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Pandit H, Kale K, Yamamoto H, Thakur G, Rokade S, Chakraborty P, Vasudevan M, Kishore U, Madan T, Fichorova RN. Surfactant Protein D Reverses the Gene Signature of Transepithelial HIV-1 Passage and Restricts the Viral Transfer Across the Vaginal Barrier. Front Immunol 2019; 10:264. [PMID: 30984160 PMCID: PMC6447669 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective prophylactic strategy against the current epidemic of sexually transmitted HIV-1 infection requires understanding of the innate gatekeeping mechanisms at the genital mucosa. Surfactant protein D (SP-D), a member of the collectin family of proteins naturally present in the vaginal tract, is a potential HIV-1 entry inhibitor at the cellular level. Human EpiVaginal tissues compartmentalized in culture inserts were apically exposed to HIV-1 and/or a recombinant fragment of human SP-D (rfhSP-D) and viral passage was assessed in the basal chamber containing mononuclear leukocytes. To map the gene signature facilitating or resisting the transepithelial viral transfer, microarray analysis of the HIV-1 challenged EpiVaginal tissues was performed in the absence or presence of rfhSP-D. Mucosal biocompatibility of rfhSP-D was assessed ex vivo and in the standard rabbit vaginal irritation model. The passage of virus through the EpiVaginal tissues toward the underlying target cells was associated with a global epithelial gene signature including differential regulation of genes primarily involved in inflammation, tight junctions and cytoskeletal framework. RfhSP-D significantly inhibited HIV-1 transfer across the vaginal tissues and was associated with a significant reversal of virus induced epithelial gene signature. Pro-inflammatory NF-κB and mTOR transcripts were significantly downregulated, while expression of the tight junctions and cytoskeletal genes was upheld. In the absence of virus, rfhSP-D directly interacted with the EpiVaginal tissues and upregulated expression of genes related to structural stability of the cell and epithelial integrity. There was no increment in the viral acquisition by the PBMCs present in basal chambers wherein, the EpiVaginal tissues in apical chambers were treated with rfhSP-D. The effective concentrations of rfhSP-D had no effect on lactobacilli, epithelial barrier integrity and were safe on repeated applications onto the rabbit vaginal mucosa. This pre-clinical safety data, coupled with its efficacy of restricting viral passage via reversal of virus-induced gene expression of the vaginal barrier, make a strong argument for clinical trials of rfhSP-D as a topical anti-HIV microbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hrishikesh Pandit
- Department of Innate Immunity, ICMR National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India.,Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kavita Kale
- Department of Innate Immunity, ICMR National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Hidemi Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gargi Thakur
- Department of Innate Immunity, ICMR National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Sushama Rokade
- Department of Innate Immunity, ICMR National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Payal Chakraborty
- Genome Informatics Research Group, Bionivid Technology Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru, India
| | - Madavan Vasudevan
- Genome Informatics Research Group, Bionivid Technology Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru, India
| | - Uday Kishore
- Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Taruna Madan
- Department of Innate Immunity, ICMR National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, India
| | - Raina Nakova Fichorova
- Laboratory of Genital Tract Biology, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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2
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Yousefi S, Sharma SK, Stojkov D, Germic N, Aeschlimann S, Ge MQ, Flayer CH, Larson ED, Redai IG, Zhang S, Koziol-White CJ, Karikó K, Simon HU, Haczku A. Oxidative damage of SP-D abolishes control of eosinophil extracellular DNA trap formation. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:205-214. [PMID: 29733456 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ab1117-455r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The asthmatic airways are highly susceptible to inflammatory injury by air pollutants such as ozone (O3 ), characterized by enhanced activation of eosinophilic granulocytes and a failure of immune protective mechanisms. Eosinophil activation during asthma exacerbation contributes to the proinflammatory oxidative stress by high levels of nitric oxide (NO) production and extracellular DNA release. Surfactant protein-D (SP-D), an epithelial cell product of the airways, is a critical immune regulatory molecule with a multimeric structure susceptible to oxidative modifications. Using recombinant proteins and confocal imaging, we demonstrate here that SP-D directly bound to the membrane and inhibited extracellular DNA trap formation by human and murine eosinophils in a concentration and carbohydrate-dependent manner. Combined allergic airway sensitization and O3 exposure heightened eosinophilia and nos2 mRNA (iNOS) activation in the lung tissue and S-nitrosylation related de-oligomerisation of SP-D in the airways. In vitro reproduction of the iNOS action led to similar effects on SP-D. Importantly, S-nitrosylation abolished the ability of SP-D to block extracellular DNA trap formation. Thus, the homeostatic negative regulatory feedback between SP-D and eosinophils is destroyed by the NO-rich oxidative lung tissue environment in asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Moyar Q Ge
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | | | | | - Imre G Redai
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Suhong Zhang
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cynthia J Koziol-White
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Katalin Karikó
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Angela Haczku
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,University of California, Davis, California, USA
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3
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Tang Y, Ma D, Ming S, Zhang L, Zhou J, Shan G, Chen Z, Lu X, Zuo D. Mannan-binding lectin reduces CpG DNA-induced inflammatory cytokine production by human monocytes. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 59:231-7. [PMID: 25664598 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mannan-binding lectin (MBL) belongs to the collectin family and functions as an opsonin that can also initiate complement activation. Our previous study showed that MBL serves as a double-stranded RNA binding protein that attenuates polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid-induced TLR3 activation. Prompted by these findings, in the present study cross-talk between MBL and CpG-DNA-induced TLR9 activation was investigated. Here, it was found that MBL also interacts with the TLR9 agonist, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN), in a calcium-dependent manner. Purified MBL protein suppressed activation of nuclear factor-kappa B signaling and subsequent production of proinflammatory cytokines from human monocytes induced by CpG-ODN 2006. These observations indicate that MBL can down-regulate CpG DNA-induced TLR9 activation, emphasizing the importance of understanding the interaction of MBL with TLR agonist in host immune defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tang
- Department of Immunology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515
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Prechl J, Czirják L. The endothelial deprotection hypothesis for lupus pathogenesis: the dual role of C1q as a mediator of clearance and regulator of endothelial permeability. F1000Res 2015; 4:24. [DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6075.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous multifactorial systemic autoimmune disease affecting several organs. SLE can start relatively early in life and results in impaired quality of life and shortened life expectancy because of a gradual disease progression leading to cardiovascular, renal and neoplastic disease. The basic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of the disease still remain to be clarified. It is clear that complement proteins play a key and complex role in the development of SLE. Complement component C1q has been known to be a fundamental component of lupus development, but most explanations focus on its role in apoptotic debris removal. Importantly, C1q was recently found to play a key role in the maintenance of vascular endothelial integrity.We suggest that apoptotic products, endothelial cells and extracellular matrix components, which display negatively charged moieties, compete for binding to molecules of the innate humoral immune response, like C1q. Genetic or acquired factors leading to an increased load of apoptotic cell debris and decrease or absence of C1q therefore interfere with the regulation of endothelial permeability and integrity. Furthermore, we suggest that lupus is the net result of an imbalance between the two functions of immune clearance and vascular endothelial integrity maintenance, an imbalance triggered and sustained by autoimmunity, which skews C1q consumption by IgG-mediated complement classical pathway activation on autoantigens. In this triangle of innate clearance, autoimmunity and endothelial integrity, C1q plays a central role.Hence, we interpret the pathogenesis of lupus by identifying three key components, namely innate immune clearance, autoimmunity and endothelial integrity and we establish a link between these components based on the protective role that innate clearance molecules play in endothelial renewal. By including the vasoprotective role of C1q in the interpretation of SLE development we attempt to provide novel explanations for the symptoms, organ damage, diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of the disease.
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5
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Prechl J, Czirják L. The endothelial deprotection hypothesis for lupus pathogenesis: the dual role of C1q as a mediator of clearance and regulator of endothelial permeability. F1000Res 2015; 4:24. [PMID: 25901277 PMCID: PMC4392829 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6075.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous multifactorial systemic autoimmune disease affecting several organs. SLE can start relatively early in life and results in impaired quality of life and shortened life expectancy because of a gradual disease progression leading to cardiovascular, renal and neoplastic disease. The basic mechanisms of the pathogenesis of the disease still remain to be clarified. It is clear that complement proteins play a key and complex role in the development of SLE. Complement component C1q has been known to be a fundamental component of lupus development, but most explanations focus on its role in apoptotic debris removal. Importantly, C1q was recently found to play a key role in the maintenance of vascular endothelial integrity. We suggest that apoptotic products, endothelial cells and extracellular matrix components, which display negatively charged moieties, compete for binding to molecules of the innate humoral immune response, like C1q. Genetic or acquired factors leading to an increased load of apoptotic cell debris and decrease or absence of C1q therefore interfere with the regulation of endothelial permeability and integrity. Furthermore, we suggest that lupus is the net result of an imbalance between the two functions of immune clearance and vascular endothelial integrity maintenance, an imbalance triggered and sustained by autoimmunity, which skews C1q consumption by IgG-mediated complement classical pathway activation on autoantigens. In this triangle of innate clearance, autoimmunity and endothelial integrity, C1q plays a central role. Hence, we interpret the pathogenesis of lupus by identifying three key components, namely innate immune clearance, autoimmunity and endothelial integrity and we establish a link between these components based on the protective role that innate clearance molecules play in endothelial renewal. By including the vasoprotective role of C1q in the interpretation of SLE development we attempt to provide novel explanations for the symptoms, organ damage, diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Prechl
- Diagnosticum Zrt, Budapest, 1047, Hungary ; MTA-ELTE Immunology Research Group, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - László Czirják
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Clinic Center, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7632, Hungary
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6
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Beltrame MH, Catarino SJ, Goeldner I, Boldt ABW, de Messias-Reason IJ. The lectin pathway of complement and rheumatic heart disease. Front Pediatr 2014; 2:148. [PMID: 25654073 PMCID: PMC4300866 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2014.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of host defense against infection and is comprised of humoral and cellular mechanisms that recognize potential pathogens within minutes or hours of entry. The effector components of innate immunity include epithelial barriers, phagocytes, and natural killer cells, as well as cytokines and the complement system. Complement plays an important role in the immediate response against microorganisms, including Streptococcus sp. The lectin pathway is one of three pathways by which the complement system can be activated. This pathway is initiated by the binding of mannose-binding lectin (MBL), collectin 11 (CL-K1), and ficolins (Ficolin-1, Ficolin-2, and Ficolin-3) to microbial surface oligosaccharides and acetylated residues, respectively. Upon binding to target molecules, MBL, CL-K1, and ficolins form complexes with MBL-associated serine proteases 1 and 2 (MASP-1 and MASP-2), which cleave C4 and C2 forming the C3 convertase (C4b2a). Subsequent activation of complement cascade leads to opsonization, phagocytosis, and lysis of target microorganisms through the formation of the membrane-attack complex. In addition, activation of complement may induce several inflammatory effects, such as expression of adhesion molecules, chemotaxis and activation of leukocytes, release of reactive oxygen species, and secretion of cytokines and chemokines. In this chapter, we review the general aspects of the structure, function, and genetic polymorphism of lectin-pathway components and discuss most recent understanding on the role of the lectin pathway in the predisposition and clinical progression of Rheumatic Fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia Holsbach Beltrame
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Sandra Jeremias Catarino
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Isabela Goeldner
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná , Curitiba , Brazil
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7
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Cho H, Guo Y, Sosnovik DE, Josephson L. Imaging DNA with fluorochrome bearing metals. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:12216-22. [PMID: 23646914 DOI: 10.1021/ic400404g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecules that fluoresce upon binding DNA are widely used in assaying and visualizing DNA in cells and tissues. However, using light to visualize DNA in animals is limited by the attenuation of light transmission by biological tissues. Moreover, it is now clear that DNA is an important mediator of dead cell clearance, coagulation reactions, and an immunogen in autoimmune lupus. Attaching metals (e.g., superparamagnetic nanoparticles, gadolinium ions, radioactive metal ions) to DNA-binding fluorochromes provides a way of imaging DNA in whole animals, and potentially humans, without light. Imaging metal-bearing, DNA-binding fluorochromes and their target DNA by magnetic resonance imaging may shed light on the many key roles of DNA in health and disease beyond the storage of genetic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoonsung Cho
- Center for Translational Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, ‡Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, and §Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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8
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Cheng OZ, Palaniyar N. NET balancing: a problem in inflammatory lung diseases. Front Immunol 2013; 4:1. [PMID: 23355837 PMCID: PMC3553399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are beneficial antimicrobial defense structures that can help fight against invading pathogens in the host. However, recent studies reveal that NETs exert adverse effects in a number of diseases including those of the lung. Many inflammatory lung diseases are characterized with a massive influx of neutrophils into the airways. Neutrophils contribute to the pathology of these diseases. To date, NETs have been identified in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF), acute lung injury (ALI), allergic asthma, and lungs infected with bacteria, virus, or fungi. These microbes and several host factors can stimulate NET formation, or NETosis. Different forms of NETosis have been identified and are dependent on varying types of stimuli. All of these pathways however appear to result in the formation of NETs that contain DNA, modified extracellular histones, proteases, and cytotoxic enzymes. Some of the NET components are immunogenic and damaging to host tissue. Innate immune collectins, such as pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D), bind NETs, and enhance the clearance of dying cells and DNA by alveolar macrophages. In many inflammatory lung diseases, bronchoalveolar SP-D levels are altered and its deficiency results in the accumulation of DNA in the lungs. Some of the other therapeutic molecules under consideration for treating NET-related diseases include DNases, antiproteases, myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitors, peptidylarginine deiminase-4 inhibitors, and anti-histone antibodies. NETs could provide important biological advantage for the host to fight against certain microbial infections. However, too much of a good thing can be a bad thing. Maintaining the right balance of NET formation and reducing the amount of NETs that accumulate in tissues are essential for harnessing the power of NETs with minimal damage to the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Z Cheng
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Lung Innate Immunity Research Laboratory, SickKids Research Institute Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Boldt ABW, Goeldner I, de Messias-Reason IJT. Relevance of the lectin pathway of complement in rheumatic diseases. Adv Clin Chem 2012; 56:105-53. [PMID: 22397030 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394317-0.00012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to its importance both in the clearance of pathogens that contribute as rheumatic etiological agents and in the disposal of apoptotic bodies and potential autoimmune initiators, deficiencies of the components of the lectin pathway of complement have been found to increase susceptibility and modulate the severity of most rheumatic disorders. This chapter introduces the general aspects of the structure, function, and genetics of lectin pathway components and summarizes current knowledge of the field regarding rheumatic diseases predisposition and modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica B W Boldt
- Molecular Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medical Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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10
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Abstract
In simple terms, inflammation can be defined as a beneficial, nonspecific response of tissues to injury that generally leads to restoration of normal structure and function. In this concept, resolution of the inflammatory response, once it has achieved its protective and pro-immunogenic functions, becomes a critical determinant of what might be considered the paradox of inflammation. On one hand, inflammation is essential to resolve tissue injury and maintain homeostasis. On the other, inflammation is a key participant in the great majority of human diseases. Accordingly, to achieve complete resolution of inflammation, it is necessary to both turn off inflammatory mediator production and inflammatory cell accumulation and to remove inflammatory cells and debris without initiating an autoimmune response. Much of this process involves key activities of the mononuclear phagocyte series of cells, including resident and recruited macrophages. Recognition of activated and dying acute inflammatory cells by mononuclear phagocytes has been shown to (a) enhance macropinocytic activity for removal of debris, (b) enhance uptake of the effete inflammatory cells themselves, (c) induce inflammosuppressive and immunosuppressive mediators such as TGFβ and IL-10 that can down-regulate and limit proinflammatory mediator production, and (d) induce production of growth factors for tissue cells that may play key roles in tissue repair. Defects in these highly regulated processes are associated with persistent inflammation and/or autoimmunity in overaggressive resolution mechanisms such as nonresolving fibrosis or persistent tissue destruction as in emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Janssen
- Departments of Medicine, Pediatrics and Immunology, National Jewish Health and University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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11
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Complement activation by carbon nanotubes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1031-41. [PMID: 21669239 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube interaction with an important part of the innate immune system, complement, needs to be taken into account when envisaging their use in biomedical applications. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and other synthetic materials are recognized by various components of the complement system in human or mammalian blood and also collectins in the lungs. Modification of the surface chemistry of CNTs alters their interactions with complement proteins and collectins. Functionalizations of CNTs which have been tested so far do not completely prevent complement activation or plasma protein binding. The interaction of the functionalized CNTs with the complement system proteins in blood may influence the adhesion of CNTs to phagocytic cells and red blood cells. Excessive activation of complement can have a harmful effect on human tissues and therefore significantly limit CNT applications in biomedicine.
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13
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Natural IgM and innate immune collectin SP-D bind to late apoptotic cells and enhance their clearance by alveolar macrophages in vivo. Mol Immunol 2010; 48:37-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Breuiller-Fouché M, Dubois O, Sediki M, Garcia-Verdugo I, Palaniyar N, Tanfin Z, Chissey A, Cabrol D, Charpigny G, Mehats C. Secreted surfactant protein A from fetal membranes induces stress fibers in cultured human myometrial cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010; 298:E1188-97. [PMID: 20233942 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00746.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the ability of human fetal membranes (amnion and choriodecidua) to regulate human maternal uterine cell functions through the secretion of surfactant protein (SP)-A and SP-D at the end of pregnancy. We detected the expression of both SP-A (SP-A1 and SP-A2) and SP-D by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry revealed that human fetal membranes expressed both SP-A and SP-D. By Western blot analysis, we demonstrated that SP-A protein expression was predominant in choriodecidua, whereas the amnion predominantly expressed SP-D. Only the secretion of SP-A was evidenced in the culture supernatants of amnion and choriodecidua explants by immunodot blot and confirmed by Western blot. Exogenous human purified SP-A induced stress fiber formation in cultured human myometrial cells via a pathway involving Rho-kinase. Conditioned medium from choriodecidua and amnion explants mimicked the SP-A effect. Treatment of myometrial cells with SP-A-depleted conditioned medium from choriodecidua or amnion explants failed to change the actin dynamic. These data indicate that SP-A released by human fetal membranes is able to exert a paracrine regulation of F-actin filament organization in myometrial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Breuiller-Fouché
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U767, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, Université Paris Descartes, Paris V, Paris, France.
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15
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Jäkel A, Clark H, Reid KBM, Sim RB. The human lung surfactant proteins A (SP-A) and D (SP-D) interact with apoptotic target cells by different binding mechanisms. Immunobiology 2009; 215:551-8. [PMID: 19880212 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The role of the lung surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D in immune defence is well established. They bind to foreign organisms that invade the lungs and target them for phagocytic clearance by resident alveolar macrophages. SP-A and SP-D also bind to various apoptotic cells and facilitate their phagocytic uptake. To date, the molecular mechanisms by which the lung surfactant proteins interact with apoptotic cells and phagocytes are poorly understood. The aims of this study were to investigate further the interactions between SP-A and SP-D and apoptotic cells using human neutrophils and Jurkat cells as model systems. Specifically the binding behaviour of SP-A and SP-D with viable, early apoptotic and late apoptotic cells was investigated and compared. SP-A and SP-D show very distinct binding to the various cell types. SP-A bound to viable and early apoptotic cells in a predominantly Ca(2+)-dependent manner but the interaction with late apoptotic cells was Ca(2+)-independent, suggesting involvement of other than the lectin- or Ca(2+)-binding sites. This was consistent for neutrophils and Jurkat cells. SP-D in contrast, did not interact with viable and early apoptotic Jurkat cells but strongly and in a Ca(2+)-independent manner with late apoptotic Jurkat cells. SP-D-binding to viable and early apoptotic neutrophils was inhibited by maltose and ethylene-diamin-tetra-acetate (EDTA), suggesting lectin-binding site involvement whereas the binding to late apoptotic neutrophils was predominantly Ca(2+)-independent. These results represent a detailed study of the binding behaviour of SP-A and SP-D with different cell types and stages of viability. The mechanisms of these interactions appear to involve preferential recognition of different ligands on the apoptotic cell surface, which may include nucleic acid, phospholipid, protein and glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Jäkel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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16
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Abstract
Innate immunity is the earliest response to invading microbes and acts to contain infection in the first minutes to hours of challenge. Unlike adaptive immunity that relies upon clonal expansion of cells that emerge days after antigenic challenge, the innate immune response is immediate. Soluble mediators, including complement components and the mannose binding lectin (MBL) make an important contribution to innate immune protection and work along with epithelial barriers, cellular defenses such as phagocytosis, and pattern-recognition receptors that trigger pro-inflammatory signaling cascades. These four aspects of the innate immune system act in concert to protect from pathogen invasion. Our work has focused on understanding the protection provided by this complex defense system and, as discussed in this review, the particular contribution of soluble mediators such as MBL and phagocytic cells. Over the past two decades both human epidemiological data and mouse models have indicated that MBL plays a critical role in innate immune protection against a number of pathogens. As demonstrated by our recent in vitro work, we show that MBL and the innate immune signaling triggered by the canonical pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are linked by their spatial localization to the phagosome. These observations demonstrated a novel role for MBL as a TLR co-receptor and establishes a new paradigm for the role of opsonins, which we propose to function not only to increase microbial uptake but also to spatially coordinate, amplify, and synchronize innate immune defenses mechanism. In this review we discuss both the attributes of MBL that make it a unique soluble pattern recognition molecule and also highlight its broader role in coordinating innate immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Eddie Ip
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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17
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Hartshorn KL, White MR, Tecle T, Tornoe I, Sorensen GL, Crouch EC, Holmskov U. Reduced influenza viral neutralizing activity of natural human trimers of surfactant protein D. Respir Res 2007; 8:9. [PMID: 17280604 PMCID: PMC1797806 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-8-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Surfactant protein D (SP-D) plays important roles in innate host defense against influenza A virus (IAV) infection. Common human polymorphisms of SP-D have been found in many human populations and associated with increased risk of certain infections. We recently reported that the Thr/Thr 11 form of SP-D is associated with low serum levels and assembles predominantly as trimers as opposed to the more common multimeric forms of SP-D. Methods Preliminary experiments were done to establish the effects of different monoclonal antibodies against SP-D on ability of SP-D to bind to or neutralize the virus. We then purified natural human trimeric and multimeric forms of SP-D from amniotic fluid and tested ability of these preparations to bind to IAV, to inhibit infectivity and hemagglutination activity of IAV in vitro. Results In initial experiments mAbs directed against different areas on the CRD of SP-D were found to have differing effects on antiviral activity. Using an mAb that did not interfere with antiviral activity of SP-D, we confirm that natural SP-D trimers had reduced ability to bind to IAV. In addition, the trimers had reduced ability to neutralize IAV as compared to natural human SP-D multimers as well as reduced hemagglutination inhibiting activity against several strains of IAV. Natural SP-D trimers also had different interactions with human neutrophil peptide defensins (HNPs) in viral neutralization assays as compared to multimeric SP-D. Conclusion These studies indicate that a common human polymorphic form of SP-D may modulate host defense against IAV and give impetus to clinical studies correlating this genotype with risk for IAV infection in susceptible groups. We also show that mAbs directed against different areas on the carbohydrate recognition domain of SP-D can be useful for dissecting out different functional properties of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevan L Hartshorn
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston MA, USA
| | - Mitchell R White
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston MA, USA
| | - Tesfaldet Tecle
- Boston University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston MA, USA
| | - Ida Tornoe
- Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grith L Sorensen
- Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Erika C Crouch
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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18
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Balea IA, Illes P, Schobert R. Affinity of corpora amylacea for oligonucleotides: sequence dependency and proteinaceous binding motif. Neuropathology 2006; 26:277-82. [PMID: 16961062 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1789.2006.00695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Corpora amylacea (CA) have an affinity to nucleic acids as shown by in situ hybridization experiments. However, little is known about the specificity of this interaction, as well as the mechanism involved. We investigated the ability of different probes of digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotides corresponding to some specific neuronal receptors, both sense and antisense, to bind to CA from human autopsy brain tissue. The bound nucleotides were detected with antidigoxigenin antibody and the signal was further amplified using the tyramide signal amplification system. The affinity of binding varies with the sequence of nucleotides. The most intense signal is produced by the adenosine-2A receptor antisense probe and the least intense signal is produced by the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor sense probe. The affinity of binding for the same probe does not depend on the localization of CA in the central nervous system. Complete staining loss by proteinase K pretreatment in higher concentrations shows that the binding motif is partially proteinaceous. The circumferential but not the punctate internal staining is diminished by mild amylglucosidase pretreatment, suggesting a process of progressive apposition and condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioan A Balea
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Leipzig, Germany
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19
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Hartshorn KL, White MR, Tecle T, Holmskov U, Crouch EC. Innate defense against influenza A virus: activity of human neutrophil defensins and interactions of defensins with surfactant protein D. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:6962-72. [PMID: 16709857 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant protein D (SP-D) plays important roles in innate host defense against influenza A virus (IAV) infection, in part by modifying interactions with neutrophils. Human neutrophil defensins (HNPs) inhibit infectivity of enveloped viruses, including IAV. Our goal in this study was to characterize antiviral interactions between SP-D and HNPs. Recombinant and/or natural forms of SP-D and related collectins and HNPs were tested for antiviral activity against two different strains of IAV. HNPs 1 and 2 did not inhibit viral hemagglutination activity, but they interfered with the hemagglutination-inhibiting activity of SP-D. HNPs had significant viral neutralizing activity against divergent IAV strains. However, the HNPs generally had competitive effects when combined with SP-D in assays using an SP-D-sensitive IAV strain. In contrast, cooperative antiviral effects were noted in some instances when relatively SP-D-resistant strains were treated with SP-D and HNPs. HNPs were found to bind to the neck and/or carbohydrate recognition domain of SP-D. This binding was specific because no, or minimal, binding to other collectins was found. HNPs precipitated SP-D from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and reduced the antiviral activity of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. HNP-1 and -2 differed somewhat in their independent antiviral activity and their binding to SP-D. These results are relevant to the early phase of host defense against IAV, and suggest a complex interplay between SP-D and HNPs at sites of active inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevan L Hartshorn
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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20
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Takahashi K, Ip WE, Michelow IC, Ezekowitz RAB. The mannose-binding lectin: a prototypic pattern recognition molecule. Curr Opin Immunol 2005; 18:16-23. [PMID: 16368230 PMCID: PMC7126801 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2005.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system is comprised of a sophisticated network of recognition and effector molecules that act together to protect the host in the first minutes or hours of exposure to an infectious challenge. The mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an evolutionary conserved circulating host defense protein that acts as a broad-spectrum recognition molecule against a wide variety of infectious agents. Target binding triggers the MBL pathway of complement activation. MBL can be considered conceptually as an 'ante-antibody' because it has a role in mammals during the lag period that is required to develop an antibody response against infectious agents. Additionally, there are MBL-like homologues in animals that lack adaptive immunity that activate a primitive complement system, and under these circumstances these MBL-like molecules play an analogous role to antibodies in higher animals. These molecules might be considered to be functional antecedents of antibodies. Recent work also indicates that MBL recognizes altered self-antigens, and as such MBL has a role that extends beyond a traditional role in first line host defense as it appears to play a role as a modulator of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazue Takahashi
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Department of Pediatrics, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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21
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Palaniyar N, Clark H, Nadesalingam J, Shih MJ, Hawgood S, Reid KBM. Innate immune collectin surfactant protein D enhances the clearance of DNA by macrophages and minimizes anti-DNA antibody generation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:7352-8. [PMID: 15905582 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.7352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dying microbes and necrotic cells release highly viscous DNA that induces inflammation and septic shock, and apoptotic cells display DNA, a potential autoantigen, on their surfaces. However, innate immune proteins that mediate the clearance of free DNA and surface DNA-containing cells are not clearly established. Pulmonary surfactant proteins (SP-) A and D are innate immune pattern recognition collectins that contain fibrillar collagen-like regions and globular carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). We have recently shown that collectins SP-A, SP-D, and mannose binding lectin recognize DNA and RNA via their collagen-like regions and CRDs. Here we show that SP-D enhances the uptake of Cy3-labeled fragments of DNA and DNA-coated beads by U937 human monocytic cells, in vitro. Analysis of DNA uptake by freshly isolated mouse alveolar macrophages shows that SP-D, but not SP-A, deficiency results in reduced clearance of DNA, ex vivo. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid shows that SP-D- but not SP-A-deficient mice are defective in clearing free DNA from the lung. Additionally, both SP-A- and SP-D-deficient mice accumulate anti-DNA Abs in sera in an age-dependent manner. Thus, we conclude that collectins such as SP-A and SP-D reduce the generation of anti-DNA autoantibody, which may be explained in part by the defective clearance of DNA from the lungs in the absence of these proteins. Our findings establish two new roles for these innate immune proteins and that SP-D enhances efficient pinocytosis and phagocytosis of DNA by macrophages and minimizes anti-DNA Ab generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nades Palaniyar
- Medical Research Council Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, UK.
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22
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Møller-Kristensen M, Wang W, Ruseva M, Thiel S, Nielsen S, Takahashi K, Shi L, Ezekowitz A, Jensenius JC, Gadjeva M. Mannan-binding lectin recognizes structures on ischaemic reperfused mouse kidneys and is implicated in tissue injury. Scand J Immunol 2005; 61:426-34. [PMID: 15882434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2005.01591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Organ damage as a consequence of ischaemia and reperfusion (I/R) is a major clinical problem in an acute renal failure and transplantation. Ligands on surfaces of endothelial cells that are exposed due to the ischaemia may be recognized by pattern recognition molecules such as mannan-binding lectin (MBL), inducing complement activation. We examined the contribution of the MBL complement pathway in a bilateral renal I/R model (45 min of ischaemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion), using transgenic mice deficient in MBL-A and MBL-C [MBL double knockout (MBL DKO)] and in wildtype (WT) mice. Kidney damages, which were evaluated by levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, showed that MBL DKO mice were significantly protected compared with WT mice. MBL DKO mice, reconstituted with recombinant human MBL, showed a dose-dependent severity of kidney injury increasing to a comparable level to WT mice. Acute tubular necrosis was evident in WT mice but not in MBL DKO mice after I/R, confirming renal damages in WT mice. MBL ligands in kidneys were observed to be present after I/R but not in sham-operated mice. C3a (desArg) levels in MBL DKO mice were decreased after I/R compared with that in WT mice, indicating less complement activation that was correlated with less C3 deposition in the kidneys of MBL DKO mice. Our data implicate a role of MBL in I/R-induced kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Møller-Kristensen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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23
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Blasi F, Tarsia P, Aliberti S. Strategic Targets of Essential Host-Pathogen Interactions. Respiration 2005; 72:9-25. [PMID: 15753628 DOI: 10.1159/000083394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the present concepts regarding the biological processes that mediate intrinsic and innate host defense against microbial invasion of the lung. Innate immunity is the first line of defense of the higher organisms towards invading pathogens. It accomplishes a wide variety of activities including recognition and effector functions. The innate responses use phagocytic cells (macrophages, monocytes, and neutrophils), cells that release inflammatory mediators (basophils, mast cells, and eosinophils), and natural killer cells. The molecular component of innate responses includes complement, acute-phase proteins, and cytokines. Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns is mediated by the pathogen receptors of the innate immune system, among these molecules toll-like receptors have emerged as fundamental components in the innate immune responses to infection, and a link between innate and adaptive immunity. Additional protection comes from polypeptide mediators of the innate host defense, such as the defensins and other antibiotic peptides. In view of the considerable burden in terms of mortality and morbidity that severe infections still pose worldwide, a better understanding of the biological basis of host-pathogen interactions opens stimulating future treatment perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Blasi
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, University of Milan, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Milano, Milano, Italy.
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24
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Abstract
Because the lungs function as the body's gas-exchange organ, they are inevitably exposed to air that is contaminated with pathogens, allergens and pollutants. Host-defence mechanisms within the lungs must facilitate clearance of inhaled pathogens and particles while minimizing an inflammatory response that could damage the thin, delicate gas-exchanging epithelium. Pulmonary surfactant is a complex of lipids and proteins that enhances pathogen clearance and regulates adaptive and innate immune-cell functions. In this article, I review the structure and functions of the surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D in regulating host immune defence and in modulating inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Rae Wright
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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25
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Abstract
In the year 2003 there was a 17% increase in the number of publications citing work performed using optical biosensor technology compared with the previous year. We collated the 962 total papers for 2003, identified the geographical regions where the work was performed, highlighted the instrument types on which it was carried out, and segregated the papers by biological system. In this overview, we spotlight 13 papers that should be on everyone's 'must read' list for 2003 and provide examples of how to identify and interpret high-quality biosensor data. Although we still find that the literature is replete with poorly performed experiments, over-interpreted results and a general lack of understanding of data analysis, we are optimistic that these shortcomings will be addressed as biosensor technology continues to mature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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26
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Palaniyar N, Nadesalingam J, Clark H, Shih MJ, Dodds AW, Reid KBM. Nucleic Acid Is a Novel Ligand for Innate, Immune Pattern Recognition Collectins Surfactant Proteins A and D and Mannose-binding Lectin. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:32728-36. [PMID: 15145932 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m403763200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Collectins are a family of innate immune proteins that contain fibrillar collagen-like regions and globular carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs). The CRDs of these proteins recognize various microbial surface-specific carbohydrate patterns, particularly hexoses. We hypothesized that collectins, such as pulmonary surfactant proteins (SPs) SP-A and SP-D and serum protein mannose-binding lectin, could recognize nucleic acids, pentose-based anionic phosphate polymers. Here we show that collectins bind DNA from a variety of origins, including bacteria, mice, and synthetic oligonucleotides. Pentoses, such as arabinose, ribose, and deoxyribose, inhibit the interaction between SP-D and mannan, one of the well-studied hexose ligands for SP-D, and biologically relevant d-forms of the pentoses are better competitors than the l-forms. In addition, DNA and RNA polymer-related compounds, such as nucleotide diphosphates and triphosphates, also inhibit the carbohydrate binding ability of SP-D, or approximately 60 kDa trimeric recombinant fragments of SP-D that are composed of the alpha-helical coiled-coil neck region and three CRDs (SP-D(n/CRD)) or SP-D(n/CRD) with eight GXY repeats (SPD(GXY)(8)(n/CRD)). Direct binding and competition studies suggest that collectins bind nucleic acid via their CRDs as well as by their collagen-like regions, and that SP-D binds DNA more effectively than do SP-A and mannose-binding lectin at physiological salt conditions. Furthermore, the SP-D(GXY)(8)(n/CRD) fragments co-localize with DNA, and the protein competes the interaction between propidium iodide, a DNA-binding dye, and apoptotic cells. In conclusion, we show that collectins are a new class of proteins that bind free DNA and the DNA present on apoptotic cells by both their globular CRDs and collagen-like regions. Collectins may therefore play an important role in decreasing the inflammation caused by DNA in lungs and other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nades Palaniyar
- MRC Immunochemistry Unit, Department of Biochemistry, The University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, United Kingdom.
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