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Romero J, Toral-Rios D, Yu J, Paul SM, Cashikar AG. 25-hydroxycholesterol promotes brain cytokine production and leukocyte infiltration in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:251. [PMID: 39369253 PMCID: PMC11456242 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 10/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Microglia are key drivers of neuroinflammation and, in response to different inflammatory stimuli, overexpress a proinflammatory signature of genes. Among these, Ch25h is a gene overexpressed in brain tissue from Alzheimer's disease as well as various mouse models of neuroinflammation. Ch25h encodes cholesterol 25-hydroxylase, an enzyme upregulated in activated microglia under conditions of neuroinflammation, that hydroxylates cholesterol to form 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). 25HC can be further metabolized to 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol, which is a potent chemoattractant of leukocytes. We have previously shown that 25HC increases the production and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, by primary mouse microglia treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In the present study, wildtype (WT) and Ch25h-knockout (KO) mice were peripherally administered LPS to induce an inflammatory state in the brain. In LPS-treated WT mice, Ch25h expression and 25HC levels increased in the brain relative to vehicle-treated WT mice. Among LPS-treated WT mice, females produced significantly higher levels of 25HC and showed transcriptomic changes reflecting higher levels of cytokine production and leukocyte migration than WT male mice. However, females were similar to males among LPS-treated KO mice. Ch25h-deficiency coincided with decreased microglial activation in response to systemic LPS. Proinflammatory cytokine production and intra-parenchymal infiltration of leukocytes were significantly lower in KO compared to WT mice. Amounts of IL-1β and IL-6 in the brain strongly correlated with 25HC levels. Our results suggest a proinflammatory role for 25HC in the brain following peripheral administration of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Romero
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Danira Toral-Rios
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jinsheng Yu
- Department of Genetics & Genome Technology Access Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Steven M Paul
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8134, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Anil G Cashikar
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
- Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, 425 S Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8134, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Ali KA, He L, Deng X, Pan J, Huang H, Li W. Assessing the predictive value of pre- and post-operative inflammatory markers in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:614. [PMID: 39343946 PMCID: PMC11440765 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-05104-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) has proven highly effective in improving quality of life for patients with severe knee conditions. Despite advancements, surgical complications such as periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) pose risks. The potential predictive value of pre- and post-operative inflammatory markers like neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), D-dimer, and albumin levels on surgical outcomes is garnering attention. There is a growing interest in leveraging these markers to enhance patient selection and outcome prediction in the context of TKA.Focusing on the natural course of these markers, and the incidence of PJIs and to refine perioperative care strategies, improve patient outcomes, and identify high-risk patients for targeted intervention. METHODS The study included 94 patients who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA) between 2019 and 2023. Blood tests were conducted before surgery and at 1, 3, 7, and 15 days after surgery to assess various parameters including white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, platelets, hemoglobin, C-reactive protein, D-dimers, total protein, albumin, and total cholesterol values and ratios. RESULTS Following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), key observations in blood markers included a sharp rise in white blood cell (WBC) counts from 5.81 to 10.22 (*10^9/L) on the first day post-surgery, with levels returning close to preoperative values by day-15. Neutrophil counts similarly increased from 3.46 to 8.50 (*10^9/L) on day-1, decreasing to 4.01 by day-15. Hemoglobin levels significantly decreased from 115.70 g/L to 90.62 by day-3 before improving to 100.30 by day-15. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels also saw a significant rise from 6.15 mg/L to a peak of 47.07 on day-3, then reducing to 10.55 by day-15, indicating a response to inflammation. CONCLUSION Following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), a significant initial postoperative increase in white blood cell count, neutrophils, and C-reactive protein levels, indicative of an acute inflammatory response, before returning towards baseline values by day 15. Hemoglobin levels displayed a notable dip post-surgery, gradually improving by the study's end. These patterns emphasize the dynamic nature of inflammatory and hematological responses after TKA, highlighting their potential role in predicting surgical outcomes and guiding postoperative care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khan Akhtar Ali
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - LingXiao He
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xinyue Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jumei Pan
- Department of Hospice Care of Linfen Road Community Health Care Center, Jing An District, Shanghai, 200435, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wenkai Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Romero-Ramírez L, Mey J. Emerging Roles of Bile Acids and TGR5 in the Central Nervous System: Molecular Functions and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9279. [PMID: 39273226 PMCID: PMC11395147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are cholesterol derivatives synthesized in the liver and released into the digestive tract to facilitate lipid uptake during the digestion process. Most of these BAs are reabsorbed and recycled back to the liver. Some of these BAs progress to other tissues through the bloodstream. The presence of BAs in the central nervous system (CNS) has been related to their capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) from the systemic circulation. However, the expression of enzymes and receptors involved in their synthesis and signaling, respectively, support the hypothesis that there is an endogenous source of BAs with a specific function in the CNS. Over the last decades, BAs have been tested as treatments for many CNS pathologies, with beneficial effects. Although they were initially reported as neuroprotective substances, they are also known to reduce inflammatory processes. Most of these effects have been related to the activation of the Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). This review addresses the new challenges that face BA research for neuroscience, focusing on their molecular functions. We discuss their endogenous and exogenous sources in the CNS, their signaling through the TGR5 receptor, and their mechanisms of action as potential therapeutics for neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Romero-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Regeneración Neuronal, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Jörg Mey
- Laboratorio de Regeneración Neuronal, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- EURON Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Odnoshivkina JG, Petrov AM. 25-hydroxycholesterol triggers antioxidant signaling in mouse atria. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2024; 172:106834. [PMID: 38521490 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2024.106834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Oxysterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), is a potent regulator of immune reactions, its synthesis greatly increases by macrophages during inflammation. We hypothesize that 25HC can have cardioprotective effects by limiting consequences of excessive β-adrenoceptor (βAR) stimulation, particularly reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, in mouse atria. Isoproterenol, a βAR agonist, increased extra- and intracellular levels of ROS. This enhancement of ROS production was suppressed by NADPH oxidase antagonists as well as 25HC. Inhibition of β3ARs, Gi protein and protein kinase Cε prevented the effect of 25HC on isoproterenol-dependent ROS synthesis. Furthermore, 25HC suppressed isoproterenol-induced lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial ROS generation as well as ROS-dependent component of positive inotropic response to isoproterenol. Additionally, 25HC decreased mitochondrial ROS production and lipid peroxidation induced by antimycin A, a mitochondrial poison. Thus, 25HC exerts antioxidant properties alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction-induced and βAR-dependent cardiac oxidative damage. In the latter case, 25HC can act via signaling mechanism engaging β3ARs, Gi protein and protein kinase Cε.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia G Odnoshivkina
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St, Kazan, RT 420012, Russia; Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, RT 420111, Russia
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St, Kazan, RT 420012, Russia; Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, RT 420111, Russia; Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia.
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Vladimir de la Rosa J, Tabraue C, Huang Z, Orizaola MC, Martin‐Rodríguez P, Steffensen KR, Zapata JM, Boscá L, Tontonoz P, Alemany S, Treuter E, Castrillo A. Reprogramming of the LXRα Transcriptome Sustains Macrophage Secondary Inflammatory Responses. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307201. [PMID: 38549193 PMCID: PMC11132038 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Macrophages regulate essential aspects of innate immunity against pathogens. In response to microbial components, macrophages activate primary and secondary inflammatory gene programs crucial for host defense. The liver X receptors (LXRα, LXRβ) are ligand-dependent nuclear receptors that direct gene expression important for cholesterol metabolism and inflammation, but little is known about the individual roles of LXRα and LXRβ in antimicrobial responses. Here, the results demonstrate that induction of LXRα transcription by prolonged exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) supports inflammatory gene expression in macrophages. LXRα transcription is induced by NF-κB and type-I interferon downstream of TLR4 activation. Moreover, LPS triggers a reprogramming of the LXRα cistrome that promotes cytokine and chemokine gene expression through direct LXRα binding to DNA consensus sequences within cis-regulatory regions including enhancers. LXRα-deficient macrophages present fewer binding of p65 NF-κB and reduced histone H3K27 acetylation at enhancers of secondary inflammatory response genes. Mice lacking LXRα in the hematopoietic compartment show impaired responses to bacterial endotoxin in peritonitis models, exhibiting reduced neutrophil infiltration and decreased expansion and inflammatory activation of recruited F4/80lo-MHC-IIhi peritoneal macrophages. Together, these results uncover a previously unrecognized function for LXRα-dependent transcriptional cis-activation of secondary inflammatory gene expression in macrophages and the host response to microbial ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Vladimir de la Rosa
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC)Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas35016Spain
| | - Carlos Tabraue
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC)Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas35016Spain
- Departamento de MorfologíaUniversidad de Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas35016Spain
| | - Zhiqiang Huang
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska Institutet, NEOHuddinge14183Sweden
- Center for Translational Medicine and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular MedicineMedical SchoolNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
| | - Marta C. Orizaola
- Department of Metabolic and Immune Diseases. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols‐MorrealeCentro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC‐Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28029Spain
| | - Patricia Martin‐Rodríguez
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC)Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas35016Spain
| | - Knut R. Steffensen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstituteHuddinge14186Sweden
| | - Juan Manuel Zapata
- Department of Metabolic and Immune Diseases. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols‐MorrealeCentro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC‐Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28029Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Department of Metabolic and Immune Diseases. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols‐MorrealeCentro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC‐Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28029Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV)Madrid28029Spain
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory MedicineUniversity of California Los AngelesUCLACalifornia90095USA
| | - Susana Alemany
- Department of Metabolic and Immune Diseases. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols‐MorrealeCentro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC‐Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28029Spain
| | - Eckardt Treuter
- Department of Biosciences and NutritionKarolinska Institutet, NEOHuddinge14183Sweden
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada al CSIC)Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran CanariaLas Palmas35016Spain
- Department of Metabolic and Immune Diseases. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sols‐MorrealeCentro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC‐Universidad Autónoma de MadridMadrid28029Spain
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Zhou S, Zhang D, Li D, Wang H, Ding C, Song J, Huang W, Xia X, Zhou Z, Han S, Jin Z, Yan B, Gonzales J, Via LE, Zhang L, Wang D. Pathogenic mycobacterium upregulates cholesterol 25-hydroxylase to promote granuloma development via foam cell formation. iScience 2024; 27:109204. [PMID: 38420591 PMCID: PMC10901098 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic mycobacteria orchestrate the complex cell populations known as granuloma that is the hallmark of tuberculosis. Foam cells, a lipid-rich cell-type, are considered critical for granuloma formation; however, the causative factor in foam cell formation remains unclear. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the abundant accumulation of lipid-laden-macrophage-derived foam cells during which cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is crucial in foam cell formation. Here, we show that M. marinum (Mm), a relative of M. tuberculosis, induces foam cell formation, leading to granuloma development following CH25H upregulation. Moreover, the Mm-driven increase in CH25H expression is associated with the presence of phthiocerol dimycocerosate, a determinant for Mm virulence and integrity. CH25H-null mice showed decreased foam cell formation and attenuated pathology. Atorvastatin, a recommended first-line lipid-lowering drug, promoted the elimination of M. marinum and concomitantly reduced CH25H production. These results define a previously unknown role for CH25H in controlling macrophage-derived foam cell formation and Tuberculosis pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University; Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - Ding Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University; Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Tuberculosis, The Third People’s Hospital of Yichang, Yichang 443003, P.R. China
| | - Hankun Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University; Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - Cairong Ding
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University; Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - Jingrui Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University; Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - Weifeng Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University; Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Xia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University; Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University; Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
| | - Zhu Jin
- Department of Tuberculosis, The Third People’s Hospital of Yichang, Yichang 443003, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai China
| | - Jacqueline Gonzales
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
| | - Laura E. Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20982, USA
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Decheng Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University; Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University; College of Basic Medical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, P.R. China
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Odnoshivkina JG, Averin AS, Khakimov IR, Trusov NA, Trusova DA, Petrov AM. The mechanism of 25-hydroxycholesterol-mediated suppression of atrial β1-adrenergic responses. Pflugers Arch 2024; 476:407-421. [PMID: 38253680 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
25-Hydroxycholesterol (25HC) is a biologically active oxysterol, whose production greatly increases during inflammation by macrophages and dendritic cells. The inflammatory reactions are frequently accompanied by changes in heart regulation, such as blunting of the cardiac β-adrenergic receptor (AR) signaling. Here, the mechanism of 25HC-dependent modulation of responses to β-AR activation was studied in the atria of mice. 25HC at the submicromolar levels decreased the β-AR-mediated positive inotropic effect and enhancement of the Ca2+ transient amplitude, without changing NO production. Positive inotropic responses to β1-AR (but not β2-AR) activation were markedly attenuated by 25HC. The depressant action of 25HC on the β1-AR-mediated responses was prevented by selective β3-AR antagonists as well as inhibitors of Gi protein, Gβγ, G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2/3, or β-arrestin. Simultaneously, blockers of protein kinase D and C as well as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor did not preclude the negative action of 25HC on the inotropic response to β-AR activation. Thus, 25HC can suppress the β1-AR-dependent effects via engaging β3-AR, Gi protein, Gβγ, G protein-coupled receptor kinase, and β-arrestin. This 25HC-dependent mechanism can contribute to the inflammatory-related alterations in the atrial β-adrenergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia G Odnoshivkina
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St, Kazan, RT, Russia, 420012
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, RT, Russia, 420111
| | - Alexey S Averin
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center of Biological Research", Pushchino Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Ildar R Khakimov
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St, Kazan, RT, Russia, 420012
| | - Nazar A Trusov
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St, Kazan, RT, Russia, 420012
| | - Diliara A Trusova
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St, Kazan, RT, Russia, 420012
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St, Kazan, RT, Russia, 420012.
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St, Kazan, RT, Russia, 420111.
- Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan, Russia, 420008.
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Ito T, Ichikawa T, Yamada M, Hashimoto Y, Fujino N, Numakura T, Sasaki Y, Suzuki A, Takita K, Sano H, Kyogoku Y, Saito T, Koarai A, Tamada T, Sugiura H. CYP27A1-27-hydroxycholesterol axis in the respiratory system contributes to house dust mite-induced allergic airway inflammation. Allergol Int 2024; 73:151-163. [PMID: 37607853 DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27-HC) derived from sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) has pro-inflammatory biological activity and is associated with oxidative stress and chronic inflammation in COPD. However, the role of regulation of CYP27A1- 27-HC axis in asthma is unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the contribution of the axis to the pathophysiology of asthma. METHODS House dust mite (HDM) extract was intranasally administered to C57BL/6 mice and the expression of CYP27A1 in the airways was analyzed by immunostaining. The effect of pre-treatment with PBS or CYP27A1 inhibitors on the cell fraction in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was analyzed in the murine model. In vitro, BEAS-2B cells were treated with HDM and the levels of CYP27A1 expression were examined. Furthermore, the effect of 27-HC on the expressions of E-cadherin and ZO-1 in the cells was analyzed. The amounts of RANTES and eotaxin from the 27-HC-treated cells were analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS The administration of HDM increased the expression of CYP27A1 in the airways of mice as well as the number of eosinophils in the BALF. CYP27A1 inhibitors ameliorated the HDM-induced increase in the number of eosinophils in the BALF. Treatment with HDM increased the expression of CYP27A1 in BEAS-2B cells. The administration of 27-HC to BEAS-2B cells suppressed the expression of E-cadherin and ZO-1, and augmented the production of RANTES and eotaxin. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that aeroallergen could enhance the induction of CYP27A1, leading to allergic airway inflammation and disruption of the airway epithelial tight junction through 27-HC production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsunori Ito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ichikawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Yamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hashimoto
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoya Fujino
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tadahisa Numakura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yusaku Sasaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ayumi Suzuki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Katsuya Takita
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hirohito Sano
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yorihiko Kyogoku
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takuya Saito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Koarai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Tamada
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Sugiura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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9
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Nguyen C, Saint-Pol J, Dib S, Pot C, Gosselet F. 25-Hydroxycholesterol in health and diseases. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100486. [PMID: 38104944 PMCID: PMC10823077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential structural component of all membranes of mammalian cells where it plays a fundamental role not only in cellular architecture, but also, for example, in signaling pathway transduction, endocytosis process, receptor functioning and recycling, or cytoskeleton remodeling. Consequently, intracellular cholesterol concentrations are tightly regulated by complex processes, including cholesterol synthesis, uptake from circulating lipoproteins, lipid transfer to these lipoproteins, esterification, and metabolization into oxysterols that are intermediates for bile acids. Oxysterols have been considered for long time as sterol waste products, but a large body of evidence has clearly demonstrated that they play key roles in central nervous system functioning, immune cell response, cell death, or migration and are involved in age-related diseases, cancers, autoimmunity, or neurological disorders. Among all the existing oxysterols, this review summarizes basic as well as recent knowledge on 25-hydroxycholesterol which is mainly produced during inflammatory or infectious situations and that in turn contributes to immune response, central nervous system disorders, atherosclerosis, macular degeneration, or cancer development. Effects of its metabolite 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol are also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Nguyen
- UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Univ. Artois, Lens, France
| | - Julien Saint-Pol
- UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Univ. Artois, Lens, France
| | - Shiraz Dib
- UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Univ. Artois, Lens, France
| | - Caroline Pot
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Univ. Artois, Lens, France.
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10
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Lauwers C, De Bruyn L, Langouche L. Impact of critical illness on cholesterol and fatty acids: insights into pathophysiology and therapeutic targets. Intensive Care Med Exp 2023; 11:84. [PMID: 38015312 PMCID: PMC10684846 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-023-00570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Critical illness is characterized by a hypercatabolic response encompassing endocrine and metabolic alterations. Not only the uptake, synthesis and metabolism of glucose and amino acids is majorly affected, but also the homeostasis of lipids and cholesterol is altered during acute and prolonged critical illness. Patients who suffer from critically ill conditions such as sepsis, major trauma, surgery or burn wounds display an immediate and sustained reduction in low plasma LDL-, HDL- and total cholesterol concentrations, together with a, less pronounced, increase in plasma free fatty acids. The severity of these alterations is associated with severity of illness, but the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are multifactorial and only partly clarified. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge of how lipid and cholesterol uptake, synthesis and metabolism is affected during critical illness. Reduced nutritional uptake, increased scavenging of lipoproteins as well as an increased conversion to cortisol or other cholesterol-derived metabolites might all play a role in the decrease in plasma cholesterol. The acute stress response to critical illness creates a lipolytic cocktail, which might explain the increase in plasma free fatty acids, although reduced uptake and oxidation, but also increased lipogenesis, especially in prolonged critical illness, will also affect the circulating levels. Whether a disturbed lipid homeostasis warrants intervention or should primarily be interpreted as a signal of severity of illness requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lauwers
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1 Box 503, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lauren De Bruyn
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1 Box 503, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lies Langouche
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, O&N1 Box 503, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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11
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Fernandes HB, de Oliveira IM, Postler TS, Lima SQ, Santos CAC, Oliveira MS, Leão FB, Ghosh S, Souza MC, Andrade W, Silva AM. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that RasGEF1b deletion alters basal and LPS-induced expression of genes involved in chemotaxis and cytokine responses in macrophages. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19614. [PMID: 37950057 PMCID: PMC10638313 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor member 1b (RasGEF1b) of the RasGEF/CDC25 domain-containing family is preferentially expressed by macrophages. However, information is lacking about its role in macrophage function. In this study, we generated mice with ubiquitous deletion of Rasgef1b and used RNA-seq-based transcriptomics to compare the global gene expression in wild-type and knock-out primary bone-marrow-derived macrophages under basal conditions and after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Transcriptional filtering identified several genes with significantly different transcript levels between wild-type and knock-out macrophages. In total, 49 and 37 differentially expressed genes were identified at baseline and in LPS-activated macrophages, respectively. Distinct biological processes were significantly linked to down-regulated genes at the basal condition only, and largely included chemotaxis, response to cytokines, and positive regulation of GTPase activity. Importantly, validation by RT-qPCR revealed that the expression of genes identified as down-regulated after LPS stimulation was also decreased in the knock-out cells under basal conditions. We used a luciferase-based reporter assay to showcase the capability of RasGEF1b in activating the Serpinb2 promoter. Notably, knockdown of RasGEF1b in RAW264.7 macrophages resulted in impaired transcriptional activation of the Serpinb2 promoter, both in constitutive and LPS-stimulated conditions. This study provides a small collection of genes that shows relative expression changes effected by the absence of RasGEF1b in macrophages. Thus, we present the first evidence that RasGEF1b mediates the regulation of both steady-state and signal-dependent expression of genes and propose that this GEF plays a role in the maintenance of the basal transcriptional level in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heliana B Fernandes
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Genes, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Isadora Mafra de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Genes, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Thomas S Postler
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Design and Development Laboratory, International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Sérgio Q Lima
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Genes, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Cícera A C Santos
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Genes, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Rondônia (IFRO), Guajará-Mirim, RO, Brazil
| | - Michaelle S Oliveira
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Genes, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Felipe B Leão
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sankar Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria C Souza
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Warrison Andrade
- Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Aristóbolo M Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammatory Genes, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brazil.
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12
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Zhang J, Zhu Y, Wang X, Wang J. 25-hydroxycholesterol: an integrator of antiviral ability and signaling. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1268104. [PMID: 37781400 PMCID: PMC10533924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol, as an important component in mammalian cells, is efficient for viral entry, replication, and assembly. Oxysterols especially hydroxylated cholesterols are recognized as novel regulators of the innate immune response. The antiviral ability of 25HC (25-Hydroxycholesterol) is uncovered due to its role as a metabolic product of the interferon-stimulated gene CH25H (cholesterol-25-hydroxylase). With the advancement of research, the biological functions of 25HC and its structural functions have been interpreted gradually. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of antiviral effect of 25HC are not only limited to interferon regulation. Taken up by the special biosynthetic ways and structure, 25HC contributes to modulate not only the cholesterol metabolism but also autophagy and inflammation by regulating signaling pathways. The outcome of modulation by 25HC seems to be largely dependent on the cell types, viruses and context of cell microenvironments. In this paper, we review the recent proceedings on the regulatory effect of 25HC on interferon-independent signaling pathways related to its antiviral capacity and its putative underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Yaohong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Xiaojia Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Jiufeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya, China
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13
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Shi Q, Zhan T, Bi X, Ye BC, Qi N. Cholesterol-autoxidation metabolites in host defense against infectious diseases. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350501. [PMID: 37369622 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol plays essential roles in biological processes, including cell membrane stability and myelin formation. Cholesterol can be metabolized to oxysterols by enzymatic or nonenzymatic ways. Nonenzymatic cholesterol metabolites, also called cholesterol-autoxidation metabolites, are formed dependent on the oxidation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as OH• or reactive nitrogen species, such as ONOO- . Cholesterol-autoxidation metabolites are abundantly produced in diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and atherosclerosis, which are associated with oxidative stress. Recent studies have shown that cholesterol-autoxidation metabolites can further regulate the immune system. Here, we review the literature and summarize how cholesterol-autoxidation metabolites, such as 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC), 7α/β-OHC, and 7-ketocholesterol, deal with the occurrence and development of infectious diseases through pattern recognition receptors, inflammasomes, ROS production, nuclear receptors, G-protein-coupled receptor 183, and lipid availability. In addition, we include the research regarding the roles of these metabolites in COVID-19 infection and discuss our viewpoints on the future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwen Shi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingzhu Zhan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaobao Bi
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bang-Ce Ye
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Department of Basic Research, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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14
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Yousefi P, Gholami A, Mehrjo M, Razizadeh MH, Akhavan M, Karampoor S, Tabibzadeh A. The role of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase in viral infections: Mechanisms and implications. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 249:154783. [PMID: 37660656 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections pose significant threats to human health, causing various diseases with varying severity. The intricate interactions between viruses and host cells determine the outcome of infection, including viral replication, immune responses, and disease progression. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a potent antiviral molecule. In recent years, increasing evidence has highlighted the critical involvement of CH25H in modulating immune responses and influencing viral infections. Notably, the review discusses the implications of CH25H in viral pathogenesis and the development of therapeutic strategies. It examines the interplay between CH25H and viral immune evasion mechanisms, highlighting the potential of viral antagonism of CH25H to enhance viral replication and pathogenesis. Furthermore, it explores the therapeutic potential of targeting CH25H or modulating its downstream signaling pathways as a strategy to control viral infections and enhance antiviral immune responses. This comprehensive review demonstrates the crucial role of CH25H in viral infections, shedding light on its mechanisms of action in viral entry, replication, and immune modulation. Understanding the complex interplay between CH25H and viral infections may pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches and the development of antiviral strategies aimed at exploiting the antiviral properties of CH25H and enhancing host immune responses against viral pathogens. In the current review, we tried to provide an overview of the antiviral activity and importance of CH25H in viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parastoo Yousefi
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Gholami
- School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mohsen Mehrjo
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Mandana Akhavan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Arak Branch, Arak, Iran
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Tabibzadeh
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Zhong G, He C, Wang S, Lin C, Li M. Research progress on the mechanism of cholesterol-25-hydroxylase in intestinal immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241262. [PMID: 37720208 PMCID: PMC10500599 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a general term encompassing Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and other conditions, is a chronic and relapsing autoimmune disease that can occur in any part of the digestive tract. While the cause of IBD remains unclear, it is acknowledged that the disease has much to do with the dysregulation of intestinal immunity. In the intestinal immune regulatory system, Cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) plays an important role in regulating the function of immune cells and lipid metabolism through catalyzing the oxidation of cholesterol into 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC). Specifically, CH25H focuses its mechanism of regulating the inflammatory response, signal transduction and cell migration on various types of immune cells by binding to relevant receptors, and the mechanism of regulating lipid metabolism and immune cell function via the transcription factor Sterol Regulator-Binding Protein. Based on this foundation, this article will review the function of CH25H in intestinal immunity, aiming to provide evidence for supporting the discovery of early diagnostic and treatment targets for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mingsong Li
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Research Center, Department of Gastroenterology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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16
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Kai T, Hirayama S, Soda S, Fuwa F, Nakagawa S, Ueno T, Hori A, Miida T. Higher concentration of 25-hydroxycholesterol in treatment-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes compared to healthy individuals. J Clin Lipidol 2023; 17:384-391. [PMID: 37149432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxysterols are cholesterol oxidation derivatives with diverse biological activities. However, little is known about the oxysterol levels in treatment-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes. OBJECTIVE We utilized gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to investigate the potential association between oxysterol concentrations and type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis in treatment-naïve patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. METHODS This case-control study enrolled 53 eligible patients with type 2 diabetes and 50 healthy volunteers. We compared serum oxysterol concentrations between the two groups; we examined the correlation between the oxysterol concentrations and the carotid plaque score in the type 2 diabetes group. RESULTS Univariate analysis revealed significant differences in the concentrations of oxysterols (i.e., cholesterol-5α, 6α-epoxide; cholesterol-5β, 6β-epoxide; 7β-hydroxycholesterol; and 25-hydroxycholesterol [25-HC]) and other cardiovascular risk factors between the two groups. The 25-HC concentration was almost twofold greater in the type 2 diabetes group than in the healthy volunteers (median [interquartile range]: 8.52 [6.37-11.26] vs. 4.58 [3.45-5.44] ng/mL). After adjusting for multiple covariates, such as age, body mass index, mean arterial pressure, and triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, only the concentration of 25-HC showed a significant association with type 2 diabetes. However, the univariate analysis failed to demonstrate any significant correlation between oxysterol concentrations and the carotid plaque score among individuals with type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS The levels of various oxysterols differ between treatment-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes and healthy individuals; the 25-HC level differs the most prominently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Kai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirayama
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Health Care Center, Tokyo Gakugei University, Nukuikita-machi 4-1-1, Koganei, Tokyo 184-8501, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Soda
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Niigata City General Hospital, Shumoku 463-7, Niigata 950-1197, Japan
| | - Fumiko Fuwa
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Higashijima 265-1, Akiha-ku, Niigata 956-8603, Japan
| | - Saori Nakagawa
- Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Higashijima 265-1, Akiha-ku, Niigata 956-8603, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Ueno
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hori
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Technology, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medical Science, Hinode 6-8-1, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0013, Japan
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 2-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan; Department of Clinical Laboratory Technology, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medical Science, Hinode 6-8-1, Urayasu, Chiba 279-0013, Japan
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17
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Madenspacher JH, Morrell ED, McDonald JG, Thompson BM, Li Y, Birukov KG, Birukova AA, Stapleton RD, Alejo A, Karmaus PW, Meacham JM, Rai P, Mikacenic C, Wurfel MM, Fessler MB. 25-Hydroxycholesterol exacerbates vascular leak during acute lung injury. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e155448. [PMID: 36821369 PMCID: PMC10132150 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H), the biosynthetic enzyme for 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), is most highly expressed in the lung, but its role in lung biology is poorly defined. Recently, we reported that Ch25h is induced in monocyte-derived macrophages recruited to the airspace during resolution of lung inflammation and that 25HC promotes liver X receptor-dependent (LXR-dependent) clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by these cells. Ch25h and 25HC are, however, also robustly induced by lung-resident cells during the early hours of lung inflammation, suggesting additional cellular sources and targets. Here, using Ch25h-/- mice and exogenous 25HC in lung injury models, we provide evidence that 25HC sustains proinflammatory cytokines in the airspace and augments lung injury, at least in part, by inducing LXR-independent endoplasmic reticulum stress and endothelial leak. Suggesting an autocrine effect in endothelium, inhaled LPS upregulates pulmonary endothelial Ch25h, and non-hematopoietic Ch25h deletion is sufficient to confer lung protection. In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, airspace 25HC and alveolar macrophage CH25H were associated with markers of microvascular leak, endothelial activation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and clinical severity. Taken together, our findings suggest that 25HC deriving from and acting on different cell types in the lung communicates distinct, temporal LXR-independent and -dependent signals to regulate inflammatory homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Madenspacher
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric D. Morrell
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey G. McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition and
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Yue Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Konstantin G. Birukov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna A. Birukova
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Renee D. Stapleton
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Aidin Alejo
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peer W. Karmaus
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie M. Meacham
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Prashant Rai
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carmen Mikacenic
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mark M. Wurfel
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael B. Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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18
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Cashikar AG, Toral-Rios D, Timm D, Romero J, Strickland M, Long JM, Han X, Holtzman DM, Paul SM. Regulation of astrocyte lipid metabolism and ApoE secretionby the microglial oxysterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100350. [PMID: 36849076 PMCID: PMC10060115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, a major hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and several other neurological and psychiatric disorders, is often associated with dysregulated cholesterol metabolism. Relative to homeostatic microglia, activated microglia express higher levels of Ch25h, an enzyme that hydroxylates cholesterol to produce 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). 25HC is an oxysterol with interesting immune roles stemming from its ability to regulate cholesterol metabolism. Since astrocytes synthesize cholesterol in the brain and transport it to other cells via ApoE-containing lipoproteins, we hypothesized that secreted 25HC from microglia may influence lipid metabolism as well as extracellular ApoE derived from astrocytes. Here, we show that astrocytes take up externally added 25HC and respond with altered lipid metabolism. Extracellular levels of ApoE lipoprotein particles increased after treatment of astrocytes with 25HC without an increase in Apoe mRNA expression. In mouse astrocytes-expressing human ApoE3 or ApoE4, 25HC promoted extracellular ApoE3 better than ApoE4. Increased extracellular ApoE was due to elevated efflux from increased Abca1 expression via LXRs as well as decreased lipoprotein reuptake from suppressed Ldlr expression via inhibition of SREBP. 25HC also suppressed expression of Srebf2, but not Srebf1, leading to reduced cholesterol synthesis in astrocytes without affecting fatty acid levels. We further show that 25HC promoted the activity of sterol-o-acyl transferase that led to a doubling of the amount of cholesteryl esters and their concomitant storage in lipid droplets. Our results demonstrate an important role for 25HC in regulating astrocyte lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil G Cashikar
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA.
| | - Danira Toral-Rios
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David Timm
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Johnathan Romero
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Strickland
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Justin M Long
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Steven M Paul
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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19
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Lee JH, Lee SH, Lee EH, Cho JY, Song DK, Lee YJ, Kwon TK, Oh BC, Cho KW, Osborne TF, Jeon TI, Im SS. SCAP deficiency facilitates obesity and insulin resistance through shifting adipose tissue macrophage polarization. J Adv Res 2023; 45:1-13. [PMID: 35659922 PMCID: PMC10006517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) cleavage-associating protein (SCAP) is a sterol-regulated escort protein that translocates SREBPs from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, thereby activating lipid metabolism and cholesterol synthesis. Although SCAP regulates lipid metabolism in metabolic tissues, such as the liver and muscle, the effect of macrophage-specific SCAP deficiency in adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) of patients with metabolic diseases is not completely understood. OBJECTIVES Here, we examined the function of SCAP in high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HFHS)-fed mice and investigated its role in the polarization of classical activated macrophages in adipose tissue. METHODS Macrophage-specific SCAP knockout (mKO) mice were generated through crossbreeding lysozyme 2-cre mice with SCAP floxed mice which were then fed HFHS for 12 weeks. Primary macrophages were derived from bone marrow cells and analyzed further. RESULTS We found that fat accumulation and the appearance of proinflammatory M1 macrophages were both higher in HFHS-fed SCAP mKO mice relative to floxed control mice. We traced the effect to a defect in the lipopolysaccharide-mediated increase in SREBP-1a that occurs in control but not SCAP mKO mice. Mechanistically, SREBP-1a increased expression of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase transcription, resulting in an increase in the production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), an endogenous agonist of liver X receptor alpha (LXRα) which increased expression of cholesterol efflux to limit cholesterol accumulation and M1 polarization. In the absence of SCAP mediated activation of SREBP-1a, increased M1 macrophage polarization resulted in reduced cholesterol efflux downstream from 25-HC-dependent LXRα activation. CONCLUSION Overall, the activation of the SCAP-SREBP-1a pathway in macrophages may provide a novel therapeutic strategy that ameliorates obesity by controlling cholesterol homeostasis in ATMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Ho Lee
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Lee
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ho Lee
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yong Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Kyu Song
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jae Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Gachon University School of Medicine, Younsoo-gu, Inchon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeg Kyu Kwon
- Department of Immunology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Chul Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Department of Physiology, Gachon University School of Medicine, Younsoo-gu, Inchon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - Kae Won Cho
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bioScience (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Timothy F Osborne
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Departments of Medicine and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Tae-Il Jeon
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Soon Im
- Department of Physiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Conlon TM, Yildirim AÖ. Oxysterol metabolism dictates macrophage influx during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur Respir J 2023; 61:13993003.02417-2022. [PMID: 36858446 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02417-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Conlon
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
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21
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Cho SJ, Pronko A, Yang J, Pagan K, Stout-Delgado H. Role of Cholesterol 25-Hydroxylase (Ch25h) in Mediating Innate Immune Responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection. Cells 2023; 12:570. [PMID: 36831236 PMCID: PMC9953875 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) are long-lived tissue-resident innate immune cells of the airways. AM are key effectors of recognition, initiation, and resolution of the host defense against microbes and play an essential role in mediating host responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Lipid metabolism in AM can significantly impact cellular function and biology. Dysregulated metabolism contributes to an accumulation of lipids, unfolded protein response induction, and inflammatory cytokine production. Our study was designed to investigate the impact of Ch25h on mediating innate immune responses by macrophages during S. pneumoniae infection. Using wild-type and Ch25-/- mice, we examined the role of cholesterol metabolism on inflammatory cytokine production and bacterial clearance. Our results demonstrate that Ch25h plays an important role in the initiation and intensity of cytokine and chemokine production in the lung during S. pneumoniae infection. In the absence of Ch25h, there was enhanced phagocytosis and bacterial clearance. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the important role of Ch25h in modulating host responsiveness to S. pneumoniae infection.
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22
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Canfrán-Duque A, Rotllan N, Zhang X, Andrés-Blasco I, Thompson BM, Sun J, Price NL, Fernández-Fuertes M, Fowler JW, Gómez-Coronado D, Sessa WC, Giannarelli C, Schneider RJ, Tellides G, McDonald JG, Fernández-Hernando C, Suárez Y. Macrophage-Derived 25-Hydroxycholesterol Promotes Vascular Inflammation, Atherogenesis, and Lesion Remodeling. Circulation 2023; 147:388-408. [PMID: 36416142 PMCID: PMC9892282 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.059062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-talk between sterol metabolism and inflammatory pathways has been demonstrated to significantly affect the development of atherosclerosis. Cholesterol biosynthetic intermediates and derivatives are increasingly recognized as key immune regulators of macrophages in response to innate immune activation and lipid overloading. 25-Hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is produced as an oxidation product of cholesterol by the enzyme cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) and belongs to a family of bioactive cholesterol derivatives produced by cells in response to fluctuating cholesterol levels and immune activation. Despite the major role of 25-HC as a mediator of innate and adaptive immune responses, its contribution during the progression of atherosclerosis remains unclear. METHODS The levels of 25-HC were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and the expression of CH25H in different macrophage populations of human or mouse atherosclerotic plaques, respectively. The effect of CH25H on atherosclerosis progression was analyzed by bone marrow adoptive transfer of cells from wild-type or Ch25h-/- mice to lethally irradiated Ldlr-/- mice, followed by a Western diet feeding for 12 weeks. Lipidomic, transcriptomic analysis and effects on macrophage function and signaling were analyzed in vitro from lipid-loaded macrophage isolated from Ldlr-/- or Ch25h-/-;Ldlr-/- mice. The contribution of secreted 25-HC to fibrous cap formation was analyzed using a smooth muscle cell lineage-tracing mouse model, Myh11ERT2CREmT/mG;Ldlr-/-, adoptively transferred with wild-type or Ch25h-/- mice bone marrow followed by 12 weeks of Western diet feeding. RESULTS We found that 25-HC accumulated in human coronary atherosclerotic lesions and that macrophage-derived 25-HC accelerated atherosclerosis progression, promoting plaque instability through autocrine and paracrine actions. 25-HC amplified the inflammatory response of lipid-loaded macrophages and inhibited the migration of smooth muscle cells within the plaque. 25-HC intensified inflammatory responses of lipid-laden macrophages by modifying the pool of accessible cholesterol in the plasma membrane, which altered Toll-like receptor 4 signaling, promoted nuclear factor-κB-mediated proinflammatory gene expression, and increased apoptosis susceptibility. These effects were independent of 25-HC-mediated modulation of liver X receptor or SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein) transcriptional activity. CONCLUSIONS Production of 25-HC by activated macrophages amplifies their inflammatory phenotype, thus promoting atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Canfrán-Duque
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Noemi Rotllan
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xinbo Zhang
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Irene Andrés-Blasco
- Department of Comparative Medicine. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Genomics and Diabetes Unit, Health Research Institute Clinic Hospital of Valencia (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Center for Human Nutrition. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Sun
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pathology. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nathan L Price
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Marta Fernández-Fuertes
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Joseph W. Fowler
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pharmacology Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Diego Gómez-Coronado
- Servicio Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, IRyCIS, Madrid, and CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - William C. Sessa
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pharmacology Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Chiara Giannarelli
- Department of Medicine, Cardiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Robert J Schneider
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - George Tellides
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520 USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition. University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Carlos Fernández-Hernando
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pathology. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yajaira Suárez
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Molecular and System Metabolism, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Comparative Medicine. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pathology. Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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23
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Asano T, Wakabayashi T, Kondo Y, Okada K, Yamamuro D, Koga Y, Oka K, Sakurai M, Sawayama N, Takahashi M, Okazaki H, Ebihara K, Minami K, Morisawa Y, Hatakeyama S, Matsumura M, Ishibashi S. Serum 25-hydroxycholesterol levels are increased in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Lipidol 2023; 17:78-86. [PMID: 36522261 PMCID: PMC9637049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), produced by cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) in macrophages, has been reported to inhibit the replication of viral pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. Also, CH25H expression in macrophages is robustly induced by interferons (IFNs). OBJECTIVE To better understand the serum level increase of 25HC in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and how it relates to the clinical picture. METHODS We measured the serum levels of 25HC and five other oxysterols in 17 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. RESULTS On admission, 25HC and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC) serum levels were elevated; however, 7-ketocholesterol (7KC) levels were lower in patients with COVID-19 than in the healthy controls. There was no significant correlation between 25HC serum levels and disease severity markers, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 6. Dexamethasone effectively suppressed cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 cells, a murine leukemia macrophage cell line, with or without lipopolysaccharide or IFNs; therefore, it might mitigate the increasing effects of COVID-19 on the serum levels of 25HC. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlighted that 25HC could be used as a unique biomarker in severe COVID-19 and a potential therapeutic candidate for detecting the severity of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Asano
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Tetsuji Wakabayashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Yasuyuki Kondo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Kenta Okada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Daisuke Yamamuro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Yukiko Koga
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Kiyonori Oka
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Momoe Sakurai
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Nagisa Sawayama
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Manabu Takahashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Hiroaki Okazaki
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Ken Ebihara
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Kensuke Minami
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Minami and Morisawa)
| | - Yuji Morisawa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Minami and Morisawa)
| | - Shuji Hatakeyama
- Division of General Medicine, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Hatakeyama and Matsumura)
| | - Masami Matsumura
- Division of General Medicine, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Hatakeyama and Matsumura)
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi).
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24
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Ejam SS, Saleh RO, Catalan Opulencia MJ, Najm MA, Makhmudova A, Jalil AT, Abdelbasset WK, Al-Gazally ME, Hammid AT, Mustafa YF, Sergeevna SE, Karampoor S, Mirzaei R. Pathogenic role of 25-hydroxycholesterol in cancer development and progression. Future Oncol 2022; 18:4415-4442. [PMID: 36651359 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential lipid that serves several important functions, including maintaining the homeostasis of cells, acting as a precursor to bile acid and steroid hormones and preserving the stability of membrane lipid rafts. 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is a cholesterol derivative that may be formed from cholesterol. 25-HC is a crucial component in various biological activities, including cholesterol metabolism. In recent years, growing evidence has shown that 25-HC performs a critical function in the etiology of cancer, infectious diseases and autoimmune disorders. This review will summarize the latest findings regarding 25-HC, including its biogenesis, immunomodulatory properties and role in innate/adaptive immunity, inflammation and the development of various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raed Obaid Saleh
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar, Iraq
| | | | - Mazin Aa Najm
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
| | - Aziza Makhmudova
- Department of Social Sciences & Humanities, Samarkand State Medical Institute, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Tashkent State Dental Institute, Makhtumkuli Street 103, Tashkent, 100047, Uzbekistan
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratories Techniques Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Hilla, 51001, Iraq
| | - Walid Kamal Abdelbasset
- Department of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kasr Al-Aini Hospital, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Ali Thaeer Hammid
- Computer Engineering Techniques Department, Faculty of Information Technology, Imam Ja'afar Al-Sadiq University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq
| | - Sergushina Elena Sergeevna
- National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, 68 Bolshevitskaya Street, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, 430005, Russia
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal & Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom & Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Shankaran D, Arumugam P, Vasanthakumar RP, Singh A, Bothra A, Gandotra S, Rao V. Modern Clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosisStrains Leverage Type I IFN Pathway for a Proinflammatory Response in the Host. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 209:1736-1745. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Odnoshivkina UG, Kuznetsova EA, Petrov AM. 25-Hydroxycholesterol as a Signaling Molecule of the Nervous System. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2022; 87:524-537. [PMID: 35790411 PMCID: PMC9201265 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922060049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of plasma membrane and precursor of biological active compounds, including hydroxycholesterols (HCs). HCs regulate cellular homeostasis of cholesterol; they can pass across the membrane and vascular barriers and act distantly as para- and endocrine agents. A small amount of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is produced in the endoplasmic reticulum of most cells, where it serves as a potent regulator of the synthesis, intracellular transport, and storage of cholesterol. Production of 25-HC is strongly increased in the macrophages, dendrite cells, and microglia at the inflammatory response. The synthesis of 25-HC can be also upregulated in some neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spastic paraplegia type 5, and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. However, it is unclear whether 25-HC aggravates these pathologies or has the protective properties. The molecular targets for 25-HC are transcriptional factors (LX receptors, SREBP2, ROR), G protein-coupled receptor (GPR183), ion channels (NMDA receptors, SLO1), adhesive molecules (α5β1 and ανβ3 integrins), and oxysterol-binding proteins. The diversity of 25-HC-binding proteins points to the ability of HC to affect many physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we focused on the regulation of 25-HC production and its universal role in the control of cellular cholesterol homeostasis, as well as the effects of 25-HC as a signaling molecule mediating the influence of inflammation on the processes in the neuromuscular system and brain. Based on the evidence collected, it can be suggested that 25-HC prevents accumulation of cellular cholesterol and serves as a potent modulator of neuroinflammation, synaptic transmission, and myelinization. An increased production of 25-HC in response to a various type of damage can have a protective role and reduce neuronal loss. At the same time, an excess of 25-HC may exert the neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulia G Odnoshivkina
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences", Kazan, 420111, Russia
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, 420012, Russia
| | - Eva A Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences", Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences", Kazan, 420111, Russia.
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, 420012, Russia
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27
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Wang Y, Zhang J, Chen J, Wang D, Yu Y, Qiu P, Wang Q, Zhao W, Li Z, Lei T. Ch25h and 25-HC prevent liver steatosis through regulation of cholesterol metabolism and inflammation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:504-513. [PMID: 35462473 PMCID: PMC9828056 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently the most prevalent metabolic disorder all over the world, and lipid metabolic disorders and inflammation are closely associated and contribute to the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (Ch25h) and its product, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), play important roles in cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation, but whether Ch25h and 25-HC are involved in NAFLD remains uncertain. In this study, we use Ch25h knockout mice, hepatic cells and liver biopsies to explore the role of Ch25h and 25-HC in lipid metabolism and accumulation in liver, determine the molecular mechanism of lipid accumulation and inflammation influenced by Ch25h and 25-HC, and assess the regulatory effects of Ch25h and 25-HC on human NAFLD. Our results indicate that mice lacking Ch25h have normal cholesterol homeostasis with normal diet, but under the condition of high fat diet (HFD), the mice show higher total cholesterol and triglyceride in serum, and prone to hepatic steatosis. Ch25h deficiency reduces the cholesterol efflux regulated by liver X receptor α (LXRα), increases the synthesis of cholesterol mediated by sterol-regulatory element binding protein 2 (SREBP-2), and increases the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, therefore promotes hepatic steatosis. Collectively, our data suggest that Ch25h and 25-HC play important roles in lipid metabolism and inflammation, thereby exerting anti-NAFLD functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Wang
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an710061China,Xi’an Blood CenterXi’an710061China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an 710061Chinaand
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an710061China,Department of PathologyShannxi Provincial People’s HospitalXi’an710068China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an710061China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an710061China
| | - Pei Qiu
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an710061China
| | - Qiqi Wang
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an710061China
| | - Wenbao Zhao
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an710061China
| | - Zhao Li
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an 710061Chinaand
| | - Ting Lei
- Department of PathologySchool of Basic Medical SciencesXi’an Jiaotong University Health Science CenterXi’an710061China,Correspondence author. Tel: +86-29-82655189. E-mail:
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28
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de Freitas FA, Levy D, Reichert CO, Cunha-Neto E, Kalil J, Bydlowski SP. Effects of Oxysterols on Immune Cells and Related Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081251. [PMID: 35455931 PMCID: PMC9031443 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are the products of cholesterol oxidation. They have a wide range of effects on several cells, organs, and systems in the body. Oxysterols also have an influence on the physiology of the immune system, from immune cell maturation and migration to innate and humoral immune responses. In this regard, oxysterols have been involved in several diseases that have an immune component, from autoimmune and neurodegenerative diseases to inflammatory diseases, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Here, we review data on the participation of oxysterols, mainly 25-hydroxycholesterol and 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol, in the immune system and related diseases. The effects of these oxysterols and main oxysterol receptors, LXR and EBI2, in cells of the immune system (B cells, T cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes), and in immune-related diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, intestinal diseases, cancer, respiratory diseases, and atherosclerosis, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Alessandro de Freitas
- Lipids, Oxidation and Cell Biology Team, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil; (F.A.d.F.); (D.L.); (C.O.R.)
| | - Débora Levy
- Lipids, Oxidation and Cell Biology Team, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil; (F.A.d.F.); (D.L.); (C.O.R.)
| | - Cadiele Oliana Reichert
- Lipids, Oxidation and Cell Biology Team, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil; (F.A.d.F.); (D.L.); (C.O.R.)
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (LIM60), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil;
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Investigation in Immunology-III/INCT, Sao Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil;
| | - Jorge Kalil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Investigation in Immunology-III/INCT, Sao Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Paulo Bydlowski
- Lipids, Oxidation and Cell Biology Team, Laboratory of Immunology (LIM19), Heart Institute (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-900, SP, Brazil; (F.A.d.F.); (D.L.); (C.O.R.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Regenerative Medicine (INCT-Regenera), CNPq, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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29
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Transcription of cytochrome P450 46A1 in NIH3T3 cells is negatively regulated by FBS. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159136. [PMID: 35306146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2022.159136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular administration of side-chain oxysterols, such as 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-HC), 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-HC) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) to cells suppresses HMG-CoA reductase (Hmgcr) and CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (Pcyt2) mRNA levels. Oxysterols are enzymatically produced in cells from cholesterol by cytochrome P450 46A1 (Cyp46A1), Cyp27A1, Cyp3A11 and cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (Ch25h). We analyzed which of these oxysterol-producing enzymes are expressed in NIH3T3 cells and found that only Cyp46A1 was expressed. When Cyp46A1 was overexpressed in NIH3T3 cells, intrinsic oxysterols increased in the order 24S-HC > 25-HC > 27-HC. We investigated the mechanism regulating the production of endogenous oxysterols in NIH3T3 cells by Cyp46A1 and found that the mRNA, relative protein levels and enzymatic activity of Cyp46A1, and the amounts of 24S-HC, 25-HC and 27-HC significantly increased under serum-starved conditions, and these increases were suppressed by FBS supplementation. The aqueous phase of FBS obtained by the Bligh & Dyer method significantly suppressed Cyp46A1 mRNA levels. Fractionation of the aqueous phase by HPLC and analysis of the inhibiting fractions by nanoLC and TripleTOF MS/MS identified insulin-like factor-II (IGF-II). Cyp46A1 mRNA levels in serum-starved NIH3T3 cells were significantly suppressed by the addition of IGFs and insulin and endogenous oxysterol levels were decreased. CYP46A1 mRNA levels in the T98G human glioblastoma cell line were also increased by serum starvation but not by FBS supplementation, and the aqueous phase did not inhibit the increase. These results suggest that mRNA levels of Cyp46A1 are regulated by factors in FBS.
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30
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Cholesterol metabolism: from lipidomics to immunology. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100165. [PMID: 34953867 PMCID: PMC8953665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols, the oxidized forms of cholesterol or of its precursors, are formed in the first steps of cholesterol metabolism. Oxysterols have interested chemists, biologists, and physicians for many decades, but their exact biological relevance in vivo, other than as intermediates in bile acid biosynthesis, has long been debated. However, in the first quarter of this century, a role for side-chain oxysterols and their C-7 oxidized metabolites has been convincingly established in the immune system. 25-Hydroxycholesterol has been shown to be synthesized by macrophages in response to the activation of Toll-like receptors and to offer protection against microbial pathogens, whereas 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol has been shown to act as a chemoattractant to lymphocytes expressing the G protein-coupled receptor Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 and to be important in coordinating the action of B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid tissue. There is a growing body of evidence that not only these two oxysterols but also many of their isomers are of importance to the proper function of the immune system. Here, we review recent findings related to the roles of oxysterols in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom.
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31
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Barington L, Christensen LVV, Pedersen KK, Niss Arfelt K, Roumain M, Jensen KHR, Kjær VMS, Daugvilaite V, Kearney JF, Christensen JP, Hjortø GM, Muccioli GG, Holst PJ, Rosenkilde MM. GPR183 Is Dispensable for B1 Cell Accumulation and Function, but Affects B2 Cell Abundance, in the Omentum and Peritoneal Cavity. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030494. [PMID: 35159303 PMCID: PMC8834096 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
B1 cells constitute a specialized subset of B cells, best characterized in mice, which is abundant in body cavities, including the peritoneal cavity. Through natural and antigen-induced antibody production, B1 cells participate in the early defense against bacteria. The G protein-coupled receptor 183 (GPR183), also known as Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 (EBI2), is an oxysterol-activated chemotactic receptor that regulates migration of B cells. We investigated the role of GPR183 in B1 cells in the peritoneal cavity and omentum. B1 cells expressed GPR183 at the mRNA level and migrated towards the GPR183 ligand 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol (7α,25-OHC). GPR183 knock-out (KO) mice had smaller omenta, but with normal numbers of B1 cells, whereas they had fewer B2 cells in the omentum and peritoneal cavity than wildtype (WT) mice. GPR183 was not responsible for B1 cell accumulation in the omentum in response to i.p. lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injection, in spite of a massive increase in 7α,25-OHC levels. Lack of GPR183 also did not affect B1a- or B1b cell-specific antibody responses after vaccination. In conclusion, we found that GPR183 is non-essential for the accumulation and function of B1 cells in the omentum and peritoneal cavity, but that it influences the abundance of B2 cells in these compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Barington
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Liv von Voss Christensen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Kristian Kåber Pedersen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Kristine Niss Arfelt
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Martin Roumain
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.R.); (G.G.M.)
| | - Kristian Høj Reveles Jensen
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Viktoria Madeline Skovgaard Kjær
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Viktorija Daugvilaite
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - John F. Kearney
- Division of Developmental and Clinical Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Jan Pravsgaard Christensen
- Infectious Immunology Group, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Gertrud Malene Hjortø
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
| | - Giulio G. Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; (M.R.); (G.G.M.)
| | - Peter Johannes Holst
- Experimental Vaccinology Group, Centre for Medical Parasitology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- InProTher ApS, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Marie Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (L.B.); (L.v.V.C.); (K.K.P.); (K.N.A.); (K.H.R.J.); (V.M.S.K.); (V.D.); (G.M.H.)
- Correspondence:
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32
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Gu X, Li SY, Matsuyama S, DeFalco T. Immune Cells as Critical Regulators of Steroidogenesis in the Testis and Beyond. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:894437. [PMID: 35573990 PMCID: PMC9096076 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.894437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroidogenesis is an essential biological process for embryonic development, reproduction, and adult health. While specific glandular cells, such as Leydig cells in the testis, are traditionally known to be the principal players in steroid hormone production, there are other cell types that contribute to the process of steroidogenesis. In particular, immune cells are often an important component of the cellular niche that is required for the production of steroid hormones. For several decades, studies have reported that testicular macrophages and Leydig cells are intimately associated and exhibit a dependency on the other cell type for their proper development; however, the mechanisms that underlie the functional relationship between macrophages and Leydig cells are unclear. Beyond the testis, in certain instances immune cells themselves, such as certain types of lymphocytes, are capable of steroid hormone production, thus highlighting the complexity and diversity that underlie steroidogenesis. In this review we will describe how immune cells are critical regulators of steroidogenesis in the testis and in extra-glandular locations, as well as discuss how this area of research offers opportunities to uncover new insights into steroid hormone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Gu
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Shu-Yun Li
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Satoko Matsuyama
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Tony DeFalco
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Tony DeFalco,
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33
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Morris DJ, Brem AS, Odermatt A. Modulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase functions by the cloud of endogenous metabolites in a local microenvironment: The glycyrrhetinic acid-like factor (GALF) hypothesis. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 214:105988. [PMID: 34464733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD)-dependent conversion of cortisol to cortisone and corticosterone to 11-dehydrocorticosterone are essential in regulating transcriptional activities of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Inhibition of 11β-HSD by glycyrrhetinic acid metabolites, bioactive components of licorice, causes sodium retention and potassium loss, with hypertension characterized by low renin and aldosterone. Essential hypertension is a major disease, mostly with unknown underlying mechanisms. Here, we discuss a putative mechanism for essential hypertension, the concept that endogenous steroidal compounds acting as glycyrrhetinic acid-like factors (GALFs) inhibit 11β-HSD dehydrogenase, and allow for glucocorticoid-induced MR and GR activation with resulting hypertension. Initially, several metabolites of adrenally produced glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids were shown to be potent 11β-HSD inhibitors. Such GALFs include modifications in the A-ring and/or at positions 3, 7 and 21 of the steroid backbone. These metabolites may be formed in peripheral tissues or by gut microbiota. More recently, metabolites of 11β-hydroxy-Δ4androstene-3,17-dione and 7-oxygenated oxysterols have been identified as potent 11β-HSD inhibitors. In a living system, 11β-HSD isoforms are not exposed to a single substrate but to several substrates, cofactors, and various inhibitors simultaneously, all at different concentrations depending on physical state, tissue and cell type. We propose that this "cloud" of steroids and steroid-like substances in the microenvironment determines the 11β-HSD-dependent control of MR and GR activity. A dysregulated composition of this cloud of metabolites in the respective microenvironment needs to be taken into account when investigating disease mechanisms, for forms of low renin, low aldosterone hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Morris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Andrew S Brem
- Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Alex Odermatt
- Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology and Division of Molecular and Systems Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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Hofmaenner DA, Kleyman A, Press A, Bauer M, Singer M. The Many Roles of Cholesterol in Sepsis: A Review. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 205:388-396. [PMID: 34715007 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202105-1197tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The biological functions of cholesterol are diverse, ranging from cell membrane integrity and signalling, immunity, to the synthesis of steroid and sex hormones, Vitamin D, bile acids and oxysterols. Multiple studies have demonstrated hypocholesterolemia in sepsis, the degree of which is an excellent prognosticator of poor outcomes. However, the clinical significance of hypocholesterolemia has been largely unrecognized. OBJECTIVES/METHODS We undertook a detailed review of the biological roles of cholesterol, the impact of sepsis, its reliability as a prognosticator in sepsis, and the potential utility of cholesterol as a treatment. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Sepsis affects cholesterol synthesis, transport and metabolism. This likely impacts upon its biological functions including immunity, hormone and vitamin production, and cell membrane receptor sensitivity. Early preclinical studies show promise for cholesterol as a pleiotropic therapeutic agent. CONCLUSIONS Hypocholesterolemia is a frequent condition in sepsis and an important early prognosticator. Low plasma levels are associated with wider changes in cholesterol metabolism and its functional roles, and these appear to play a significant role in sepsis pathophysiology. The therapeutic impact of cholesterol elevation warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Hofmaenner
- University College London, 4919, Bloomsbury Inst of Intensive Care Medicine, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,University Hospital Zurich, Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Kleyman
- University College London, 4919, Bloomsbury Inst of Intensive Care Medicine, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Adrian Press
- Jena University Hospital Center for Sepsis Control and Care, 553346, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- University Hospital Jena, Dep. of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena, Germany
| | - Mervyn Singer
- University College London, 4919, Bloomsbury Inst of Intensive Care Medicine, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
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35
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Sterols, Oxysterols, and Accessible Cholesterol: Signalling for Homeostasis, in Immunity and During Development. Front Physiol 2021; 12:723224. [PMID: 34690800 PMCID: PMC8531217 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.723224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we discuss the concept of accessible plasma membrane cholesterol and its involvement as a signalling molecule. Changes in plasma membrane accessible cholesterol, although only being minor in the context of total cholesterol plasma membrane cholesterol and total cell cholesterol, are a key regulator of overall cellular cholesterol homeostasis by the SREBP pathway. Accessible cholesterol also provides the second messenger between patched 1 and smoothened in the hedgehog signalling pathway important during development, and its depletion may provide a mechanism of resistance to microbial pathogens including SARS-CoV-2. We revise the hypothesis that oxysterols are a signalling form of cholesterol, in this instance as a rapidly acting and paracrine version of accessible cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
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36
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Pokharel SM, Chiok K, Shil NK, Mohanty I, Bose S. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha utilizes MAPK/NFκB pathways to induce cholesterol-25 hydroxylase for amplifying pro-inflammatory response via 25-hydroxycholesterol-integrin-FAK pathway. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257576. [PMID: 34551004 PMCID: PMC8457477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exaggerated inflammatory response results in pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF) is a multi-functional pro-inflammatory cytokine regulating a wide spectrum of physiological, biological, and cellular processes. TNF induces Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) for various activities including induction of pro-inflammatory response. The mechanism of FAK activation by TNF is unknown and the involvement of cell surface integrins in modulating TNF response has not been determined. In the current study, we have identified an oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) as a soluble extracellular lipid amplifying TNF mediated innate immune pro-inflammatory response. Our results demonstrated that 25HC-integrin-FAK pathway amplifies and optimizes TNF-mediated pro-inflammatory response. 25HC generating enzyme cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (C25H) was induced by TNF via NFκB and MAPK pathways. Specifically, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay identified binding of AP-1 (Activator Protein-1) transcription factor ATF2 (Activating Transcription Factor 2) to the C25H promoter following TNF stimulation. Furthermore, loss of C25H, FAK and α5 integrin expression and inhibition of FAK and α5β1 integrin with inhibitor and blocking antibody, respectively, led to diminished TNF-mediated pro-inflammatory response. Thus, our studies show extracellular 25HC linking TNF pathway with integrin-FAK signaling for optimal pro-inflammatory activity and MAPK/NFκB-C25H-25HC-integrin-FAK signaling network playing an essential role to amplify TNF dependent pro-inflammatory response. Thus, we have identified 25HC as the key factor involved in FAK activation during TNF mediated response and further demonstrated a role of cell surface integrins in positively regulating TNF dependent pro-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swechha M. Pokharel
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kim Chiok
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Niraj K. Shil
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Indira Mohanty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
| | - Santanu Bose
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Macrophage metabolic regulation in atherosclerotic plaque. Atherosclerosis 2021; 334:1-8. [PMID: 34450556 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism plays a key role in controlling immune cell functions. In this review, we will discuss the diversity of plaque resident myeloid cells and will focus on their metabolic demands that could reflect on their particular intraplaque localization. Defining the metabolic configuration of plaque resident myeloid cells according to their topologic distribution could provide answers to key questions regarding their functions and contribution to disease development.
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Li B, Lian M, Li Y, Qian Q, Zhang J, Liu Q, Tang R, Ma X. Myeloid-Derived Suppressive Cells Deficient in Liver X Receptor α Protected From Autoimmune Hepatitis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:732102. [PMID: 34512667 PMCID: PMC8427166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.732102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) emerge as a promising candidate for the immunotherapy of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). However, targets for modulating MDSC in AIH are still being searched. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are important nuclear receptors linking lipid metabolism and immune responses. Despite the extensive studies of LXR in myeloid compartment, its role in MDSCs is currently less understood. Herein, expression of LXRα was found to be upregulated in AIH patients and colocalized with hepatic MDSCs. In ConA-induced hepatitis, deletion of LXRα led to increased expansion of MDSCs in the liver and alleviated the hepatic injury. MDSCs in LXRα-/- mice exhibited enhanced proliferation and survival comparing with WT mice. T-cell proliferation assay and adoptive cell transfer experiment validated the potent immunoregulatory role of MDSCs in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, MDSCs from LXRα-/- mice possessed significantly lower expression of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF-8), a key negative regulator of MDSC differentiation. Transcriptional activation of IRF-8 by LXRα was further demonstrated. Conclusion We reported that abrogation of LXRα facilitated the expansion of MDSCs via downregulating IRF-8, and thereby ameliorated hepatic immune injury profoundly. Our work highlights the therapeutic potential of targeting LXRα in AIH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiong Ma
- *Correspondence: Xiong Ma, ; Ruqi Tang,
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Reinmuth L, Hsiao CC, Hamann J, Rosenkilde M, Mackrill J. Multiple Targets for Oxysterols in Their Regulation of the Immune System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082078. [PMID: 34440846 PMCID: PMC8391951 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols, or cholesterol oxidation products, are naturally occurring lipids which regulate the physiology of cells, including those of the immune system. In contrast to effects that are mediated through nuclear receptors or by epigenetic mechanism, which take tens of minutes to occur, changes in the activities of cell-surface receptors caused by oxysterols can be extremely rapid, often taking place within subsecond timescales. Such cell-surface receptor effects of oxysterols allow for the regulation of fast cellular processes, such as motility, secretion and endocytosis. These cellular processes play critical roles in both the innate and adaptive immune systems. This review will survey the two broad classes of cell-surface receptors for oxysterols (G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ion channels), the mechanisms by which cholesterol oxidation products act on them, and their presence and functions in the different cell types of the immune system. Overall, this review will highlight the potential of oxysterols, synthetic derivatives and their receptors for physiological and therapeutic modulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Reinmuth
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Cheng-Chih Hsiao
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.-C.H.); (J.H.)
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (C.-C.H.); (J.H.)
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, 1105BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mette Rosenkilde
- Laboratory for Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (J.M.); Tel.: +353-(0)21-490-1400 (J.M.)
| | - John Mackrill
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, College Road, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Correspondence: (M.R.); (J.M.); Tel.: +353-(0)21-490-1400 (J.M.)
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40
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Cholesterol metabolism: a new molecular switch to control inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:1389-1408. [PMID: 34086048 PMCID: PMC8187928 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The immune system protects the body against harm by inducing inflammation. During the immune response, cells of the immune system get activated, divided and differentiated in order to eliminate the danger signal. This process relies on the metabolic reprogramming of both catabolic and anabolic pathways not only to produce energy in the form of ATP but also to generate metabolites that exert key functions in controlling the response. Equally important to mounting an appropriate effector response is the process of immune resolution, as uncontrolled inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, including allergy, chronic inflammation and cancer. In this review, we aim to introduce the reader to the field of cholesterol immunometabolism and discuss how both metabolites arising from the pathway and cholesterol homeostasis are able to impact innate and adaptive immune cells, staging cholesterol homeostasis at the centre of an adequate immune response. We also review evidence that demonstrates the clear impact that cholesterol metabolism has in both the induction and the resolution of the inflammatory response. Finally, we propose that emerging data in this field not only increase our understanding of immunometabolism but also provide new tools for monitoring and intervening in human diseases, where controlling and/or modifying inflammation is desirable.
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Wu C, Zhao J, Li R, Feng F, He Y, Li Y, Huang R, Li G, Yang H, Cheng G, Chen L, Ma F, Li P, Sun C. Modulation of Antiviral Immunity and Therapeutic Efficacy by 25-Hydroxycholesterol in Chronically SIV-Infected, ART-Treated Rhesus Macaques. Virol Sin 2021; 36:1197-1209. [PMID: 34057681 PMCID: PMC8165512 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) and its enzymatic product 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) exert broadly antiviral activity including inhibiting HIV-1 infection. However, their antiviral immunity and therapeutic efficacy in a nonhuman primate model are unknown. Here, we report that the regimen of 25HC combined with antiretroviral therapy (ART), provides profound immunological modulation towards inhibiting viral replication in chronically SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques (RMs). Compared to the ART alone, this regimen more effectively controlled SIV replication, enhanced SIV-specific cellular immune responses, restored the ratio of CD4/CD8 cells, reversed the hyperactivation state of CD4+ T cells, and inhibited the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in chronically SIV-infected RMs. Furthermore, the in vivo safety and the preliminary pharmacokinetics of the 25HC compound were assessed in this RM model. Taken together, these assessments help explain the profound relationship between cholesterol metabolism, immune modulation, and antiviral activities by 25HC. These results provide insight for developing novel therapeutic drug candidates against HIV-1 infection and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 514400, China
| | - Ruiting Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 514400, China
| | - Fengling Feng
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 514400, China
| | - Yizi He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 518107, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 514400, China
| | - Runhan Huang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 518107, China
| | - Guangye Li
- Guangdong Landau Biotechnology Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, 510700, China
| | - Heng Yang
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Genhong Cheng
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feng Ma
- Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Pingchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China.
| | - Caijun Sun
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangdong, 518107, China.
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-Sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 514400, China.
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42
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Cholesterol metabolism pathways - are the intermediates more important than the products? FEBS J 2021; 288:3727-3745. [PMID: 33506652 PMCID: PMC8653896 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Every cell in vertebrates possesses the machinery to synthesise cholesterol and to metabolise it. The major route of cholesterol metabolism is conversion to bile acids. Bile acids themselves are interesting molecules being ligands to nuclear and G protein‐coupled receptors, but perhaps the intermediates in the bile acid biosynthesis pathways are even more interesting and equally important. Here, we discuss the biological activity of the different intermediates generated in the various bile acid biosynthesis pathways. We put forward the hypothesis that the acidic pathway of bile acid biosynthesis has primary evolved to generate signalling molecules and its utilisation by hepatocytes provides an added bonus of producing bile acids to aid absorption of lipids in the intestine.
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Misselwitz B, Wyss A, Raselli T, Cerovic V, Sailer AW, Krupka N, Ruiz F, Pot C, Pabst O. The oxysterol receptor GPR183 in inflammatory bowel diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3140-3156. [PMID: 33145756 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell trafficking is an important mechanism for the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The oxysterol receptor GPR183 and its ligands, dihydroxylated oxysterols, can mediate positioning of immune cells including innate lymphoid cells. GPR183 has been mapped to an IBD risk locus, however another gene, Ubac2 is encoded on the reverse strand and associated with Behçet's disease, therefore the role of GPR183 as a genetic risk factor requires validation. GPR183 and production of its oxysterol ligands are up-regulated in human IBD and murine colitis. Gpr183 inactivation reduced severity of colitis in group 3 innate lymphoid cells-dependent colitis and in IL-10 colitis but not in dextran sodium sulphate colitis. Irrespectively, Gpr183 knockout strongly reduced accumulation of intestinal lymphoid tissue in health and all colitis models. In conclusion, genetic, translational and experimental studies implicate GPR183 in IBD pathogenesis and GPR183-dependent cell migration might be a therapeutic drug target for IBD. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Misselwitz
- Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Annika Wyss
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tina Raselli
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vuk Cerovic
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas W Sailer
- Disease Area X, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Niklas Krupka
- Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital Bern and Bern University, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Florian Ruiz
- Service of Neurology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Service of Neurology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Pabst
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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44
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Standardizing and increasing the utility of lipidomics: a look to the next decade. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:699-717. [PMID: 33191815 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1847086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: We present our views on the current application of mass spectrometry (MS) based lipidomics and how lipidomics can develop in the next decade to be most practical use to society. That is not to say that lipidomics has not already been of value. In-fact, in its earlier guise as metabolite profiling most of the pathways of steroid biosynthesis were uncovered and via focused lipidomics many inborn errors of metabolism are routinely clinically identified. However, can lipidomics be extended to improve biochemical understanding of, and to diagnose, the most prevalent diseases of the 21st century? Areas covered: We will highlight the concept of 'level of identification' and the equally crucial topic of 'quantification'. Only by using a standardized language for these terms can lipidomics be translated to fields beyond academia. We will remind the lipid scientist of the value of chemical derivatization, a concept exploited since the dawn of lipid biochemistry. Expert opinion: Only by agreement of the concepts of identification and quantification and their incorporation in lipidomics reporting can lipidomics maximize its value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School , Swansea, Wales, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School , Swansea, Wales, UK
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Multiple Roles of 25-Hydroxycholesterol in Lipid Metabolism, Antivirus Process, Inflammatory Response, and Cell Survival. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8893305. [PMID: 33274010 PMCID: PMC7695496 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8893305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As an essential lipid, cholesterol is of great value in keeping cell homeostasis, being the precursor of bile acid and steroid hormones, and stabilizing membrane lipid rafts. As a kind of cholesterol metabolite produced by enzymatic or radical process, oxysterols have drawn much attention in the last decades. Among which, the role of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) in cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, antivirus process, and inflammatory response has been largely disclosed. This review is aimed at revealing these functions and underlying mechanisms of 25-HC.
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Multifaceted Functions of CH25H and 25HC to Modulate the Lipid Metabolism, Immune Responses, and Broadly Antiviral Activities. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070727. [PMID: 32640529 PMCID: PMC7411728 DOI: 10.3390/v12070727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the frequent outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases in recent years, an effective broad-spectrum antiviral drug is becoming an urgent need for global public health. Cholesterol-25-hydroxylase (CH25H) and its enzymatic products 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a well-known oxysterol that regulates lipid metabolism, have been reported to play multiple functions in modulating cholesterol homeostasis, inflammation, and immune responses. CH25H and 25HC were recently identified as exerting broadly antiviral activities, including upon a variety of highly pathogenic viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Ebola virus (EBOV), Nipah virus (NiV), Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). The underlying mechanisms for its antiviral activities are being extensively investigated but have not yet been fully clarified. In this study, we summarized the current findings on how CH25H and 25HC play multiple roles to modulate cholesterol metabolism, inflammation, immunity, and antiviral infections. Overall, 25HC should be further studied as a potential therapeutic agent to control emerging infectious diseases in the future.
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Kolodziejek AM, Altura MA, Fan J, Petersen EM, Cook M, Brzovic PS, Miller SI. Salmonella Translocated Effectors Recruit OSBP1 to the Phagosome to Promote Vacuolar Membrane Integrity. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2147-2156.e5. [PMID: 31091452 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Salmonella use a type III secretion system (TTSS) to translocate effector proteins across the phagosome membrane and thus promote vacuole membrane tubulation, resulting in intracellular survival. This work demonstrates that the effector SseJ binds the eukaryotic lipid transporter oxysterol binding protein 1 (OSBP1). SseJ directs OSBP1 to the endosomal compartment in a manner dependent on the TTSS located on Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2). OSBP1 localization is mediated by both SseJ and another OSBP1-binding SPI2 translocated effector, the deubiquitinase SseL. Deletion of both SseJ and SseL reduced vacuolar integrity with increased bacteria released into the eukaryotic cytoplasm of epithelial cells, indicating that their combined activities are necessary for vacuole membrane stability. Cells knocked down for OSBP1 or deleted for the OSBP1-binding proteins VAPA/B also demonstrate loss of vacuole integrity, consistent with the hypothesis that OSBP1 recruitment is required for SPI2-mediated alterations that promote vacuolar integrity of salmonellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Kolodziejek
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Melissa A Altura
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Junping Fan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Erik M Petersen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Matthew Cook
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Peter S Brzovic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Samuel I Miller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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48
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Wong MY, Lewis M, Doherty JJ, Shi Y, Cashikar AG, Amelianchik A, Tymchuk S, Sullivan PM, Qian M, Covey DF, Petsko GA, Holtzman DM, Paul SM, Luo W. 25-Hydroxycholesterol amplifies microglial IL-1β production in an apoE isoform-dependent manner. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:192. [PMID: 32552741 PMCID: PMC7298825 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome-wide association studies of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have implicated pathways related to lipid homeostasis and innate immunity in AD pathophysiology. However, the exact cellular and chemical mediators of neuroinflammation in AD remain poorly understood. The oxysterol 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is an important immunomodulator produced by peripheral macrophages with wide-ranging effects on cell signaling and innate immunity. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), the enzyme responsible for 25-HC production, has also been found to be one of the disease-associated microglial (DAM) genes that are upregulated in the brain of AD and AD transgenic mouse models. METHODS We used real-time PCR and immunoblotting to examine CH25H expression in human AD brain tissue and in transgenic mouse brain tissue-bearing amyloid-β plaques or tau pathology. The innate immune response of primary mouse microglia under different treatment conditions or bearing different genetic backgrounds was analyzed using ELISA, western blotting, or immunocytochemistry. RESULTS We found that CH25H expression is upregulated in human AD brain tissue and in transgenic mouse brain tissue-bearing amyloid-β plaques or tau pathology. Treatment with the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) markedly upregulates CH25H expression in the mouse brain and stimulates CH25H expression and 25-HC secretion in mouse primary microglia. We found that LPS-induced microglial production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β is markedly potentiated by 25-HC and attenuated by the deletion of CH25H. Microglia expressing apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4), a genetic risk factor for AD, produce greater amounts of 25-HC than apoE3-expressing microglia following treatment with LPS. Remarkably, 25-HC treatment results in a greater level of IL-1β secretion in LPS-activated apoE4-expressing microglia than in apoE2- or apoE3-expressing microglia. Blocking potassium efflux or inhibiting caspase-1 prevents 25-HC-potentiated IL-1β release in apoE4-expressing microglia, indicating the involvement of caspase-1 inflammasome activity. CONCLUSION 25-HC may function as a microglial-secreted inflammatory mediator in the brain, promoting IL-1β-mediated neuroinflammation in an apoE isoform-dependent manner (E4>>E2/E3) and thus may be an important mediator of neuroinflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Ying Wong
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XAppel Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Michael Lewis
- grid.476678.c0000 0004 5913 664XSage Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA
| | - James J. Doherty
- grid.476678.c0000 0004 5913 664XSage Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA
| | - Yang Shi
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Anil G. Cashikar
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Taylor Family Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Anna Amelianchik
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XAppel Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Svitlana Tymchuk
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XAppel Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Patrick M. Sullivan
- grid.281208.10000 0004 0419 3073Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham Veterans Health Administration Medical Center’s Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Durham, NC USA
| | - Mingxing Qian
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Departments of Developmental Biology, Anesthesiology, Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Douglas F. Covey
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Departments of Developmental Biology, Anesthesiology, Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University in St. Louis, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Gregory A. Petsko
- grid.5386.8000000041936877XAppel Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - David M. Holtzman
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Charles F. and Joanne Knight Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Steven M. Paul
- grid.476678.c0000 0004 5913 664XSage Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Taylor Family Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Wenjie Luo
- Appel Alzheimer's Disease Research Institute, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Madenspacher JH, Morrell ED, Gowdy KM, McDonald JG, Thompson BM, Muse G, Martinez J, Thomas S, Mikacenic C, Nick JA, Abraham E, Garantziotis S, Stapleton RD, Meacham JM, Thomassen MJ, Janssen WJ, Cook DN, Wurfel MM, Fessler MB. Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase promotes efferocytosis and resolution of lung inflammation. JCI Insight 2020; 5:137189. [PMID: 32343675 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.137189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages (AM) play a central role in initiation and resolution of lung inflammation, but the integration of these opposing core functions is poorly understood. AM expression of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), the primary biosynthetic enzyme for 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), far exceeds the expression of macrophages in other tissues, but no role for CH25H has been defined in lung biology. As 25HC is an agonist for the antiinflammatory nuclear receptor, liver X receptor (LXR), we speculated that CH25H might regulate inflammatory homeostasis in the lung. Here, we show that, of natural oxysterols or sterols, 25HC is induced in the inflamed lung of mice and humans. Ch25h-/- mice fail to induce 25HC and LXR target genes in the lung after LPS inhalation and exhibit delayed resolution of airway neutrophilia, which can be rescued by systemic treatment with either 25HC or synthetic LXR agonists. LXR-null mice also display delayed resolution, suggesting that native oxysterols promote resolution. During resolution, Ch25h is induced in macrophages upon their encounter with apoptotic cells and is required for LXR-dependent prevention of AM lipid overload, induction of Mertk, efferocytic resolution of airway neutrophilia, and induction of TGF-β. CH25H/25HC/LXR is, thus, an inducible metabolic axis that programs AMs for efferocytic resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H Madenspacher
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric D Morrell
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, and.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ginger Muse
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Seddon Thomas
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carmen Mikacenic
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jerry A Nick
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Edward Abraham
- Department of Medicine, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Stavros Garantziotis
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Renee D Stapleton
- Department of Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Julie M Meacham
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary Jane Thomassen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - William J Janssen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Donald N Cook
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mark M Wurfel
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Brown AJ, Sharpe LJ, Rogers MJ. Oxysterols: From physiological tuners to pharmacological opportunities. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 178:3089-3103. [PMID: 32335907 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxygenated forms of cholesterol generated via autooxidation by free radicals and ROS, or formed enzymically by a variety of enzymes such as those involved in the synthesis of bile acids. Although found at very low concentrations in vivo, these metabolites play key roles in health and disease, particularly in development and regulating immune cell responses, by binding to effector proteins such as LXRα, RORγ and Insig and directly or indirectly regulating transcriptional programmes that affect cell metabolism and function. In this review, we summarise the routes by which oxysterols can be generated and subsequently modified to other oxysterol metabolites and highlight their diverse and profound biological functions and opportunities to alter their levels using pharmacological approaches. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laura J Sharpe
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael J Rogers
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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