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Deng N, Reyes-Uribe L, Fahrmann JF, Thoman WS, Munsell MF, Dennison JB, Murage E, Wu R, Hawk ET, Thirumurthi S, Lynch PM, Dieli-Conwright CM, Lazar AJ, Jindal S, Chu K, Chelvanambi M, Basen-Engquist K, Li Y, Wargo JA, McAllister F, Allison JP, Sharma P, Sinha KM, Hanash S, Gilchrist SC, Vilar E. Exercise Training Reduces the Inflammatory Response and Promotes Intestinal Mucosa-Associated Immunity in Lynch Syndrome. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:4361-4372. [PMID: 37724990 PMCID: PMC10618653 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lynch syndrome (LS) is a hereditary condition with a high lifetime risk of colorectal and endometrial cancers. Exercise is a non-pharmacologic intervention to reduce cancer risk, though its impact on patients with LS has not been prospectively studied. Here, we evaluated the impact of a 12-month aerobic exercise cycling intervention in the biology of the immune system in LS carriers. PATIENTS AND METHODS To address this, we enrolled 21 patients with LS onto a non-randomized, sequential intervention assignation, clinical trial to assess the effect of a 12-month exercise program that included cycling classes 3 times weekly for 45 minutes versus usual care with a one-time exercise counseling session as control. We analyzed the effects of exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness, circulating, and colorectal-tissue biomarkers using metabolomics, gene expression by bulk mRNA sequencing, and spatial transcriptomics by NanoString GeoMx. RESULTS We observed a significant increase in oxygen consumption (VO2peak) as a primary outcome of the exercise and a decrease in inflammatory markers (prostaglandin E) in colon and blood as the secondary outcomes in the exercise versus usual care group. Gene expression profiling and spatial transcriptomics on available colon biopsies revealed an increase in the colonic mucosa levels of natural killer and CD8+ T cells in the exercise group that were further confirmed by IHC studies. CONCLUSIONS Together these data have important implications for cancer interception in LS, and document for the first-time biological effects of exercise in the immune system of a target organ in patients at-risk for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Deng
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Laura Reyes-Uribe
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Johannes F. Fahrmann
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Whittney S. Thoman
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Mark F. Munsell
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennifer B. Dennison
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Eunice Murage
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ranran Wu
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ernest T. Hawk
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Selvi Thirumurthi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Patrick M. Lynch
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Christina M. Dieli-Conwright
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander J. Lazar
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Sonali Jindal
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Khoi Chu
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Manoj Chelvanambi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Karen Basen-Engquist
- Department of Behavioral Science, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Yisheng Li
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jennifer A. Wargo
- Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Florencia McAllister
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - James P. Allison
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Padmanee Sharma
- The Immunotherapy Platform, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Krishna M. Sinha
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Samir Hanash
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Susan C. Gilchrist
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Cardiology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas
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Zimmer O, Walter M, Remmert M, Maier O, Witzgall R, Goepferich A. Impact of interferon-γ on the target cell tropism of nanoparticles. J Control Release 2023; 362:325-341. [PMID: 37598888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is well known to reduce the infectivity of viral pathogens by altering their tissue tropism. This effect is induced by upregulation of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). Given the similarity of viral pathogens and ligand-functionalized nanoparticles in the underlying strategy of receptor-mediated cell recognition, it appears conceivable that IFN-γ exceeds similar effects on nanoparticles. Concretely, IFN-γ-induced activation of CH25H could decrease nanoparticle avidity for target cells via depletion of clathrin-coated pits. We hypothesized that this effect would cause deterioration of target-cell specific accumulation of nanoparticles. To prove our hypothesis, we investigated the cell tropism of angiotensin II functionalized nanoparticles (NPLys-Ang II) in a co-culture system of angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor (AT1R) positive rat mesangial target cells (rMCs) and AT1R-negative HeLa off-target cells. In the presence of IFN-γ we observed an up to 5-fold loss of target cell preference for NPLys-Ang II. Thus, our in vitro results suggest a strong influence of IFN-γ on nanoparticle distribution, which is relevant in the context of nanotherapeutic approaches to cancer treatment, as IFN-γ is strongly expressed in tumors. For the target cell tropism of viruses, our results provide a conclusive hypothesis for the underlying mechanism behind non-directed viral distribution in the presence of IFN-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Zimmer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria 93053, Germany
| | - Melanie Walter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria 93053, Germany
| | - Marius Remmert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria 93053, Germany
| | - Olga Maier
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria 93053, Germany
| | - Ralph Witzgall
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria 93053, Germany
| | - Achim Goepferich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Bavaria 93053, Germany.
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3
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Different Pathways of Cellular Cholesterol Efflux. Cell Biochem Biophys 2022; 80:471-481. [PMID: 35737216 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-022-01081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol efflux is the first and rate-limiting step of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) from peripheric cells to the liver. The involvement of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in RCT determines the atheroprotective properties of HDL. Cholesterol efflux from different membrane pools includes both passive and energy-dependent processes. The first type of route consists of cholesterol desorption from the cell membrane into the unstirred layer adjacent to the cell surface and diffusion in the water phase. Moreover, the selective uptake and facilitated diffusion of cholesterol and cholesteryl ester molecules through the hydrophobic tunnel in the scavenger receptor BI molecule does not require energy consumption. The second type of route includes active cholesterol export by the ATP-binding cassette transporters A1 (ABCA1) and G1 (ABCG1). Several cholesterol acceptors specifically bind cholesterol and phospholipid molecules, and cholesterol binding to the albumin molecule, which acts as a shuttle, significantly increases cholesterol movement between acceptors and red blood cells, thus functioning as a sink for cholesterol. Cholesterol and phospholipid molecules effluxed from macrophages by ABCA1 are accepted exclusively by the lipid-free apolipoprotein apoA-I, which is the major protein moiety of HDL, whereas those effluxed by ABCG1 are accepted by HDL. ABCA1- and ABCG1-mediated cholesterol transport, together with cholesterol diffusion, largely determine cholesterol turnover at the physiological level of intracellular cholesterol. However, at cholesterol overload, ABCA1-mediated efflux prevails over other routes. The exchange of apoA-I between lipid-free and lipid-associated states and the synergism of nascent and mature HDL contribute to cholesterol efflux efficiency. Moreover, extracellular cholesterol deposits and microvesicles may be involved in RCT.
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Odnoshivkina UG, Kuznetsova EA, Petrov AM. 25-Hydroxycholesterol as a Signaling Molecule of the Nervous System. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2022; 87:524-537. [PMID: 35790411 PMCID: PMC9201265 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922060049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of plasma membrane and precursor of biological active compounds, including hydroxycholesterols (HCs). HCs regulate cellular homeostasis of cholesterol; they can pass across the membrane and vascular barriers and act distantly as para- and endocrine agents. A small amount of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is produced in the endoplasmic reticulum of most cells, where it serves as a potent regulator of the synthesis, intracellular transport, and storage of cholesterol. Production of 25-HC is strongly increased in the macrophages, dendrite cells, and microglia at the inflammatory response. The synthesis of 25-HC can be also upregulated in some neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, spastic paraplegia type 5, and X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. However, it is unclear whether 25-HC aggravates these pathologies or has the protective properties. The molecular targets for 25-HC are transcriptional factors (LX receptors, SREBP2, ROR), G protein-coupled receptor (GPR183), ion channels (NMDA receptors, SLO1), adhesive molecules (α5β1 and ανβ3 integrins), and oxysterol-binding proteins. The diversity of 25-HC-binding proteins points to the ability of HC to affect many physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we focused on the regulation of 25-HC production and its universal role in the control of cellular cholesterol homeostasis, as well as the effects of 25-HC as a signaling molecule mediating the influence of inflammation on the processes in the neuromuscular system and brain. Based on the evidence collected, it can be suggested that 25-HC prevents accumulation of cellular cholesterol and serves as a potent modulator of neuroinflammation, synaptic transmission, and myelinization. An increased production of 25-HC in response to a various type of damage can have a protective role and reduce neuronal loss. At the same time, an excess of 25-HC may exert the neurotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulia G Odnoshivkina
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences", Kazan, 420111, Russia
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, 420012, Russia
| | - Eva A Kuznetsova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences", Kazan, 420111, Russia
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Federal Research Center "Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences", Kazan, 420111, Russia.
- Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, 420012, Russia
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5
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Ristovski M, Farhat D, Bancud SEM, Lee JY. Lipid Transporters Beam Signals from Cell Membranes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:562. [PMID: 34436325 PMCID: PMC8399137 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid composition in cellular membranes plays an important role in maintaining the structural integrity of cells and in regulating cellular signaling that controls functions of both membrane-anchored and cytoplasmic proteins. ATP-dependent ABC and P4-ATPase lipid transporters, two integral membrane proteins, are known to contribute to lipid translocation across the lipid bilayers on the cellular membranes. In this review, we will highlight current knowledge about the role of cholesterol and phospholipids of cellular membranes in regulating cell signaling and how lipid transporters participate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miliça Ristovski
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Translational and Molecular Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Danny Farhat
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Biomedical Sciences Program, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 6N5, Canada
| | - Shelly Ellaine M. Bancud
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
- Translational and Molecular Medicine Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Jyh-Yeuan Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (M.R.); (D.F.); (S.E.M.B.)
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6
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Abstract
Drug transporters are integral membrane proteins that play a critical role in drug disposition by affecting absorption, distribution, and excretion. They translocate drugs, as well as endogenous molecules and toxins, across membranes using ATP hydrolysis, or ion/concentration gradients. In general, drug transporters are expressed ubiquitously, but they function in drug disposition by being concentrated in tissues such as the intestine, the kidneys, the liver, and the brain. Based on their primary sequence and their mechanism, transporters can be divided into the ATP-binding cassette (ABC), solute-linked carrier (SLC), and the solute carrier organic anion (SLCO) superfamilies. Many X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures have been solved in the ABC and SLC transporter superfamilies or of their bacterial homologs. The structures have provided valuable insight into the structural basis of transport. This chapter will provide particular focus on the promiscuous drug transporters because of their effect on drug disposition and the challenges associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur G Roberts
- Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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7
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Amengual J, Ogando Y, Nikain C, Quezada A, Qian K, Vaisar T, Fisher EA. Short-Term Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferase Inhibition, Combined with Apoprotein A1 Overexpression, Promotes Atherosclerosis Inflammation Resolution in Mice. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 99:175-183. [PMID: 33384285 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) mediates cellular cholesterol esterification. In atherosclerotic plaque macrophages, ACAT promotes cholesteryl ester accumulation, resulting in foam cell formation and atherosclerosis progression. Its complete inactivation in mice, however, showed toxic effects because of an excess of free cholesterol (FC) in macrophages, which can cause endoplasmic reticulum stress, cholesterol crystal formation, and inflammasome activation. Our previous studies showed that long-term partial ACAT inhibition, achieved by dietary supplementation with Fujirebio F1394, delays atherosclerosis progression in apoprotein E-deficient (Apoe -/-) mice by reducing plaque foam cell formation without inflammatory or toxic effects. Here, we determined whether short-term partial inhibition of ACAT, in combination with an enhanced systemic FC acceptor capacity, has synergistic benefits. Thus, we crossbred Apoe -/- with human apoprotein A1-transgenic (APOA1 tg/tg) mice, which have elevated cholesterol-effluxing high-density lipoprotein particles, and subjected Apoe -/- and APOA1 tg/tg/Apoe -/- mice to an atherogenic diet to develop advanced plaques. Then mice were either euthanized (baseline) or fed purified standard diet with or without F1394 for 4 more weeks. Plaques of APOA1 tg/tg/Apoe -/- mice fed F1394 showed a 60% reduction of macrophages accompanied by multiple other benefits, such as reduced inflammation and favorable changes in extracellular composition, in comparison with Apoe -/- baseline mice. In addition, there was no accumulation of cholesterol crystals or signs of toxicity. Overall, these results show that short-term partial ACAT inhibition, coupled to increased cholesterol efflux capacity, favorably remodels atherosclerosis lesions, supporting the potential of these combined therapies in the treatment of advanced atherosclerosis. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Short-term pharmacological inhibition of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase-mediated cholesterol esterification, in combination with increased free cholesterol efflux acceptors, has positive effects in mice by 1) reducing the inflammatory state of the plaque macrophages and 2) favoring compositional changes associated with plaque stabilization. These effects occur without toxicity, showing the potential of these combined therapies in the treatment of advanced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Amengual
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York (J.A., Y.O, C.N., A.Q., K.Q., E.A.F); Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, Illinois (.J.A.); Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (T.V.); and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York (K.Q.)
| | - Yoscar Ogando
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York (J.A., Y.O, C.N., A.Q., K.Q., E.A.F); Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, Illinois (.J.A.); Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (T.V.); and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York (K.Q.)
| | - Cyrus Nikain
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York (J.A., Y.O, C.N., A.Q., K.Q., E.A.F); Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, Illinois (.J.A.); Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (T.V.); and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York (K.Q.)
| | - Alexandra Quezada
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York (J.A., Y.O, C.N., A.Q., K.Q., E.A.F); Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, Illinois (.J.A.); Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (T.V.); and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York (K.Q.)
| | - Kun Qian
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York (J.A., Y.O, C.N., A.Q., K.Q., E.A.F); Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, Illinois (.J.A.); Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (T.V.); and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York (K.Q.)
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York (J.A., Y.O, C.N., A.Q., K.Q., E.A.F); Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, Illinois (.J.A.); Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (T.V.); and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York (K.Q.)
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York (J.A., Y.O, C.N., A.Q., K.Q., E.A.F); Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, Illinois (.J.A.); Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (T.V.); and Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York (K.Q.)
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8
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Ma L, Nelson ER. Oxysterols and nuclear receptors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 484:42-51. [PMID: 30660701 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are derivatives of cholesterol and an important regulator of cholesterol metabolism, in part due to their role as ligands for nuclear receptors, such as the liver X receptors. Oxysterols are also known to be ligands for the RAR-related orphan receptors, involved in normal T cell differentiation. However, increasing evidence supports a role for oxysterols in the progression of several diseases. Here, we review recent developments in oxysterol research, highlighting the biological functions that oxysterols exert through their target nuclear receptors: the liver X receptors, estrogen receptors, RAR-related orphan receptors and the glucocorticoid receptor. We also bring the regulation of the immune system into the context of interaction between oxysterols and nuclear receptors, discussing the effect of such interaction on the pro-inflammatory function of macrophages and the development of T cells. Finally, we examine the impact that oxysterols have on various disease models, including cancer, Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis, stressing the role of nuclear receptors if previously identified. This review underscores the need to consider the multifaceted roles of oxysterols in terms of multiple receptor engagements and selective modulation of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Ma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, IL, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People Theme, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, United States.
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9
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S N SG, Raviraj R, Nagarajan D, Zhao W. Radiation-induced lung injury: impact on macrophage dysregulation and lipid alteration - a review. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 41:370-379. [PMID: 30442050 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1533025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer deaths and more than one million lung cancer patients will die every year worldwide. Radiotherapy (RT) plays an important role in lung cancer treatment, but the side effects of RT are pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis. RT-induced lung injury causes damage to alveolar-epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells. Macrophages play an important role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis despite its role in immune response. These injury activated macrophages develop into classically activated M1 macrophage or alternative activated M2 macrophage. It secretes cytokines, interleukins, interferons, and nitric oxide. Several pro-inflammatory lipids and pro-apoptotic proteins cause lipotoxicity such as LDL, FC, DAG, and FFA. The overall findings in this review conclude the importance of macrophages in inducing toxic/inflammatory effects during RT of lung cancer, which is clinically vital to treat the radiation-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Gowda S N
- a Radiation Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology , SASTRA Deemed University , Thanjavur , India
| | - Raghavi Raviraj
- a Radiation Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology , SASTRA Deemed University , Thanjavur , India
| | - Devipriya Nagarajan
- a Radiation Biology Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology , SASTRA Deemed University , Thanjavur , India
| | - Weiling Zhao
- b School of Biomedical Informatics , The University of Texas Health Sciences Center , Houston , TX , USA
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10
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A novel family of mammalian transmembrane proteins involved in cholesterol transport. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7450. [PMID: 28785058 PMCID: PMC5547113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential compound in mammalian cells because it is involved in a wide range of functions, including as a key component of membranes, precursor of important molecules such as hormones, bile acids and vitamin D. The cholesterol transport across the circulatory system is a well-known process in contrast to the intracellular cholesterol transport, which is poorly understood. Recently in our laboratory, we identified a novel protein in C. elegans involved in dietary cholesterol uptake, which we have named ChUP-1. Insillicoanalysis identified two putative orthologue candidate proteins in mammals. The proteins SIDT1 and SIDT2 share identity and conserved cholesterol binding (CRAC) domains with C. elegans ChUP-1. Both mammalian proteins are annotated as RNA transporters in databases. In the present study, we show evidence indicating that SIDT1 and SIDT2 not only do not transport RNA, but they are involved in cholesterol transport. Furthermore, we show that single point mutations directed to disrupt the CRAC domains of both proteins prevent FRET between SIDT1 and SIDT2 and the cholesterol analogue dehydroergosterol (DHE) and alter cholesterol transport.
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11
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Xu C, Jiang ZY, Liu Q, Liu H, Gu A. Estrogen receptor beta mediates hepatotoxicity induced by perfluorooctane sulfonate in mouse. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:13414-13423. [PMID: 28386898 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), an artificial fluorosurfactant and global contaminant, is used widely in various consumer products. In this study, we investigated the function of estrogen receptor β (ERβ) in PFOS-induced bile acid and cholesterol metabolism disorders and gut microbiome using ERβ knockout mice that were exposed to PFOS by gavage. Our results showed that a daily dose of 5 mg PFOS/kg significantly induced hydropic degeneration and vacuolation in hepatic cells, reduced bile acid, and cholesterol levels in liver tissue, and influenced the abundance and composition of gut microbiota. Notably, ERβ deficiency not only ameliorated morphological alterations of hepatocytes but also relieved disorders in bile acids and cholesterol metabolism caused by PFOS. Furthermore, the changes in the gut microbiome by PFOS were also modulated. The relative transcript abundance of key genes involved in bile acid and cholesterol metabolism exhibited similar changes. In HepG2 cells, PFOS increased ERβ expression, which could be blocked by adding PHTPP (a selective antagonist of ERβ). Our study thus provides new evidence that ERβ mediates PFOS-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhao-Yan Jiang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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12
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Kostara CE, Tsimihodimos V, Elisaf MS, Bairaktari ET. NMR-Based Lipid Profiling of High Density Lipoprotein Particles in Healthy Subjects with Low, Normal, and Elevated HDL-Cholesterol. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1605-1616. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina E. Kostara
- Laboratory
of Clinical Chemistry and ‡Department of Internal Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vasilis Tsimihodimos
- Laboratory
of Clinical Chemistry and ‡Department of Internal Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Moses S. Elisaf
- Laboratory
of Clinical Chemistry and ‡Department of Internal Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Eleni T. Bairaktari
- Laboratory
of Clinical Chemistry and ‡Department of Internal Medicine,
Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece
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13
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de Aguiar Vallim TQ, Lee E, Merriott DJ, Goulbourne CN, Cheng J, Cheng A, Gonen A, Allen RM, Palladino END, Ford DA, Wang T, Baldán Á, Tarling EJ. ABCG1 regulates pulmonary surfactant metabolism in mice and men. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:941-954. [PMID: 28264879 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m075101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare lung disease characterized by accumulation of surfactant. Surfactant synthesis and secretion are restricted to epithelial type 2 (T2) pneumocytes (also called T2 cells). Clearance of surfactant is dependent upon T2 cells and macrophages. ABCG1 is highly expressed in both T2 cells and macrophages. ABCG1-deficient mice accumulate surfactant, lamellar body-loaded T2 cells, lipid-loaded macrophages, B-1 lymphocytes, and immunoglobulins, clearly demonstrating that ABCG1 has a critical role in pulmonary homeostasis. We identify a variant in the ABCG1 promoter in patients with PAP that results in impaired activation of ABCG1 by the liver X receptor α, suggesting that ABCG1 basal expression and/or induction in response to sterol/lipid loading is essential for normal lung function. We generated mice lacking ABCG1 specifically in either T2 cells or macrophages to determine the relative contribution of these cell types on surfactant lipid homeostasis. These results establish a critical role for T2 cell ABCG1 in controlling surfactant and overall lipid homeostasis in the lung and in the pathogenesis of human lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Q de Aguiar Vallim
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Johnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Elinor Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - David J Merriott
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | | | - Joan Cheng
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Angela Cheng
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ayelet Gonen
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ryan M Allen
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Elisa N D Palladino
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104.,Center for Cardiovascular Research, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Tisha Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Ángel Baldán
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Elizabeth J Tarling
- Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095 .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095.,Johnson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
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14
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The regulatory effects of fish oil and chitosan on hepatic lipogenic signals in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. J Food Drug Anal 2017; 25:919-930. [PMID: 28987369 PMCID: PMC9328862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the regulatory effects of fish oil and chitosan on the signals of hepatic lipid metabolism and the postulated mechanism in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. Diet supplementation of chitosan and fish oil efficiently suppressed the increased weights in body and livers of high-fat diet-fed rats. Supplementation of chitosan and fish oil significantly decreased the activities of hepatic lipid biosynthesis-related enzymes and efficiently regulated plasma lipoprotein homeostasis. Both chitosan and fish oil significantly ameliorated the alterations in the protein expressions of hepatic lipogenic transcription factors (LXRα and PPARα), and could also significantly regulate the downstream hepatic lipogenic genes (FAS, HMGCR, CYP7A1, FATP, FABP, AOX, and ABCA) expressions in high-fat diet-fed rats. These results suggest that both fish oil and chitosan exerts downregulative effects on hepatic lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced obese rats via the LXRα inhibition and PPARα activation, which further affect the expressions of hepatic lipogenesis-associated genes.
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15
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Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the manner through which the immune system regulates the cardiovascular system in health and disease. We define the cardiovascular system and elements of atherosclerotic disease, the main focus in this chapter. Herein we elaborate on the disease process that can result in myocardial infarction (heart attack), ischaemic stroke and peripheral arterial disease. We have discussed broadly the homeostatic mechanisms in place that help autoregulate the cardiovascular system including the vital role of cholesterol and lipid clearance as well as the role lipid homeostasis plays in cardiovascular disease in the context of atherosclerosis. We then elaborate on the role played by the immune system in this setting, namely, major players from the innate and adaptive immune system, as well as discussing in greater detail specifically the role played by monocytes and macrophages.This chapter should represent an overview of the role played by the immune system in cardiovascular homeostasis; however further reading of the references cited can expand the reader's knowledge of the detail, and we point readers to many excellent reviews which summarise individual immune systems and their role in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Shamim Rahman
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin Woollard
- Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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16
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Sinha RA, Singh BK, Zhou J, Xie S, Farah BL, Lesmana R, Ohba K, Tripathi M, Ghosh S, Hollenberg AN, Yen PM. Loss of ULK1 increases RPS6KB1-NCOR1 repression of NR1H/LXR-mediated Scd1 transcription and augments lipotoxicity in hepatic cells. Autophagy 2016; 13:169-186. [PMID: 27846372 PMCID: PMC5240836 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1235123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipotoxicity caused by saturated fatty acids (SFAs) induces tissue damage and inflammation in metabolic disorders. SCD1 (stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1) converts SFAs to mono-unsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) that are incorporated into triglycerides and stored in lipid droplets. SCD1 thus helps protect hepatocytes from lipotoxicity and its reduced expression is associated with increased lipotoxic injury in cultured hepatic cells and mouse models. To further understand the role of SCD1 in lipotoxicity, we examined the regulation of Scd1 in hepatic cells treated with palmitate, and found that NR1H/LXR (nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H) ligand, GW3965, induced Scd1 expression and lipid droplet formation to improve cell survival. Surprisingly, ULK1/ATG1 (unc-51 like kinase) played a critical role in protecting hepatic cells from SFA-induced lipotoxicity via a novel mechanism that did not involve macroautophagy/autophagy. Specific loss of Ulk1 blocked the induction of Scd1 gene transcription by GW3965, decreased lipid droplet formation, and increased apoptosis in hepatic cells exposed to palmitate. Knockdown of ULK1 increased RPS6KB1 (ribosomal protein S6 kinase, polypeptide 1) signaling that, in turn, induced NCOR1 (nuclear receptor co-repressor 1) nuclear uptake, interaction with NR1H/LXR, and recruitment to the Scd1 promoter. These events abrogated the stimulation of Scd1 gene expression by GW3965, and increased lipotoxicity in hepatic cells. In summary, we have identified a novel autophagy-independent role of ULK1 that regulates NR1H/LXR signaling, Scd1 expression, and intracellular lipid homeostasis in hepatic cells exposed to a lipotoxic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Anthony Sinha
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore
| | - Brijesh K Singh
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore
| | - Jin Zhou
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore
| | - Sherwin Xie
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore
| | - Benjamin L Farah
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore
| | - Ronny Lesmana
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore.,b Department of Physiology , Universitas Padjadjaran , Bandung , Indonesia
| | - Kenji Ohba
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore
| | - Madhulika Tripathi
- c Stroke Trial Unit, National Neuroscience Institute Singapore , Singapore
| | - Sujoy Ghosh
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore
| | - Anthony N Hollenberg
- d Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School , Boston , MA USA
| | - Paul M Yen
- a Laboratory of Hormonal Regulation, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School , Singapore
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17
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Perilla Oil Supplementation Ameliorates High-Fat/High-Cholesterol Diet Induced Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats via Enhanced Fecal Cholesterol and Bile Acid Excretion. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:2384561. [PMID: 27642591 PMCID: PMC5013210 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2384561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent experimental studies and clinical trials have shown that hepatic cholesterol metabolic disorders are closely related to the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The main goal of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the perilla oil rich in alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) against NASH and gain a deep insight into its potential mechanisms. Rats were fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet (HFD) supplement with perilla oil (POH) for 16 weeks. Routine blood biochemical tests and histological staining illustrated that the perilla oil administration improved HFD-induced hyperlipidemia, reduced hepatic steatosis, and inhibited hepatic inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis. Perilla oil also increased fecal bile acid and cholesterol excretion. Hepatic RNA-Seq analysis found that the long time perilla oil supplement notably modified the gene expression involved in cholesterol metabolism. Our results implicate that, after long-term high level dietary cholesterol feeding, rat liver endogenous synthesis of cholesterol and cholesterol-rich low density lipoprotein uptake was significantly inhibited, and perilla oil did not modulate expression of genes responsible for cholesterol synthesis but did increase cholesterol removed from hepatocytes by conversion to bile acids and increased fecal cholesterol excretion.
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18
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Taylor MJ, Sanjanwala AR, Morin EE, Rowland-Fisher E, Anderson K, Schwendeman A, Rainey WE. Synthetic High-Density Lipoprotein (sHDL) Inhibits Steroid Production in HAC15 Adrenal Cells. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3122-9. [PMID: 27253994 PMCID: PMC4967112 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) transported cholesterol represents one of the sources of substrate for adrenal steroid production. Synthetic HDL (sHDL) particles represent a new therapeutic option to reduce atherosclerotic plaque burden by increasing cholesterol efflux from macrophage cells. The effects of the sHDL particles on steroidogenic cells have not been explored. sHDL, specifically ETC-642, was studied in HAC15 adrenocortical cells. Cells were treated with sHDL, forskolin, 22R-hydroxycholesterol, or pregnenolone. Experiments included time and concentration response curves, followed by steroid assay. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to study mRNA of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, lanosterol 14-α-methylase, cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, and steroid acute regulatory protein. Cholesterol assay was performed using cell culture media and cell lipid extracts from a dose response experiment. sHDL significantly inhibited production of cortisol. Inhibition occurred in a concentration- and time-dependent manner and in a concentration range of 3μM-50μM. Forskolin (10μM) stimulated cortisol production was also inhibited. Incubation with 22R-hydroxycholesterol (10μM) and pregnenolone (10μM) increased cortisol production, which was unaffected by sHDL treatment. sHDL increased transcript levels for the rate-limiting cholesterol biosynthetic enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase. Extracellular cholesterol assayed in culture media showed a positive correlation with increasing concentration of sHDL, whereas intracellular cholesterol decreased after treatment with sHDL. The current study suggests that sHDL inhibits HAC15 adrenal cell steroid production by efflux of cholesterol, leading to an overall decrease in steroid production and an adaptive rise in adrenal cholesterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Taylor
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (M.J.T., A.R.S., K.A.,W.E.R.)., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Medical College of Georgia (A.R.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Pharmaceutical Science (E.E.M., A.S.), Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (E.R.-F.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Aalok R Sanjanwala
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (M.J.T., A.R.S., K.A.,W.E.R.)., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Medical College of Georgia (A.R.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Pharmaceutical Science (E.E.M., A.S.), Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (E.R.-F.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Emily E Morin
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (M.J.T., A.R.S., K.A.,W.E.R.)., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Medical College of Georgia (A.R.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Pharmaceutical Science (E.E.M., A.S.), Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (E.R.-F.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Elizabeth Rowland-Fisher
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (M.J.T., A.R.S., K.A.,W.E.R.)., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Medical College of Georgia (A.R.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Pharmaceutical Science (E.E.M., A.S.), Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (E.R.-F.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Kyle Anderson
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (M.J.T., A.R.S., K.A.,W.E.R.)., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Medical College of Georgia (A.R.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Pharmaceutical Science (E.E.M., A.S.), Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (E.R.-F.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Anna Schwendeman
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (M.J.T., A.R.S., K.A.,W.E.R.)., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Medical College of Georgia (A.R.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Pharmaceutical Science (E.E.M., A.S.), Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (E.R.-F.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - William E Rainey
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine (M.J.T., A.R.S., K.A.,W.E.R.)., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Medical College of Georgia (A.R.S.), Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia 30912; Department of Pharmaceutical Science (E.E.M., A.S.), Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; and Department of Medicinal Chemistry (E.R.-F.), College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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19
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Ikhlef S, Berrougui H, Kamtchueng Simo O, Khalil A. Paraoxonase 1-treated oxLDL promotes cholesterol efflux from macrophages by stimulating the PPARγ-LXRα-ABCA1 pathway. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1614-29. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Souade Ikhlef
- Research Centre on Aging; CSSS-IUGS; Sherbrooke Canada
| | - Hicham Berrougui
- Research Centre on Aging; CSSS-IUGS; Sherbrooke Canada
- Department of Biology; University Sultan My Slimane; Beni Mellal Morocco
| | | | - Abdelouahed Khalil
- Research Centre on Aging; CSSS-IUGS; Sherbrooke Canada
- Department of Medicine; Geriatrics Service; Faculty of Medicine and Biological Sciences; University of Sherbrooke; Canada
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20
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High dietary cholesterol intake during lactation promotes development of fatty liver in offspring of mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1110-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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21
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Yuan F, Wang H, Tian Y, Li Q, He L, Li N, Liu Z. Fish oil alleviated high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via regulating hepatic lipids metabolism and metaflammation: a transcriptomic study. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:20. [PMID: 26832365 PMCID: PMC4736290 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0190-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intake of fish oil rich in n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is believed to be beneficial against development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study was to gain further understanding of the potential mechanisms of the protective effects of fish oil against NAFLD. Methods Ten male Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a control diet (CON), a Western style high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (WD), or a WD diet containing fish oil (FOH) for 16 weeks respectively. The development of liver steatosis and fibrosis were verified by histological and biochemical examination. Hepatic transcriptome were extracted for RNA-seq analysis, and particular results were confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results The consumption of fish oil significantly ameliorated WD-induced dyslipidemia, transaminase elevation, hepatic steatosis, inflammatory infiltration, and fibrosis. Hepatic RNA-Seq analysis showed that long-term intake of fish oil restored the expression of circadian clock-related genes per2 and per3, which were reduced in WD fed animals. Fish oil consumption also corrected the expression levels of genes involved in fatty acid and cholesterol metabolism, such as Srebf1, Fasn, Scd1, Insig2, Cd36, Cyp7a1, Abcg5, Abcg8 and Pcsk9. Moreover, the expression levels of pro-inflammation genes Mcp1, Socs2, Sema4a, and Cd44 in the FOH group were lower than that of WD group, implying that fish oil protects the liver against WD-induced hepatic inflammation. Conclusion The present study demonstrates fish oil protects against WD-induced NALFD via improving lipid metabolism and ameliorating hepatic inflammation. Our findings add to the current understanding on the benefits of n-3 PUFAs against NAFLD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-016-0190-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahu Yuan
- Wuhan Polytechnic University, School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China. .,Jianghan University, School of Medicine, Wuhan, China.
| | - Hualin Wang
- Wuhan Polytechnic University, School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China.
| | - Yu Tian
- Wuhan Polytechnic University, School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Wuhan Polytechnic University, School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China.
| | - Lei He
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Na Li
- Wuhan Polytechnic University, School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China.
| | - Zhiguo Liu
- Wuhan Polytechnic University, School of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, China.
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22
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Tan S, Russell DG. Trans-species communication in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophage. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:233-48. [PMID: 25703563 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Much of the infection cycle of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is spent within its host cell, the macrophage. As a consequence of the chronic, enduring nature of the infection, this cell-cell interaction has become highly intimate, and the bacterium has evolved to detect, react to, and manipulate the evolving, immune-modulated phenotype of its host. In this review, we discuss the nature of the endosomal/lysosomal continuum, the characterization of the bacterium's transcriptional responses during the infection cycle, and the dominant environmental cues that shape this response. We also discuss how the metabolism of both cells is modulated by the infection and the impact that this has on the progression of the granuloma. Finally, we detail how these transcriptional responses can be exploited to construct reporter bacterial strains to probe the temporal and spatial environmental shifts experienced by Mtb during the course of experimental infections. These reporter strains provide new insights into the fitness of Mtb under immune- and drug-mediated pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Tan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
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23
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Kuder CH, Weivoda MM, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Neighbors JD, Wiemer DF, Hohl RJ. 3-Deoxyschweinfurthin B Lowers Cholesterol Levels by Decreasing Synthesis and Increasing Export in Cultured Cancer Cell Lines. Lipids 2015; 50:1195-207. [PMID: 26494560 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The schweinfurthins have potent antiproliferative activity in multiple glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines; however, the mechanism by which growth is impeded is not fully understood. Previously, we demonstrated that the schweinfurthins reduce the level of key isoprenoid intermediates in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway. Herein, we describe the effects of the schweinfurthins on cholesterol homeostasis. Intracellular cholesterol levels are greatly reduced in cells incubated with 3-deoxyschweinfurthin B (3dSB), an analog of the natural product schweinfurthin B. Decreased cholesterol levels are due to decreased cholesterol synthesis and increased cholesterol efflux; both of these cellular actions can be influenced by liver X-receptor (LXR) activation. The effects of 3dSB on ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 levels and other LXR targets are similar to that of 25-hydroxycholesterol, an LXR agonist. Unlike 25-hydroxycholesterol, 3dSB does not act as a direct agonist for LXR α or β. These data suggest that cholesterol homeostasis plays a significant role in the growth inhibitory activity of the schweinfurthins and may elucidate a mechanism that can be targeted in human cancers such as GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig H Kuder
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Megan M Weivoda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Junjia Zhu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Neighbors
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - David F Wiemer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Raymond J Hohl
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,, Mail Code CH72, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA, 17033-0850, USA. .,Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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24
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Matsui Y, Yamaguchi T, Yamazaki T, Yoshida M, Arai M, Terasaka N, Honzumi S, Wakabayashi K, Hayashi S, Nakai D, Hanzawa H, Tamaki K. Discovery and structure-guided optimization of tert-butyl 6-(phenoxymethyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzoates as liver X receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3914-20. [PMID: 26238323 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To obtain potent liver X receptor (LXR) agonists, a structure-activity relationship study was performed on a series of tert-butyl benzoate analogs. As the crystal structure analysis suggested applicable interactions between the LXR ligand-binding domain and the ligands, two key functional groups were introduced. The introduction of the hydroxyl group on the C6-position of the benzoate part enhanced the agonistic activity in a cell-based assay, and the carboxyl group in terminal improved the pharmacokinetic profile in mice, respectively. The obtained compound 32b increased blood ABCA1 mRNA expression without plasma TG elevation in both mice and cynomolgus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Matsui
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd, 1-16-13, Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Yamaguchi
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Takanori Yamazaki
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yoshida
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Masami Arai
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Naoki Terasaka
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Shoko Honzumi
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Kenji Wakabayashi
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd, 1-16-13, Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Shinko Hayashi
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakai
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hanzawa
- Daiichi Sankyo RD Novare Co., Ltd, 1-16-13, Kita-Kasai, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134-8630, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Tamaki
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd, 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
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25
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Ramasamy I. Recent advances in physiological lipoprotein metabolism. Clin Chem Lab Med 2015; 52:1695-727. [PMID: 23940067 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2013-0358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Research into lipoprotein metabolism has developed because understanding lipoprotein metabolism has important clinical indications. Lipoproteins are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Recent advances include the identification of factors in the synthesis and secretion of triglyceride rich lipoproteins, chylomicrons (CM) and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). These included the identification of microsomal transfer protein, the cotranslational targeting of apoproteinB (apoB) for degradation regulated by the availability of lipids, and the characterization of transport vesicles transporting primordial apoB containing particles to the Golgi. The lipase maturation factor 1, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high density lipoprotein binding protein 1 and an angiopoietin-like protein play a role in lipoprotein lipase (LPL)-mediated hydrolysis of secreted CMs and VLDL so that the right amount of fatty acid is delivered to the right tissue at the right time. Expression of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor is regulated at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional level. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) has a pivotal role in the degradation of LDL receptor. Plasma remnant lipoproteins bind to specific receptors in the liver, the LDL receptor, VLDL receptor and LDL receptor-like proteins prior to removal from the plasma. Reverse cholesterol transport occurs when lipid free apoAI recruits cholesterol and phospholipid to assemble high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. The discovery of ABC transporters (ABCA1 and ABCG1) and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) provided further information on the biogenesis of HDL. In humans HDL-cholesterol can be returned to the liver either by direct uptake by SR-BI or through cholesteryl ester transfer protein exchange of cholesteryl ester for triglycerides in apoB lipoproteins, followed by hepatic uptake of apoB containing particles. Cholesterol content in cells is regulated by several transcription factors, including the liver X receptor and sterol regulatory element binding protein. This review summarizes recent advances in knowledge of the molecular mechanisms regulating lipoprotein metabolism.
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26
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Ghaddab-Zroud R, Seugnet I, Steffensen KR, Demeneix BA, Clerget-Froidevaux MS. Liver X receptor regulation of thyrotropin-releasing hormone transcription in mouse hypothalamus is dependent on thyroid status. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106983. [PMID: 25229406 PMCID: PMC4167690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversing the escalating rate of obesity requires increased knowledge of the molecular mechanisms controlling energy balance. Liver X receptors (LXRs) and thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) are key physiological regulators of energetic metabolism. Analysing interactions between these receptors in the periphery has led to a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in metabolic diseases. However, no data is available on such interactions in the brain. We tested the hypothesis that hypothalamic LXR/TR interactions could co-regulate signalling pathways involved in the central regulation of metabolism. Using in vivo gene transfer we show that LXR activation by its synthetic agonist GW3965 represses the transcriptional activity of two key metabolic genes, Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (Trh) and Melanocortin receptor type 4 (Mc4r) in the hypothalamus of euthyroid mice. Interestingly, this repression did not occur in hypothyroid mice but was restored in the case of Trh by thyroid hormone (TH) treatment, highlighting the role of the triiodothyronine (T3) and TRs in this dialogue. Using shLXR to knock-down LXRs in vivo in euthyroid newborn mice, not only abrogated Trh repression but actually increased Trh transcription, revealing a potential inhibitory effect of LXR on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid axis. In vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) revealed LXR to be present on the Trh promoter region in the presence of T3 and that Retinoid X Receptor (RXR), a heterodimerization partner for both TR and LXR, was never recruited simultaneously with LXR. Interactions between the TR and LXR pathways were confirmed by qPCR experiments. T3 treatment of newborn mice induced hypothalamic expression of certain key LXR target genes implicated in metabolism and inflammation. Taken together the results indicate that the crosstalk between LXR and TR signalling in the hypothalamus centres on metabolic and inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rym Ghaddab-Zroud
- CNRS UMR 7221-USM 501 « Evolution of Endocrine Regulations », « Regulations, Development and Molecular Diversity » department, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP32, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Seugnet
- CNRS UMR 7221-USM 501 « Evolution of Endocrine Regulations », « Regulations, Development and Molecular Diversity » department, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP32, Paris, France
| | - Knut R. Steffensen
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Barbara A. Demeneix
- CNRS UMR 7221-USM 501 « Evolution of Endocrine Regulations », « Regulations, Development and Molecular Diversity » department, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP32, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Stéphanie Clerget-Froidevaux
- CNRS UMR 7221-USM 501 « Evolution of Endocrine Regulations », « Regulations, Development and Molecular Diversity » department, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP32, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Peng J, Huan Y, Jiang Q, Sun SJ, Jia CM, Shen ZF. Effects and Potential Mechanisms of Pioglitazone on Lipid Metabolism in Obese Diabetic KKAy Mice. PPAR Res 2014; 2014:538183. [PMID: 24799887 PMCID: PMC3988943 DOI: 10.1155/2014/538183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the effects and potential mechanisms of pioglitazone on triglyceride and cholesterol metabolism in obese diabetic KKAy mice. Pioglitazone was orally administered to KKAy mice over 30 days. Compared to C57BL/6J mice, KKAy mice developed obvious insulin resistance, hepatic steatosis, and hyperlipidemia. Pioglitazone treatment resulted in deteriorated microvesicular steatosis and elevated hepatic triglyceride levels, though plasma triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were reduced by the treatment, compared to nontreated KKAy mice. Plasma alanine aminotransferase activities were also significantly increased. Additionally, pioglitazone increased plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol but decreased hepatic cholesterol. Gene expression profiling revealed that pioglitazone stimulated hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma hyperactivity, and induced the upregulation of adipocyte-specific and lipogenesis-related genes but downregulated of genes involved in triglyceride lipolysis and fatty acid β -oxidation. Pioglitazone also regulated the genes expression of hepatic cholesterol uptake and excretion, such as low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) and scavenger receptor type-BI (SR-BI). These results suggested that pioglitazone could induce excessive hepatic triglyceride accumulation, thus aggravating liver steatosis and lesions in KKAy mice. Furthermore, pioglitazone may suppress the clearance of serum cholesterol from the liver predominantly through inhibition of LDL-R and SR-BI expression, thus increasing the plasma cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yi Huan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Su-juan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chun-ming Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhu-fang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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28
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Weibel GL, Drazul-Schrader D, Shivers DK, Wade AN, Rothblat GH, Reilly MP, de la Llera-Moya M. Importance of evaluating cell cholesterol influx with efflux in determining the impact of human serum on cholesterol metabolism and atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 34:17-25. [PMID: 24202308 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cholesterol efflux relates to cardiovascular disease but cannot predict cellular cholesterol mass changes. We asked whether influx and net flux assays provide additional insights. APPROACH AND RESULTS Adapt a bidirectional flux assay to cells where efflux has clinical correlates and examine the association of influx, efflux, and net flux to serum triglycerides (TGs). Apolipoprotein B-depleted (high-density lipoprotein-fraction) serum from individuals with unfavorable lipids (median [interquartile range]; high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol=39 [32-42], low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol=109 [97-137], TGs=258 [184-335] mg/dL; n=13) promoted greater ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-mediated [1,2-(3H)] cholesterol efflux (3.8±0.3%/4 hour versus 1.2±0.4%/4 hour; P<0.0001) from cyclic 3',5'-amp(CTP-amp)-treated J774 macrophages than from individuals with favorable lipids (high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol=72 [58-88], low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol=111 [97-131], TGs=65 [56-69] mg/dL; n=10). Thus, high TGs associated with more ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 acceptors. Efflux of cholesterol mass (μg free cholesterol/mg cell protein per 8 hour) to serum was also higher (7.06±0.33 versus 5.83±0.48; P=0.04). However, whole sera from individuals with unfavorable lipids promoted more influx (5.14±0.65 versus 2.48±0.85; P=0.02) and lower net release of cholesterol mass (1.93±0.46 versus 3.36±0.47; P=0.04). The pattern differed when mass flux was measured using apolipoprotein B-depleted serum rather than serum. Although individuals with favorable lipids tended to have greater influx than those with unfavorable lipids, efflux to apolipoprotein B-depleted serum was markedly higher (6.81±0.04 versus 2.62±0.14; P<0.0001), resulting in an efflux:influx ratio of ≈3-fold. Thus both serum and apolipoprotein B-depleted serum from individuals with favorable lipids promoted greater net cholesterol mass release despite increased ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-mediated efflux in samples of individuals with high TGs/unfavorable lipids. CONCLUSIONS When considering the efficiency of serum specimens to modulate cell cholesterol content, both influx and efflux need to be measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginny L Weibel
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA (G.L.W., D.D.-S., D.K.S., G.H.R., M.d.l.L.-M.); Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (M.P.R.); and School of Public Health and School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa (A.N.W.)
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Mutation mapping of apolipoprotein A-I structure assisted with the putative cholesterol recognition regions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2030-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Umemoto T, Han CY, Mitra P, Averill MM, Tang C, Goodspeed L, Omer M, Subramanian S, Wang S, Den Hartigh LJ, Wei H, Kim EJ, Kim J, O'Brien KD, Chait A. Apolipoprotein AI and high-density lipoprotein have anti-inflammatory effects on adipocytes via cholesterol transporters: ATP-binding cassette A-1, ATP-binding cassette G-1, and scavenger receptor B-1. Circ Res 2013; 112:1345-54. [PMID: 23501697 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.300581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue associates with insulin resistance and increased cardiovascular disease risk. We previously have shown that generation of reactive oxygen species and monocyte chemotactic factors after exposure of adipocytes to saturated fatty acids, such as palmitate, occurs via translocation of NADPH oxidase 4 into lipid rafts (LRs). The anti-inflammatory effects of apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) on macrophages and endothelial cells seem to occur via cholesterol depletion of LRs. However, little is known concerning anti-inflammatory effects of HDL and apoAI on adipocytes. OBJECTIVE To determine whether apoAI and HDL inhibit inflammation in adipocytes and adipose tissue, and whether this is dependent on LRs. METHODS AND RESULTS In 3T3L-1 adipocytes, apoAI, HDL, and methyl-β-cyclodextrin inhibited chemotactic factor expression. ApoAI and HDL also disrupted LRs, reduced plasma membrane cholesterol content, inhibited NADPH oxidase 4 translocation into LRs, and reduced palmitate-induced reactive oxygen species generation and monocyte chemotactic factor expression. Silencing ATP-binding cassette A-1 abrogated the effect of apoAI, but not HDL, whereas silencing ATP-binding cassette G-1 or scavenger receptor B-1 abrogated the effect of HDL but not apoAI. In vivo, apoAI transgenic mice fed a high-fat, high-sucrose, cholesterol-containing diet showed reduced chemotactic factor and proinflammatory cytokine expression and reduced macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. CONCLUSIONS ApoAI and HDL have anti-inflammatory effects in adipocytes and adipose tissue similar to their effects in other cell types. These effects are consistent with disruption and removal of cholesterol from LRs, which are regulated by cholesterol transporters, such as ATP-binding cassette A-1, ATP-binding cassette G-1, and scavenger receptor B-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomio Umemoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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31
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Interrelationship between ATP-binding cassette transporters and oxysterols. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 86:80-8. [PMID: 23500544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters constitute a ubiquitous superfamily of membrane proteins responsible for the translocation of several substances across membranes using the chemical energy provided by ATP hydrolysis. ABC transporters participate in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, including cholesterol and lipid transportation and multidrug resistance. Oxysterols are the products of cholesterol oxidation, formed by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. The role of oxysterols in cholesterol metabolism and several diseases has been widely investigated, but many questions remain to be answered. Several lines of evidence link ABC transporter functions with cholesterol and oxysterol metabolism. This review discusses ABC transporters, oxysterols, and how they interact with each other.
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Xu L, Kim JK, Bai Q, Zhang X, Kakiyama G, Min HK, Sanyal AJ, Pandak WM, Ren S. 5-cholesten-3β,25-diol 3-sulfate decreases lipid accumulation in diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease mouse model. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:648-58. [PMID: 23258548 PMCID: PMC3583496 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.081505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) increases lipogenesis at the transcriptional level, and its expression is upregulated by liver X receptor α (LXRα). The LXRα/SREBP-1c signaling may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We previously reported that a cholesterol metabolite, 5-cholesten-3β,25-diol 3-sulfate (25HC3S), inhibits the LXRα signaling and reduces lipogenesis by decreasing SREBP-1c expression in primary hepatocytes. The present study aims to investigate the effects of 25HC3S on lipid homeostasis in diet-induced NAFLD mouse models. NAFLD was induced by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) in C57BL/6J mice. The effects of 25HC3S on lipid homeostasis, inflammatory responses, and insulin sensitivity were evaluated after acute treatments or long-term treatments. Acute treatments with 25HC3S decreased serum lipid levels, and long-term treatments decreased hepatic lipid accumulation in the NAFLD mice. Gene expression analysis showed that 25HC3S significantly suppressed the SREBP-1c signaling pathway that was associated with the suppression of the key enzymes involved in lipogenesis: fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. In addition, 25HC3S significantly reduced HFD-induced hepatic inflammation as evidenced by decreasing tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 α/β mRNA levels. A glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test showed that 25HC3S administration improved HFD-induced insulin resistance. The present results indicate that 25HC3S as a potent endogenous regulator decreases lipogenesis, and oxysterol sulfation can be a key protective regulatory pathway against lipid accumulation and lipid-induced inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyuan Xu
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Virginia Commonwealth University, Research 151, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
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33
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Extra-virgin olive oil consumption improves the capacity of HDL to mediate cholesterol efflux and increases ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression in human macrophages. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:1844-55. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512003856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) consumption on the capacity of HDL to promote cholesterol efflux (CE) and to determine which CE pathways are modulated by EVOO consumption. Whole HDL and HDL2/HDL3 subclasses were isolated from the plasma of twenty-six healthy volunteers before and after 12 weeks of EVOO consumption (25 ml/d). EVOO consumption increased the capacity of serum and HDL to mediate CE from THP-1, J774 macrophages and Fu5AH cells by 9·8–24·57 %, depending on the cell type. The increase in CE was independent of both HDL concentration and subclass distribution. The three HDL-mediated CE pathways (ATP-binding cassette (ABC) A1, ABCG1 and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI)) were modulated by EVOO consumption. The fluidity of the phospholipidic layer of HDL increased by 13 % (P< 0·001) following EVOO consumption compared with baseline. EVOO consumption also increased the release of excess cholesterol from human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) by 44 % (P< 0·001), and ABCA1 and ABCG1 mRNA transcription by 16·08 % (P< 0·001) and 35·79 % (P< 0·01), respectively. The protein expression of these two cholesterol transporters also increased after EVOO consumption. In contrast, SR-BI mRNA and protein expression in HMDM were significantly lower after 12 weeks of EVOO consumption. Incubating J774 macrophages with EVOO polyphenol extracts induced a concentration-dependent up-regulation of ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression in macrophages. After 12 weeks of EVOO consumption, the capacity of HDL to mediate CE was improved and the ability of HMDM to release excess cholesterol was enhanced by increasing the expression of ABCA1 and ABCG1 transporters.
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Bansal Y, Silakari O. The therapeutic journey of benzimidazoles: a review. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6208-36. [PMID: 23031649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 519] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Presence of benzimidazole nucleus in numerous categories of therapeutic agents such as antimicrobials, antivirals, antiparasites, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, proton pump inhibitors, antihypertensives, anticoagulants, immunomodulators, hormone modulators, CNS stimulants as well as depressants, lipid level modulators, antidiabetics, etc. has made it an indispensable anchor for development of new therapeutic agents. Varied substitutents around the benzimidazole nucleus have provided a wide spectrum of biological activities. Importance of this nucleus in some activities like, Angiotensin I (AT(1)) receptor antagonism and proton-pump inhibition is reviewed separately in literature. Even some very short reviews on biological importance of this nucleus are also known in literature. However, owing to fast development of new drugs possessing benzimidazole nucleus many research reports are generated in short span of time. So, there is a need to couple the latest information with the earlier information to understand the current status of benzimidazole nucleus in medicinal chemistry research. In the present review, various derivatives of benzimidazole with different pharmacological activities are described on the basis of substitution pattern around the nucleus with an aim to help medicinal chemists for developing an SAR on benzimidazole derived compounds for each activity. This discussion will further help in the development of novel benzimidazole compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Bansal
- Molecular Modelling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
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35
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Biological Roles of Liver X Receptors in Immune Cells. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 60:235-49. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Berrougui H, Loued S, Khalil A. Purified human paraoxonase-1 interacts with plasma membrane lipid rafts and mediates cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1372-81. [PMID: 22336243 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is a high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated serum enzyme thought to make a major contribution to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of HDLs. However, the role of PON1 in the modulation of cholesterol efflux is poorly understood. The aim of our study was to investigate the involvement of PON1 in the regulation of cholesterol efflux, especially the mechanism by which it modulates HDL-mediated cholesterol transport. The enrichment of HDL(3) with human PON1 enhanced, in a dose-dependent manner, cholesterol efflux from THP-1 macrophage-like cells and ABCA1-enriched J774 macrophages. Moreover, an additive effect was observed when ABCA1-enriched J774 macrophages were incubated with both PON1 and apo-AI. Interestingly, PON1 alone was able to mediate cholesterol efflux from J774 macrophages and to upregulate ABCA1 expression on J774 macrophages. Immunofluorescence measurement showed an increase in PON1 levels in the cytoplasm of J774 macrophages overexpressing ABCA1. PON1 used an apo-AI-like mechanism to modulate cholesterol efflux from rapid and slow efflux pools derived from the lipid raft and nonraft domains of the plasma membrane, respectively. This was supported by the fact that ABCA1 protein was incrementally expressed by J774 macrophages within the first few hours of incubation with cholesterol-loaded J774 macrophages and that cyclodextrin significantly inhibited the capacity of PON1 to modulate cholesterol efflux from macrophages. This finding suggested that PON1 plays an important role in the antiatherogenic properties of HDLs and may exert its protective function outside the lipoprotein environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Berrougui
- Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada QC J1H 4C4
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Khalil A, Berrougui H, Pawelec G, Fulop T. Impairment of the ABCA1 and SR-BI-mediated cholesterol efflux pathways and HDL anti-inflammatory activity in Alzheimer's disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2012; 133:20-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Bjork J, Butenhoff J, Wallace K. Multiplicity of nuclear receptor activation by PFOA and PFOS in primary human and rodent hepatocytes. Toxicology 2011; 288:8-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Remaley AT. "Who's on first": determining the roster for the key players in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. Atherosclerosis 2011; 218:287-9. [PMID: 21798543 PMCID: PMC3788687 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A T Remaley
- NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1508, USA.
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Kellner-Weibel G, de la Llera-Moya M. Update on HDL receptors and cellular cholesterol transport. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2011; 13:233-41. [PMID: 21302003 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-011-0169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Efflux is central to maintenance of tissue and whole body cholesterol homeostasis. The discovery of cell surface receptors that bind high-density lipoprotein (HDL) with high specificity and affinity to promote cholesterol release has significantly advanced our understanding of cholesterol efflux. We now know that 1) cells have several mechanisms to promote cholesterol release, including a passive mechanism that depends on the physico-chemical properties of cholesterol molecules and their interactions with phospholipids; 2) a variety of HDL particles can interact with receptors to promote cholesterol transport from tissues to the liver for excretion; and 3) interactions between HDL and receptors show functional synergy. Therefore, efflux efficiency depends both on the arrays of receptors on tissue cells and HDL particles in serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginny Kellner-Weibel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd., ARC1102G, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4318, USA.
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Tarling EJ, Edwards PA. Dancing with the sterols: critical roles for ABCG1, ABCA1, miRNAs, and nuclear and cell surface receptors in controlling cellular sterol homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:386-95. [PMID: 21824529 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters represent a large and diverse family of proteins that transport specific substrates across a membrane. The importance of these transporters is illustrated by the finding that inactivating mutations within 17 different family members are known to lead to specific human diseases. Clinical data from humans and/or studies with mice lacking functional transporters indicate that ABCA1, ABCG1, ABCG4, ABCG5 and ABCG8 are involved in cholesterol and/or phospholipid transport. This review discusses the multiple mechanisms that control cellular sterol homeostasis, including the roles of microRNAs, nuclear and cell surface receptors and ABC transporters, with particular emphasis on recent findings that have provided insights into the role(s) of ABCG1. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945-2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Tarling
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Abstract
Vascular inflammation is associated with and in large part driven by changes in the leukocyte compartment of the vessel wall. Here, we focus on monocyte influx during atherosclerosis, the most common form of vascular inflammation. Although the arterial wall contains a large number of resident macrophages and some resident dendritic cells, atherosclerosis drives a rapid influx of inflammatory monocytes (Ly-6C(+) in mice) and other monocytes (Ly-6C(-) in mice, also known as patrolling monocytes). Once in the vessel wall, Ly-6C(+) monocytes differentiate to a phenotype consistent with inflammatory macrophages and inflammatory dendritic cells. The phenotype of these cells is modulated by lipid uptake, Toll-like receptor ligands, hematopoietic growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. In addition to newly recruited macrophages, it is likely that resident macrophages also change their phenotype. Monocyte-derived inflammatory macrophages have a short half-life. After undergoing apoptosis, they may be taken up by surrounding macrophages or, if the phagocytic capacity is overwhelmed, can undergo secondary necrosis, a key event in forming the necrotic core of atherosclerotic lesions. In this review, we discuss these and other processes associated with monocytic cell dynamics in the vascular wall and their role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Yamazaki Y, Hashizume T, Morioka H, Sadamitsu S, Ikari A, Miwa M, Sugatani J. Diet-induced lipid accumulation in liver enhances ATP-binding cassette transporter g5/g8 expression in bile canaliculi. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2011; 26:442-50. [PMID: 21628838 DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.dmpk-11-rg-025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette half-transporters Abcg5 and Abcg8 promote the secretion of neutral sterols into bile. Studies have demonstrated the diet-induced expression of these transporters in liver, but precisely where this occurs remains to be elucidated. This study investigated the changes in the expression of these transporters in bile canaliculi in cholesterol-loaded livers. Mice were fed either a standard (SD) diet or a high-fat and high-sucrose (HF/HS) diet for 3 weeks. Bile canaliculi proteins and cryosections were prepared from the liver, and the protein levels and distribution of Abcg5/Abcg8 were determined. The high-calorie diet induced a marked accumulation of lipids in mouse liver. Protein levels of Abcg5 and Abcg8 in bile canaliculi were significantly increased by the HF/HS diet compared to the SD diet. No significant differences in Abca1, Abcb4 (Mdr2), Abcb11 (Bsep), or Abcc2 (Mrp2) levels were observed. Immunohistochemical analyses confirmed that these increases occurred in bile canaliculi. These results suggest that diet-induced lipid loading of the liver causes a significant increase in the expression of Abcg5 and Abcg8 in bile canaliculi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yamazaki
- Department of Pharmaco-Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan
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Cesar TB, Aptekmann NP, Araujo MP, Vinagre CC, Maranhão RC. Orange juice decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in hypercholesterolemic subjects and improves lipid transfer to high-density lipoprotein in normal and hypercholesterolemic subjects. Nutr Res 2011; 30:689-94. [PMID: 21056284 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Orange juice (OJ) is regularly consumed worldwide, but its effects on plasma lipids have rarely been explored. This study hypothesized that consumption of OJ concentrate would improve lipid levels and lipid metabolism, which are important in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function in normolipidemic (NC) and hypercholesterolemic (HCH) subjects. Fourteen HCH and 31 NC adults consumed 750 mL/day OJ concentrate (1:6 OJ/water) for 60 days. Eight control subjects did not consume OJ for 60 days. Plasma was collected before and on the last day for biochemical analysis and an in vitro assay of transfers of radioactively labeled free-cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, and triglycerides from lipoprotein-like nanoemulsions to HDL. Orange juice consumption decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (160 ± 17 to 141 ± 26 mg/dL, P < .01) in the HCH group but not in the NC group. HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides remained unchanged in both groups. Free-cholesterol transfer to HDL increased (HCH: 4.4 ± 2 to 5.6 ± 1%, NC: 3.2 ± 2 to 6.2 ± 1%, P< .05) whereas triglyceride (HCH 4.9 ± 1 to 3.1 ± 1%, NC 4.4 ± 1 to 3.4 ± 1%, P< .05) and phospholipid (HCH 21.6 ± 2 to 18.6 ± 3%, NC 20.2 ± 2 to 18.4 ± 2%, P < .05) transfers decreased in both groups. Cholesteryl-ester transfer decreased only in HCH (3.6 ± 1 to 3.1 ± 1%, P < .05), but not in NC. In control subjects, plasma lipids and transfers were unaltered for 60 days. Thus, by decreasing atherogenic low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in HCH and increasing HDL ability to take up free cholesterol in HCH and NC, OJ may be beneficial to both groups as free-cholesterol transfer to HDL is crucial for cholesterol esterification and reverse cholesterol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais B Cesar
- Food and Nutrition Department, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
The lipoprotein HDL has two important roles: first, it promotes reverse cholesterol transport, and second, it modulates inflammation. Epidemiological studies show that HDL-cholesterol levels are inversely correlated with the risk of cardiovascular events. However, many patients who experience a clinical event have normal, or even high, levels of HDL cholesterol. Measuring HDL-cholesterol levels provides information about the size of the HDL pool, but does not predict HDL composition or function. The main component of HDL, apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I), is largely responsible for reverse cholesterol transport through the macrophage ATP-binding cassette transporter ABCA1. Apo A-I can be damaged by oxidative mechanisms, which render the protein less able to promote cholesterol efflux. HDL also contains a number of other proteins that are affected by the oxidative environment of the acute-phase response. Modification of the protein components of HDL can convert it from an anti-inflammatory to a proinflammatory particle. Small peptides that mimic some of the properties of apo A-I have been shown in preclinical models to improve HDL function and reduce atherosclerosis without altering HDL-cholesterol levels. Robust assays to evaluate the function of HDL are needed to supplement the measurement of HDL-cholesterol levels in the clinic.
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Pfeifer T, Buchebner M, Chandak PG, Patankar J, Kratzer A, Obrowsky S, Rechberger GN, Kadam RS, Kompella UB, Kostner GM, Kratky D, Levak-Frank S. Synthetic LXR agonist suppresses endogenous cholesterol biosynthesis and efficiently lowers plasma cholesterol. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2011; 12:285-92. [PMID: 21190543 PMCID: PMC3163291 DOI: 10.2174/138920111794295774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 06/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The liver X receptors (LXRs) are key regulators of genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis. Natural ligands and activators of LXRs are oxysterols. Numerous steroidal and non-steroidal synthetic LXR ligands are under development as potential drugs for individuals suffering from lipid disorders. N,N-dimethyl-3β-hydroxycholenamide (DMHCA) is a steroidal ligand of LXRs that exerts anti-atherogenic effects in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice without causing negative side effects such as liver steatosis or hypertriglyceridemia. In this report, we investigated the consequences of DMHCA treatment on cholesterol homeostasis in vivo and in vitro. Despite its hydrophobicity, DMHCA is readily absorbed by C57BL/6 mice and taken up by intestinal cells, the lung, heart and kidneys, but is undetectable in the brain. DMHCA significantly reduces cholesterol absorption and uptake in duodenum and jejunum of the small intestine and in turn leads to a reduction of plasma cholesterol by 24%. The most striking finding of this study is that DMHCA inhibited the enzyme 3β-hydroxysterol-Δ24-reductase resulting in an accumulation of desmosterol in the plasma and in feces. Thus, the reduction of plasma cholesterol was due to a block in the final step of cholesterol biosynthesis. Taken together, DMHCA is an interesting compound with properties distinct from other LXR ligands and might be used to study desmosterol-mediated effects in cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pfeifer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marlene Buchebner
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Prakash G. Chandak
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jay Patankar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Adelheid Kratzer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sascha Obrowsky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | | | - Rajendra S. Kadam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Uday B. Kompella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Gerhard M. Kostner
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sanja Levak-Frank
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Center of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
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TAKAHASHI Y. Soy Protein and Fish Oil Independently Decrease Serum Lipid Concentrations but Interactively Reduce Hepatic Enzymatic Activity and Gene Expression Involved in Fatty Acid Synthesis in Rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2011; 57:56-64. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.57.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Versmissen J, Oosterveer DM, Yazdanpanah M, Mulder M, Dehghan A, Defesche JC, Kastelein JJ, Sijbrands EJ. A frequent variant in the ABCA1 gene is associated with increased coronary heart disease risk and a better response to statin treatment in familial hypercholesterolemia patients. Eur Heart J 2010; 32:469-75. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ullrich C, Pirchl M, Humpel C. Effects of cholesterol and its 24S-OH and 25-OH oxysterols on choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons in brain slices. Pharmacology 2010; 86:15-21. [PMID: 20571288 DOI: 10.1159/000314333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD) neurons expressing the enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) degenerate and a loss of cholinergic activity directly correlates with cognitive decline. Recent studies have suggested that cholesterol plays a role in AD. The aim of the present study was to explore if cholesterol and its oxysterols, 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OH Chol) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OH Chol), affect ChAT-positive neurons in organotypic brain slices of the basal nucleus of Meynert (nBM). We showed that slices expressed approximately 140 ChAT-positive neurons/slice after 2 weeks when incubated with nerve growth factor (NGF). This number markedly decreased when incubated without NGF to approximately 20 neurons/slice. Cholesterol and 24S-OH Chol delayed this decrease in ChAT-positive neurons. In contrast, 25-OH Chol induced a decline in ChAT-positive neurons in 2-week-old slices within 4 days. The effects of cholesterol and its oxysterols were exhibited in a dose- and time-dependent way. Our results show that cholesterol and 24S-OH Chol delays the decrease in ChAT-positive neurons, while 25-OH Chol rapidly decreases ChAT expression, suggesting differential mechanisms on ChAT expression in cholinergic nBM neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Ullrich
- Laboratory of Psychiatry and Experimental Alzheimer's Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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