HDL levels decrease with inflammation and there are marked changes in HDL-associated proteins. Serum amyloid A markedly increases whereas apolipoprotein A-I, lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase, cholesterol ester transfer protein, paraoxonase 1, and apolipoprotein M decrease. The exact mechanism by which inflammation decreases HDL levels is not defined but decreases in apolipoprotein A-I production, increases in serum amyloid A, increases in endothelial lipase and secretory phospholipase A2 activity, and decreases in lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activity could all contribute. The changes in HDL induced by inflammation reduce the ability of HDL to participate in reverse cholesterol transport and protect LDL from oxidation. SUMMARY During inflammation multiple changes in HDL structure occur leading to alterations in HDL function. In the short term, these changes may be beneficial resulting in an increase in cholesterol in peripheral cells to improve host defense and repair but over the long term these changes may increase the risk of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth R Feingold
- Metabolism Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Schrödl W, Büchler R, Wendler S, Reinhold P, Muckova P, Reindl J, Rhode H. Acute phase proteins as promising biomarkers: Perspectives and limitations for human and veterinary medicine. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:1077-1092. [PMID: 27274000 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute phase proteins (APPs) are highly conserved plasma proteins that are increasingly secreted by the liver in response to a variety of injuries, independently of their location and cause. APPs favor the systemic regulation of defense, coagulation, proteolysis, and tissue repair. Various APPs have been applied as general diagnostic parameters for a long time. Through proteomic techniques, more and more APPs have been discovered to be differentially altered. Since they are not consistently explainable by a stereotypic hepatic expression of sets of APPs, most of these results have unfortunately been neglected or attributed to the nonspecificity of the acute phase reaction. Moreover, it appears that various extrahepatic tissues are also able to express APPs. These extrahepatic APPs show focally specific roles in tissue homeostasis and repair and are released primarily into interstitial and distal fluids. Since these focal proteins might leak into the circulatory system, mixtures of hepatic and extrahepatic APP species can be expected in blood. Hence, a selective alteration of parts of APPs might be expected. There are several hints on multiple molecular forms and fragments of tissue-derived APPs. These differences offer the chance for multiple selective determinations. Thus, specific proteoforms might indeed serve as tissue-specific disease indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieland Schrödl
- Institute of Bacteriology and Mycology, Veterinary Faculty, University Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rita Büchler
- Institute of Biochemistry I, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Sindy Wendler
- Institute of Biochemistry I, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at 'Friedrich Loeffler Institut', Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Jena, Germany
| | - Petra Muckova
- Institute of Biochemistry I, University Hospital Jena, Germany.,Clinic of Neurology, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Johanna Reindl
- Institute of Biochemistry I, University Hospital Jena, Germany
| | - Heidrun Rhode
- Institute of Biochemistry I, University Hospital Jena, Germany
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Frej C, Linder A, Happonen KE, Taylor FB, Lupu F, Dahlbäck B. Sphingosine 1-phosphate and its carrier apolipoprotein M in human sepsis and in Escherichia coli sepsis in baboons. J Cell Mol Med 2016; 20:1170-81. [PMID: 26990127 PMCID: PMC4882985 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) is an important regulator of vascular integrity and immune cell migration, carried in plasma by high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐associated apolipoprotein M (apoM) and by albumin. In sepsis, the protein and lipid composition of HDL changes dramatically. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in S1P and its carrier protein apoM during sepsis. For this purpose, plasma samples from both human sepsis patients and from an experimental Escherichia coli sepsis model in baboons were used. In the human sepsis cohort, previously studied for apoM, plasma demonstrated disease‐severity correlated decreased S1P levels, the profile mimicking that of plasma apoM. In the baboons, a similar disease‐severity dependent decrease in plasma levels of S1P and apoM was observed. In the lethal E. coli baboon sepsis, S1P decreased already within 6–8 hrs, whereas the apoM decrease was seen later at 12–24 hrs. Gel filtration chromatography of plasma from severe human or baboon sepsis on Superose 6 demonstrated an almost complete loss of S1P and apoM in the HDL fractions. S1P plasma concentrations correlated with the platelet count but not with erythrocytes or white blood cells. The liver mRNA levels of apoM and apoA1 decreased strongly upon sepsis induction and after 12 hr both were almost completely lost. In conclusion, during septic challenge, the plasma levels of S1P drop to very low levels. Moreover, the liver synthesis of apoM decreases severely and the plasma levels of apoM are reduced. Possibly, the decrease in S1P contributes to the decreased endothelial barrier function observed in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Frej
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Adam Linder
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kaisa E Happonen
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Fletcher B Taylor
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Florea Lupu
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Björn Dahlbäck
- Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Yi L, Wu T, Luo W, Zhou W, Wu J. A non-invasive, rapid method to genotype late-onset Alzheimer's disease-related apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:69-75. [PMID: 25206745 PMCID: PMC4146311 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.125332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E gene ε4 allele is considered a negative factor for neural regeneration in late-onset Alzheimer's disease cases. The aim of this study was to establish a non-invasive, rapid method to genotype apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms. Genomic DNA from mouth swab specimens was extracted using magnetic nanoparticles, and genotyping was performed by real-time PCR using TaqMan-BHQ probes. Genotyping accuracy was validated by DNA sequencing. Our results demonstrate 100% correlation to DNA sequencing, indicating reliability of our protocol. Thus, the method we have developed for apolipoprotein E genotyping is accurate and reliable, and also suitable for genotyping large samples, which may help determine the role of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele in neural regeneration in late-onset Alzheimer's disease cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yi
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenyuan Luo
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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MicroRNAs in the interaction between host and bacterial pathogens. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:4140-7. [PMID: 25128459 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs with a central role in the post-transcriptional control of gene expression, that have been implicated in a wide-range of biological processes. Regulation of miRNA expression is increasingly recognized as a crucial part of the host response to infection by bacterial pathogens, as well as a novel molecular strategy exploited by bacteria to manipulate host cell pathways. Here, we review the current knowledge of bacterial pathogens that modulate host miRNA expression, focusing on mammalian host cells, and the implications of miRNA regulation on the outcome of infection. The emerging role of commensal bacteria, as part of the gut microbiota, on host miRNA expression in the presence or absence of bacterial pathogens is also discussed.
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27
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Promotion of atherosclerosis by Helicobacter cinaedi infection that involves macrophage-driven proinflammatory responses. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4680. [PMID: 24732347 PMCID: PMC3986732 DOI: 10.1038/srep04680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter cinaedi is the most common enterohepatic Helicobacter species that causes bacteremia in humans, but its pathogenicity is unclear. Here, we investigated the possible association of H. cinaedi with atherosclerosis in vivo and in vitro. We found that H. cinaedi infection significantly enhanced atherosclerosis in hyperlipidaemic mice. Aortic root lesions in infected mice showed increased accumulation of neutrophils and F4/80+ foam cells, which was due, at least partly, to bacteria-mediated increased expression of proinflammatory genes. Although infection was asymptomatic, detection of cytolethal distending toxin RNA of H. cinaedi indicated aorta infection. H. cinaedi infection altered expression of cholesterol receptors and transporters in cultured macrophages and caused foam cell formation. Also, infection induced differentiation of THP-1 monocytes. These data provide the first evidence of a pathogenic role of H. cinaedi in atherosclerosis in experimental models, thereby justifying additional investigations of the possible role of enterohepatic Helicobacter spp. in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
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Fu P, Wang AM, He LY, Song JM, Xue JC, Wang CQ. Elevated serum ApoE levels are associated with bacterial infections in pediatric patients. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2014; 47:122-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Alexander SA, Ren D, Gunn SR, Kochanek PM, Tate J, Ikonomovic M, Conley YP. Interleukin 6 and apolipoprotein E as predictors of acute brain dysfunction and survival in critical care patients. Am J Crit Care 2014; 23:49-57. [PMID: 24382617 PMCID: PMC4809634 DOI: 10.4037/ajcc2014578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delirium occurs in up to 80% of intensive care patients and is associated with poor outcomes. The biological cause of delirium remains elusive. OBJECTIVES To determine if delirium and recovery are associated with serum levels of interleukins and apolipoprotein E over time and with apolipoprotein E genotype. METHODS The sample consisted of 77 patients with no previous cognitive deficits who required mechanical ventilation for 24 to 96 hours. Daily serum samples were obtained for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay measurements of interleukins 6, 8, and 10 and apolipoprotein E. DNA extracted from blood was analyzed for apolipoprotein E genotyping. The Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit was administered daily on days 2 through 9. RESULTS Among the 77 patients, 23% had no delirium, 46% experienced delirium, and 31% experienced coma. Additionally, 77% had delirium or coma (acute brain dysfunction), and compared with other patients, had fewer ventilator-free days (P = .03), longer stay (P = .04), higher care needs at discharge (P = .001), higher mortality (P = .02), and higher levels of interleukin 6 (P = .03), and the APOE*3/*3 apolipoprotein E genotype (P = .05). Serum levels of apolipoprotein E correlated with levels of interleukins 8 and 10. Patients with the E4 allele of apolipoprotein E had shorter duration of delirium (P = .02) and lower mortality (P = .03) than did patients without this allele. CONCLUSIONS Apolipoprotein E plays a complex role in illness response and recovery in critically ill patients. The relationship between apolipoprotein E genotype and brain dysfunction and survival is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A. Alexander
- All authors are at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Sheila A. Alexander and Dianxu Ren are assistant professors and Yvette P. Conley is an associate professor in the School of Nursing. Scott R. Gunn is an associate professor and Patrick M. Kochanek is a professor in the School of Medicine. Judith Tate is a postdoctoral fellow, Department of Psychology, and Milos Ikonomovic is a research assistant professor, Department of Neurology
| | - Dianxu Ren
- All authors are at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Sheila A. Alexander and Dianxu Ren are assistant professors and Yvette P. Conley is an associate professor in the School of Nursing. Scott R. Gunn is an associate professor and Patrick M. Kochanek is a professor in the School of Medicine. Judith Tate is a postdoctoral fellow, Department of Psychology, and Milos Ikonomovic is a research assistant professor, Department of Neurology
| | - Scott R. Gunn
- All authors are at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Sheila A. Alexander and Dianxu Ren are assistant professors and Yvette P. Conley is an associate professor in the School of Nursing. Scott R. Gunn is an associate professor and Patrick M. Kochanek is a professor in the School of Medicine. Judith Tate is a postdoctoral fellow, Department of Psychology, and Milos Ikonomovic is a research assistant professor, Department of Neurology
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- All authors are at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Sheila A. Alexander and Dianxu Ren are assistant professors and Yvette P. Conley is an associate professor in the School of Nursing. Scott R. Gunn is an associate professor and Patrick M. Kochanek is a professor in the School of Medicine. Judith Tate is a postdoctoral fellow, Department of Psychology, and Milos Ikonomovic is a research assistant professor, Department of Neurology
| | - Judith Tate
- All authors are at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Sheila A. Alexander and Dianxu Ren are assistant professors and Yvette P. Conley is an associate professor in the School of Nursing. Scott R. Gunn is an associate professor and Patrick M. Kochanek is a professor in the School of Medicine. Judith Tate is a postdoctoral fellow, Department of Psychology, and Milos Ikonomovic is a research assistant professor, Department of Neurology
| | - Milos Ikonomovic
- All authors are at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Sheila A. Alexander and Dianxu Ren are assistant professors and Yvette P. Conley is an associate professor in the School of Nursing. Scott R. Gunn is an associate professor and Patrick M. Kochanek is a professor in the School of Medicine. Judith Tate is a postdoctoral fellow, Department of Psychology, and Milos Ikonomovic is a research assistant professor, Department of Neurology
| | - Yvette P. Conley
- All authors are at the University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Sheila A. Alexander and Dianxu Ren are assistant professors and Yvette P. Conley is an associate professor in the School of Nursing. Scott R. Gunn is an associate professor and Patrick M. Kochanek is a professor in the School of Medicine. Judith Tate is a postdoctoral fellow, Department of Psychology, and Milos Ikonomovic is a research assistant professor, Department of Neurology
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Ordas A, Kanwal Z, Lindenberg V, Rougeot J, Mink M, Spaink HP, Meijer AH. MicroRNA-146 function in the innate immune transcriptome response of zebrafish embryos to Salmonella typhimurium infection. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:696. [PMID: 24112639 PMCID: PMC3852110 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been shown to play important roles in development of the immune system and in fine-tuning of immune responses. Human miR-146 family members are known as inflammation-inducible miRNAs involved in negative feedback regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling. Dysregulation of the miR-146 family has often been linked to inflammatory diseases and malignancies. This study reports on miR-146a and miR-146b as infection-inducible miRNAs in zebrafish, which has emerged as a model species for human disease. Results Using a custom-designed microarray platform for miRNA expression we found that both members of the zebrafish miR-146 family, miR-146a and miR-146b, were commonly induced by infection of zebrafish embryos with Salmonella typhimurium and by infection of adult fish with Mycobacterium marinum. The induction of these miRNAs was confirmed by Taqman miRNA assays. Subsequently, we used zebrafish embryos, in which adaptive immunity is not yet active, as an in vivo system to investigate the role of miR-146 in the innate immune response to S. typhimurium infection. Knockdown of traf6 and use of myd88 mutants demonstrated that the induction of miR-146a and miR-146b by S. typhimurium infection was affected by disruption of the MyD88-Traf6 pathway that mediates transduction of TLR signals and cytokine responses. In turn, knockdown of miR-146 itself had no major effects on the expression of known targets of MyD88-Traf6 signalling. Instead, RNA sequencing analysis showed that miR-146 knockdown led to an increased induction of six members of the apolipoprotein gene family in S. typhimurium-infected embryos. Conclusion Based on microarray analysis and Taqman miRNA assays we conclude that members of the miR-146 family, which is highly conserved between fish and human, are induced by bacterial infection in zebrafish in a MyD88 and Traf6 dependent manner. The combined knockdown of miR-146a and miR-146b in zebrafish embryos infected with S. typhimurium had no major effect on the expression of pro-inflammatory genes and transcription factors known to be downstream of the MyD88-Traf6 pathway. In contrast, apolipoprotein-mediated lipid transport emerged as an infection-inducible pathway under miR-146 knockdown conditions, suggesting a possible function of miR-146 in regulating lipid metabolism during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Ordas
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Berberine inhibits dyslipidemia in C57BL/6 mice with lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation. Pharmacol Rep 2013; 64:889-95. [PMID: 23087140 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70883-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibiting the action of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) on the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) has emerged as a novel therapeutic target for hypercholesterolemia. Here we investigated the effect of berberine, natural plant extracts, on PCSK9-LDLR pathway in C57BL/6 mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced inflammation. METHODS Forty female mice were divided into four groups (n =10): control, LPS (5 mg/kg), LPS + berberine 10 (5 mg/kg LPS plus 10 mg/kg berberine), and LPS + berberine 30 (5 mg/kg LPS plus 30 mg/kg berberine). Changes in the levels of blood lipids [total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)]; pro-inflammatory cytokines [interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and interleukin-1α (IL-1α)], 8-isoprostane, hepatic expressions of PCSK9 and LDLR were determined. RESULTS Berberine pretreatment reduced the expression of hepatic PCSK9, decreased the plasma TC, TG, LDL-C, IFNγ, TNFα, IL-1α, and 8-isoprostane concentrations; increased HDL-C level and LDLR expression in mice. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that berberine inhibits dyslipidemia in C57BL/6 mice with LPS induced inflammation through regulating PCSK9-LDLR pathway.
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Younis NN, Durrington PN. HDL functionality in diabetes mellitus: potential importance of glycation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.12.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Ahn SJ, Kim DK, Kim SS, Bae CB, Cho HJ, Kim HG, Kim YJ, Lee JH, Lee HJ, Lee MY, Kim KB, Cho JH, Cho SW, Cheong JY. Association between apolipoprotein E genotype, chronic liver disease, and hepatitis B virus. Clin Mol Hepatol 2012; 18:295-301. [PMID: 23091810 PMCID: PMC3467433 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2012.18.3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) plays an important role in regulating lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, and ApoE genotypes are known to affect plasma lipoprotein concentrations. We investigated whether ApoE genotype determines the disease outcome in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected individuals, and verified the association between ApoE genotype and the occurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic liver diseases of various etiologies. METHODS This hospital-based, case-controlled study enrolled 156 subjects (47 healthy controls, 50 HBV-related liver cirrhosis patients, and 59 HCC patients). ApoE genotypes were determined using PCR-based ApoE genotyping kits. The biological significance of ApoE genotype was verified by measuring serum ApoE levels using an ELISA kits. RESULTS The ε3 allele was the most common allele, with allele frequencies among the entire cohort of 5.8%, 84.3%, and 9.9% for the ε2, ε3, and ε4 alleles, respectively. Significantly more of those patients carrying the ε3/3 genotype had developed liver cirrhosis compared to the control subjects. Being an ApoE4 carrier was associated with a lower probability of developing liver cirrhosis. The allele frequencies and genotype distribution of ApoE did not differ significantly between the liver cirrhosis and HCC patients. The serum level of ApoE was significantly higher in patients with liver cirrhosis than in the healthy controls, but did not differ significantly with the ApoE genotype. CONCLUSIONS The ApoE ε3/3 genotype frequency was higher in patients with HBV-associated liver cirrhosis than in the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seun Joo Ahn
- Department of Gastroenterology, Genomic Research Center for Gastroenterology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Wang C, Wang Y, Wang A, Fu P, Yang Y. The diagnostic value of apolipoprotein E in pediatric patients with invasive bacterial infections. Clin Biochem 2011; 45:215-8. [PMID: 22178110 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential diagnostic value of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) measurements in pediatric patients with invasive bacterial infections. DESIGN AND METHOD A total of 185 pediatric patients were enrolled in this study, including 94 patients with confirmable infections and 91 patients without confirmable infections. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) ApoE levels were measured by immunoturbidimetry. The diagnostic values of ApoE were evaluated by the receiver operating curve (ROC) method. RESULTS ApoE levels in CSF were significantly increased in patients with bacterial meningitis, and serum ApoE was markedly elevated in patients with sepsis or with bacterial meningitis compared with patients with other infections and uninfected children. The optimal ApoE cutoff value for CSF was >1.7 mg/L with 85% sensitivity and 100% specificity and was >42 mg/L in serum with 80% sensitivity and 93% specificity. CONCLUSION ApoE detection provided a novel diagnostic marker for invasive bacterial infections in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqing Wang
- The Clinical Microbiology Lab, Department of Nosocomial Infection Control, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 399 Wanyuan Road, Shanghai 201102, China
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Bagdade J, Pedersen BK, Schwenke D, Saremi A, Alaupovic P. Acute effects of interleukin-6 infusion on apo-B-containing lipoprotein subclasses in humans. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2011; 71:449-55. [DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2011.585404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Cross-talk between apolipoprotein E and cytokines. Mediators Inflamm 2011; 2011:949072. [PMID: 21772670 PMCID: PMC3136159 DOI: 10.1155/2011/949072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a multifunctional glycosylated protein characterized by its wide tissue distribution. Despite its importance in lipid transport and atherosclerosis pathogenesis, apoE is associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson disease, and autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis and psoriasis. Among others, the role of apoE in modulating inflammation and oxidation is crucial in elucidating the risk factors of the above diseases since the function of apoE is closely linked with both proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, apoE modulates inflammatory and immune responses in an isoform-dependent manner. Correspondingly, inflammatory cytokines can either upregulate or downregulate the production of apoE in various tissue types. However, studies on the interactions between apoE and cytokines occasionally yield conflicting results, highlighting the complex roles of apoE and cytokines in various disorders. The present paper summarizes the current knowledge about the cross-talk between apoE and cytokines, with emphasis on the effects of apoE on the Th1/Th2 balance.
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Maekawa T, Takahashi N, Tabeta K, Aoki Y, Miyashita H, Miyauchi S, Miyazawa H, Nakajima T, Yamazaki K. Chronic oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis accelerates atheroma formation by shifting the lipid profile. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20240. [PMID: 21625524 PMCID: PMC3098290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have suggested that periodontal disease increases the risk of atherothrombotic disease. Atherosclerosis has been characterized as a chronic inflammatory response to cholesterol deposition in the arteries. Although several studies have suggested that certain periodontopathic bacteria accelerate atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, the mechanistic link between cholesterol accumulation and periodontal infection-induced inflammation is largely unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings We orally infected C57BL/6 and C57BL/6.KOR-Apoeshl (B6.Apoeshl) mice with Porphyromonas gingivalis, which is a representative periodontopathic bacterium, and evaluated atherogenesis, gene expression in the aorta and liver and systemic inflammatory and lipid profiles in the blood. Furthermore, the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from P. gingivalis on cholesterol transport and the related gene expression was examined in peritoneal macrophages. Alveolar bone resorption and elevation of systemic inflammatory responses were induced in both strains. Despite early changes in the expression of key genes involved in cholesterol turnover, such as liver X receptor and ATP-binding cassette A1, serum lipid profiles did not change with short-term infection. Long-term infection was associated with a reduction in serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol but not with the development of atherosclerotic lesions in wild-type mice. In B6.Apoeshl mice, long-term infection resulted in the elevation of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), LDL and total cholesterols in addition to the reduction of HDL cholesterol. This shift in the lipid profile was concomitant with a significant increase in atherosclerotic lesions. Stimulation with P. gingivalis LPS induced the change of cholesterol transport via targeting the expression of LDL receptor-related genes and resulted in the disturbance of regulatory mechanisms of the cholesterol level in macrophages. Conclusions/Significance Periodontal infection itself does not cause atherosclerosis, but it accelerates it by inducing systemic inflammation and deteriorating lipid metabolism, particularly when underlying hyperlidemia or susceptibility to hyperlipidemia exists, and it may contribute to the development of coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Maekawa
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoki Takahashi
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Koichi Tabeta
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yukari Aoki
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Miyashita
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Sayuri Miyauchi
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Haruna Miyazawa
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takako Nakajima
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- General Dentistry and Clinical Education Unit, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Yamazaki
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Laboratory of Periodontology and Immunology, Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Malik P, Berisha SZ, Santore J, Agatisa-Boyle C, Brubaker G, Smith JD. Zymosan-mediated inflammation impairs in vivo reverse cholesterol transport. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:951-7. [PMID: 21335620 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m011122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been proposed to impair HDL function and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). We investigated the effects of inflammation mediated by zymosan, a yeast glucan, on multiple steps along the RCT pathway in vivo and ex vivo. Acute inflammation with 70 mg/kg zymosan impaired RCT to plasma, liver, and feces similarly by 17-22% (P < 0.05), with no additional block at the liver. Hepatic gene expression further demonstrated no change in ABCG5, ABCB4, and ABCB11 expression but a decline in ABCG8 mRNA (32% P < 0.05). Plasma from zymosan-treated mice had a 21% decrease in cholesterol acceptor ability (P < 0.01) and a 35% decrease in ABCA1-specific efflux capacity (P < 0.01) in vitro. Zymosan treatment also decreased HDL levels and led to HDL remodeling with increased incorporation of serum amyloid A. In addition, cholesterol efflux from cultured macrophages declined with zymosan treatment in a dose dependent manner. Taken together, our results suggest that zymosan impairs in vivo RCT primarily by decreasing macrophage-derived cholesterol entering the plasma, with minimal additional blocks downstream. Our study supports the notion that RCT impairment is one of the mechanisms for the increased atherosclerotic burden observed in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Malik
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Trotter JH, Liebl AL, Weeber EJ, Martin LB. Linking ecological immunology and evolutionary medicine: the case for apolipoprotein E. Funct Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2010.01780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin H. Trotter
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613, USA
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613, USA
| | - Andrea L. Liebl
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa Florida 33620, USA
| | - Edwin J. Weeber
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613, USA
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33613, USA
| | - Lynn B. Martin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa Florida 33620, USA
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40
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de Beer MC, Webb NR, Wroblewski JM, Noffsinger VP, Rateri DL, Ji A, van der Westhuyzen DR, de Beer FC. Impact of serum amyloid A on high density lipoprotein composition and levels. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:3117-25. [PMID: 20667817 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m005413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum amyloid A (SAA) is an acute-phase protein mainly associated with HDL. To study the role of SAA in mediating changes in HDL composition and metabolism during inflammation, we generated mice in which the two major acute-phase SAA isoforms, SAA1.1 and SAA2.1, were deleted [SAA knockout (SAAKO) mice], and induced an acute phase to compare lipid and apolipoprotein parameters between wild-type (WT) and SAAKO mice. Our data indicate that SAA does not affect apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) levels or clearance under steady-state conditions. HDL and plasma triglyceride levels following lipopolysaccharide administration, as well as the decline in liver expression of apoA-I and apoA-II, did not differ between both groups of mice. The expected size increase of WT acute-phase HDL was surprisingly also seen in SAAKO acute-phase HDL despite the absence of SAA. HDLs from both mice showed increased phospholipid and unesterified cholesterol content during the acute phase. We therefore conclude that in the mouse, SAA does not impact HDL levels, apoA-I clearance, or HDL size during the acute phase and that the increased size of acute-phase HDL in mice is associated with an increased content of surface lipids, particularly phospholipids, and not surface proteins. These data need to be transferred to humans with caution due to differences in apoA-I structure and remodeling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C de Beer
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Science, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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41
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Ng PC, Ang IL, Chiu RWK, Li K, Lam HS, Wong RPO, Chui KM, Cheung HM, Ng EWY, Fok TF, Sung JJY, Lo YMD, Poon TCW. Host-response biomarkers for diagnosis of late-onset septicemia and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:2989-3000. [PMID: 20592468 DOI: 10.1172/jci40196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants are highly susceptible to life-threatening infections that are clinically difficult to detect, such as late-onset septicemia and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Here, we used a proteomic approach to identify biomarkers for diagnosis of these devastating conditions. In a case-control study comprising 77 sepsis/NEC and 77 nonsepsis cases (10 in each group being monitored longitudinally), plasma samples collected at clinical presentation were assessed in the biomarker discovery and independent validation phases. We validated the discovered biomarkers in a prospective cohort study with 104 consecutively suspected sepsis/NEC episodes. Proapolipoprotein CII (Pro-apoC2) and a des-arginine variant of serum amyloid A (SAA) were identified as the most promising biomarkers. The ApoSAA score computed from plasma apoC2 and SAA concentrations was effective in identifying sepsis/NEC cases in the case-control and cohort studies. Stratification of infants into different risk categories by the ApoSAA score enabled neonatologists to withhold treatment in 45% and enact early stoppage of antibiotics in 16% of nonsepsis infants. The negative predictive value of this antibiotic policy was 100%. The ApoSAA score could potentially allow early and accurate diagnosis of sepsis/NEC. Upon confirmation by further multicenter trials, the score would facilitate rational prescription of antibiotics and target infants who require urgent treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pak Cheung Ng
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince of Wales Hospital, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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42
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Influence of apolipoprotein E plasma levels and tobacco smoking on the induction of neutralising antibodies to interferon-beta. J Neurol 2010; 257:1703-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-010-5606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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43
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The immune-modulatory role of apolipoprotein E with emphasis on multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:186813. [PMID: 20613949 PMCID: PMC2896842 DOI: 10.1155/2010/186813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a 34.2 kDa glycoprotein characterized by its wide tissue distribution and multiple functions. The nonlipid-related properties of apoE include modulating inflammation and oxidation, suppressing T cell proliferation, regulating macrophage functions, and facilitating lipid antigen presentation by CD1 molecules to natural killer T (NKT) cells, and so forth. Increasing studies have revealed that APOE ε allele might be associated with multiple sclerosis (MS), although evidence is still not sufficient enough. In this review, we summarized the current progress of the immunomodulatory functions of apoE, with special focus on the association of APOE ε allele with the clinical features of MS and of its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).
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44
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Thompson PA, Gauthier KC, Varley AW, Kitchens RL. ABCA1 promotes the efflux of bacterial LPS from macrophages and accelerates recovery from LPS-induced tolerance. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2672-85. [PMID: 20472936 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m007435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play important roles in both lipid metabolism and innate immunity. We show here that macrophage ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), a transporter known for its ability to promote apolipoprotein-dependent cholesterol efflux, also participates in the removal of an immunostimulatory bacterial lipid, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Whereas monocytes require an exogenous lipoprotein acceptor to remove cell-associated LPS, macrophages released LPS in the absence of an exogenous acceptor by a mechanism that was driven, in part, by endogenous apolipoprotein E (apoE). Agents that increased ABCA1 expression increased LPS efflux from wild-type but not ABCA1-deficient macrophages. Preexposure of peritoneal macrophages to LPS for 24 h increased the expression of ABCA1 and increased LPS efflux with a requirement for exogenous apolipoproteins due to suppression of endogenous apoE production. In contrast, LPS preconditioning of ABCA1-deficient macrophages significantly decreased LPS efflux and led to prolonged retention of cell-surface LPS. Although the initial response to LPS was similar in wild-type and ABCA1-deficient macrophages, LPS-induced tolerance was greater and more prolonged in macrophages that lacked ABCA1. Our results define a new role for macrophage ABCA1 in removing cell-associated LPS and restoring normal macrophage responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Thompson
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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45
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Berbée JFP, Coomans CP, Westerterp M, Romijn JA, Havekes LM, Rensen PCN. Apolipoprotein CI enhances the biological response to LPS via the CD14/TLR4 pathway by LPS-binding elements in both its N- and C-terminal helix. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:1943-52. [PMID: 20335569 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m006809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely sensing of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is critical for the host to fight invading Gram-negative bacteria. We recently showed that apolipoprotein CI (apoCI) (apoCI1-57) avidly binds to LPS, involving an LPS-binding motif (apoCI48-54), and thereby enhances the LPS-induced inflammatory response. Our current aim was to further elucidate the structure and function relationship of apoCI with respect to its LPS-modulating characteristics and to unravel the mechanism by which apoCI enhances the biological activity of LPS. We designed and generated N- and C-terminal apoCI-derived peptides containing varying numbers of alternating cationic/hydrophobic motifs. ApoCI1-38, apoCI1-30, and apoCI35-57 were able to bind LPS, whereas apoCI1-23 and apoCI46-57 did not bind LPS. In line with their LPS-binding characteristics, apoCI1-38, apoCI1-30, and apoCI35-57 prolonged the serum residence of 125I-LPS by reducing its association with the liver. Accordingly, both apoCI1-30 and apoCI35-57 enhanced the LPS-induced TNFalpha response in vitro (RAW 264.7 macrophages) and in vivo (C57Bl/6 mice). Additional in vitro studies showed that the stimulating effect of apoCI on the LPS response resembles that of LPS-binding protein (LBP) and depends on CD14/ Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. We conclude that apoCI contains structural elements in both its N-terminal and C-terminal helix to bind LPS and to enhance the proinflammatory response toward LPS via a mechanism similar to LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy F P Berbée
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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46
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The role of apolipoprotein E in Guillain-Barré syndrome and experimental autoimmune neuritis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010:357412. [PMID: 20182542 PMCID: PMC2825561 DOI: 10.1155/2010/357412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a 34.2 kDa glycosylated protein characterized by its wide tissue distribution and multiple functions. ApoE has been widely studied in lipid metabolism, cardiocerebrovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment, and so forth. Recently, a growing body of evidence has pointed to nonlipid related properties of apoE, including suppression of T cell proliferation, regulation of macrophage function, facilitation of lipid antigen presentation by CD1 molecules to natural killer T (NKT) cells, and modulation of inflammation and oxidation. By these properties, apoE impacts physiology and pathophysiology at multiple levels. The present paper summarizes updated studies on the immunoregulatory function of apoE, with special focus on isoform-specific effects of apoE on Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN).
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47
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van Vliet P, Westendorp RGJ, Eikelenboom P, Comijs HC, Frölich M, Bakker E, van der Flier W, van Exel E. Parental history of Alzheimer disease associated with lower plasma apolipoprotein E levels. Neurology 2009; 73:681-7. [PMID: 19720974 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181b59c2e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Variation in APOE genotype is a determinant of Alzheimer disease (AD), but the risk associated with variation in plasma apoE levels has yet to be determined. Here, we studied offspring with and without a parental history of AD to identify the effect of plasma apoE levels at middle age on the risk of late-onset AD. METHODS Some 203 offspring from 92 families with a parental history of AD were compared with 197 offspring from 97 families without a parental history of AD. APOE genotypes and plasma apoE levels were assessed in all offspring. Difference in plasma apoE level between subjects with and without a parental history of AD was calculated using robust linear regression, both stratified and adjusted for APOE genotype. RESULTS Offspring with a parental history of AD were more likely to be an APOE epsilon4 allele carrier (46% vs 21%, p < 0.001) than offspring without such a parental history. Mean plasma apoE levels strongly decreased from epsilon2 to epsilon3epsilon3 to epsilon4 carriers (p < 0.001). Offspring with a parental history of AD had lower plasma apoE levels than subjects without such a history, both in analyses adjusted for APOE genotype (difference: -0.21 mg/dL, p = 0.02) and when using standardized Z scores, when stratified for APOE genotype (difference: -0.22, p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that lower plasma apoE levels in middle age could be a risk factor for Alzheimer disease in old age, independent of APOE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- P van Vliet
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics (C2-R), PO Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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McGillicuddy FC, de la Llera Moya M, Hinkle CC, Joshi MR, Chiquoine EH, Billheimer JT, Rothblat GH, Reilly MP. Inflammation impairs reverse cholesterol transport in vivo. Circulation 2009; 119:1135-45. [PMID: 19221221 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.108.810721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is proposed to impair reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), a major atheroprotective function of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The present study presents the first integrated functional evidence that inflammation retards numerous components of RCT. METHODS AND RESULTS We used subacute endotoxemia in the rodent macrophage-to-feces RCT model to assess the effects of inflammation on RCT in vivo and performed proof of concept experimental endotoxemia studies in humans. Endotoxemia (3 mg/kg SC) reduced (3)H-cholesterol movement from macrophage to plasma and (3)H-cholesterol associated with HDL fractions. At 48 hours, bile and fecal counts were markedly reduced consistent with downregulation of hepatic expression of ABCG5, ABCG8, and ABCB11 biliary transporters. Low-dose lipopolysaccharide (0.3 mg/kg SC) also reduced bile and fecal counts, as well as expression of biliary transporters, but in the absence of effects on plasma or liver counts. In vitro, lipopolysaccharide impaired (3)H-cholesterol efflux from human macrophages to apolipoprotein A-I and serum coincident with reduced expression of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1. During human (3 ng/kg; n=20) and murine endotoxemia (3 mg/kg SC), ex vivo macrophage cholesterol efflux to acute phase HDL was attenuated. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first in vivo evidence that inflammation impairs RCT at multiple steps in the RCT pathway, particularly cholesterol flux through liver to bile and feces. Attenuation of RCT and HDL efflux function, independent of HDL cholesterol levels, may contribute to atherosclerosis in chronic inflammatory states including obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona C McGillicuddy
- Cardiovascular Institute and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pa, USA
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49
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Thompson PA, Berbée JFP, Rensen PCN, Kitchens RL. Apolipoprotein A-II augments monocyte responses to LPS by suppressing the inhibitory activity of LPS-binding protein. Innate Immun 2009; 14:365-74. [PMID: 19039060 DOI: 10.1177/1753425908099171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) binding protein (LBP) plays an important role in regulating leukocyte responses to LPS. Remarkably, it may either augment these responses at low LBP concentrations or inhibit them at high concentrations. We previously reported that native high-density lipoprotein (HDL) augments human monocyte responses to LPS by suppressing the inhibitory activity of high concentrations of LBP, a process that occurs before HDL can inhibit the response by subsequently binding and neutralizing LPS. We now show that this novel activity is conferred largely by an HDL component protein, apolipoprotein (apo)A-II. Purified apoA-II was highly active in our assays. We also found that HDL from apoA-II-deficient mice was almost completely inactive, whereas the activities of HDLs that lacked apoA-I, apoC-I, apoE, or apoC-III were similar to that of wild-type HDL. Decreased activity was also observed in rabbit HDL, which is naturally deficient in apoA-II. Incorporating human apoA-II into rabbit HDL increased its activity to levels found in human HDL. Our investigation of the mechanism of apoA-II activity revealed that LBP promoted the formation of large LPS aggregates with low bioactivity and that apoA-II inhibited the formation of these aggregates without binding and directly inhibiting LPS bioactivity. Our results suggest a novel pro-inflammatory activity of apoA-II that may help maintain sensitive host responses to LPS by suppressing LBP-mediated inhibition. Our findings also raise the possibility that the decline of plasma apoA-II during sepsis may help control the response to LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Thompson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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50
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Parks BW, Srivastava R, Yu S, Kabarowski JHS. ApoE-dependent modulation of HDL and atherosclerosis by G2A in LDL receptor-deficient mice independent of bone marrow-derived cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29:539-47. [PMID: 19164809 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.179937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Deletion of the lysophospholipid-sensitive receptor, G2A, in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR(-/-)) mice elevates plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and suppresses atherosclerosis. However, chemotactic action of G2A in monocytes/macrophages, in addition to its modulatory effect on HDL, may contribute to the proatherogenic action of G2A. METHODS AND RESULTS We determined that deletion of G2A in LDLR(-/-) mice increases the ApoA1, ApoE, and cholesterol content of plasma HDL fractions. Hepatocytes were shown to express G2A and hepatocytes from G2A-deficient LDLR(-/-) mice secreted more ApoA1 and ApoE in HDL fractions compared to their G2A-sufficient counterparts. The atheroprotective and HDL modulatory effects of G2A deficiency were dependent on the presence of ApoE, as deletion of G2A in ApoE(-/-) and ApoE(-/-)LDLR(-/-) mice failed to raise HDL and did not suppress atherosclerosis. G2A deficiency in bone marrow-derived cells of LDLR(-/-) mice had no effect on atherosclerosis or HDL, whereas G2A deficiency in resident tissues was sufficient to raise HDL and suppress atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that the chemotactic function of G2A in bone marrow-derived monocytes does not modulate atherosclerosis in LDLR(-/-) mice and suggest an ApoE-dependent function for G2A in the control of hepatic HDL metabolism that might contribute to its proatherogenic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Parks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL 35294-2170, USA
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