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Lopergolo D, Bianchi S, Gallus GN, Locci S, Pucci B, Leoni V, Gasparini D, Tardelli E, Chincarini A, Sestini S, Santorelli FM, Zetterberg H, De Stefano N, Mignarri A. Familial Alzheimer's disease associated with heterozygous NPC1 mutation. J Med Genet 2024; 61:332-339. [PMID: 37989569 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2023-109219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NPC1 mutations are responsible for Niemann-Pick disease type C (NPC), a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease. Patients harbouring heterozygous NPC1 mutations may rarely show parkinsonism or dementia. Here, we describe for the first time a large family with an apparently autosomal dominant late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD) harbouring a novel heterozygous NPC1 mutation. METHODS All the five living siblings belonging to the family were evaluated. We performed clinical evaluation, neuropsychological tests, assessment of cerebrospinal fluid markers of amyloid deposition, tau pathology and neurodegeneration (ATN), structural neuroimaging and brain amyloid-positron emission tomography. Oxysterol serum levels were also tested. A wide next-generation sequencing panel of genes associated with neurodegenerative diseases and a whole exome sequencing analysis were performed. RESULTS We detected the novel heterozygous c.3034G>T (p.Gly1012Cys) mutation in NPC1, shared by all the siblings. No other point mutations or deletions in NPC1 or NPC2 were found. In four siblings, a diagnosis of late-onset AD was defined according to clinical characterisation and ATN biomarkers (A+, T+, N+) and serum oxysterol analysis showed increased 7-ketocholesterol and cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol. DISCUSSION We describe a novel NPC1 heterozygous mutation harboured by different members of a family with autosomal dominant late-onset amnesic AD without NPC-associated features. A missense mutation in homozygous state in the same aminoacidic position has been previously reported in a patient with NPC with severe phenotype. The alteration of serum oxysterols in our family corroborates the pathogenic role of our NPC1 mutation. Our work, illustrating clinical and biochemical disease hallmarks associated with NPC1 heterozygosity in patients affected by AD, provides relevant insights into the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying this possible novel association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Lopergolo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neurometaboliche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Bianchi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neurometaboliche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Gian Nicola Gallus
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neurometaboliche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Sara Locci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neurometaboliche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Barbara Pucci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- UOC Neurologia e Neurofisiologia Clinica, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Desio, ASST Brianza, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Gasparini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neurometaboliche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Elisa Tardelli
- Unit of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, PO - S. Stefano, Azienda U.S.L. Toscana Centro, Prato, italy
| | | | - Stelvio Sestini
- Unit of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Imaging, PO - S. Stefano, Azienda U.S.L. Toscana Centro, Prato, italy
| | - Filippo Maria Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Stella Maris Foundation, Calambrone, Italy
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neurometaboliche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Andrea Mignarri
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- UOC Neurologia e Malattie Neurometaboliche, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
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Tripodi D, Vitarelli F, Spiti S, Leoni V. The Diagnostic Use of the Plasma Quantification of 24S-Hydroxycholesterol and Other Oxysterols in Neurodegenerative Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1440:337-351. [PMID: 38036888 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-43883-7_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol regulates fluidity and structure of cellular membranes. The brain is involved in signal transduction, synaptogenesis, and membrane trafficking. An impairment of its metabolism was observed in different neurodegenerative diseases, such as Multiple Sclerosis, Alzheimer, and Huntington diseases. Because of the blood-brain barrier, cholesterol cannot be uptaken from the circulation and all the cholesterol is locally synthetized. The excess cholesterol in neurons is converted into 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) by the cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1). The plasmatic concentration of 24OHC results in the balance between cerebral production and liver elimination. It is related to the number of metabolically active neurons in the brain. Several factors that affect the brain cholesterol turnover and the liver elimination of oxysterols, the genetic background, nutrition, and lifestyle habits were found to significantly affect plasma levels of 24OHC. Reduced levels of 24OHC were found related to the loss of metabolically active cells and the degree of brain atrophy. The dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier, inflammation, and increased cholesterol turnover might overlap with this progressive reduction giving temporary increased levels of 24OHC.The study of plasma 24OHC is likely to offer an insight into brain cholesterol turnover with a limited diagnostic power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Tripodi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Desio, MB, Italy
| | - Federica Vitarelli
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Desio, MB, Italy
| | - Simona Spiti
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Desio, MB, Italy
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Hospital Pio XI of Desio, ASST-Brianza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Desio, MB, Italy.
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Wang C, Hou J, Zhang M, Zheng Y, Ye H, Qi Y, Guo L, Hu Y. Effects of HSYA on serum and brain cholesterol levels in AD rats based on quantitative proteomics. Int J Neurosci 2023; 133:1411-1423. [PMID: 35633062 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2082964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Backgroud: Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) has a certain improvement effect on Alzheimer's disease (AD) rats, but its specific mechanism is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to observe the regulatory effect of HSYA on learning and memory ability of AD rats induced by Aβ1-42.Materials and methods: Morris water maze test was used to evaluate the effect of HSYA on the learning and memory ability of AD model rats. To explore the effective targets and potential molecular mechanisms of HSYA in AD treatment based on quantitative proteomics.Results: Through the Morris water maze experiment, we found that after HSYA treatment, the learning ability of rats in the model group has been significantly improved. Quantitative proteomics results showed that among the 11 common differential proteins between the "model/sham operation" comparison group and the "HSYA treatment/model" comparison group, the cholesterol synthesis rate-limiting enzyme mevalonate decarboxylase (Mvd) Western Blot results are consistent with the results of quantitative proteomics analysis. We found that HSYA can inhibit the expression of BACE protein in hippocampus of AD rats and decrease the level of Aβ1-42. Besides, HSYA could also reduce cholesterol levels in serum and hippocampus.Conclusion: In summary, HSYA can effectively improve learning and memory disorders in AD rats, and exert neuroprotective effects by effectively controlling serum and brain cholesterol to down-regulate the expression of BACE and thus reduce the content of Aβ1-42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Hou
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
| | - Yanjie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
| | - Hongxia Ye
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
| | - Yanqiang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
| | - Li Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, China
| | - Yanli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Department of Pharmacology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, P.R. China
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Vanherle S, Guns J, Loix M, Mingneau F, Dierckx T, Wouters F, Kuipers K, Vangansewinkel T, Wolfs E, Lins PP, Bronckaers A, Lambrichts I, Dehairs J, Swinnen JV, Verberk SGS, Haidar M, Hendriks JJA, Bogie JFJ. Extracellular vesicle-associated cholesterol supports the regenerative functions of macrophages in the brain. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12394. [PMID: 38124258 PMCID: PMC10733568 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play major roles in the pathophysiology of various neurological disorders, being involved in seemingly opposing processes such as lesion progression and resolution. Yet, the molecular mechanisms that drive their harmful and benign effector functions remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by repair-associated macrophages (RAMs) enhance remyelination ex vivo and in vivo by promoting the differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Guided by lipidomic analysis and applying cholesterol depletion and enrichment strategies, we find that EVs released by RAMs show markedly elevated cholesterol levels and that cholesterol abundance controls their reparative impact on OPC maturation and remyelination. Mechanistically, EV-associated cholesterol was found to promote OPC differentiation predominantly through direct membrane fusion. Collectively, our findings highlight that EVs are essential for cholesterol trafficking in the brain and that changes in cholesterol abundance support the reparative impact of EVs released by macrophages in the brain, potentially having broad implications for therapeutic strategies aimed at promoting repair in neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Vanherle
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research InstituteHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
- University MS Center HasseltPeltBelgium
| | - Jeroen Guns
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research InstituteHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
- University MS Center HasseltPeltBelgium
| | - Melanie Loix
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research InstituteHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
- University MS Center HasseltPeltBelgium
| | - Fleur Mingneau
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research InstituteHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
- University MS Center HasseltPeltBelgium
| | - Tess Dierckx
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research InstituteHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
- University MS Center HasseltPeltBelgium
| | - Flore Wouters
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research InstituteHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
- University MS Center HasseltPeltBelgium
| | - Koen Kuipers
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research InstituteHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
- University MS Center HasseltPeltBelgium
| | - Tim Vangansewinkel
- Department of Cardio and Organs Systems, Biomedical Research InstituteHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
- VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of NeurobiologyUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Esther Wolfs
- Department of Cardio and Organs Systems, Biomedical Research InstituteHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
| | - Paula Pincela Lins
- Department of Cardio and Organs Systems, Biomedical Research InstituteHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
- Health DepartmentFlemish Institute for Technological ResearchMolBelgium
| | - Annelies Bronckaers
- Department of Cardio and Organs Systems, Biomedical Research InstituteHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Department of Cardio and Organs Systems, Biomedical Research InstituteHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
| | - Jonas Dehairs
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven Cancer InstituteUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Johannes V. Swinnen
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism and Cancer, Leuven Cancer InstituteUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Sanne G. S. Verberk
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research InstituteHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
- University MS Center HasseltPeltBelgium
| | - Mansour Haidar
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research InstituteHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
- University MS Center HasseltPeltBelgium
| | - Jerome J. A. Hendriks
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research InstituteHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
- University MS Center HasseltPeltBelgium
| | - Jeroen F. J. Bogie
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Biomedical Research InstituteHasselt UniversityDiepenbeekBelgium
- University MS Center HasseltPeltBelgium
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Valenza M, Birolini G, Cattaneo E. The translational potential of cholesterol-based therapies for neurological disease. Nat Rev Neurol 2023; 19:583-598. [PMID: 37644213 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-023-00864-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an important metabolite and membrane component and is enriched in the brain owing to its role in neuronal maturation and function. In the adult brain, cholesterol is produced locally, predominantly by astrocytes. When cholesterol has been used, recycled and catabolized, the derivatives are excreted across the blood-brain barrier. Abnormalities in any of these steps can lead to neurological dysfunction. Here, we examine how precise interactions between cholesterol production and its use and catabolism in neurons ensures cholesterol homeostasis to support brain function. As an example of a neurological disease associated with cholesterol dyshomeostasis, we summarize evidence from animal models of Huntington disease (HD), which demonstrate a marked reduction in cholesterol biosynthesis with clinically relevant consequences for synaptic activity and cognition. In addition, we examine the relationship between cholesterol loss in the brain and cognitive decline in ageing. We then present emerging therapeutic strategies to restore cholesterol homeostasis, focusing on evidence from HD mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Valenza
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy.
| | - Giulia Birolini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Cattaneo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare 'Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi', Milan, Italy.
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Jaafar AK, Techer R, Chemello K, Lambert G, Bourane S. PCSK9 and the nervous system: a no-brainer? J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100426. [PMID: 37586604 PMCID: PMC10491654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past 20 years, PCSK9 has been shown to play a pivotal role in LDL cholesterol metabolism and cardiovascular health by inducing the lysosomal degradation of the LDL receptor. PCSK9 was discovered by the cloning of genes up-regulated after apoptosis induced by serum deprivation in primary cerebellar neurons, but despite its initial identification in the brain, the precise role of PCSK9 in the nervous system remains to be clearly established. The present article is a comprehensive review of studies published or in print before July 2023 that have investigated the expression pattern of PCSK9, its effects on lipid metabolism as well as its putative roles specifically in the central and peripheral nervous systems, with a special focus on cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali K Jaafar
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Romuald Techer
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Kévin Chemello
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Gilles Lambert
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France.
| | - Steeve Bourane
- Laboratoire Inserm UMR 1188 DéTROI, Saint-Pierre, La Réunion, France
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Constantin AT, Delia C, Tudor LM, Rosca I, Irimie AD, Năstase L, Gherghina I. Dyslipidemia in Pediatric Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1434. [PMID: 37629724 PMCID: PMC10456487 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59081434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in dyslipidemia in adult patients since it is known to contribute to early cardiovascular disease. Often, dyslipidemia starts in childhood, and it is associated with aggravating lifestyle choices concerning eating habits, such as the tendency to consume processed food and fast food, as well as the tendency to be more and more sedentary. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study describing the prevalence of dyslipidemia in a single medical center in Romania and the associated pathology. We evaluated all lipid profiles that were ordered in our clinic over nine years. We included 2413 patients that were evaluated in our clinic in the timeframe 2011-2020. Out of them, 18.23% had high values for LDL-cholesterol. More than a quarter (25.91%) were diagnosed with obesity. 11.37% of the patients with high LDL-cholesterol levels had various metabolic disorders including primary dyslipidemia. A small number of patients with hypercholesterolemia had thyroid disorders (4.10%). Patients with high LDL-cholesterol had various diagnoses ranging from metabolic to neurologic disorders, keeping in mind that there are multiple pathologies that can lead to dyslipidemia. Evaluating children for dyslipidemia is at hand for medical professionals. Screening for dyslipidemia in children would provide the opportunity to prevent rather than treat cardiovascular events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea Teodora Constantin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.T.C.)
- Pediatrics Department, National Institute for Mother and Child Health “Alessandrescu-Rusescu”, 020395 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.)
| | - Corina Delia
- Pediatrics Department, National Institute for Mother and Child Health “Alessandrescu-Rusescu”, 020395 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 030018 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucia Maria Tudor
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.T.C.)
- Pediatrics Department, National Institute for Mother and Child Health “Alessandrescu-Rusescu”, 020395 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.)
| | - Ioana Rosca
- Faculty of Midwifery and Nursery, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Neonatology Department, Clinical Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology “Prof. Dr. P.Sârbu”, 060251 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana Daniela Irimie
- Pediatrics Department, National Institute for Mother and Child Health “Alessandrescu-Rusescu”, 020395 Bucharest, Romania; (C.D.)
| | - Leonard Năstase
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.T.C.)
- Neonatology Department, National Institute for Mother and Child Health “Alessandrescu-Rusescu”, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioan Gherghina
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (A.T.C.)
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Malhotra P, Palanisamy R, Caparros-Martin JA, Falasca M. Bile Acids and Microbiota Interplay in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3573. [PMID: 37509236 PMCID: PMC10377396 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15143573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests the involvement of the microbiota, including oral, intra-tumoral and gut, in pancreatic cancer progression and response to therapy. The gut microbiota modulates the bile acid pool and is associated with maintaining host physiology. Studies have shown that the bile acid/gut microbiota axis is dysregulated in pancreatic cancer. Bile acid receptor expression and bile acid levels are dysregulated in pancreatic cancer as well. Studies have also shown that bile acids can cause pancreatic cell injury and facilitate cancer cell proliferation. The microbiota and its metabolites, including bile acids, are also altered in other conditions considered risk factors for pancreatic cancer development and can alter responses to chemotherapeutic treatments, thus affecting patient outcomes. Altogether, these findings suggest that the gut microbial and/or bile acid profiles could also serve as biomarkers for pancreatic cancer detection. This review will discuss the current knowledge on the interaction between gut microbiota interaction and bile acid metabolism in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Malhotra
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Ranjith Palanisamy
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | | | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
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Turri M, Conti E, Pavanello C, Gastoldi F, Palumbo M, Bernini F, Aprea V, Re F, Barbiroli A, Emide D, Galimberti D, Tremolizzo L, Zimetti F, Calabresi L. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid cholesterol esterification is hampered in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:95. [PMID: 37210544 PMCID: PMC10199596 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate cholesterol esterification and HDL subclasses in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. METHODS The study enrolled 70 AD patients and 74 cognitively normal controls comparable for age and sex. Lipoprotein profile, cholesterol esterification, and cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) were evaluated in plasma and CSF. RESULTS AD patients have normal plasma lipids but significantly reduced unesterified cholesterol and unesterified/total cholesterol ratio. Lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) activity and cholesterol esterification rate (CER), two measures of the efficiency of the esterification process, were reduced by 29% and 16%, respectively, in the plasma of AD patients. Plasma HDL subclass distribution in AD patients was comparable to that of controls but the content of small discoidal preβ-HDL particles was significantly reduced. In agreement with the reduced preβ-HDL particles, cholesterol efflux capacity mediated by the transporters ABCA1 and ABCG1 was reduced in AD patients' plasma. The CSF unesterified to total cholesterol ratio was increased in AD patients, and CSF CER and CEC from astrocytes were significantly reduced in AD patients. In the AD group, a significant positive correlation was observed between plasma unesterified cholesterol and unesterified/total cholesterol ratio with Aβ1-42 CSF content. CONCLUSION Taken together our data indicate that cholesterol esterification is hampered in plasma and CSF of AD patients and that plasma cholesterol esterification biomarkers (unesterified cholesterol and unesterified/total cholesterol ratio) are significantly associated to disease biomarkers (i.e., CSF Aβ1-42).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Turri
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmacologiche E Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Conti
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS "San Gerardo Dei Tintori", Monza, and University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Pavanello
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmacologiche E Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Gastoldi
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmacologiche E Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Franco Bernini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Vittoria Aprea
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS "San Gerardo Dei Tintori", Monza, and University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Re
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Alberto Barbiroli
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Per Gli Alimenti, La Nutrizione E L'Ambiente, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Davide Emide
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Per Gli Alimenti, La Nutrizione E L'Ambiente, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lucio Tremolizzo
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS "San Gerardo Dei Tintori", Monza, and University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Laura Calabresi
- Centro E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento Di Scienze Farmacologiche E Biomolecolari, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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10
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Mou Y, Nandi G, Mukte S, Chai E, Chen Z, Nielsen JE, Nielsen TT, Criscuolo C, Blackstone C, Fraidakis MJ, Li XJ. Chenodeoxycholic acid rescues axonal degeneration in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from spastic paraplegia type 5 and cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis patients. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:72. [PMID: 37024986 PMCID: PMC10080795 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02666-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biallelic mutations in CYP27A1 and CYP7B1, two critical genes regulating cholesterol and bile acid metabolism, cause cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) and hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5), respectively. These rare diseases are characterized by progressive degeneration of corticospinal motor neuron axons, yet the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and strategies to mitigate axonal degeneration remain elusive. METHODS To generate induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based models for CTX and SPG5, we reprogrammed patient skin fibroblasts into iPSCs by transducing fibroblast cells with episomal vectors containing pluripotency factors. These patient-specific iPSCs, as well as control iPSCs, were differentiated into cortical projection neurons (PNs) and examined for biochemical alterations and disease-related phenotypes. RESULTS CTX and SPG5 patient iPSC-derived cortical PNs recapitulated several disease-specific biochemical changes and axonal defects of both diseases. Notably, the bile acid chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) effectively mitigated the biochemical alterations and rescued axonal degeneration in patient iPSC-derived neurons. To further examine underlying disease mechanisms, we developed CYP7B1 knockout human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines using CRISPR-cas9-mediated gene editing and, following differentiation, examined hESC-derived cortical PNs. Knockout of CYP7B1 resulted in similar axonal vesiculation and degeneration in human cortical PN axons, confirming a cause-effect relationship between gene deficiency and axonal degeneration. Interestingly, CYP7B1 deficiency led to impaired neurofilament expression and organization as well as axonal degeneration, which could be rescued with CDCA, establishing a new disease mechanism and therapeutic target to mitigate axonal degeneration. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate disease-specific lipid disturbances and axonopathy mechanisms in human pluripotent stem cell-based neuronal models of CTX and SPG5 and identify CDCA, an established treatment of CTX, as a potential pharmacotherapy for SPG5. We propose this novel treatment strategy to rescue axonal degeneration in SPG5, a currently incurable condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Mou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Ghata Nandi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
| | - Sukhada Mukte
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
| | - Eric Chai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
| | - Zhenyu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA
| | - Jorgen E Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troels T Nielsen
- Neurogenetics Clinic & Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chiara Criscuolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Craig Blackstone
- Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Matthew J Fraidakis
- Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Xue-Jun Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine Rockford, Rockford, IL, 61107, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60607, USA.
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11
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Gao YH, Li X. Cholesterol metabolism: Towards a therapeutic approach for multiple sclerosis. Neurochem Int 2023; 164:105501. [PMID: 36803679 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence points to the importance of cholesterol in preserving brain homeostasis. Cholesterol makes up the main component of myelin in the brain, and myelin integrity is vital in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Because of the connection between myelin and cholesterol, the interest in cholesterol in the central nervous system increased during the last decade. In this review, we provide a detailed overview on brain cholesterol metabolism in multiple sclerosis and its role in promoting oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry (Shaanxi Normal University), The Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710119, China.
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12
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Hartmann H, Ho WY, Chang JC, Ling SC. Cholesterol dyshomeostasis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: cause, consequence, or epiphenomenon? FEBS J 2022; 289:7688-7709. [PMID: 34469619 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common adult-onset motor neuron disease, is characterized by the selective degeneration of motor neurons leading to paralysis and eventual death. Multiple pathogenic mechanisms, including systemic dysmetabolism, have been proposed to contribute to ALS. Among them, dyslipidemia, i.e., abnormal level of cholesterol and other lipids in the circulation and central nervous system (CNS), has been reported in ALS patients, but without a consensus. Cholesterol is a constituent of cellular membranes and a precursor of steroid hormones, oxysterols, and bile acids. Consequently, optimal cholesterol levels are essential for health. Due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), cholesterol cannot move between the CNS and the rest of the body. As such, cholesterol metabolism in the CNS is proposed to operate autonomously. Despite its importance, it remains elusive how cholesterol dyshomeostasis may contribute to ALS. In this review, we aim to describe the current state of cholesterol metabolism research in ALS, identify unresolved issues, and provide potential directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Hartmann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Yun Ho
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jer-Cherng Chang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuo-Chien Ling
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Program in Neuroscience and Behavior Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Ho WY, Hartmann H, Ling SC. Central nervous system cholesterol metabolism in health and disease. IUBMB Life 2022; 74:826-841. [PMID: 35836360 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is a ubiquitous and essential component of cellular membranes, as it regulates membrane structure and fluidity. Furthermore, cholesterol serves as a precursor for steroid hormones, oxysterol, and bile acids, that are essential for maintaining many of the body's metabolic processes. The biosynthesis and excretion of cholesterol is tightly regulated in order to maintain homeostasis. Although virtually all cells have the capacity to make cholesterol, the liver and brain are the two main organs producing cholesterol in mammals. Once produced, cholesterol is transported in the form of lipoprotein particles to other cell types and tissues. Upon formation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during embryonic development, lipoproteins cannot move between the central nervous system (CNS) and the rest of the body. As such, cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism in the CNS operate autonomously without input from the circulation system in normal physiological conditions. Nevertheless, similar regulatory mechanisms for maintaining cholesterol homeostasis are utilized in both the CNS and peripheral systems. Here, we discuss the functions and metabolism of cholesterol in the CNS. We further focus on how different CNS cell types contribute to cholesterol metabolism, and how ApoE, the major CNS apolipoprotein, is involved in normal and pathophysiological functions. Understanding these basic mechanisms will aid our ability to elucidate how CNS cholesterol dysmetabolism contributes to neurogenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Y Ho
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Program in Neuroscience and Behavior Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Hannelore Hartmann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuo-Chien Ling
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Program in Neuroscience and Behavior Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, National University Health System, Singapore
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14
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Marasco G, Cremon C, Barbaro MR, Falangone F, Montanari D, Capuani F, Mastel G, Stanghellini V, Barbara G. Pathophysiology and Clinical Management of Bile Acid Diarrhea. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113102. [PMID: 35683489 PMCID: PMC9180966 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acid malabsorption (BAM) represents a common cause of chronic diarrhea whose prevalence is under-investigated. We reviewed the evidence available regarding the pathophysiology and clinical management of bile acid diarrhea (BAD). BAD results from dysregulation of the enterohepatic recirculation of bile acids. It has been estimated that 25–33% of patients with functional diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea have BAM. Currently, the selenium homotaurocholic acid test is the gold standard for BAD diagnosis and severity assessment. However, it is an expensive method and not widely available. The validation of the utility in the clinical practice of several other serum markers, such as 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4) and the fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) is ongoing. The first-line treatment of patients with BAD is bile acid sequestrants. Patients that are refractory to first-line therapy should undergo further diagnostics to confirm the diagnosis and to treat the underlying cause of BAD. An early and correct diagnosis of BAD would improve patient’s quality of life, avoiding additional diagnostic tests that burden health care systems. Considering the limited availability and tolerability of specific medications for BAD treatment, future research is awaited to identify other therapeutic approaches, such as gut microbiota modulating therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Marasco
- Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.M.); (C.C.); (M.R.B.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (G.M.); (V.S.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cesare Cremon
- Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.M.); (C.C.); (M.R.B.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (G.M.); (V.S.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Raffaella Barbaro
- Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.M.); (C.C.); (M.R.B.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (G.M.); (V.S.)
| | - Francesca Falangone
- Medical-Surgical Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Davide Montanari
- Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.M.); (C.C.); (M.R.B.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (G.M.); (V.S.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Capuani
- Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.M.); (C.C.); (M.R.B.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (G.M.); (V.S.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giada Mastel
- Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.M.); (C.C.); (M.R.B.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (G.M.); (V.S.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Stanghellini
- Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.M.); (C.C.); (M.R.B.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (G.M.); (V.S.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Barbara
- Division of Internal Medicine, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (G.M.); (C.C.); (M.R.B.); (D.M.); (F.C.); (G.M.); (V.S.)
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0512144103
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15
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März W, Beil FU, Dieplinger H. [Genetic diseases of lipid metabolism - Focus familial hypercholesterolemia]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2022; 147:e50-e61. [PMID: 35545064 DOI: 10.1055/a-1516-2541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Congenital disorders of lipid metabolism are characterised by LDL-C concentrations > 190 mg/dl (4.9 mM) and/or triglycerides > 200 mg/dl (2.3 mM) in young individuals after having excluded a secondary hyperlipoproteinemia. Further characteristics of this primary hyperlipoproteinemia are elevated lipid values or premature myocardial infarctions within families or xantelasms, arcus lipoides, xanthomas and abdominal pain. This overview summarises our current knowledge of etiology and pathogenesis of primary hyperlipoproteinemia.
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16
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Angerer TB, Bour J, Biagi JL, Moskovets E, Frache G. Evaluation of 6 MALDI-Matrices for 10 μm Lipid Imaging and On-Tissue MSn with AP-MALDI-Orbitrap. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:760-771. [PMID: 35358390 PMCID: PMC9074099 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry imaging is a technique uniquely suited to localize and identify lipids in a tissue sample. Using an atmospheric pressure (AP-) matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) source coupled to an Orbitrap Elite, numerous lipid locations and structures can be determined in high mass resolution spectra and at cellular spatial resolution, but careful sample preparation is necessary. We tested 11 protocols on serial brain sections for the commonly used MALDI matrices CHCA, norharmane, DHB, DHAP, THAP, and DAN in combination with tissue washing and matrix additives to determine the lipid coverage, signal intensity, and spatial resolution achievable with AP-MALDI. In positive-ion mode, the most lipids could be detected with CHCA and THAP, while THAP and DAN without additional treatment offered the best signal intensities. In negative-ion mode, DAN showed the best lipid coverage and DHAP performed superiorly for gangliosides. DHB produced intense cholesterol signals in the white matter. One hundred fifty-five lipids were assigned in positive-ion mode (THAP) and 137 in negative-ion mode (DAN), and 76 peaks were identified using on-tissue tandem-MS. The spatial resolution achievable with DAN was 10 μm, confirmed with on tissue line-scans. This enabled the association of lipid species to single neurons in AP-MALDI images. The results show that the performance of AP-MALDI is comparable to vacuum MALDI techniques for lipid imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina B. Angerer
- Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Advanced Characterization platform, Materials Research
and Technology, 41, rue
du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jerome Bour
- Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Advanced Characterization platform, Materials Research
and Technology, 41, rue
du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Luc Biagi
- Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Advanced Characterization platform, Materials Research
and Technology, 41, rue
du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | | | - Gilles Frache
- Luxembourg
Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Advanced Characterization platform, Materials Research
and Technology, 41, rue
du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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17
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Poli G, Leoni V, Biasi F, Canzoneri F, Risso D, Menta R. Oxysterols: From redox bench to industry. Redox Biol 2022; 49:102220. [PMID: 34968886 PMCID: PMC8717233 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
More and more attention is nowadays given to the possible translational application of a great number of biochemical and biological findings with the involved molecules. This is also the case of cholesterol oxidation products, redox molecules over the last years deeply investigated for their implication in human pathophysiology. Oxysterols of non-enzymatic origin, the excessive increase of which in biological fluids and tissues is of toxicological relevance for their marked pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory properties, are increasingly applied in clinical biochemistry as molecular markers in the diagnosis and monitoring of several human and veterinary diseases. Conversely, oxysterols of enzymatic origin, the production of which is commonly under physiological regulation, could be considered and tested as promising pharmaceutical agents because of their antiviral, pro-osteogenic and antiadipogenic properties of some of them. Very recently, the quantification of oxysterols of non-enzymatic origin has been adopted in a systematic way to evaluate, monitor and improve the quality of cholesterol-based food ingredients, that are prone to auto-oxidation, as well as their industrial processing and the packaging and the shelf life of the finished food products. The growing translational value of oxysterols is here reviewed in its present and upcoming applications in various industrial fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Poli
- Unit of General Pathology and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Desio, ASST Brianza, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Fiorella Biasi
- Unit of General Pathology and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, 10043, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Davide Risso
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Ferrero Group, 12051, Alba, CN, Italy
| | - Roberto Menta
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Ferrero Group, 12051, Alba, CN, Italy
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18
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Berghoff SA, Spieth L, Saher G. Local cholesterol metabolism orchestrates remyelination. Trends Neurosci 2022; 45:272-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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19
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Paasila PJ, Aramideh JA, Sutherland GT, Graeber MB. Synapses, Microglia, and Lipids in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:778822. [PMID: 35095394 PMCID: PMC8789683 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.778822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by synaptic dysfunction accompanied by the microscopically visible accumulation of pathological protein deposits and cellular dystrophy involving both neurons and glia. Late-stage AD shows pronounced loss of synapses and neurons across several differentially affected brain regions. Recent studies of advanced AD using post-mortem brain samples have demonstrated the direct involvement of microglia in synaptic changes. Variants of the Apolipoprotein E and Triggering Receptors Expressed on Myeloid Cells gene represent important determinants of microglial activity but also of lipid metabolism in cells of the central nervous system. Here we review evidence that may help to explain how abnormal lipid metabolism, microglial activation, and synaptic pathophysiology are inter-related in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Paasila
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason A. Aramideh
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Greg T. Sutherland
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Manuel B. Graeber
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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20
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Liu Y, Ye Z, Hu J, Xiao Z, Zhang F, Yang X, Chen W, Fu Y, Cao D. White Matter Alterations in Spastic Paraplegia Type 5: A Multiparametric Structural MRI Study and Correlations with Biochemical Measurements. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2022; 43:56-62. [PMID: 34794945 PMCID: PMC8757563 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In spastic paraplegia type 5, spinal cord atrophy and white matter signal abnormalities in the brain are the main MR imaging alterations. However, the specific mechanism remains unclear. We explored the microstructural changes occurring in spastic paraplegia type 5 and assessed the relation between MR imaging and clinical data. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventeen patients with spastic paraplegia type 5 and 17 healthy controls were scanned with DTI and T1 mapping on a 3T MR imaging scanner. Fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, axial diffusivity, and T1 values were obtained using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics and the Spinal Cord Toolbox. Neurofilament light and myelin basic protein in the CSF were measured. The differences in MR imaging and biochemical data between patients with spastic paraplegia type 5 and healthy controls were compared using the Student t test. RESULTS A widespread reduction of fractional anisotropy values and an elevation of mean diffusivity, T1, and radial diffusivity values were found in most cervical, T4, and T5 spinal cords; corona radiata; optic radiations; and internal capsules in spastic paraplegia type 5. A variation in axial diffusivity values was shown only in C2, C6, and the corona radiata but not in the gray matter. The levels of neurofilament light and myelin basic protein were higher in those with spastic paraplegia type 5 than in healthy controls (myelin basic protein, 3507 [SD, 2291] versus 127 [SD, 219] pg/mL; neurofilament light, 617 [SD, 207] versus 265 [SD, 187] pg/mL; P < .001). No correlation was found between the clinical data and MR imaging-derived measures. CONCLUSIONS Multiparametric MR imaging and biochemical indicators demonstrated that demyelination (mainly) and axonal loss led to the white matter integrity loss without gray matter injury in spastic paraplegia type 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Liu
- From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., J.H., F.Z., X.Y., D.C.),Department of Medical Imaging Technology (Y.L.), College of Medical Technology and Engineering
| | - Z. Ye
- Neurology and Institute of Neurology (Z.Y., W.C., Y.F.),Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (Z.Y., W.C., Y.F.)
| | - J. Hu
- From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., J.H., F.Z., X.Y., D.C.)
| | - Z. Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences (Z.X.), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - F. Zhang
- From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., J.H., F.Z., X.Y., D.C.)
| | - X. Yang
- From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., J.H., F.Z., X.Y., D.C.)
| | - W. Chen
- Neurology and Institute of Neurology (Z.Y., W.C., Y.F.),Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (Z.Y., W.C., Y.F.),Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology (W.C.), Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Y. Fu
- Neurology and Institute of Neurology (Z.Y., W.C., Y.F.),Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology (Z.Y., W.C., Y.F.)
| | - D. Cao
- From the Departments of Radiology (Y.L., J.H., F.Z., X.Y., D.C.),Key Laboratory of Radiation Biology of Fujian Higher Education Institutions (D.C.), First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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21
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Gee C, Fleuret C, Wilson A, Levine D, Elhusseiny R, Muls A, Cunningham D, Kohoutova D. Bile Acid Malabsorption as a Consequence of Cancer Treatment: Prevalence and Management in the National Leading Centre. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6213. [PMID: 34944833 PMCID: PMC8699462 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim was to establish prevalence of bile acid malabsorption (BAM) and management in patients who underwent treatment for malignancy. Retrospective evaluation of data in patients seen within six months (August 2019-January 2020) was carried out. Demographic, nuclear medicine (Selenium Homocholic Acid Taurine (SeHCAT) scan result), clinical (previous malignancy, type of intervention (medication, diet), response to intervention) and laboratory (vitamin D, vitamin B12 serum levels) data were searched. In total, 265 consecutive patients were reviewed. Out of those, 87/265 (33%) patients (57 females, 66%) were diagnosed with BAM. Mean age was 59 +/- 12 years. The largest group were females with gynaecological cancer (35), followed by haematology group (15), colorectal/anal (13), prostate (9), upper gastrointestinal cancer (6), another previous malignancy (9). Severe BAM was most common in haematology (10/15; 67%) and gynaecological group (21/35; 60%). Medication and low-fat diet were commenced in 65/87 (75%), medication in 10/87 (11%), diet in 6/87 (7%). Colesevelam was used in 71/75 (95%). Symptoms improved in 74/87 (85%) patients. Vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency was diagnosed in 62/87 (71%), vitamin B12 deficiency in 39/87 (45%). BAM is a common condition in this cohort however treatments are highly effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Gee
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, Chelsea, London SW3 6JJ, UK; (C.G.); (C.F.); (A.W.); (D.L.); (R.E.); (A.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Catherine Fleuret
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, Chelsea, London SW3 6JJ, UK; (C.G.); (C.F.); (A.W.); (D.L.); (R.E.); (A.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Ana Wilson
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, Chelsea, London SW3 6JJ, UK; (C.G.); (C.F.); (A.W.); (D.L.); (R.E.); (A.M.); (D.C.)
- St Marks Hospital, Watford Road, Harrow, Middlesex, London HA1 3UJ, UK
| | - Daniel Levine
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, Chelsea, London SW3 6JJ, UK; (C.G.); (C.F.); (A.W.); (D.L.); (R.E.); (A.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Ramy Elhusseiny
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, Chelsea, London SW3 6JJ, UK; (C.G.); (C.F.); (A.W.); (D.L.); (R.E.); (A.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Ann Muls
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, Chelsea, London SW3 6JJ, UK; (C.G.); (C.F.); (A.W.); (D.L.); (R.E.); (A.M.); (D.C.)
| | - David Cunningham
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, Chelsea, London SW3 6JJ, UK; (C.G.); (C.F.); (A.W.); (D.L.); (R.E.); (A.M.); (D.C.)
| | - Darina Kohoutova
- The Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Fulham Road, Chelsea, London SW3 6JJ, UK; (C.G.); (C.F.); (A.W.); (D.L.); (R.E.); (A.M.); (D.C.)
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22
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Ho WY, Chang JC, Lim K, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Nguyen AT, Foo JC, Muralidharan S, Viera-Ortiz A, Ong SJM, Hor JH, Agrawal I, Hoon S, Arogundade OA, Rodriguez MJ, Lim SM, Kim SH, Ravits J, Ng SY, Wenk MR, Lee EB, Tucker-Kellogg G, Ling SC. TDP-43 mediates SREBF2-regulated gene expression required for oligodendrocyte myelination. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212536. [PMID: 34347016 PMCID: PMC8348376 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201910213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol metabolism operates autonomously within the central nervous system (CNS), where the majority of cholesterol resides in myelin. We demonstrate that TDP-43, the pathological signature protein for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), influences cholesterol metabolism in oligodendrocytes. TDP-43 binds directly to mRNA of SREBF2, the master transcription regulator for cholesterol metabolism, and multiple mRNAs encoding proteins responsible for cholesterol biosynthesis and uptake, including HMGCR, HMGCS1, and LDLR. TDP-43 depletion leads to reduced SREBF2 and LDLR expression, and cholesterol levels in vitro and in vivo. TDP-43-mediated changes in cholesterol levels can be restored by reintroducing SREBF2 or LDLR. Additionally, cholesterol supplementation rescues demyelination caused by TDP-43 deletion. Furthermore, oligodendrocytes harboring TDP-43 pathology from FTD patients show reduced HMGCR and HMGCS1, and coaggregation of LDLR and TDP-43. Collectively, our results indicate that TDP-43 plays a role in cholesterol homeostasis in oligodendrocytes, and cholesterol dysmetabolism may be implicated in TDP-43 proteinopathies-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Yun Ho
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jer-Cherng Chang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenneth Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Computational Biology Programme, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aivi T Nguyen
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Juat Chin Foo
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sneha Muralidharan
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ashley Viera-Ortiz
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sarah J M Ong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jin Hui Hor
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore
| | - Ira Agrawal
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shawn Hoon
- Molecular Engineering Laboratory, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore
| | | | - Maria J Rodriguez
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Su Min Lim
- Department of Neurology, and Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, and Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - John Ravits
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR Research Entities, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Lipidomics Incubator, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Edward B Lee
- Translational Neuropathology Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Greg Tucker-Kellogg
- Computational Biology Programme, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuo-Chien Ling
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Program in Neuroscience and Behavior Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore
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23
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Boglione L, Caccia C, Civra A, Cusato J, D'Avolio A, Biasi F, Lembo D, Di Perri G, Poli G, Leoni V. Trend of 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol plasma levels in patients affected by active chronic hepatitis B virus infection and inactive carriers. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 210:105854. [PMID: 33631373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.105854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health problem with different immunological phases and therapeutic approaches. The serological condition of inactive carrier (IC) was recently well defined as a clinical and virological stable status, in which specific treatment is usually deferred, while the active chronic hepatitis B (CHB) condition requires an immediate treatment strategy. Recently, a possible broad antiviral effect of oxysterols, in particular 25-hydroxycholesterol (25OHC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC), was observed, as most likely linked to the positive modulation of innate immunity, but no clear evidence is available about their possible role in chronic HBV infection. Thus, we examined the relationship between the plasma levels of oxysterols and the disease condition of 40 HBV patients, without treatment at the start of the study. Of these, 33 were ICs and 7 were active CHB subjects. A marked reduction of 25OHC and 27OHC plasma levels was detectable in all active CHB recruited patients, while the plasma values observed in ICs all remained within the physiological range. No difference was observed between the two groups of patients with regard to the plasma levels of 24-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC). Further, the plasma level of 27OHC ≥ 140 μg/L was shown to be predictive of an inactive carrier status. This cohort study points to 27OHC as a good candidate biomarker to differentiate active and inactive CHB status. An increasing bulk of research reports is supporting the very likely contribution of this oxysterol to the immunological control of chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Boglione
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy.
| | - Claudio Caccia
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Civra
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Jessica Cusato
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Fiorella Biasi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Desio, ASST-Monza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.
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24
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MitoQ Is Able to Modulate Apoptosis and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094753. [PMID: 33946176 PMCID: PMC8124358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitoquinone (MitoQ) is a mitochondrial reactive oxygen species scavenger that is characterized by high bioavailability. Prior studies have demonstrated its neuroprotective potential. Indeed, the release of reactive oxygen species due to damage to mitochondrial components plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. The present study aimed to examine the impact of the inflammation platform activation on the neuronal cell line (DAOY) treated with specific inflammatory stimuli and whether MitoQ addition can modulate these deregulations. DAOY cells were pre-treated with MitoQ and then stimulated by a blockade of the cholesterol pathway, also called mevalonate pathway, using a statin, mimicking cholesterol deregulation, a common parameter present in some neurodegenerative and autoinflammatory diseases. To verify the role played by MitoQ, we examined the expression of genes involved in the inflammation mechanism and the mitochondrial activity at different time points. In this experimental design, MitoQ showed a protective effect against the blockade of the mevalonate pathway in a short period (12 h) but did not persist for a long time (24 and 48 h). The results obtained highlight the anti-inflammatory properties of MitoQ and open the question about its application as an effective adjuvant for the treatment of the autoinflammatory disease characterized by a cholesterol deregulation pathway that involves mitochondrial homeostasis.
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25
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Angelini R, Yutuc E, Wyatt MF, Newton J, Yusuf FA, Griffiths L, Cooze BJ, El Assad D, Frache G, Rao W, Allen LB, Korade Z, Nguyen TTA, Rathnayake RAC, Cologna SM, Howell OW, Clench MR, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Visualizing Cholesterol in the Brain by On-Tissue Derivatization and Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4932-4943. [PMID: 33687199 PMCID: PMC7992047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c05399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Despite being a critical
molecule in the brain, mass spectrometry
imaging (MSI) of cholesterol has been under-reported compared to
other lipids due to the difficulty in ionizing the sterol molecule.
In the present work, we have employed an on-tissue enzyme-assisted
derivatization strategy to improve detection of cholesterol in brain
tissue sections. We report distribution and levels of cholesterol
across specific structures of the mouse brain, in a model of Niemann-Pick
type C1 disease, and during brain development. MSI revealed that in
the adult mouse, cholesterol is the highest in the pons and medulla
and how its distribution changes during development. Cholesterol was
significantly reduced in the corpus callosum and other brain regions
in the Npc1 null mouse, confirming hypomyelination
at the molecular level. Our study demonstrates the potential of MSI
to the study of sterols in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Angelini
- Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, U.K
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, U.K
| | - Mark F Wyatt
- Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, U.K
| | - Jillian Newton
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, U.K
| | - Fowzi A Yusuf
- Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, U.K
| | - Lauren Griffiths
- Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, U.K
| | - Benjamin J Cooze
- Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, U.K
| | - Dana El Assad
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux L-4422, Luxembourg
| | - Gilles Frache
- Materials Research and Technology, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux L-4422, Luxembourg
| | - Wei Rao
- European Application Laboratory, Waters Corporation, Stamford Avenue, Altrincham Road, Wilmslow SK9 4AX, U.K
| | - Luke B Allen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Thu T A Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Integrated Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Rathnayake A C Rathnayake
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Integrated Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Stephanie M Cologna
- Department of Chemistry and Laboratory of Integrated Neuroscience, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Owain W Howell
- Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, U.K
| | - Malcolm R Clench
- Centre for Mass Spectrometry Imaging, Biomolecular Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard Street, Sheffield S1 1WB, U.K
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, U.K
| | - William J Griffiths
- Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, U.K
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26
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Risso D, Leoni V, Fania C, Arveda M, Falchero L, Barattero M, Civra A, Lembo D, Poli G, Menta R. Effect of industrial processing and storage procedures on oxysterols in milk and milk products. Food Funct 2021; 12:771-780. [PMID: 33393572 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02462g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols are products of enzymatic and/or chemical cholesterol oxidation. While some of the former possess broad antiviral activities, the latter mostly originate from the deterioration of the nutritional value of foodstuff after exposure to heat, light, radiation and oxygen, raising questions about their potential health risks. We evaluated the presence of selected oxysterols in bovine colostrum and monitored the evolution of their cholesterol ratio throughout an entire industrial-scale milk production chain and after industrially employed storage procedures of milk powders. We report here for the first time the presence of high levels of the enzymatic oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC) in concentrations of antiviral interest in bovine colostrum (87.04 ng mL-1) that decreased during the first postpartum days (56.35 ng mL-1). Of note, this oxysterol is also observed in milk and milk products and is not negatively affected by industrial processing or storage. We further highlight an exponential increase of the non-enzymatic oxysterols 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7βOHC) and 7-ketocholesterol (7KC) in both whole (WMPs) and skimmed milk powders (SMPs) during prolonged storage, confirming their role as reliable biomarkers of cholesterol oxidation over time: after 12 months, 7βOHC reached in both SMPs and WMPs amounts that have been found to be potentially toxic in vitro (265.46 ng g-1 and 569.83 ng g-1, respectively). Interestingly, industrial processes appeared to affect the generation of 7βOHC and 7KC differently, depending on the presence of fat in the product: while their ratios increased significantly after skimming and processing of skimmed milk and milk products, this was not observed after processing whole milk and milk cream.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Risso
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Ferrero Group, Alba, CN, Italy.
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27
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Marcello A, Civra A, Milan Bonotto R, Nascimento Alves L, Rajasekharan S, Giacobone C, Caccia C, Cavalli R, Adami M, Brambilla P, Lembo D, Poli G, Leoni V. The cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol inhibits SARS-CoV-2 and is markedly decreased in COVID-19 patients. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101682. [PMID: 32810737 PMCID: PMC7416714 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to identify antivirals against the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in the current COVID-19 pandemic and to contain future similar emergencies early on. Specific side-chain cholesterol oxidation products of the oxysterols family have been shown to inhibit a large variety of both enveloped and non-enveloped human viral pathogens. Here we report on the in vitro inhibitory activity of the redox active oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol against SARS-CoV-2 and against one of the common cold agents HCoV-OC43 human coronavirus without significant cytotoxicity. Interestingly, physiological serum levels of 27-hydroxycholesterol in SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects were significantly decreased compared to the matched control group, reaching a marked 50% reduction in severe COVID-19 cases. Moreover, no correlation at all was observed between 24-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol serum levels and the severity of the disease. Opposite to that of 27-hydroxycholesterol was the behaviour of two recognized markers of redox imbalance, i.e. 7-ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol, whose serum levels were significantly increased especially in severe COVID-19. The exogenous administration of 27-hydroxycholesterol may represent in the near future a valid antiviral strategy in the worsening of diseases caused by present and emerging coronaviruses. 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC) inhibits the replication of SARS-CoV-2 by interfering with its entry into target cells. The broad antiviral effect of 27OHC is also exerted against another β-coronavirus, HCoV-OC43. Blood levels of 27OHC were decreased in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, especially in patients with severe COVID-19. COVID-19 patients showed increased serum levels of 7-ketocholesterol and 7β-hydroxycholesterol, markers of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marcello
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Andrea Civra
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy
| | - Rafaela Milan Bonotto
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Lais Nascimento Alves
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Sreejith Rajasekharan
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Chiara Giacobone
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospitals of Desio and Monza, ASST-Monza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - Claudio Caccia
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Roberta Cavalli
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Adami
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospitals of Desio and Monza, ASST-Monza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy
| | - David Lembo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Unit of General Pathology and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Orbassano, Turin, 10043, Italy.
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospitals of Desio and Monza, ASST-Monza and Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, 20900, Italy
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28
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Ditiatkovski M, Mukhamedova N, Dragoljevic D, Hoang A, Low H, Pushkarsky T, Fu Y, Carmichael I, Hill AF, Murphy AJ, Bukrinsky M, Sviridov D. Modification of lipid rafts by extracellular vesicles carrying HIV-1 protein Nef induces redistribution of amyloid precursor protein and Tau, causing neuronal dysfunction. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13377-13392. [PMID: 32732283 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) are a frequent outcome of HIV infection. Effective treatment of HIV infection has reduced the rate of progression and severity but not the overall prevalence of HANDs, suggesting ongoing pathological process even when viral replication is suppressed. In this study, we investigated how HIV-1 protein Nef secreted in extracellular vesicles (exNef) impairs neuronal functionality. ExNef were rapidly taken up by neural cells in vitro, reducing the abundance of ABC transporter A1 (ABCA1) and thus cholesterol efflux and increasing the abundance and modifying lipid rafts in neuronal plasma membranes. ExNef caused a redistribution of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Tau to lipid rafts and increased the abundance of these proteins, as well as of Aβ42 ExNef further potentiated phosphorylation of Tau and activation of inflammatory pathways. These changes were accompanied by neuronal functional impairment. Disruption of lipid rafts with cyclodextrin reversed the phenotype. Short-term treatment of C57BL/6 mice with either purified recombinant Nef or exNef similarly resulted in reduced abundance of ABCA1 and elevated abundance of APP in brain tissue. The abundance of ABCA1 in brain tissue of HIV-infected human subjects diagnosed with HAND was lower, and the abundance of lipid rafts was higher compared with HIV-negative individuals. Levels of APP and Tau in brain tissue correlated with the abundance of Nef. Thus, modification of neuronal cholesterol trafficking and of lipid rafts by Nef may contribute to early stages of neurodegeneration and pathogenesis in HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anh Hoang
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hann Low
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tatiana Pushkarsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Ying Fu
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Irena Carmichael
- Department of Micro Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Louisiana Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Louisiana Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Bukrinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Dmitri Sviridov
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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29
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Kučáková K, Dolenský B. Molecular structure study of a heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin complex of cholesterol. Steroids 2020; 155:108555. [PMID: 31866545 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heptakis(2,3,6-tri-O-methyl)-β-cyclodextrin (2) and cholesterol form a water-soluble complex 3. We performed several NMR studies, particularly 1H, 13C, 2D NOESY and DOSY, at various temperatures on 500 and 950 MHz instruments. We discovered that the complex 3 is unstable above 57 °C in heavy water, while it is kinetically stable enough to be studied by NMR in detail at 1 °C. We demonstrated the formation of a face-to-face 2:1 complex with a binding constant of approximately 2.2 × 106 M-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolína Kučáková
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Dolenský
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Tao QQ, Zhang Y, Lin HX, Dong HL, Ni W, Wu ZY. Clinical and genetic characteristics of Chinese patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019. [PMID: 31796091 DOI: 10.1186/s13023‐019‐1252‐9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare inborn lipid-storage disease caused by mutations in the sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) gene with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. To date, only 19 CTX patients from 16 families have been reported in the Chinese population. RESULTS Three novel likely pathogenic mutations (c.368_374delCCAGTAC, c.389 T > A and c.571C > T) and 7 previously reported pathogenic mutations (c.379C > T, c.435G > T, c.1016C > T, c.1214G > A, c.1263 + 1G > A, c.1420C > T and c.1435C > T) were identified. In addition, we summarized the genotypes and phenotypes of reported Chinese CTX patients. The most predominant mutations in CYP27A1 were c.410G > A and c.379C > T, and the most common clinical manifestations were pyramidal signs, xanthomatosis, cerebellar ataxia, and cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION Our study broadens the genetic and clinical spectrum of CTX and provides insightful information to help better diagnose and understand the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Tao
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Xia Lin
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Lin Dong
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Ni
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Tao QQ, Zhang Y, Lin HX, Dong HL, Ni W, Wu ZY. Clinical and genetic characteristics of Chinese patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2019; 14:282. [PMID: 31796091 PMCID: PMC6892200 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-019-1252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare inborn lipid-storage disease caused by mutations in the sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) gene with an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance. To date, only 19 CTX patients from 16 families have been reported in the Chinese population. Results Three novel likely pathogenic mutations (c.368_374delCCAGTAC, c.389 T > A and c.571C > T) and 7 previously reported pathogenic mutations (c.379C > T, c.435G > T, c.1016C > T, c.1214G > A, c.1263 + 1G > A, c.1420C > T and c.1435C > T) were identified. In addition, we summarized the genotypes and phenotypes of reported Chinese CTX patients. The most predominant mutations in CYP27A1 were c.410G > A and c.379C > T, and the most common clinical manifestations were pyramidal signs, xanthomatosis, cerebellar ataxia, and cognitive impairment. Conclusion Our study broadens the genetic and clinical spectrum of CTX and provides insightful information to help better diagnose and understand the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Tao
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Xia Lin
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Lin Dong
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Ni
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology and Research Center of Neurology in Second Affiliated Hospital, and Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Nóbrega C, Mendonça L, Marcelo A, Lamazière A, Tomé S, Despres G, Matos CA, Mechmet F, Langui D, den Dunnen W, de Almeida LP, Cartier N, Alves S. Restoring brain cholesterol turnover improves autophagy and has therapeutic potential in mouse models of spinocerebellar ataxia. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:837-858. [PMID: 31197505 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are devastating neurodegenerative disorders for which no curative or preventive therapies are available. Deregulation of brain cholesterol metabolism and impaired brain cholesterol turnover have been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases. SCA3 or Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) is the most prevalent ataxia worldwide. We show that cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (CYP46A1), the key enzyme allowing efflux of brain cholesterol and activating brain cholesterol turnover, is decreased in cerebellar extracts from SCA3 patients and SCA3 mice. We investigated whether reinstating CYP46A1 expression would improve the disease phenotype of SCA3 mouse models. We show that administration of adeno-associated viral vectors encoding CYP46A1 to a lentiviral-based SCA3 mouse model reduces mutant ataxin-3 accumulation, which is a hallmark of SCA3, and preserves neuronal markers. In a transgenic SCA3 model with a severe motor phenotype we confirm that cerebellar delivery of AAVrh10-CYP46A1 is strongly neuroprotective in adult mice with established pathology. CYP46A1 significantly decreases ataxin-3 protein aggregation, alleviates motor impairments and improves SCA3-associated neuropathology. In particular, improvement in Purkinje cell number and reduction of cerebellar atrophy are observed in AAVrh10-CYP46A1-treated mice. Conversely, we show that knocking-down CYP46A1 in normal mouse brain impairs cholesterol metabolism, induces motor deficits and produces strong neurodegeneration with impairment of the endosomal-lysosomal pathway, a phenotype closely resembling that of SCA3. Remarkably, we demonstrate for the first time both in vitro, in a SCA3 cellular model, and in vivo, in mouse brain, that CYP46A1 activates autophagy, which is impaired in SCA3, leading to decreased mutant ataxin-3 deposition. More broadly, we show that the beneficial effect of CYP46A1 is also observed with mutant ataxin-2 aggregates. Altogether, our results confirm a pivotal role for CYP46A1 and brain cholesterol metabolism in neuronal function, pointing to a key contribution of the neuronal cholesterol pathway in mechanisms mediating clearance of aggregate-prone proteins. This study identifies CYP46A1 as a relevant therapeutic target not only for SCA3 but also for other SCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clévio Nóbrega
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Algarve Biomedical Center, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Liliana Mendonça
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Adriana Marcelo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Antonin Lamazière
- INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département PM2, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Tomé
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gaetan Despres
- INSERM, Saint-Antoine Research Center, Sorbonne Université, Faculté de Médecine, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département PM2, Paris, France
| | - Carlos A Matos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fatich Mechmet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
- Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Dominique Langui
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'Hôpital, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Wilfred den Dunnen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luis Pereira de Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Nathalie Cartier
- INSERM U1169 92265 Fontenay aux Roses and Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91400, Orsay, France.
- INSERM U1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 bd de l'hôpital, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Sandro Alves
- Brainvectis, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'Hôpital Paris, 75646, Paris, CEDEX 13, France.
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mRNA as a Novel Treatment Strategy for Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia Type 5. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 15:359-370. [PMID: 31828178 PMCID: PMC6888748 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5 is a neurodegenerative disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the CYP7B1 gene encoding the oxysterol 7-α-hydroxylase involved in bile acid synthesis in the liver. Lack of CYP7B1 leads to an accumulation of its oxysterol substrates, in particular 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol that are able to cross the blood-brain barrier and have neurotoxic properties. A potential therapeutic strategy for SPG5 is the replacement of CYP7B1 by administration of mRNA. Here, we studied the intravenous application of formulated mouse and human CYP7B1 mRNA in mice lacking the endogenous Cyp7b1 gene. A single-dose injection of either mouse or human CYP7B1 mRNA led to a pronounced degradation of oxysterols in liver and serum within 2 days of treatment. Pharmacokinetics indicate a single injection of human CYP7B1 mRNA to be effective in reducing oxysterols for at least 5 days. Repetitive applications of mRNA were safe for at least 17 days and resulted in a significant reduction of neurotoxic oxysterols not only in liver and serum but also to some extent in the brain. Our study highlights the potential to use mRNA as a novel therapy to treat patients with SPG5 disease.
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Marelli C, Lamari F, Rainteau D, Lafourcade A, Banneau G, Humbert L, Monin ML, Petit E, Debs R, Castelnovo G, Ollagnon E, Lavie J, Pilliod J, Coupry I, Babin PJ, Guissart C, Benyounes I, Ullmann U, Lesca G, Thauvin-Robinet C, Labauge P, Odent S, Ewenczyk C, Wolf C, Stevanin G, Hajage D, Durr A, Goizet C, Mochel F. Plasma oxysterols: biomarkers for diagnosis and treatment in spastic paraplegia type 5. Brain 2019; 141:72-84. [PMID: 29228183 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The hereditary spastic paraplegias are an expanding and heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by spasticity in the lower limbs. Plasma biomarkers are needed to guide the genetic testing of spastic paraplegia. Spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5) is an autosomal recessive spastic paraplegia due to mutations in CYP7B1, which encodes a cytochrome P450 7α-hydroxylase implicated in cholesterol and bile acids metabolism. We developed a method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry to validate two plasma 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) as diagnostic biomarkers in a cohort of 21 patients with SPG5. For 14 patients, SPG5 was initially suspected on the basis of genetic analysis, and then confirmed by increased plasma 25-OHC, 27-OHC and their ratio to total cholesterol. For seven patients, the diagnosis was initially based on elevated plasma oxysterol levels and confirmed by the identification of two causal CYP7B1 mutations. The receiver operating characteristic curves analysis showed that 25-OHC, 27-OHC and their ratio to total cholesterol discriminated between SPG5 patients and healthy controls with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Taking advantage of the robustness of these plasma oxysterols, we then conducted a phase II therapeutic trial in 12 patients and tested whether candidate molecules (atorvastatin, chenodeoxycholic acid and resveratrol) can lower plasma oxysterols and improve bile acids profile. The trial consisted of a three-period, three-treatment crossover study and the six different sequences of three treatments were randomized. Using a linear mixed effect regression model with a random intercept, we observed that atorvastatin decreased moderately plasma 27-OHC (∼30%, P < 0.001) but did not change 27-OHC to total cholesterol ratio or 25-OHC levels. We also found an abnormal bile acids profile in SPG5 patients, with significantly decreased total serum bile acids associated with a relative decrease of ursodeoxycholic and lithocholic acids compared to deoxycholic acid. Treatment with chenodeoxycholic acid restored bile acids profile in SPG5 patients. Therefore, the combination of atorvastatin and chenodeoxycholic acid may be worth considering for the treatment of SPG5 patients but the neurological benefit of these metabolic interventions remains to be evaluated in phase III therapeutic trials using clinical, imaging and/or electrophysiological outcome measures with sufficient effect sizes. Overall, our study indicates that plasma 25-OHC and 27-OHC are robust diagnostic biomarkers of SPG5 and shall be used as first-line investigations in any patient with unexplained spastic paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Marelli
- Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Montpellier, France.,Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Expert Center for Neurogenetic Diseases and Adult Mitochondrial and Metabolic Diseases, Montpellier, France
| | - Foudil Lamari
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Paris, France.,University Pierre and Marie Curie, Neurometabolic Research Group, Paris, France.,APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Rainteau
- APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Lafourcade
- APHP, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Biostatistiques, Santé publique et Information médicale, Centre de Pharmacoépidémiologie (Cephepi), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Banneau
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Functional Unit of Molecular and Cellular Neurogenetics, Paris, France
| | - Lydie Humbert
- APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Lorraine Monin
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Petit
- Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Rabab Debs
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Paris, France
| | | | - Elisabeth Ollagnon
- La Croix-Rousse University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Lyon, France
| | - Julie Lavie
- Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Pilliod
- Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Coupry
- Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire Guissart
- Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Montpellier, France
| | - Imen Benyounes
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Biochemistry, Paris, France
| | - Urielle Ullmann
- Institut de Pathologie et Génétique, Centre de Génétique Humaine, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Lyon University Hospital, Department of Medical Genetics, Lyon, France
| | | | - Pierre Labauge
- Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Department of Neurology, Montpellier, France.,Gui de Chauliac University Hospital, Reference Center for Adult Leukodystrophy, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Rennes University Hospital, Department of Clinical Genetics, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Ewenczyk
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
| | - Claude Wolf
- APHP, Hôpital Saint Antoine, Département PM2 Plateforme de Métabolomique, Peptidomique et dosage de Médicaments, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, PSL Research University, Neurogenetic lab, Paris, France
| | - David Hajage
- APHP, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Département de Biostatistiques, Santé publique et Information médicale, Centre de Pharmacoépidémiologie (Cephepi), F-75013, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 1123 ECEVE, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Durr
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France.,APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Neurogenetic Reference Center, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Goizet
- Laboratoire MRGM, INSERM U1211, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University Hospital, Department of Medical Genetics, Bordeaux, France.,Bordeaux University Hospital, Neurogenetic Reference Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fanny Mochel
- APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Reference Center for Adult Neurometabolic Diseases, Paris, France.,APHP, La Pitié-Salpêtrière University Hospital, Department of Genetics, Paris, France.,Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, Paris, France
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Šarenac TM, Mikov M. Bile Acid Synthesis: From Nature to the Chemical Modification and Synthesis and Their Applications as Drugs and Nutrients. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:939. [PMID: 30319399 PMCID: PMC6168039 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are amphiphilic molecules with 24 carbon atoms and consist of a hydrophobic and a rigid steroid nucleus, to which are attached a hydrophilic hydroxyl group and a flexible acidic aliphatic side chain. The steroidal core of BAs constitutes a saturated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene skeleton, consisting of three six-membered (A, B, and C) and one five-membered ring (D). Primary BAs are produced in the hepatocytes, while secondary BAs are formed by modifying the primary BAs in the intestinal lumen, i.e., by the reactions of 7α-dehydroxylation and deconjugation of cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). The most important secondary BAs are deoxycholic acid (DCA) and lithocholic acid (LCA). The BAs realize their effects through nuclear farnesoid X receptors (FXRs) and membrane TGR5 receptors. It has been found that BAs are also associated with other receptors such as the vitamin D receptor (VDR), from which the most significant ligand is calcitriol, as well as with pregnane X receptor (PXR) and potentially with the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), whose ligands are numerous, structurally different xenobiotics that show greater affinity to BAs. The BAs as therapeutic agents (drugs) have the potential to produce beneficial effects in cases of sexually transmitted diseases, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis, gallstones, digestive tract diseases, cystic fibrosis, and cancer. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) was the only drug approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of PBC. In this paper, the different pathways of bile acid biosynthesis are explained as well as chemical modifications and the synthesis of different keto derivatives of BAs. Also, the effects of BAs on digestion of nutrients, their role as drugs, and, in particular, the emphasis on the hypoglycemic properties of 7α, 12α-dihydroxy−12–keto−5β-cholanic acid in the treatment of diabetes mellitus are examined in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja M Šarenac
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
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36
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Donepezil effects on cholesterol and oxysterol plasma levels of Alzheimer's disease patients. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:501-507. [PMID: 28861608 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0838-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component in the structure and function of cell membranes and has been associated with the major pathological signatures of Alzheimer's disease (AD). To maintain brain cholesterol homeostasis, it is converted into 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC) which can be driven through the blood-brain barrier. Several studies have already described a decrease in 24OHC and an increase of 27(S)-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC) in AD, as a reflection of disease burden, the loss of metabolically active neurons and the degree of structural atrophy. It is also well known that peripheral cholesterol is altered in AD patients. However, there are no data regarding effects of AD treatment in this cholesterol pathway. Since a study from our group indicated a significant increase in membrane phospholipid metabolism by donepezil, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of short- and long-term donepezil treatment on cholesterol and metabolites 24OHC and 27OHC in plasma of AD patients and in healthy volunteers. At baseline, we found a decrease of 24OHC (p = 0.003) in AD patients. Cholesterol levels increased with donepezil treatment (p = 0.04) but no differences were observed regarding 24OHC and 27OHC. However, these results confirm and extend previous studies demonstrating disturbed cholesterol turnover in Alzheimer's disease.
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Wang C, Shou Y, Pan J, Du Y, Liu C, Wang H. The relationship between cholesterol level and Alzheimer’s disease-associated APP proteolysis/Aβ metabolism. Nutr Neurosci 2018; 22:453-463. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2017.1416942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yikai Shou
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Pan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Du
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cuiqing Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Abstract
The autosomal-recessive cerebellar ataxias comprise more than half of the known genetic forms of ataxia and represent an extensive group of clinically heterogeneous disorders that can occur at any age but whose onset is typically prior to adulthood. In addition to ataxia, patients often present with polyneuropathy and clinical symptoms outside the nervous system. The most common of these diseases is Friedreich ataxia, caused by mutation of the frataxin gene, but recent advances in genetic analysis have greatly broadened the ever-expanding number of causative genes to over 50. In this review, the clinical neurogenetics of the recessive cerebellar ataxias will be discussed, including updates on recently identified novel ataxia genes, advancements in unraveling disease-specific molecular pathogenesis leading to ataxia, potential treatments under development, technologic improvements in diagnostic testing such as clinical exome sequencing, and what the future holds for clinicians and geneticists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent L Fogel
- Program in Neurogenetics, Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Schöls L, Rattay TW, Martus P, Meisner C, Baets J, Fischer I, Jägle C, Fraidakis MJ, Martinuzzi A, Saute JA, Scarlato M, Antenora A, Stendel C, Höflinger P, Lourenco CM, Abreu L, Smets K, Paucar M, Deconinck T, Bis DM, Wiethoff S, Bauer P, Arnoldi A, Marques W, Jardim LB, Hauser S, Criscuolo C, Filla A, Züchner S, Bassi MT, Klopstock T, De Jonghe P, Björkhem I, Schüle R. Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5: natural history, biomarkers and a randomized controlled trial. Brain 2017; 140:3112-3127. [PMID: 29126212 PMCID: PMC5841036 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5) is a rare subtype of hereditary spastic paraplegia, a highly heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders defined by progressive neurodegeneration of the corticospinal tract motor neurons. SPG5 is caused by recessive mutations in the gene CYP7B1 encoding oxysterol-7α-hydroxylase. This enzyme is involved in the degradation of cholesterol into primary bile acids. CYP7B1 deficiency has been shown to lead to accumulation of neurotoxic oxysterols. In this multicentre study, we have performed detailed clinical and biochemical analysis in 34 genetically confirmed SPG5 cases from 28 families, studied dose-dependent neurotoxicity of oxysterols in human cortical neurons and performed a randomized placebo-controlled double blind interventional trial targeting oxysterol accumulation in serum of SPG5 patients. Clinically, SPG5 manifested in childhood or adolescence (median 13 years). Gait ataxia was a common feature. SPG5 patients lost the ability to walk independently after a median disease duration of 23 years and became wheelchair dependent after a median 33 years. The overall cross-sectional progression rate of 0.56 points on the Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale per year was slightly lower than the longitudinal progression rate of 0.80 points per year. Biochemically, marked accumulation of CYP7B1 substrates including 27-hydroxycholesterol was confirmed in serum (n = 19) and cerebrospinal fluid (n = 17) of SPG5 patients. Moreover, 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum correlated with disease severity and disease duration. Oxysterols were found to impair metabolic activity and viability of human cortical neurons at concentrations found in SPG5 patients, indicating that elevated levels of oxysterols might be key pathogenic factors in SPG5. We thus performed a randomized placebo-controlled trial (EudraCT 2015-000978-35) with atorvastatin 40 mg/day for 9 weeks in 14 SPG5 patients with 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum as the primary outcome measure. Atorvastatin, but not placebo, reduced serum 27-hydroxycholesterol from 853 ng/ml [interquartile range (IQR) 683-1113] to 641 (IQR 507-694) (-31.5%, P = 0.001, Mann-Whitney U-test). Similarly, 25-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum were reduced. In cerebrospinal fluid 27-hydroxycholesterol was reduced by 8.4% but this did not significantly differ from placebo. As expected, no effects were seen on clinical outcome parameters in this short-term trial. In this study, we define the mutational and phenotypic spectrum of SPG5, examine the correlation of disease severity and progression with oxysterol concentrations, and demonstrate in a randomized controlled trial that atorvastatin treatment can effectively lower 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum of SPG5 patients. We thus demonstrate the first causal treatment strategy in hereditary spastic paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Schöls
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim W Rattay
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Meisner
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Imma Fischer
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christine Jägle
- Center for Rare Diseases and Institute of Human Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthew J Fraidakis
- Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital ‘Attikon’, Medical School of the University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Andrea Martinuzzi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Conegliano Research Center, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
| | - Jonas Alex Saute
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Genetics Identification Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 90035 Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Scarlato
- Neurology Department and INSPE, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Antenora
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Stendel
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich Baur Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Philip Höflinger
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Charles Marques Lourenco
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 14049 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lisa Abreu
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Katrien Smets
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martin Paucar
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 14152 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tine Deconinck
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dana M Bis
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- CENTOGENE AG, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alessia Arnoldi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Wilson Marques
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 14049 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Laura Bannach Jardim
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Genetics Identification Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 90035 Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Stefan Hauser
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chiara Criscuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Filla
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stephan Züchner
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Bassi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich Baur Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Aarthy M, Panwar U, Selvaraj C, Singh SK. Advantages of Structure-Based Drug Design Approaches in Neurological Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2017; 15:1136-1155. [PMID: 28042767 PMCID: PMC5725545 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170102145257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the review is to portray the theoretical concept on neurological disorders from research data. BACKGROUND The freak changes in chemical response of nerve impulse causes neurological disorders. The research evidence of the effort done in the older history suggests that the biological drug targets and their effective feature with responsive drugs could be valuable in promoting the future development of health statistics structure for improved treatment for curing the nervous disorders. METHODS In this review, we summarized the most iterative theoretical concept of structure based drug design approaches in various neurological disorders to unfathomable understanding of reported information for future drug design and development. RESULTS On the premise of reported information we analyzed the model of theoretical drug designing process for understanding the mechanism and pathology of the neurological diseases which covers the development of potentially effective inhibitors against the biological drug targets. Finally, it also suggests the management and implementation of the current treatment in improving the human health system behaviors. CONCLUSION With the survey of reported information we concluded the development strategies of diagnosis and treatment against neurological diseases which leads to supportive progress in the drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Aarthy
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umesh Panwar
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandrabose Selvaraj
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Konkuk University, 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Postal Code: 143-701, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Singh
- Computer Aided Drug Design and Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630004, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wiercigroch E, Szafraniec E, Czamara K, Pacia MZ, Majzner K, Kochan K, Kaczor A, Baranska M, Malek K. Raman and infrared spectroscopy of carbohydrates: A review. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017. [PMID: 28599236 DOI: 10.1002/jrs.4607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are widespread and naturally occurring compounds, and essential constituents for living organisms. They are quite often reported when biological systems are studied and their role is discussed. However surprisingly, up till now there is no database collecting vibrational spectra of carbohydrates and their assignment, as has been done already for other biomolecules. So, this paper serves as a comprehensive review, where for selected 14 carbohydrates in the solid state both FT-Raman and ATR FT-IR spectra were collected and assigned. Carbohydrates can be divided into four chemical groups and in the same way is organized this review. First, the smallest molecules are discussed, i.e. monosaccharides (d-(-)-ribose, 2-deoxy-d-ribose, l-(-)-arabinose, d-(+)-xylose, d-(+)-glucose, d-(+)-galactose and d-(-)-fructose) and disaccharides (d-(+)-sucrose, d-(+)-maltose and d-(+)-lactose), and then more complex ones, i.e. trisaccharides (d-(+)-raffinose) and polysaccharides (amylopectin, amylose, glycogen). Both Raman and IR spectra were collected in the whole spectral range and discussed looking at the specific regions, i.e. region V (3600-3050cm-1), IV (3050-2800cm-1) and II (1200-800cm-1) assigned to the stretching vibrations of the OH, CH/CH2 and C-O/C-C groups, respectively, and region III (1500-1200cm-1) and I (800-100cm-1) dominated by deformational modes of the CH/CH2 and CCO groups, respectively. In spite of the fact that vibrational spectra of saccharides are significantly less specific than spectra of other biomolecules (e.g. lipids or proteins), marker bands of the studied molecules can be identified and correlated with their structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Wiercigroch
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Szafraniec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Czamara
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marta Z Pacia
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Majzner
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamila Kochan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kaczor
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Baranska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Kamilla Malek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Ingardena 3, 30-060 Krakow, Poland.
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Czuba E, Steliga A, Lietzau G, Kowiański P. Cholesterol as a modifying agent of the neurovascular unit structure and function under physiological and pathological conditions. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:935-948. [PMID: 28432486 PMCID: PMC5504126 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-017-0015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The brain, demanding constant level of cholesterol, precisely controls its synthesis and homeostasis. The brain cholesterol pool is almost completely separated from the rest of the body by the functional blood-brain barrier (BBB). Only a part of cholesterol pool can be exchanged with the blood circulation in the form of the oxysterol metabolites such, as 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) and 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC). Not only neurons but also blood vessels and neuroglia, constituting neurovascular unit (NVU), are crucial for the brain cholesterol metabolism and undergo precise regulation by numerous modulators, metabolites and signal molecules. In physiological conditions maintaining the optimal cholesterol concentration is important for the energetic metabolism, composition of cell membranes and myelination. However, a growing body of evidence indicates the consequences of the cholesterol homeostasis dysregulation in several pathophysiological processes. There is a causal relationship between hypercholesterolemia and 1) development of type 2 diabetes due to long-term high-fat diet consumption, 2) significance of the oxidative stress consequences for cerebral amyloid angiopathy and neurodegenerative diseases, 3) insulin resistance on progression of the neurodegenerative brain diseases. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge concerning the cholesterol influence upon functioning of the NVU under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Czuba
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 1 Dębinki Str, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Steliga
- Department of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Słupsk, 64 Bohaterów Westerplatte Str, 76-200, Słupsk, Poland
| | - Grażyna Lietzau
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 1 Dębinki Str, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Przemysław Kowiański
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, 1 Dębinki Str, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
- Department of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Słupsk, 64 Bohaterów Westerplatte Str, 76-200, Słupsk, Poland
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Ayciriex S, Djelti F, Alves S, Regazzetti A, Gaudin M, Varin J, Langui D, Bièche I, Hudry E, Dargère D, Aubourg P, Auzeil N, Laprévote O, Cartier N. Neuronal Cholesterol Accumulation Induced by Cyp46a1 Down-Regulation in Mouse Hippocampus Disrupts Brain Lipid Homeostasis. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:211. [PMID: 28744197 PMCID: PMC5504187 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment in cholesterol metabolism is associated with many neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the lipid alterations underlying neurodegeneration and the connection between altered cholesterol levels and AD remains not fully understood. We recently showed that cholesterol accumulation in hippocampal neurons, induced by silencing Cyp46a1 gene expression, leads to neurodegeneration with a progressive neuronal loss associated with AD-like phenotype in wild-type mice. We used a targeted and non-targeted lipidomics approach by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry to further characterize lipid modifications associated to neurodegeneration and cholesterol accumulation induced by CYP46A1 inhibition. Hippocampus lipidome of normal mice was profiled 4 weeks after cholesterol accumulation due to Cyp46a1 gene expression down-regulation at the onset of neurodegeneration. We showed that major membrane lipids, sphingolipids and specific enzymes involved in phosphatidylcholine and sphingolipid metabolism, were rapidly increased in the hippocampus of AAV-shCYP46A1 injected mice. This lipid accumulation was associated with alterations in the lysosomal cargoe, accumulation of phagolysosomes and impairment of endosome-lysosome trafficking. Altogether, we demonstrated that inhibition of cholesterol 24-hydroxylase, key enzyme of cholesterol metabolism leads to a complex dysregulation of lipid homeostasis. Our results contribute to dissect the potential role of lipids in severe neurodegenerative diseases like AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Ayciriex
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8638 COMETE, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Fathia Djelti
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1169, CHU Bicêtre Paris SudLe Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,CEA Fontenay aux RosesFontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Sandro Alves
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1169, CHU Bicêtre Paris SudLe Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,CEA Fontenay aux RosesFontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Anne Regazzetti
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8638 COMETE, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Mathieu Gaudin
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8638 COMETE, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris DescartesParis, France.,Division Métabolisme, Technologie ServierOrléans, France
| | - Jennifer Varin
- Génétique, Physiopathologie et Approches Thérapeutiques des Maladies Héréditaires du Système Nerveux, EA7331, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Langui
- Plate-forme d'Imagerie Cellulaire Pitié Salpêtrière, Hôpital Pitié-SalpêtrièreParis, France
| | - Ivan Bièche
- Génétique, Physiopathologie et Approches Thérapeutiques des Maladies Héréditaires du Système Nerveux, EA7331, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris DescartesSorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Eloise Hudry
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General HospitalCharlestown, MA, United States
| | - Delphine Dargère
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8638 COMETE, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Patrick Aubourg
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1169, CHU Bicêtre Paris SudLe Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,CEA Fontenay aux RosesFontenay aux Roses, France
| | - Nicolas Auzeil
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8638 COMETE, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris DescartesParis, France
| | - Olivier Laprévote
- UMR Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 8638 COMETE, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris DescartesParis, France.,Service de Toxicologie Biologique, Hôpital LariboisièreParis, France
| | - Nathalie Cartier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1169, CHU Bicêtre Paris SudLe Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,CEA Fontenay aux RosesFontenay aux Roses, France
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März W, Grammer TB, Delgado G, Kleber ME. Angeborene Störungen im Lipoproteinstoffwechsel. Herz 2017; 42:449-458. [DOI: 10.1007/s00059-017-4578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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45
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Xu EG, Mager EM, Grosell M, Hazard ES, Hardiman G, Schlenk D. Novel transcriptome assembly and comparative toxicity pathway analysis in mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus) embryos and larvae exposed to Deepwater Horizon oil. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44546. [PMID: 28295044 PMCID: PMC5353654 DOI: 10.1038/srep44546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The impacts of Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil on morphology and function during embryonic development have been documented for a number of fish species, including the economically and ecologically important pelagic species, mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus). However, further investigations on molecular events and pathways responsible for developmental toxicity have been largely restricted due to the limited molecular data available for this species. We sought to establish the de novo transcriptomic database from the embryos and larvae of mahi-mahi exposed to water accommodated fractions (HEWAFs) of two DWH oil types (weathered and source oil), in an effort to advance our understanding of the molecular aspects involved during specific toxicity responses. By high throughput sequencing (HTS), we obtained the first de novo transcriptome of mahi-mahi, with 60,842 assembled transcripts and 30,518 BLAST hits. Among them, 2,345 genes were significantly regulated in 96hpf larvae after exposure to weathered oil. With comparative analysis to a reference-transcriptome-guided approach on gene ontology and tox-pathways, we confirmed the novel approach effective for exploring tox-pathways in non-model species, and also identified a list of co-expressed genes as potential biomarkers which will provide information for the construction of an Adverse Outcome Pathway which could be useful in Ecological Risk Assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Edward M Mager
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - E Starr Hazard
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA.,Computational Biology Resource Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA.,Departments of Medicine &Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA.,Laboratory for Marine Systems Biology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, SC 29412, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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46
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Lee HJ, Ryu JM, Jung YH, Lee SJ, Kim JY, Lee SH, Hwang IK, Seong JK, Han HJ. High glucose upregulates BACE1-mediated Aβ production through ROS-dependent HIF-1α and LXRα/ABCA1-regulated lipid raft reorganization in SK-N-MC cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36746. [PMID: 27829662 PMCID: PMC5103190 DOI: 10.1038/srep36746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an accumulation of evidence indicating that the risk of Alzheimer’s disease is associated with diabetes mellitus, an indicator of high glucose concentrations in blood plasma. This study investigated the effect of high glucose on BACE1 expression and amyloidogenesis in vivo, and we present details of the mechanism associated with those effects. Our results, using ZLC and ZDF rat models, showed that ZDF rats have high levels of amyloid-beta (Aβ), phosphorylated tau, BACE1, and APP-C99. In vitro result with mouse hippocampal neuron and SK-N-MC, high glucose stimulated Aβ secretion and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, high glucose increased BACE1 and APP-C99 expressions, which were reversed by a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger. Indeed, high glucose increased intracellular ROS levels and HIF-1α expression, associated with regulation of BACE1 and Liver X Receptor α (LXRα). In addition, high glucose induced ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) down-regulation, was associated with LXR-induced lipid raft reorganization and BACE1 localization on the lipid raft. Furthermore, silencing of BACE1 expression was shown to regulate Aβ secretion and apoptosis of SK-N-MC. In conclusion, high glucose upregulates BACE1 expression and activity through HIF-1α and LXRα/ABCA1-regulated lipid raft reorganization, leading to Aβ production and apoptosis of SK-N-MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jik Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jung Min Ryu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Young Hyun Jung
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sei-Jung Lee
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jeong Yeon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Hun Lee
- Medical Science Research Institute, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, 330-930, Republic of Korea
| | - In Koo Hwang
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University and Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul, Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC); College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research, and Research Institute for Veterinary Science; Seoul National University and Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul, Korea.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC); College of Veterinary Medicine; Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Jae Han
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science and BK21 PLUS Program for Creative Veterinary Science Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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47
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Egawa J, Pearn ML, Lemkuil BP, Patel PM, Head BP. Membrane lipid rafts and neurobiology: age-related changes in membrane lipids and loss of neuronal function. J Physiol 2016; 594:4565-79. [PMID: 26332795 PMCID: PMC4983616 DOI: 10.1113/jp270590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the cellular physiological role that plasma membrane lipids, fatty acids and sterols play in various cellular systems may yield more insight into how cellular and whole organ function is altered during the ageing process. Membrane lipid rafts (MLRs) within the plasma membrane of most cells serve as key organizers of intracellular signalling and tethering points of cytoskeletal components. MLRs are plasmalemmal microdomains enriched in sphingolipids, cholesterol and scaffolding proteins; they serve as a platform for signal transduction, cytoskeletal organization and vesicular trafficking. Within MLRs are the scaffolding and cholesterol binding proteins named caveolin (Cav). Cavs not only organize a multitude of receptors including neurotransmitter receptors (NMDA and AMPA receptors), signalling proteins that regulate the production of cAMP (G protein-coupled receptors, adenylyl cyclases, phosphodiesterases (PDEs)), and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in growth (Trk), but also interact with components that modulate actin and tubulin cytoskeletal dynamics (e.g. RhoGTPases and actin binding proteins). MLRs are essential for the regulation of the physiology of organs such as the brain, and age-related loss of cholesterol from the plasma membrane leads to loss of MLRs, decreased presynaptic vesicle fusion, and changes in neurotransmitter release, all of which contribute to different forms of neurodegeneration. Thus, MLRs provide an active membrane domain that tethers and reorganizes the cytoskeletal machinery necessary for membrane and cellular repair, and genetic interventions that restore MLRs to normal cellular levels may be exploited as potential therapeutic means to reverse the ageing and neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Egawa
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Matthew L Pearn
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Brian P Lemkuil
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Piyush M Patel
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Brian P Head
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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48
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Victoria GS, Arkhipenko A, Zhu S, Syan S, Zurzolo C. Astrocyte-to-neuron intercellular prion transfer is mediated by cell-cell contact. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20762. [PMID: 26857744 PMCID: PMC4746738 DOI: 10.1038/srep20762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are caused by misfolding of the cellular protein PrP(C) to an infectious conformer, PrP(Sc). Intercellular PrP(Sc) transfer propagates conversion and allows infectivity to move from the periphery to the brain. However, how prions spread between cells of the central nervous system is unclear. Astrocytes are specialized non-neuronal cells within the brain that have a number of functions indispensable for brain homeostasis. Interestingly, they are one of the earliest sites of prion accumulation in the brain. A fundamental question arising from this observation is whether these cells are involved in intercellular prion transfer and thereby disease propagation. Using co-culture systems between primary infected astrocytes and granule neurons or neuronal cell lines, we provide direct evidence that prion-infected astrocytes can disseminate prion to neurons. Though astrocytes are capable of secreting PrP, this is an inefficient method of transferring prion infectivity. Efficient transfer required co-culturing and direct cell contact. Astrocytes form numerous intercellular connections including tunneling nanotubes, containing PrP(Sc), often colocalized with endolysosomal vesicles, which may constitute the major mechanism of transfer. Because of their role in intercellular transfer of prions astrocytes may influence progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiliana Soraya Victoria
- Unité Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
| | - Alexander Arkhipenko
- Unité Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
| | - Seng Zhu
- Unité Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
| | - Sylvie Syan
- Unité Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
| | - Chiara Zurzolo
- Unité Trafic Membranaire et Pathogenèse, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris CEDEX 15, France
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Müller A, Sutherland BJG, Koop BF, Johnson SC, Garver KA. Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) persistence in Sockeye Salmon: influence on brain transcriptome and subsequent response to the viral mimic poly(I:C). BMC Genomics 2015; 16:634. [PMID: 26306576 PMCID: PMC4549833 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1759-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sockeye Salmon are an iconic species widely distributed throughout the North Pacific. A devastating pathogen of Sockeye Salmon is infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV, genus Novirhabdovirus, family Rhabdoviridae). It has been postulated that IHNV is maintained in salmon populations by persisting over the life of its host and/or by residing in natural reservoirs other than its susceptible hosts. Herein we demonstrate the presence of IHNV in the brain of Sockeye Salmon that survived an experimentally-induced outbreak, suggesting the presence of viral persistence in this susceptible species. To understand the viral persistent state in Sockeye Salmon we profiled the transcriptome to evaluate the host response in asymptomatic carriers and to determine what effects (if any) IHNV exposure may have on subsequent virus challenges. Results A laboratory disease model to simulate a natural IHNV outbreak in Sockeye Salmon resulted in over a third of the population incurring acute IHN disease and mortality during the first four months after initial exposure. Nine months post IHNV exposure, despite the absence of disease and mortality, a small percentage (<4 %) of the surviving population contained IHNV in brain. Transcriptome analysis in brain of asymptomatic virus carriers and survivors without virus exhibited distinct transcriptional profiles in comparison to naïve fish. Characteristic for carriers was the up-regulation of genes involved in antibody production and antigen presentation. In both carriers and survivors a down-regulation of genes related to cholesterol biosynthesis, resembling an antiviral mechanism observed in higher vertebrates was revealed along with differences in nervous system development. Moreover, following challenge with poly(I:C), survivors and carriers displayed an elevated antiviral immune response in comparison to naïve fish. Conclusions IHN virus persistence was identified in Sockeye Salmon where it elicited a unique brain transcriptome profile suggesting an ongoing adaptive immune response. IHNV carriers remained uncompromised in mounting efficient innate antiviral responses when exposed to a viral mimic. The capacity of IHNV to reside in asymptomatic hosts supports a virus carrier hypothesis and if proven infectious, could have significant epidemiological consequences towards maintaining and spreading IHNV among susceptible host populations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1759-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Müller
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, V9T 6N7, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Ben J G Sutherland
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3N5, Canada. .,Present address: Département de biologie, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Ben F Koop
- Department of Biology, Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, V8W 3N5, Canada.
| | - Stewart C Johnson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, V9T 6N7, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Kyle A Garver
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, V9T 6N7, British Columbia, Canada.
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50
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The impairment of cholesterol metabolism in Huntington disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:1095-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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