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Deng X, Qiu Z, Chen X, Liu J, Wang X, Li J, Zhang J, Cui X, Fu Y, Jiang M. Exploring the potential mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1 to regulate ferroptosis in Alzheimer's disease based on network pharmacology. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 979:176859. [PMID: 39067563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the potential targets and signaling pathways of ginsenoside Rg1 against AD were investigated by network pharmacology. METHODS Ginsenoside Rg1 targets were identified through PubChem, PharmMapper, and Uniprot databases, while the GeneCards database was used to examine the respective targets of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and AD. Then, the common targets between ginsenoside Rg1 and APP were explored by the Venny tool, the interaction network diagram between the active components and the targets was built via Cytoscape software, as well as GO enrichment and KEGG pathway annotation analysis were performed. Furthermore, genes associated with ferroptosis were found by the GeneCards and FerrDb databases. Besides, the connection among ginsenoside Rg1, APP, ferroptosis, and AD was predicted and analyzed. Finally, the effects of ginsenosides Rg1 and liproxstain-1 on the proliferation and differentiation of APP/PS1 mice were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Ginsenoside Rg1, APP, ferroptosis, and AD had 12 hub genes. GO enrichment and KEGG pathway annotation analysis showed that EGFR, SRC, protein hydrolysis, protein phosphorylation, the Relaxin pathway, and the FoxO signaling pathway play an important role in the potential mechanism of ginsenoside Rg1's under regulation of ferroptosis anti-AD through the modulation of APP-related signaling pathways. The APP/PS1 mice experiment verified that ginsenosides Rg1 and liproxstain-1 can promote the proliferation and differentiation. CONCLUSION Ginsenoside Rg1, APP and ferroptosis may act on EGFR, SRC, the Relaxin and FoxO signaling pathways to regulate protein metabolism, protein phosphorylation and other pathways to improve AD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Deng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Zixiong Qiu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Chen
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jiangxiu Liu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jie Li
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jiankai Zhang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Xiaojun Cui
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Yuan Fu
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.
| | - Mei Jiang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Tissue Engineering, Department of Human Anatomy, Dongguan Campus, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, China.
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2
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Jung J, Han H. The diverse influences of relaxin-like peptide family on tumor progression: Potential opportunities and emerging challenges. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24463. [PMID: 38298643 PMCID: PMC10828710 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Relaxin-like peptide family exhibit differential expression patterns in various types of cancers and play a role in cancer development. This family participates in tumorigenic processes encompassing proliferation, migration, invasion, tumor microenvironment, immune microenvironment, and anti-cancer resistance, ultimately influencing patient prognosis. In this review, we explore the mechanisms underlying the interaction between the RLN-like peptide family and tumors and provide an overview of therapeutic approaches utilizing this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hyunho Han
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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3
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Zhang X, Xu J, Marshall B, Dong Z, Liu Y, Espinosa-Heidmann DG, Zhang M. Transcriptome Analysis of Retinal and Choroidal Pathologies in Aged BALB/c Mice Following Systemic Neonatal Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4322. [PMID: 36901754 PMCID: PMC10001583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that systemic neonatal murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection of BALB/c mice spread to the eye with subsequent establishment of latency in choroid/RPE. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis was used to determine the molecular genetic changes and pathways affected by ocular MCMV latency. MCMV (50 pfu per mouse) or medium as control were injected intra-peritoneally (i.p.) into BALB/c mice at <3 days after birth. At 18 months post injection, the mice were euthanized, and the eyes were collected and prepared for RNA-Seq. Compared to three uninfected control eyes, we identified 321 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in six infected eyes. Using the QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (QIAGEN IPA), we identified 17 affected canonical pathways, 10 of which function in neuroretinal signaling, with the majority of DEGs being downregulated, while 7 pathways function in upregulated immune/inflammatory responses. Retinal and epithelial cell death pathways involving both apoptosis and necroptosis were also activated. MCMV ocular latency is associated with upregulation of immune and inflammatory responses and downregulation of multiple neuroretinal signaling pathways. Cell death signaling pathways are also activated and contribute to the degeneration of photoreceptors, RPE, and choroidal capillaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Zhang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- James and Jean Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Jinxian Xu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- James and Jean Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Brendan Marshall
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30904, USA
| | - Yutao Liu
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- James and Jean Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Diego G. Espinosa-Heidmann
- James and Jean Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Ophthamology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- James and Jean Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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4
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Truong SHT, Bonnici B, Rupasinghe S, Kemp-Harper BK, Samuel CS, Broughton BRS. Post-stroke administration of H2 relaxin reduces functional deficits, neuronal apoptosis and immune cell infiltration into the mouse brain. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106611. [PMID: 36526079 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Brain inflammation and apoptosis contribute to neuronal damage and loss following ischaemic stroke, leading to cognitive and functional disability. It is well-documented that the human gene-2 (H2)-relaxin hormone exhibits pleiotropic properties via its cognate receptor, Relaxin Family Peptide Receptor 1 (RXFP1), including anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects, thus making it a potential therapeutic for stroke. Hence, the current study investigated whether post-stroke H2-relaxin administration could improve functional and histological outcomes. 8-12-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to sham operation or photothrombotic stroke and intravenously-administered with either saline (vehicle) or 0.02, 0.2 or 2 mg/kg doses of recombinant H2-relaxin at 6, 24 and 48 h post-stroke. Motor function was assessed using the hanging wire and cylinder test pre-surgery, and at 24 and 72 h post-stroke. Brains were removed after 72 h and infarct volume was assessed via thionin staining, and RXFP1 expression, leukocyte infiltration and apoptosis were determined by immunofluorescence. RXFP1 was identified on neurons, astrocytes and macrophages, and increased post-stroke. Whilst H2-relaxin did not alter infarct volume, it did cause a dose-dependent improvement in motor function at 24 and 72 h post-stroke. Moreover, 2 mg/kg H2-relaxin significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells as well as macrophages and neutrophils within the ischaemic hemisphere, but did not alter T or B cells numbers. The anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects of H2-relaxin when administered at 6 h post-cerebral ischaemia may provide a novel therapeutic option for patients following ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley H T Truong
- Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Benjamin Bonnici
- Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Samoda Rupasinghe
- Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Barbara K Kemp-Harper
- Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Chrishan S Samuel
- Fibrosis Group, Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Brad R S Broughton
- Cardiovascular & Pulmonary Pharmacology Group, Department of Pharmacology and Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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5
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Moorlag SJCFM, Matzaraki V, van Puffelen JH, van der Heijden C, Keating S, Groh L, Röring RJ, Bakker OB, Koeken VACM, de Bree LCJ, Smeekens SP, Oosting M, Gamboa RA, Riksen NP, Xavier RJ, Wijmenga C, Kumar V, van Crevel R, Novakovic B, Joosten LAB, Li Y, Netea MG. An integrative genomics approach identifies KDM4 as a modulator of trained immunity. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:431-446. [PMID: 34821391 PMCID: PMC9299854 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Innate immune cells are able to build memory characteristics via a process termed “trained immunity.” Host factors that influence the magnitude of the individual trained immunity response remain largely unknown. Using an integrative genomics approach, our study aimed to prioritize and understand the role of specific genes in trained immunity responses. In vitro‐induced trained immunity responses were assessed in two independent population‐based cohorts of healthy individuals, the 300 Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (300BCG; n = 267) and 200 Functional Genomics (200FG; n = 110) cohorts from the Human Functional Genomics Project. Genetic loci that influence cytokine responses upon trained immunity were identified by conducting a meta‐analysis of QTLs identified in the 300BCG and 200FG cohorts. From the identified QTL loci, we functionally validated the role of PI3K‐Akt signaling pathway and two genes that belong to the family of Siglec receptors (Siglec‐5 and Siglec‐14). Furthermore, we identified the H3K9 histone demethylases of the KDM4 family as major regulators of trained immunity responses. These data pinpoint an important role of metabolic and epigenetic processes in the regulation of trained immunity responses, and these findings may open new avenues for vaccine design and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone J C F M Moorlag
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vasiliki Matzaraki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelmer H van Puffelen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte van der Heijden
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sam Keating
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laszlo Groh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rutger Jan Röring
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier B Bakker
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningenor, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Valerie A C M Koeken
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - L Charlotte J de Bree
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Research Center for Vitamins and Vaccines, Bandim Health Project, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, University of Southern Denmark/Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sanne P Smeekens
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marije Oosting
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Raúl Aguirre Gamboa
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningenor, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cisca Wijmenga
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningenor, Groningen, The Netherlands.,K.G. Jebsen Coeliac Disease Research Centre, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningenor, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Boris Novakovic
- Epigenetics, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, and Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Infection Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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6
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Genes and pathways monotonically dysregulated during progression from normal through leukoplakia to gingivo-buccal oral cancer. NPJ Genom Med 2021; 6:32. [PMID: 33980865 PMCID: PMC8115176 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-021-00195-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma of the gingivo-buccal region (OSCC-GB) accounts for the highest cancer morbidity and mortality among men in India. It has been observed that about one-third of individuals with oral leukoplakia, a dysplastic precancerous lesion in the oral cavity, progress to oral cancer. We aimed to identify systematic transcriptomic changes as a normal tissue in the oral cavity progresses to frank OSCC-GB. Seventy-two OSCC-GB patients, from multiple hospitals, were recruited, and transcriptome analysis of tumor and adjacent normal tissue (of all patients) and adjacent leukoplakia tissue (of a subset of 25 unselected patients with concomitant leukoplakia) was performed. We have identified many differences in the transcriptomic profiles between OSCC-GB and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck regions. Compared to the normal/precancerous tissue, significant enrichment of ECM−receptor interaction, PI3K-Akt signaling, cytokine−cytokine receptor interaction, focal adhesion, and cell cycle pathways were observed in OSCC-GB. Using gene set enrichment analysis, we identified a profound role of interferon receptor signaling in tumor growth by activating immune evasion mechanisms. The role of tumor-infiltrating immune cells further supported the growth and immunosuppressive mechanism of tumor tissues. Some immune evasion genes—CD274, CD80, and IDO1—were found to be activated even in the precancerous tissue. Taken together, our findings provide a clear insight into the sequential genetic dysregulation associated with progression to oral cancer. This insight provides a window to the development of predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for gingivo-buccal oral cancer.
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7
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Ligand-activated RXFP1 gene therapy ameliorates pressure overload-induced cardiac dysfunction. Mol Ther 2021; 29:2499-2513. [PMID: 33839322 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent episodes of decompensated heart failure (HF) represent an emerging cause of hospitalizations in developed countries with an urgent need for effective therapies. Recently, the pregnancy-related hormone relaxin (RLN) was found to mediate cardio-protective effects and act as a positive inotrope in the cardiovascular system. RLN binds to the RLN family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1), which is predominantly expressed in atrial cardiomyocytes. We therefore hypothesized that ventricular RXFP1 expression might exert potential therapeutic effects in an in vivo model of cardiac dysfunction. Thus, mice were exposed to pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction and treated with AAV9 to ectopically express RXFP1. To activate RXFP1 signaling, RLN was supplemented subcutaneously. Ventricular RXFP1 expression was well tolerated. Additional RLN administration not only abrogated HF progression but restored left ventricular systolic function. In accordance, upregulation of fetal genes and pathological remodeling markers were significantly reduced. In vitro, RLN stimulation of RXFP1-expressing cardiomyocytes induced downstream signaling, resulting in protein kinase A (PKA)-specific phosphorylation of phospholamban (PLB), which was distinguishable from β-adrenergic activation. PLB phosphorylation corresponded to increased calcium amplitude and contractility. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that ligand-activated cardiac RXFP1 gene therapy represents a therapeutic approach to attenuate HF with the potential to adjust therapy by exogenous RLN supplementation.
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8
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Burston HE, Kent OA, Communal L, Udaskin ML, Sun RX, Brown KR, Jung E, Francis KE, La Rose J, Lowitz J, Drapkin R, Mes-Masson AM, Rottapel R. Inhibition of relaxin autocrine signaling confers therapeutic vulnerability in ovarian cancer. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:142677. [PMID: 33561012 DOI: 10.1172/jci142677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most deadly gynecological malignancy, with unmet clinical need for new therapeutic approaches. The relaxin peptide is a pleiotropic hormone with reproductive functions in the ovary. Relaxin induces cell growth in several types of cancer, but the role of relaxin in OC is poorly understood. Here, using cell lines and xenograft models, we demonstrate that relaxin and its associated GPCR RXFP1 form an autocrine signaling loop essential for OC in vivo tumorigenesis, cell proliferation, and viability. We determined that relaxin signaling activates expression of prooncogenic pathways, including RHO, MAPK, Wnt, and Notch. We found that relaxin is detectable in patient-derived OC tumors, ascites, and serum. Further, inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α activated transcription of relaxin via recruitment of STAT3 and NF-κB to the proximal promoter, initiating an autocrine feedback loop that potentiated expression. Inhibition of RXFP1 or relaxin increased cisplatin sensitivity of OC cell lines and abrogated in vivo tumor formation. Finally, we demonstrate that a relaxin-neutralizing antibody reduced OC cell viability and sensitized cells to cisplatin. Collectively, these data identify the relaxin/RXFP1 autocrine loop as a therapeutic vulnerability in OC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Burston
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oliver A Kent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laudine Communal
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Molly L Udaskin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ren X Sun
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin R Brown
- Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Euihye Jung
- Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyle E Francis
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jose La Rose
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ronny Drapkin
- Penn Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Mes-Masson
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Hernandez BY, Rahman M, Loo LWM, Chan OTM, Horio D, Morita S, Bryant-Greenwood G. BRAF V600E, hypothyroidism, and human relaxin in thyroid carcinogenesis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2020; 147:183-194. [PMID: 32995956 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-020-03401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE BRAFV600E, a major driver of thyroid cancer, evaluated in the context of thyroid hormones and human relaxin. METHODS Immunohistochemical expressions of BRAFV600E, TSH, TSH receptor (TSHR), T4, T3 receptor (T3R), RLNH2, and its receptor, RXFP1, were evaluated in thyroid tumors from a retrospective U.S. population of 481 cancer cases diagnosed in 1983-2004. RESULTS BRAFV600E was expressed in 52% of all thyroid tumors; expression of other markers ranged from 25% for T4 to 98% for RLNH2. Tumors predominantly exhibited hypothyroid-like conditions characterized by elevated TSH and TSHR and reduced T4. BRAFV600E prevalence was significantly higher in tumors expressing TSH, TSHR, T3R, and RXFP1 and lower in tumors expressing T4. The proportion of BRAFV600E mutation in classic papillary tumors significantly increased from 56 to 72% over the 21-year period of diagnoses, while expression of RXFP1, TSH, TSHR, and T3R decreased in non-tumor. Racial/ethnic differences were observed in thyroid hormone marker expression. Non-tumor expression of TSH, TSHR, and T3R were each associated with shorter overall survival, but did not remain significant after adjustment for demographic and clinical factors. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides the first evidence of the potential interaction of BRAFV600E mutation, relaxin, and thyroid hormones in thyroid carcinogenesis. Moreover, our results suggest that hypothyroidism, influenced by RLNH2 activity, may underlie the development of the majority of thyroid cancers and mediate the role of BRAFV600E in thyroid carcinogenesis. BRAFV600E mutation is increasing in papillary thyroid cancers and may be contributing to the rising incidence of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Y Hernandez
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA.
| | - Mobeen Rahman
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Lenora W M Loo
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
| | - Owen T M Chan
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
| | - David Horio
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
| | - Shane Morita
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, 96813, USA
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10
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Yan Q, Sun SY, Yuan S, Wang XQ, Zhang ZC. Inhibition of microRNA-9-5p and microRNA-128-3p can inhibit ischemic stroke-related cell death in vitro and in vivo. IUBMB Life 2020; 72:2382-2390. [PMID: 32797712 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the major form of stroke and is accentuated by multiple comorbidities. It has been previously shown that different microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate separate aspects of ischemic stroke. Differential miRNA expression analysis in cerebrospinal fluid of stroke patients had revealed upregulation of miR-124-3p, miR-9-3p, miR-9-5p, and miR-128-3p. However, whether the overexpression is correlative or causative was not known. Here, using an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) neuronal cell model, we saw OGD/R-induced injury was associated with significant upregulation of the aforementioned four miRNAs. Target gene prediction using in situ algorithms and gene set enrichment analysis revealed significant enrichment of FOXO and Relaxin signaling pathways and regulatory processes associated with endothelial cell migration, which are all known to associate with apoptotic pathways. In situ protein-protein interaction network analysis confirmed the findings of gene set enrichment analysis. TUNEL analysis showed that OGD/R-induced injury resulted in significant apoptosis, which was significantly inhibited in neuronal cells pretransfected with inhibitors of either miR-9-5p or miR-128-3p. Further testing in an in vivo middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mouse model of ischemic stroke showed that inhibiting miR-9-5p or miR-128-3p significantly decreases MCAO-induced infraction volume and inhibited apoptotic response as revealed by decreased cleaved Caspase-3 protein expression in immunohistochemical analysis. Combined inhibition of miR-9-5p and miR-128-3p resulted in a synergistic decrease in cell death and infraction volume in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Cumulatively, our results provide critical knowledge about the mechanism by which elevated miR-9-5p and miR-128-3p causes brain damage in ischemic stroke and provides evidence of them being attractive therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yan
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shou-Yuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Wang
- Neurosurgery Laboratory, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Chang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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Yang L, Li Y, Wu Y, Sun S, Song Q, Wei J, Sun L, Li M, Wang D, Zhou L. Rln3a is a prerequisite for spermatogenesis and fertility in male fish. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 197:105517. [PMID: 31678357 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The essential roles of Relaxin3 (RLN3) in energy homeostasis had been well investigated, while the mechanisms of RLN3 regulating reproduction remain to be elusive in mammals. Although two rln3 paralogues have been characterized in several teleosts, their functions still remain largely unknown. In this study, two paralogous rln3 genes, represented as rln3a and rln3b, were identified from the testis of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Rln3a was dominantly expressed in testis, while the most abundant rln3b expression was in brain. In situ hybridization demonstrated that rln3a is abundantly expressed in the Leydig cells of the testis. To understand the role of Rln3 in the testicular development, homologous null-rln3a gene mutant line was constructed by CRISPR/Cas9 technology. Morphological observation demonstrated that null mutation of rln3a gene caused testicular hypertrophy and a significant increase of GSI. However, a significant decrease of spermatogenic cells at different phases, i.e. spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and sperms was found. Silencing of rln3a gene repressed the expression of key genes in germ cell and Leydig cell. Deficiency of Rln3a led to the significant decrease of 11-KT production, which stimulated the up-regulation of both FSH and LH production in the pituitary via a negative feedback manner possibly. Mutation of rln3a in XY fish led to the hypogonadism with sperm deformation, significant decrease of fertility, and sperm motility, revealing as the high mortality of the offspring obtained by crossing the wild type female and rln3a-/- XY fish. Interestingly, recombinant human RLN3 injection significantly enhanced the sperm motility in rln3a-/- XY fish. Moreover, hCG treatment stimulated the expression of steroidogenic enzyme genes and 11-KT production, which were repressed by rln3a mutation in XY fish. Taken together, this study, for the first time by using a gene knockout model, proved that Rln3a is an indispensable mediator for androgen production in testis via HPG axis, and plays an essential role in spermatogenesis, sperm motility and male fertility in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yanlong Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - You Wu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Shaohua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qiang Song
- Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Deshou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Linyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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12
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Thanasupawat T, Glogowska A, Nivedita-Krishnan S, Wilson B, Klonisch T, Hombach-Klonisch S. Emerging roles for the relaxin/RXFP1 system in cancer therapy. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 487:85-93. [PMID: 30763603 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A role for the hormone relaxin in cancer was described well before the receptor was identified. Relaxin predominantly increases the growth and invasive potential in cancers of different origins. However, relaxin was also shown to promote cell differentiation and to act in a dose-and time-dependent manner in different cancer cell models used. Following the discovery of the relaxin like family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1) as the cellular receptor for RLN1 and RLN2, research has focussed on the ligand interaction with the large extracellular domain of RXFP1 and resulting molecular signaling mechanisms. RXFP1 activation mediates anti-apoptotic functions, angiogenesis and chemoresistance in cancer cells. This minireview summarizes the known biological functions of RXFP1 activation in different cancer entities in-vitro and in-vivo and outlines possible mechanisms to therapeutically address the relaxin-RXFP1 system in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thatchawan Thanasupawat
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Aleksandra Glogowska
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sai Nivedita-Krishnan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Brian Wilson
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sabine Hombach-Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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13
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Lian X, Beer-Hammer S, König GM, Kostenis E, Nürnberg B, Gollasch M. RXFP1 Receptor Activation by Relaxin-2 Induces Vascular Relaxation in Mice via a Gα i2-Protein/PI3Kß/γ/Nitric Oxide-Coupled Pathway. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1234. [PMID: 30233409 PMCID: PMC6131674 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Relaxins are small peptide hormones, which are novel candidate molecules that play important roles in cardiometablic syndrome. Relaxins are structurally related to the insulin hormone superfamily, which provide vasodilatory effects by activation of G-protein-coupled relaxin receptors (RXFPs) and stimulation of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) generation. Recently, relaxin could be demonstrated to activate Gi proteins and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways in cultured endothelial cells in vitro. However, the contribution of the Gi-PI3K pathway and their individual components in relaxin-dependent relaxation of intact arteries remains elusive. Methods: We used Gαi2- (Gnai2-/-) and Gαi3-deficient (Gnai3-/-) mice, pharmacological tools and wire myography to study G-protein-coupled signaling pathways involved in relaxation of mouse isolated mesenteric arteries by relaxins. Human relaxin-1, relaxin-2, and relaxin-3 were tested. Results: Relaxin-2 (∼50% relaxation at 10-11 M) was the most potent vasodilatory relaxin in mouse mesenteric arteries, compared to relaxin-1 and relaxin-3. The vasodilatory effects of relaxin-2 were inhibited by removal of the endothelium or treatment of the vessels with N (G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor) or simazine (RXFP1 inhibitor). The vasodilatory effects of relaxin-2 were absent in arteries of mice treated with pertussis toxin (PTX). They were also absent in arteries isolated from Gnai2-/- mice, but not from Gnai3-/- mice. The effects were not affected by FR900359 (Gαq protein inhibitor) or PI-103 (PI3Kα inhibitor), but inhibited by TGX-221 (PI3Kβ inhibitor) or AS-252424 (PI3Kγ inhibitor). Simazine did not influence the anti-contractile effect of perivascular adipose tissue. Conclusion: Our data indicate that relaxin-2 produces endothelium- and NO-dependent relaxation of mouse mesenteric arteries by activation of RXFP1 coupled to Gi2-PI3K-eNOS pathway. Targeting vasodilatory Gi-protein-coupled RXFP1 pathways may provide promising opportunities for drug discovery in endothelial dysfunction and cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Lian
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité - University Medicine Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Beer-Hammer
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research (ICePhA), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bernd Nürnberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Eberhard Karls University Hospitals and Clinics, and Interfaculty Center of Pharmacogenomics and Drug Research (ICePhA), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité - University Medicine Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Medical Clinic for Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care, Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Wilson KJ, Xiao J, Chen CZ, Huang Z, Agoulnik IU, Ferrer M, Southall N, Hu X, Zheng W, Xu X, Wang A, Myhr C, Barnaeva E, George ER, Agoulnik AI, Marugan JJ. Optimization of the first small-molecule relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor (RXFP1) agonists: Activation results in an antifibrotic gene expression profile. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 156:79-92. [PMID: 30006176 PMCID: PMC6102074 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A dose responsive quantitative high throughput screen (qHTS) of >350,000 compounds against a human relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor (RXFP1) transfected HEK293 cell line identified 2-acetamido-N-phenylbenzamides 1 and 3 with modest agonist activity. An extensive structure-activity study has been undertaken to optimize the potency, efficacy, and physical properties of the series, resulting in the identification of compound 65 (ML-290), which has excellent in vivo PK properties with high levels of systemic exposure. This series, exemplified by 65, has produced first-in-class small-molecule agonists of RXFP1 and is a potent activator of anti-fibrotic genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J. Wilson
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Jingbo Xiao
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Catherine Z. Chen
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Zaohua Huang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, HLSI 419B, Miami, FL 33199
| | - Irina U. Agoulnik
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, HLSI 419B, Miami, FL 33199
| | - Marc Ferrer
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Noel Southall
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Xin Hu
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Wei Zheng
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Xin Xu
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Amy Wang
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Courtney Myhr
- Department of Cellular Biology and Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, HLSI 419B, Miami, FL 33199
| | - Elena Barnaeva
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Emmett R. George
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Alexander I. Agoulnik
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, HLSI 419B, Miami, FL 33199
| | - Juan J. Marugan
- NIH Chemical Genomics Center, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850
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15
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Xie X, Xia W, Fei X, Xu Q, Yang X, Qiu D, Wang M. Relaxin Inhibits High Glucose-Induced Matrix Accumulation in Human Mesangial Cells by Interfering with TGF-β1 Production and Mesangial Cells Phenotypic Transition. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 38:1464-9. [PMID: 26424011 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). DN is characterized by glomerular extracellular matrix accumulation, mesangial expansion, basement membrane thickening, and renal interstitial fibrosis. To date, mounting evidence has shown that H2 relaxin possesses powerful antifibrosis properties; however, the mechanisms of H2 relaxin on diabetic nephropathy remain unknown. Here, we aimed to explore whether H2 relaxin can reduce production of extracellular matrix (ECM) secreted by human mesangial cells (HMC). HMC were exposed to 5.5 mM glucose (NG) or 30 mM glucose (HG) with or without H2 relaxin. Fibronectin (FN) and collagen type IV levels in the culture supernatants were examined by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA). Western blot was used to detect the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) protein. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method was employed to analyze transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 mRNA expression. Compared with the normal glucose group, the levels of fibronectin and collagen type were markedly increased after being cultured in high glucose medium. Compared with the high glucose group, remarkable decreases of fibronectin, collagen type IV, α-smooth muscle actin, and TGF-β1 mRNA expression were observed in the H2 relaxin-treated group. The mechanism by which H2 relaxin reduced high glucose-induced overproduction of ECM may be associated with inhibition of TGF-β1 mRNA expression and mesangial cells' phenotypic transition. H2 relaxin is a potentially effective modality for the treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangcheng Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University
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16
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Dschietzig TB. Recombinant human relaxin-2: (how) can a pregnancy hormone save lives in acute heart failure? Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2014; 14:343-55. [PMID: 24934696 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-014-0078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acute heart failure (AHF) syndrome, characterized by pulmonary and/or venous congestion owing to increased cardiac filling pressures with or without diminished cardiac output, is still associated with high post-discharge mortality and hospitalization rates. Many novel and promising therapeutic approaches, among them endothelin-1, vasopressin and adenosine antagonists, calcium sensitization, and recombinant B-type natriuretic hormone, have failed in large studies. Likewise, the classic drugs, vasodilators, diuretics, and inotropes, have never been shown to lower mortality.The phase III trial RELAX-AHF tested recombinant human relaxin-2 (rhRlx) and found it to improve clinical symptoms moderately, to be neutral regarding the combination of death and hospitalization at day 60, to be safe, and to lower mortality at day 180. This review focuses on basic research and pre-clinical findings that may account for the benefit of rhRlx in AHF. The drug combines short-term hemodynamic advantages, such as moderate blood pressure decline and functional endothelin-1 antagonism, with a wealth of protective effects harboring long-term benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and anti-oxidative actions. These pleiotropic effects are exerted through a complex and intricate signaling cascade involving the relaxin-family peptide receptor-1, the glucocorticoid receptor, nitric oxide, and a cell type-dependent variety of kinases and transcription factors.
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17
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Cheng RYS, Basudhar D, Ridnour LA, Heinecke JL, Kesarwala AH, Glynn S, Switzer CH, Ambs S, Miranda KM, Wink DA. Gene expression profiles of NO- and HNO-donor treated breast cancer cells: insights into tumor response and resistance pathways. Nitric Oxide 2014; 43:17-28. [PMID: 25153034 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) synthase 2 (NOS2), a major inflammatory protein, modulates disease progression via NO in a number of pathologies, including cancer. The role of NOS2-derived NO is not only flux-dependent, which is higher in mouse vs human cells, but also varies based on spatial and temporal distribution both within tumor cells and in the tumor microenvironment. NO donors have been utilized to mimic NO flux conditions and to investigate the effects of varied NO concentrations. As a wide range of effects mediated by NO and other nitrogen oxides such as nitroxyl (HNO) have been elucidated, multiple NO- and HNO-releasing compounds have been developed as potential therapeutics, including as tumor modulators. One of the challenges is to determine differences in biomarker expression from extracellular vs intracellular generation of NO or HNO. Taking advantage of new NO and HNO releasing agents, we have characterized the gene expression profile of estrogen receptor-negative human breast cancer (MDA-MB-231) cells following exposure to aspirin, the NO donor DEA/NO, the HNO donor IPA/NO andtheir intracellularly-activated prodrug conjugates DEA/NO-aspirin and IPA/NO-aspirin. Comparison of the gene expression profiles demonstrated that several genes were uniquely expressed with respect to NO or HNO, such as miR-21, HSP70, cystathionine γ-lyase and IL24. These findings provide insight into targets and pathways that could be therapeutically exploited by the redox related species NO and HNO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y S Cheng
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Debashree Basudhar
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Lisa A Ridnour
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie L Heinecke
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aparna H Kesarwala
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Christopher H Switzer
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katrina M Miranda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - David A Wink
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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18
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van Drongelen J, van Koppen A, Pertijs J, Gooi JH, Sweep FCGJ, Lotgering FK, Spaanderman MEA, Smits P. Impaired effect of relaxin on vasoconstrictor reactivity in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Peptides 2013; 49:41-8. [PMID: 24012667 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin is thought to be involved in vasodilation to pregnancy by increasing endothelium-dependent vasodilation and compliance, and decreasing myogenic reactivity. Primary (essential) hypertension predisposes to circulatory maladaptation and subsequent gestational hypertensive disease. This study aimed to determine that vascular responses to chronic exposure to relaxin are impaired in young female rats with primary hypertension. In 10-12 weeks old Wistar-Hannover rats (WHR) and spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR), we determined vascular responses in isolated kidney and mesenteric arteries after 5-days of chronic exposure to relaxin (4 μg/h) or placebo. SHR show decreased sensitivity to phenylephrine (by 67%, p<0.01) and renal perfusion flow (RPFF, by 19%, p<0.01), but no changes in flow-mediated vasodilation, myogenic reactivity or vascular compliance. In WHR, relaxin stimulated flow-mediated vasodilation (2.67 fold, from 48 ± 9 to 18 ± 4 μl/min, p = 0.001), inhibited myogenic reactivity (from -1 ± 2 to 7 ± 3 μm/10 mmHg, p = 0.01), and decreased sensitivity to phenylephrine (28%, from 1.39 ± 0.08 to 1.78 ± 0.10 μM, p<0.01), but left compliance and RPFF unchanged. NO-blockade by L-NAME diminished most relaxin-mediated responses. In SHR, the vasodilator effects of relaxin were blunted for myogenic reactivity and sensitivity to phenylephrine, with similar effects on flow-mediated vasodilation, compliance, RPFF and equal Rxfp1 (relaxin family peptide receptor) gene expression, as compared to WHR. Primary hypertension blunts both the relaxin-induced inhibition of myogenic reactivity and α-adrenergic vasoconstrictor response, independent from Rxfp1 gene expression, while the relaxin-dependent enhanced flow-mediated vasodilation remains intact. This implies selective resistance to relaxin in young subjects suffering from primary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris van Drongelen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
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19
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Ahmad N, Wang W, Nair R, Kapila S. Relaxin induces matrix-metalloproteinases-9 and -13 via RXFP1: induction of MMP-9 involves the PI3K, ERK, Akt and PKC-ζ pathways. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 363:46-61. [PMID: 22835547 PMCID: PMC3447121 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
We determined the precise role of relaxin family peptide (RXFP) receptors-1 and -2 in the regulation of MMP-9 and -13 by relaxin, and delineated the signaling cascade that contributes to relaxin's modulation of MMP-9 in fibrocartilaginous cells. Relaxin treatment of cells in which RXFP1 was silenced resulted in diminished induction of MMP-9 and -13 by relaxin, whereas overexpression of RXFP1 potentiated the relaxin-induced expression of these proteinases. Suppression or overexpression of RXFP2 resulted in no changes in the relaxin-induced MMP-9 and -13. Studies using chemical inhibitors and siRNAs to signaling molecules showed that PI3K, Akt, ERK and PKC-ζ and the transcription factors Elk-1, c-fos and, to a lesser extent, NF-κB are involved in relaxin's induction of MMP-9. Our findings provide the first characterization of signaling cascade involved in the regulation of any MMP by relaxin and offer mechanistic insights on how relaxin likely mediates extracellular matrix turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisar Ahmad
- The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1078, USA
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20
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Cray JJ, Burrows AM, Vecchione L, Kinsella CR, Losee JE, Moursi AM, Siegel MI, Cooper GM, Mooney MP. Relaxin Does Not Rescue Coronal Suture Fusion in Craniosynostotic Rabbits. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2012; 49:e46-54. [DOI: 10.1597/11-024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Craniosynostosis affects 1 in 2000 to 3000 live births and may result in craniofacial and neural growth disturbances. Histological data have shown that thick collagenous bundles are present in the sutural ligament, which may tether the osteogenic fronts, resulting in premature fusion. The hormone relaxin has been shown to disrupt collagen fiber organization, possibly preventing craniosynostosis by relaxing the sutural ligament and allowing osteogenic fronts to separate normally and stay patent. This study tested this hypothesis with a rabbit model of delayed-onset coronal suture synostosis. Methods A total of 18 New Zealand White rabbits with craniosynostosis were randomly assigned to one of three groups: sham control, protein control (BSA), relaxin treatment. After initial diagnosis, sham surgery, BSA, or relaxin was delivered to the fusing coronal suture in a slow-release (56-day) collagen vehicle. Longitudinal radiographs and body weights were collected at 10, 25, 42, and 84 days of age, and sutures were harvested for histology. Results Relaxin-treated animals had more disorganized intrasuture content than control groups. These specimens also appeared to have relatively wider sutures ectocranially. There were no significant differences in relaxin-treated animals for all craniofacial growth measures, or suture separation compared with controls. Conclusions These data do not support our initial hypothesis that the use of relaxin may rescue sutures destined to undergo premature suture fusion. These findings suggest that collagen fiber arrangement may not be important for suture fusion. This protein therapy would not be clinically useful for craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Cray
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Pediatric Craniofacial Biology Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne M. Burrows
- Department of Physical Therapy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa Vecchione
- Pittsburgh Cleft–Craniofacial Research Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Assistant Clinical Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery and Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher R. Kinsella
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Pediatric Craniofacial Biology Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph E. Losee
- Surgery and Pediatrics, Chief, Pediatric Plastic Surgery, and Director, Pittsburgh Cleft–Craniofacial Center Program, Pittsburgh, Pennslyvania, and Plastic Surgery Residency, Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Amr M. Moursi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Michael I. Siegel
- Departments of Anthropology and Orthodontics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gregory M. Cooper
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, and Department of Oral Biology, and Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark P. Mooney
- Departments of Anthropology, Surgery–Division of Plastic Surgery, and Orthodontics
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van Drongelen J, van Koppen A, Pertijs J, Gooi JH, Parry LJ, Sweep FCGJ, Lotgering FK, Smits P, Spaanderman MEA. Impaired vascular responses to relaxin in diet-induced overweight female rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 112:962-9. [PMID: 22174401 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00470.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Relaxin mediates renal and mesenteric vascular adaptations to pregnancy by increasing endothelium-dependent vasodilation and compliance and decreasing myogenic reactivity. Diet-induced overweight and obesity are associated with impaired endothelial dysfunction and vascular remodeling leading to a reduction in arterial diameter. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that local vascular responses to relaxin are impaired in diet-induced overweight female rats on a high-fat cafeteria-style diet for 9 wk. Rats were chronically infused with either relaxin or placebo for 5 days, and vascular responses were measured in isolated mesenteric arteries and the perfused kidney. Diet-induced overweight significantly increased sensitivity to phenylephrine (by 17%) and vessel wall thickness, and reduced renal perfusion flow (RPFF; by 16%), but did not affect flow-mediated vasodilation, myogenic reactivity, and vascular compliance. In the normal weight rats, relaxin treatment significantly enhanced flow-mediated vasodilation (2.67-fold), decreased myogenic reactivity, and reduced sensitivity to phenylephrine (by 28%), but had no effect on compliance or RPFF. NO blockade by l-NAME diminished most relaxin-mediated effects. In diet-induced overweight rats, the vasodilator effects of relaxin were markedly reduced for flow-mediated vasodilation, sensitivity to phenylephrine, and myogenic response compared with the normal diet rats, mostly persistent under l-NAME. Our data demonstrate that some of the vasodilator responses to in vivo relaxin administration are impaired in isolated mesenteric arteries and the perfused kidney in diet-induced overweight female rats. This does not result from a decrease in Rxfp1 (relaxin family peptide receptor) expression but is likely to result from downstream disruption to endothelial-dependent mechanisms in diet-induced overweight animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris van Drongelen
- Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 791, Radboud Univ. Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Hirate Y, Yamaguchi M, Kasai K. Effects of relaxin on relapse and periodontal tissue remodeling after experimental tooth movement in rats. Connect Tissue Res 2011; 53:207-19. [PMID: 22141456 DOI: 10.3109/03008207.2011.628060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The relapse of teeth that have moved during orthodontic treatment is a major clinical issue with respect to the goals of successful treatment. Relaxin has an influence on many physiologic processes, such as collagen turnover. In this study, we determined the effects of relaxin on the relapse and remodeling of periodontal tissue after experimental tooth movement in rats, and we explored the molecular mechanism underlying these processes. To induce experimental tooth movement in rats, 10 g of orthodontic force was applied to the molars. After 14 days, the spring was removed, and then animals began receiving relaxin at a dose of 500 ng/ml for 1 week. The results were evaluated by micro-computed tomography and immunofluorescence staining. In addition, the effects of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-8 production were investigated in human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells in vitro. The expression of MMP-1 and MMP-8 was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, we demonstrated the signaling pathways involved in relaxin-regulated MMPs expression. The relapse distances and percentages were significantly decreased in the experimental group compared with the controls in vivo. A double-immunofluorescence analysis for Col-I/MMP-1 and Col-I/MMP-8 detected the expression of relaxin in the PDL. Relaxin significantly increased the MMP-1 and MMP-8 expression in a time-dependent manner in hPDL cells in vitro. Furthermore, a p38 inhibitor (SB203580) significantly inhibited the MMP-1 and MMP-8 expression. Our results indicated that relaxin modulates the collagen metabolism, and this hormone may therefore be useful to prevent orthodontic relapse following orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurie Hirate
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
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23
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van Drongelen J, Ploemen IHJ, Pertijs J, Gooi JH, Sweep FCGJ, Lotgering FK, Spaanderman MEA, Smits P. Aging attenuates the vasodilator response to relaxin. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 300:H1609-15. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00360.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin, an insulin-like growth factor peptide, increases endothelium-dependent vasodilation and vascular compliance and decreases myogenic reactivity. These vascular effects significantly contribute to the physiological circulatory adaptations in pregnancy, particularly in the mesentery and kidney. Aging predisposes to vascular maladaptation and gestational hypertensive disease. We hypothesized that mild aging reduces the vascular responses to relaxin. In 20 young (10–12 wk) and 20 middle-aged (40–46 wk) female Wistar Hannover rats, vascular responses to chronic exposure of relaxin vs. placebo (5 days) were quantified in isolated mesenteric arteries and kidney. Vascular responses were evaluated using pressure-perfusion myograph, wire myograph, and an isolated perfused rat kidney model. Rxfp1 (relaxin family peptide) gene expression was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In young rats, relaxin stimulated nitric oxide (NO)-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation (2.67-fold, from 48 ± 9 to 18 ± 4 μl/min), reduced myogenic reactivity (from −1 ± 2 to 7 ± 3 μm/10 mmHg), and decreased mesenteric sensitivity to (28%, from 1.39 ± 0.08 to 1.78 ± 0.10 μM) but did not change compliance and renal perfusion flow (RPFF). In aged rats, relaxin did not affect any of the analyzed mesenteric or renal parameters. In aged compared with young placebo-treated rats, all mesenteric characteristics were comparable, while RPFF was lower (17%, from 6.9 ± 0.2 to 5.7 ± 0.1 ml·min−1·100 g−1) even though NO availability was comparable. Rxfp1 expression was not different among young and aged rats. Our findings suggest that moderate aging involves normal endothelial function but blunts the physiological endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilator response to relaxin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jonathan H. Gooi
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fred C. G. J. Sweep
- Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
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24
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Bryant-Greenwood G, Yamamoto S, Sadowsky D, Gravett M, Novy M. Relaxin Stimulates Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 Secretion from the Extraplacental Chorionic Cytotrophoblast. Placenta 2009; 30:599-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Samuel CS, Mookerjee I, Halls ML, Summers RJ, Chew E, Bathgate RAD, Tregear GW, Hewitson TD. Investigations into the Inhibitory Effects of Relaxin on Renal Myofibroblast Differentiation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1160:294-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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26
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Relaxin physiology in the female reproductive tract during pregnancy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 612:34-48. [PMID: 18161480 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74672-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The characteristic functions of relaxin are associated with female reproductive tract physiology. These include the regulation of biochemical processes involved in remodeling the extracellular matrix of the cervix and vagina during pregnancy and rupture of the fetal membranes at term. Such modifications enable the young to move unimpeded through the birth canal and prevent dystocia. However, relaxin's physiological actions are not limited to late gestation. New functions for this peptide hormone in implantation and placentation are also emerging. Relaxin promotes uterine and placental growth and influences vascular development and proliferation in the endometrium. This chapter provides an overview of the current literature on relaxin physiology in the uterus, cervix and vagina of pregnant females and the impact on fetal health. It also outlines the potential mechanisms of relaxin action, particularly in the cervical extracellular matrix and uterine endometrium.
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Sadana R, Dessauer CW. Physiological roles for G protein-regulated adenylyl cyclase isoforms: insights from knockout and overexpression studies. Neurosignals 2008; 17:5-22. [PMID: 18948702 DOI: 10.1159/000166277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP is a universal second messenger, produced by a family of adenylyl cyclase (AC) enzymes. The last three decades have brought a wealth of new information about the regulation of cyclic AMP production by ACs. Nine hormone-sensitive, membrane-bound AC isoforms have been identified in addition to a tenth isoform that lacks membrane spans and more closely resembles the cyanobacterial AC enzymes. New model systems for purifying and characterizing the catalytic domains of AC have led to the crystal structure of these domains and the mapping of numerous interaction sites. However, big hurdles remain in unraveling the roles of individual AC isoforms and their regulation in physiological systems. In this review we explore the latest on AC knockout and overexpression studies to better understand the roles of G protein regulation of ACs in the brain, olfactory bulb, and heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachna Sadana
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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28
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Liu S, Vinall RL, Tepper C, Shi XB, Xue LR, Ma AH, Wang LY, Fitzgerald LD, Wu Z, Gandour-Edwards R, deVere White RW, Kung HJ. Inappropriate activation of androgen receptor by relaxin via β-catenin pathway. Oncogene 2007; 27:499-505. [PMID: 17653089 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that human H2-relaxin can mediate androgen-independent growth of LNCaP through a mechanism that involves the activation of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway. The goal of the current study is to elucidate the mechanism(s) by which H2-relaxin causes activation of the AR pathway. Our data indicate that there is cross-talk between AR and components of the Wnt signaling pathway. Addition of H2-relaxin to LNCaP cells resulted in increased phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) and inhibitory phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) with subsequent cytoplasmic accumulation of beta-catenin. Immunoprecipitation and immunocytochemical studies demonstrated that the stabilized beta-catenin formed a complex with AR, which was then translocated into the nucleus. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis determined that the AR/beta-catenin complex binds to the proximal region of the prostate-specific antigen promoter. Inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway, using LY294002, prevented both H2-relaxin-mediated phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3beta and translocation of beta-catenin/AR into the nucleus. Knockdown of beta-catenin levels using a beta-catenin-specific small interfering RNA inhibited H2-relaxin-induced AR activity. The combined data demonstrate that PI3K/Akt and components of the Wnt pathway can facilitate H2-relaxin-mediated activation of the AR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Cancer Center, University of California, Sacramento, CA, USA
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29
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Kazi AA, Koos RD. Estrogen-induced activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor expression, and edema in the uterus are mediated by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. Endocrinology 2007; 148:2363-74. [PMID: 17272396 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an essential role in normal uterine physiology and function as well as endometrial cancer and other uterine disorders. Recently we showed that estrogen regulation of VEGF expression in the rat uterus involves rapid recruitment of both estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha to the VEGF promoter. Estrogen is known to stimulate both the MAPK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways, which have been linked to the activation of both of these transcription factors. Therefore, the involvement of these pathways in estrogen-induced VEGF expression was investigated. Inhibitors of the MAPK (U0126) or PI3K pathways (wortmannin or LY294002) were administered ip to immature female rats 1 h before 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) treatment. E(2) activation of both pathways occurred and was completely inhibited by the appropriate antagonist. Only PI3K inhibitors, however, blocked E(2) stimulation of VEGF mRNA expression and E(2)-induced uterine edema. In vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed that this was associated with a failure of both HIF-1alpha and ERalpha to bind to the VEGF promoter. To determine whether inhibiting the PI3K pathway affected ERalpha induction of other estrogen target genes, the expression of creatine kinase B and progesterone receptor A/B was also examined. The expression of each was also inhibited by wortmannin, as was ERalpha binding to the creatine kinase B promoter. In conclusion, although estrogen activates both the MAPK and PI3K pathways in the rat uterus, activation of HIF-1alpha and ERalpha, and therefore regulation of VEGF gene expression is dependent only on the PI3K/Akt pathway. Furthermore, activation of the PI3K pathway appears to be a common requirement for the expression of estrogen-induced genes. These findings not only shed light on estrogen action in normal target tissues but also have important implications for cancer biology because excessive PI3K, HIF-1alpha, and VEGF activity are common in estrogen-dependent tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armina A Kazi
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201-1559, USA
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Dschietzig T, Bartsch C, Baumann G, Stangl K. Relaxin—a pleiotropic hormone and its emerging role for experimental and clinical therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 112:38-56. [PMID: 16647137 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The insulin-related peptide hormone relaxin (Rlx) is known as pregnancy hormone for decades. In the 1980s, researchers began to recognize the highly intriguing fact that Rlx plays a role in a multitude of physiological processes far beyond pregnancy and reproduction. So, Rlx's contribution to the regulation of vasotonus, plasma osmolality, angiogenesis, collagen turnover, and renal function has been established. In addition, the peptide has been demonstrated to represent a mediator of cardiovascular pathology. The ongoing efforts to identify Rlx receptors eventually precipitated the discovery of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) LGR7 and LGR8 as membrane receptors for human Rlx-2 in 2002. This review will summarize the current state of insight into this rapidly evolving field, which has further been expanded by the discovery of GPCR135 and GPCR142 as receptors for Rlx-3. In addition, Rlx has also been shown to activate the human glucocorticoid receptor (GR). There is evidence from Rlx and Rlx receptor knockouts suggesting that LGR7 is the only relevant receptor for mouse Rlx-1 (corresponding to human Rlx-2) in vivo and that insulin-like peptide (INSL)-3 represents the physiological ligand for LGR8. Regarding Rlx signal transduction, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and nitric oxide (NO) pathways will be characterized as major cascades. Investigation of downstream signaling remains an important field for future research. Finally, the current state of therapeutical strategies using Rlx in animal models as well as in humans is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dschietzig
- Medizinische Klinik m. S. Kardiologie und Angiologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Schumannstr. 20/21, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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