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Oliveira R, Pinho E, Barros MM, Azevedo NF, Almeida C. In vitro selection of DNA aptamers against staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11345. [PMID: 38762575 PMCID: PMC11102521 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61094-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) is the most frequently reported in staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP) outbreaks. Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acids that are seen as promising alternatives to antibodies in several areas, including diagnostics. In this work, systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) was used to select DNA aptamers against SEA. The SELEX protocol employed magnetic beads as an immobilization matrix for the target molecule and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) for monitoring and optimizing sequence enrichment. After 10 selection cycles, the ssDNA pool with the highest affinity was sequenced by next generation sequencing (NGS). Approximately 3 million aptamer candidates were identified, and the most representative cluster sequences were selected for further characterization. The aptamer with the highest affinity showed an experimental dissociation constant (KD) of 13.36 ± 18.62 nM. Increased temperature negatively affected the affinity of the aptamer for the target. Application of the selected aptamers in a lateral flow assay demonstrated their functionality in detecting samples containing 100 ng SEA, the minimum amount capable of causing food poisoning. Overall, the applicability of DNA aptamers in SEA recognition was demonstrated and characterized under different conditions, paving the way for the development of diagnostic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Oliveira
- INIAV - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Vairão, 4485-655, Vila do Conde, Portugal.
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
- AliCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Eva Pinho
- INIAV - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Vairão, 4485-655, Vila do Conde, Portugal
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- AliCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Margarida Barros
- INIAV - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Vairão, 4485-655, Vila do Conde, Portugal
| | - Nuno Filipe Azevedo
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- AliCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carina Almeida
- INIAV - National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinarian Research, Rua dos Lagidos, Vairão, 4485-655, Vila do Conde, Portugal
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- AliCE - Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Xu C, Tan Y, Zhang LY, Luo XJ, Wu JF, Ma L, Deng F. The Application of Aptamer and Research Progress in Liver Disease. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1000-1018. [PMID: 38305844 PMCID: PMC11087326 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-01030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Aptamers, as a kind of small-molecule nucleic acid, have attracted much attention since their discovery. Compared with biological reagents such as antibodies, aptamers have the advantages of small molecular weight, low immunogenicity, low cost, and easy modification. At present, aptamers are mainly used in disease biomarker discovery, disease diagnosis, treatment, and targeted drug delivery vectors. In the process of screening and optimizing aptamers, it is found that there are still many problems need to be solved such as the design of the library, optimization of screening conditions, the truncation of screened aptamer, and the stability and toxicity of the aptamer. In recent years, the incidence of liver-related diseases is increasing year by year and the treatment measures are relatively lacking, which has attracted the people's attention in the application of aptamers in liver diseases. This article mainly summarizes the research status of aptamers in disease diagnosis and treatment, especially focusing on the application of aptamers in liver diseases, showing the crucial significance of aptamers in the diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases, and the use of Discovery Studio software to find the binding target and sequence of aptamers, and explore their possible interaction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
- Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Yong Tan
- Hubei Selenium and Human Health Institute, The Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Li-Ye Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
- Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
- Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Jiang-Feng Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China
- Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.
- College of Basic Medical Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China.
- Institute of Organ Fibrosis and Targeted Drug Delivery, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.
| | - Fei Deng
- Department of Oncology, The Second People's Hospital of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443000, China.
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Shastri DH, Silva AC, Almeida H. Ocular Delivery of Therapeutic Proteins: A Review. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010205. [PMID: 36678834 PMCID: PMC9864358 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins, including monoclonal antibodies, single chain variable fragment (ScFv), crystallizable fragment (Fc), and fragment antigen binding (Fab), have accounted for one-third of all drugs on the world market. In particular, these medicines have been widely used in ocular therapies in the treatment of various diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, corneal neovascularization, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusion. However, the formulation of these biomacromolecules is challenging due to their high molecular weight, complex structure, instability, short half-life, enzymatic degradation, and immunogenicity, which leads to the failure of therapies. Various efforts have been made to overcome the ocular barriers, providing effective delivery of therapeutic proteins, such as altering the protein structure or including it in new delivery systems. These strategies are not only cost-effective and beneficial to patients but have also been shown to allow for fewer drug side effects. In this review, we discuss several factors that affect the design of formulations and the delivery of therapeutic proteins to ocular tissues, such as the use of injectable micro/nanocarriers, hydrogels, implants, iontophoresis, cell-based therapy, and combination techniques. In addition, other approaches are briefly discussed, related to the structural modification of these proteins, improving their bioavailability in the posterior segments of the eye without affecting their stability. Future research should be conducted toward the development of more effective, stable, noninvasive, and cost-effective formulations for the ocular delivery of therapeutic proteins. In addition, more insights into preclinical to clinical translation are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyesh H. Shastri
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Technology, K.B. Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Sarva Vidyalaya Kelavani Mandal, Gandhinagar 382016, India
- Correspondence:
| | - Ana Catarina Silva
- FP-I3ID (Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento), FP-BHS (Biomedical and Health Sciences Research Unit), Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO (Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences), REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), MEDTECH (Medicines and Healthcare Products), Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hugo Almeida
- UCIBIO (Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences), REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), MEDTECH (Medicines and Healthcare Products), Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Mesosystem Investigação & Investimentos by Spinpark, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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Woldekidan HB, Woldesemayat AA, Adam G, Tafesse M, Thimiri Govinda Raj DB. Aptamer-Based Tumor-Targeted Diagnosis and Drug Delivery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1409:173-192. [PMID: 35896892 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2022_732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Early cancer identification is crucial for providing patients with safe and timely therapy. Highly dependable and adaptive technologies will be required to detect the presence of biological markers for cancer at very low levels in the early stages of tumor formation. These techniques have been shown to be beneficial in encouraging patients to develop early intervention plans, which could lead to an increase in the overall survival rate of cancer patients. Targeted drug delivery (TDD) using aptamer is promising due to its favorable properties. Aptamer is suitable for superior TDD system candidates due to its desirable properties including a high binding affinity and specificity, a low immunogenicity, and a chemical composition that can be simply changed.Due to these properties, aptamer-based TDD application has limited drug side effect along with organ damages. The development of aptasensor has been promising in TDD for cancer cell treatment. There are biomarkers and expressed molecules during cancer cell development; however, only few are addressed in aptamer detection study of those molecules. Its great potential of attachment of binding to specific target molecule made aptamer a reliable recognition element. Because of their unique physical, chemical, and biological features, aptamers have a lot of potential in cancer precision medicine.In this review, we summarized aptamer technology and its application in cancer. This includes advantages properties of aptamer technology over other molecules were thoroughly discussed. In addition, we have also elaborated the application of aptamer as a direct therapeutic function and as a targeted drug delivery molecule (aptasensor) in cancer cells with several examples in preclinical and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haregewoin Bezu Woldekidan
- Synthetic Nanobiotechnology and Biomachines, Synthetic Biology and Precision Medicine Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna A Woldesemayat
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Adam
- Sustainable Energy Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mesfin Tafesse
- Synthetic Nanobiotechnology and Biomachines, Synthetic Biology and Precision Medicine Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Biotechnology and Bioprocessing Center of Excellence, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Deepak B Thimiri Govinda Raj
- Synthetic Nanobiotechnology and Biomachines, Synthetic Biology and Precision Medicine Centre, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa.
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Cai R, Chen X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Zhou N. Systematic bio-fabrication of aptamers and their applications in engineering biology. SYSTEMS MICROBIOLOGY AND BIOMANUFACTURING 2022; 3:223-245. [PMID: 38013802 PMCID: PMC9550155 DOI: 10.1007/s43393-022-00140-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that have high affinity and selectivity to bind to specific targets. Compared to antibodies, aptamers are easy to in vitro synthesize with low cost, and exhibit excellent thermal stability and programmability. With these features, aptamers have been widely used in biology and medicine-related fields. In the meantime, a variety of systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technologies have been developed to screen aptamers for various targets. According to the characteristics of targets, customizing appropriate SELEX technology and post-SELEX optimization helps to obtain ideal aptamers with high affinity and specificity. In this review, we first summarize the latest research on the systematic bio-fabrication of aptamers, including various SELEX technologies, post-SELEX optimization, and aptamer modification technology. These procedures not only help to gain the aptamer sequences but also provide insights into the relationship between structure and function of the aptamers. The latter provides a new perspective for the systems bio-fabrication of aptamers. Furthermore, on this basis, we review the applications of aptamers, particularly in the fields of engineering biology, including industrial biotechnology, medical and health engineering, and environmental and food safety monitoring. And the encountered challenges and prospects are discussed, providing an outlook for the future development of aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongfeng Cai
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Xin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
| | - Nandi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122 China
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Dhanya CR, Mary AS, Madhavan M. Aptamer-siRNA chimeras: Promising tools for targeting HER2 signaling in cancer. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 101:1162-1180. [PMID: 36099164 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RNA interference is a transformative approach and has great potential in the development of novel and more efficient cancer therapeutics. Immense prospects exist in the silencing of HER2 and its downstream genes which are overexpressed in many cancers, through exogenously delivered siRNA. However, there is still a long way to exploit the full potential and versatility of siRNA therapeutics due to the challenges associated with the stability and delivery of siRNA targeted to specific sites. Aptamers offer several advantages as a vehicle for siRNA delivery, over other carriers such as antibodies. In this review, we discuss the progress made in the development and applications of aptamer-siRNA chimeras in HER2 targeting and gene silencing. A schematic workflow is also provided which will provide ample insight for all those researchers who are new to this field. Also, we think that a mechanistic understanding of the HER2 signaling pathway is crucial in designing extensive investigations aimed at the silencing of a wider array of genes. This review is expected to stimulate more research on aptamer-siRNA chimeras targeted against HER2 which might arm us with potential effective therapeutic interventions for the management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Dhanya
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College Kariavattom, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Aarcha Shanmugha Mary
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Maya Madhavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Wang Y, Xie M, Zhang M, Zhao X, Zhu X, Wang Y, Chen Y, Chen J, Sun X. Publication Trends of Research on Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy During 2001–2020: A 20-Year Bibliometric Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:785126. [PMID: 35174182 PMCID: PMC8841421 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.785126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionPolypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) is a special subtype of AMD, which is one of the leading threats to vision health worldwide. At this time, many aspects of PCV, from how it works to potential treatments, remain a mystery. In this study, we explored the frontier researches and revealed the study trends within the study of PCV.MethodsWe collected all the publications in this field from 2001 to 2020, analyzed trends within them, and defined the contributions of various countries/regions, institutions, authors, and journals. Additionally, VOSviewer software was used to define the hot keywords in this field.ResultsA total of 1,190 publications were ultimately examined; We found that PCV is becoming an increasingly relevant topic of research, and that Japan has contributed the most publications (428), the most citations (14,504 in total), and the highest H-index value (62) to the field. Our keywords analysis was classified into four clusters to show the hotspots within the study of PCV, namely mechanism-related, imaging-related, prognosis-related, and therapy-related topics. The average years in which the keywords appeared the most were also calculated, and we identified anti-VEGF therapy, anti-complement therapy and angiography as having been the main focus in recent years.ConclusionsThese results helped clarify the comprehensive research progress that has been made as well as the future trends in the study of PCV, which can assist and guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Wang
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Minyue Xie
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohuan Zhao
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Zhu
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieqiong Chen
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jieqiong Chen
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Disease, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai, China
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Zaafar D, Elemary T, Hady YA, Essawy A. RNA-targeting Therapy: A Promising Approach to Reach Non-Druggable Targets. BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 14:1781-1790. [DOI: 10.13005/bpj/2277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The term "non-druggable" refers to a protein that cannot be targeted pharmacologically; recently, significant efforts have been made to convert these proteins into targets that are reachable or "druggable." Pharmacologically targeting these difficult proteins has emerged as a major challenge in modern drug development, necessitating the innovation and development of new technologies. The idea of using RNA-targeting therapeutics as a platform to reach unreachable targets is very appealing. Antisense oligonucleotides, nucleic acid or aptamers, RNA interference therapeutics, microRNA, and synthetic RNA are examples of RNA-targeting therapeutics. Many of these agents were FDA-approved for the treatment of rare or genetic diseases, as well as molecular markers for disease diagnosis. As a promising type of therapeutic, many studies are being conducted in order for more and more of them to be approved and used in different disease treatments and to shift them from treating rare diseases only to being used as more specific targeting agents in the treatment of various common diseases. This article will look at some of the most recent technological and pharmaceutical advances that have contributed to the erosion of the concept of undruggability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Zaafar
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, MTI University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Toka Elemary
- 2Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yara Abdel Hady
- 2Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya Essawy
- 3Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of pharmacy, MTI University, Cairo, Egypt
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Liu Y, Wang N, Chan CW, Lu A, Yu Y, Zhang G, Ren K. The Application of Microfluidic Technologies in Aptamer Selection. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:730035. [PMID: 34604229 PMCID: PMC8484746 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.730035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are sequences of single-strand oligonucleotides (DNA or RNA) with potential binding capability to specific target molecules, which are increasingly used as agents for analysis, diagnosis, and medical treatment. Aptamers are generated by a selection method named systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Numerous SELEX methods have been developed for aptamer selections. However, the conventional SELEX methods still suffer from high labor intensity, low operation efficiency, and low success rate. Thus, the applications of aptamer with desired properties are limited. With their advantages of low cost, high speed, and upgraded extent of automation, microfluidic technologies have become promising tools for rapid and high throughput aptamer selection. This paper reviews current progresses of such microfluidic systems for aptamer selection. Comparisons of selection performances with discussions on principles, structure, operations, as well as advantages and limitations of various microfluidic-based aptamer selection methods are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Nijia Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Chiu-Wing Chan
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
- School of Chinese Medicine, Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
| | - Kangning Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR China
- Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Shenzhen, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, SAR China
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Burgeon C, Debliquy M, Lahem D, Rodriguez J, Ly A, Fauconnier ML. Past, present, and future trends in boar taint detection. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Oravczová V, Garaiová Z, Hianik T. Nanoparticles and Nanomotors Modified by Nucleic Acids Aptamers for Targeted Drug Delivery. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162021020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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González-Alemán R, Chevrollier N, Simoes M, Montero-Cabrera L, Leclerc F. MCSS-Based Predictions of Binding Mode and Selectivity of Nucleotide Ligands. J Chem Theory Comput 2021; 17:2599-2618. [PMID: 33764770 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Computational fragment-based approaches are widely used in drug design and discovery. One of their limitations is the lack of performance of docking methods, mainly the scoring functions. With the emergence of fragment-based approaches for single-stranded RNA ligands, we analyze the performance in docking and screening powers of an MCSS-based approach. The performance is evaluated on a benchmark of protein-nucleotide complexes where the four RNA residues are used as fragments. The screening power can be considered the major limiting factor for the fragment-based modeling or design of sequence-selective oligonucleotides. We show that the MCSS sampling is efficient even for such large and flexible fragments. Hybrid solvent models based on some partial explicit representations improve both the docking and screening powers. Clustering of the n best-ranked poses can also contribute to a lesser extent to better performance. A detailed analysis of molecular features suggests various ways to optimize the performance further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy González-Alemán
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91198, France.,Laboratorio de Química Computacional y Teórica (LQCT), Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana, 10400 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Nicolas Chevrollier
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91198, France
| | - Manuel Simoes
- CPC Manufacturing Analytics, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Luis Montero-Cabrera
- Laboratorio de Química Computacional y Teórica (LQCT), Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana, 10400 La Habana, Cuba
| | - Fabrice Leclerc
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette F-91198, France
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13
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Two Examples of RNA Aptamers with Antiviral Activity. Are Aptamers the Wished Antiviral Drugs? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13080157. [PMID: 32707768 PMCID: PMC7463695 DOI: 10.3390/ph13080157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The current Covid-19 pandemic has pointed out some major deficiencies of the even most advanced societies to fight against viral RNA infections. Once more, it has been demonstrated that there is a lack of efficient drugs to control RNA viruses. Aptamers are efficient ligands of a great variety of molecules including proteins and nucleic acids. Their specificity and mechanism of action make them very promising molecules for interfering with the function encoded in viral RNA genomes. RNA viruses store essential information in conserved structural genomic RNA elements that promote important steps for the consecution of the infective cycle. This work describes two well documented examples of RNA aptamers with antiviral activity against highly conserved structural domains of the HIV-1 and HCV RNA genome, respectively, performed in our laboratory. They are two good examples that illustrate the potential of the aptamers to fill the therapeutic gaps in the fight against RNA viruses.
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14
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Mignani S, Shi X, Ceña V, Majoral JP. Dendrimer- and polymeric nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates as nonviral delivery systems: a new approach in medicine. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1065-1073. [PMID: 32283193 PMCID: PMC7151348 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers are RNA or DNA oligonucleotides interacting to form unique 3D target conformations with high affinity and specificity, and are emerging as a powerful class of ligands for therapeutic applications. In addition, dendrimers are well-defined nano-sized symmetric polymeric molecules. In this review, we provide an analysis of the use of dendrimers modified with aptamers as nonviral vectors to specifically target tumor cells. Various anticancer agents have been encapsulated with dendrimers complexing with aptamers, including epirubicin, camptothecin, Bcl-xL short hairpin (sh)RNA, and 5-fluorouracil rhodamine-labeled dextran. Other types of polymeric nanoparticle (NP)-aptamer bioconjugates have also been developed and loaded with Pt(IV) derivatives, to target specific tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Mignani
- Université Paris Descartes, PRES Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 860, Laboratoire de Chimie et de Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologique, 45, rue des Saints Peres, 75006 Paris, France; CQM - Centro de Química da Madeira, MMRG, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal.
| | - Xangyang Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, PR China.
| | - Valentin Ceña
- CIBERNED, ISCII, Madrid, Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Almansa, 14, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Jean-Pierre Majoral
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse Cedex 4, France; Université Toulouse 118 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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15
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Qiu L, Zou X. Scoring Functions for Protein-RNA Complex Structure Prediction: Advances, Applications, and Future Directions. COMMUNICATIONS IN INFORMATION AND SYSTEMS 2020; 20:1-22. [PMID: 33867869 DOI: 10.4310/cis.2020.v20.n1.a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein-RNA interaction is among the most essential of biological events in living cells, being involved in protein synthesizing, RNA processing and transport, DNA transcription, and regulation of gene expression, and many other critical bio-molecular activities. A thorough understanding of this interaction is of paramount importance in fundamental study of a variety of vital cellular processes and therapeutic application for remedy of a broad range of diseases. Experimental high-resolution 3D structure determination is the primary source of knowledge for protein-RNA complexes. However, due to technical limitations, the existing techniques for experimental structure determination couldn't match the demand from fast growing interest in academia and industry. This problem necessitates the alternative high-throughput computational method for protein-RNA complex structure prediction. Similar to the in silico methods used for protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions, a reliable prediction of protein-RNA complex structure requires a scoring function with commensurate discriminatory power. Derived from determined structures and purposed to predict the to-be-determined structures, the scoring function is not only a predictive tool but also a gauge of our knowledge of protein-RNA interaction. In this review, we present an overview of the status of existing scoring functions and the scientific principle behind their constructions as well as their strengths and limitations. Finally, we will discuss about future directions of the scoring function development for protein-RNA structure prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Qiu
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Xiaoqin Zou
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211.,Informatics Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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16
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Yan J, Xiong H, Cai S, Wen N, He Q, Liu Y, Peng D, Liu Z. Advances in aptamer screening technologies. Talanta 2019; 200:124-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Stryjewski TP, Stefater JA, Eliott D. Pharmaceutical Formulation Methods for Improving Retinal Drug Delivery. Semin Ophthalmol 2019; 34:218-222. [PMID: 31146619 DOI: 10.1080/08820538.2019.1620799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical pharmacology training for clinicians typically focuses on a drug's Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient. However, pharmaceutical formulation, the process of optimizing manufacturing methods and excipients to make a final drug product, is a critical process in determining whether a potential drug can become a realistic, routinely used therapeutic agent. This review focuses on the formulation methods used in commonly prescribed retina drug products.
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18
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Wu M, Liu Y, Zhang H, Lian M, Chen J, Jiang H, Xu Y, Shan G, Wu S. Intravenous injection of l-aspartic acid β-hydroxamate attenuates choroidal neovascularization via anti-VEGF and anti-inflammation. Exp Eye Res 2019; 182:93-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Wang B, Li PK, Ma JX, Chen D. Therapeutic Effects of a Novel Phenylphthalimide Analog for Corneal Neovascularization and Retinal Vascular Leakage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:3630-3642. [PMID: 30029250 PMCID: PMC6054429 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Neovascularization (NV) and retinal vascular leakage are major causes of impaired vision in ocular diseases. The purpose of this study was to identify novel phenylphthalimide analogs with therapeutic effects on NV and vascular leakage and to explore the mechanism of action. Methods Antiangiogenic activities of novel phenylphthalimide analogs were assessed in vitro by using VEGF ELISA and endothelial cell proliferation assay. Their efficacies on retinal vascular leakage were evaluated using rat models of oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. The in vivo antiangiogenic activity was evaluated using topical administration in the alkali burn-induced corneal NV model. The expression of VEGF and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) were measured using ELISA. Results Thalidomide and three novel analogs all showed inhibitory effects on endothelial cell proliferation and VEGF expression in vitro. Through intravitreal injection, all of the compounds reduced retinal vascular leakage in the OIR and STZ-induced diabetic models. Among these compounds, (2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-5-amino-1H-isoindole-1,3-dione (DAID) displayed the most potent efficacy and reduced retinal vascular leakage in a dose-dependent manner in both the OIR and STZ-diabetes models. Topical administration of DAID also inhibited alkali burn-induced corneal NV. Furthermore, DAID attenuated the overexpression of VEGF and ICAM-1 in the retina of the OIR model. Intravitreal injection of DAID did not result in any detectable side effects, as shown by electroretinogram and retinal histological analysis. Conclusions DAID is a novel phenylphthalimide analog with potent effects on NV and retinal vascular leakage through downregulation of VEGF and inflammatory factors and has therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian Province, China
| | - Pui-Kai Li
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Jian-Xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
| | - Danyang Chen
- Charlesson, LLC, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
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20
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Urak KT, Blanco GN, Shubham S, Lin LH, Dassie JP, Thiel WH, Chen Y, Sonkar VK, Lei B, Murthy S, Gutierrez WR, Wilson ME, Stiber JA, Klesney-Tait J, Dayal S, Miller FJ, Giangrande PH. RNA inhibitors of nuclear proteins responsible for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Nat Commun 2019; 10:116. [PMID: 30631065 PMCID: PMC6328615 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-08030-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) following infection or tissue injury is associated with increased patient morbidity and mortality. Extensive cellular injury results in the release of nuclear proteins, of which histones are the most abundant, into the circulation. Circulating histones are implicated as essential mediators of MODS. Available anti-histone therapies have failed in clinical trials due to off-target effects such as bleeding and toxicity. Here, we describe a therapeutic strategy for MODS based on the neutralization of histones by chemically stabilized nucleic acid bio-drugs (aptamers). Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment technology identified aptamers that selectively bind those histones responsible for MODS and do not bind to serum proteins. We demonstrate the efficacy of histone-specific aptamers in human cells and in a murine model of MODS. These aptamers could have a significant therapeutic benefit in the treatment of multiple diverse clinical conditions associated with MODS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Urak
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Giselle N Blanco
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | | | - Li-Hsien Lin
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Justin P Dassie
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - William H Thiel
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Yani Chen
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | | | - Beilei Lei
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Shubha Murthy
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Wade R Gutierrez
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Mary E Wilson
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.,Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52241, USA
| | | | | | - Sanjana Dayal
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Francis J Miller
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA. .,Pharmacology and Cancer Biology Program, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA. .,Deptartment of Medicine, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27705, USA.
| | - Paloma H Giangrande
- Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Molecular & Cellular Biology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA. .,Environmental Health Sciences Research Center (EHSRC), University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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21
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Cai S, Yan J, Xiong H, Liu Y, Peng D, Liu Z. Investigations on the interface of nucleic acid aptamers and binding targets. Analyst 2019; 143:5317-5338. [PMID: 30357118 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01467a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA of 20-100 nucleotides in length that have attracted substantial scientific interest due to their ability to specifically bind to target molecules via the formation of three-dimensional structures. Compared to traditional protein antibodies, aptamers have several advantages, such as their small size, high binding affinity, specificity, flexible structure, being chemical synthesizable and modifiable, good biocompatibility, high stability and low immunogenicity, which all contribute to their widely applications in the biomedical field. To date, much progress has been made in the study and applications of aptamers, however, detailed information on how aptamers bind to their targets is still scarce. Over the past few decades, many methods have been introduced to investigate the aptamer-target binding process, such as measuring the main kinetic or thermodynamic parameters, detecting the structural changes of the binding complexes, etc. Apart from traditional physicochemical methods, various types of molecular docking programs have been applied to simulate the aptamer-target interactions, while these simulations also have limitations. To facilitate the further research on the interactions, herein, we provide a brief review to illustrate the recent advances in the study of aptamer-target interactions. We summarize the binding targets of aptamers, such as small molecules, macromolecules, and even cells. Their binding constants (KD) are also summarized. Methods to probe the aptamer-target binding process, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), circular dichroism spectroscopy (CD), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), footprinting assay, truncation and mutation assay, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), X-ray crystallography and molecular docking simulation are indicated. The binding forces mediating the aptamer-target interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, the hydrophobic effect, π-π stacking and van der Waals forces are summarized. The challenges and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shundong Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, PR China.
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22
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Kim J, Jang D, Park H, Jung S, Kim DH, Kim WJ. Functional-DNA-Driven Dynamic Nanoconstructs for Biomolecule Capture and Drug Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1707351. [PMID: 30062803 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of sequence-specific hybridization has allowed the development of DNA nanotechnology, which is divided into two categories: 1) structural DNA nanotechnology, which utilizes DNA as a biopolymer; and 2) dynamic DNA nanotechnology, which focuses on the catalytic reactions or displacement of DNA structures. Recently, numerous attempts have been made to combine DNA nanotechnologies with functional DNAs such as aptamers, DNAzymes, amplified DNA, polymer-conjugated DNA, and DNA loaded on functional nanoparticles for various applications; thus, the new interdisciplinary research field of "functional DNA nanotechnology" is initiated. In particular, a fine-tuned nanostructure composed of functional DNAs has shown immense potential as a programmable nanomachine by controlling DNA dynamics triggered by specific environments. Moreover, the programmability and predictability of functional DNA have enabled the use of DNA nanostructures as nanomedicines for various biomedical applications, such as cargo delivery and molecular drugs via stimuli-mediated dynamic structural changes of functional DNAs. Here, the concepts and recent case studies of functional DNA nanotechnology and nanostructures in nanomedicine are reviewed, and future prospects of functional DNA for nanomedicine are indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhwan Kim
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Donghyun Jang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Hyeongmok Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Sungjin Jung
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
| | - Dae Heon Kim
- Department of Biology, Sunchon National University, Sunchon, 57922, Korea
| | - Won Jong Kim
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Korea
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23
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Duan N, Wu S, Dai S, Gu H, Hao L, Ye H, Wang Z. Advances in aptasensors for the detection of food contaminants. Analyst 2018; 141:3942-61. [PMID: 27265444 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00952b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Food safety is a global health objective, and foodborne diseases represent a major crisis in health. Techniques that are simple and suitable for fast screening to detect and identify pathogenic factors in the food chain are vital to ensure food safety. At present, a variety of analytical methods have been reported for the detection of pathogenic agents. Whereas the sensitivity of detection and quantification are still important challenges, we expect major advances from new assay formats and synthetic bio-recognition elements, such as aptamers. Owing to the specific folding capability of aptamers in the presence of an analyte, aptasensors have substantially and successfully been exploited for the detection of a wide range of small and large molecules (e.g., toxins, antibiotics, heavy metals, bacteria, viruses) at very low concentrations. Here, we review the use of aptasensors for the development of highly sensitive and affordable detection tools for food analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Shijia Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Shaoliang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Huajie Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Liling Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Hua Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Zhouping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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24
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Therapeutic aptamers in discovery, preclinical and clinical stages. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 134:51-64. [PMID: 30125605 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The aptamer field witnessed steady growth during the past 28 years as evident from the exponentially increasing number of related publications. The field is "coming of age", but like other biomedical research areas facing a global push towards translational research to carry ideas from bench- to bedside, there is pressure to show impact for aptamers at the clinical end. Being easy-to-make, non-immunogenic, stable and high-affinity nano-ligands, aptamers are perfectly poised to move in this direction. They can specifically bind targets ranging from small molecules to complex multimeric structures, making them potentially useful in a limitless variety of therapeutic approaches. This review will summarize efforts made to accomplish the therapeutic promise of aptamers, with a focus on aptamers directly acting as therapeutic molecules, rather than those used in targeted delivery of other drugs. The review will showcase representative examples at various stages of development, covering different disease categories.
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25
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Catuogno S, Esposito CL, Condorelli G, de Franciscis V. Nucleic acids delivering nucleic acids. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 134:79-93. [PMID: 29630917 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid therapeutics, including siRNAs, miRNAs/antimiRs, gRNAs and ASO, represent innovative and highly promising molecules for the safe treatment of a wide range of pathologies. The efficiency of systemic treatments is impeded by 1) the need to overcome physical and functional barriers in the organism, and 2) to accumulate in the intracellular active site at therapeutic concentrations. Although oligonucleotides either as modified naked molecules or complexed with delivery carriers have revealed to be effectively delivered to the affected target cells, this is restricted to topic treatments or to a few highly vascularized tissues. Therefore, the development of effective strategies for therapeutic nucleic acid selective delivery to target tissues is of primary importance in order to reduce the occurrence of undesired effects on non-target healthy tissues and to permit their translation to clinic. Due to their high affinity for specific ligands, high tissue penetration and chemical flexibility, short single-stranded nucleic acid aptamers are emerging as very attractive carriers for various therapeutic oligonucleotides. Yet, different aptamer-based bioconjugates, able to provide accumulation into target tissues, as well as efficient processing of therapeutic oligonucleotides, have been developed. In this respect, nucleic acid aptamer-mediated delivery strategies represent a powerful approach able to increase the therapeutic efficacy also highly reducing the overall toxicity. In this review, we will summarize recent progress in the field and discuss achieved objectives and optimization of aptamers as delivery carriers of short oligonucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Catuogno
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Lucia Esposito
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy
| | - Gerolama Condorelli
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, "Federico II" University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vittorio de Franciscis
- Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Naples, Italy.
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26
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Zhang R, Sun X, Niu B. The importance of pegaptanib sodium treatment for patients with vascular active vitreoretinopathy. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:6002-6006. [PMID: 29285149 PMCID: PMC5740564 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to report the importance of pegaptanib sodium (PGSD) injection treatment for vascular active vitreoretinopathy (VAVR). A total of 82 patients with VAVR diagnosed by increasing subretinal exudation were enrolled and received a single intravitreal injection of PGSD. The efficacies of PGSD for patients with VAVR were analyzed using photography, fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography. The pathological changes in vascular activity, amount of exudation and visual acuity between the PGSD, and placebo group were also compared. The results demonstrated that the PGSD injection significantly decreased subretinal exudation and leakage compared with the placebo when assessed using fluorescein angiography in a 12-month follow-up. It was observed that the PGSD injection inhibited inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α for patients with VAVR compared with the placebo. Furthermore, results demonstrated that the average inflammation score and intraocular pressure was significantly decreased compared with the placebo. Visual acuity was improved from 1.3 to 0.7 in the majority of patients in the PGSD group. In conclusion, the outcomes of the present study indicate that the PGSD intravitreal injection is an efficient treatment option for patients with VAVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Physical Examination Department, Sino-Singapore Eco-City Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Eco-City, Tianjin 300467, P.R. China
| | - Xin Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Cancer, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Bo Niu
- Physical Examination Department, Sino-Singapore Eco-City Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Eco-City, Tianjin 300467, P.R. China
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27
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Abstract
PDGFs and their receptors are critical regulators of numerous tissues and organs, including the eye. Extensive studies have shown that PDGFs and their receptors play critical roles in many ocular neovascular diseases, such as neovascular age-related macular degeneration, retinopathy of prematurity, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy. In addition, PDGFs and PDGFRs are also important players in ocular diseases involving the degeneration of retinal neuronal and vascular cells, such as glaucoma and retinitis pigmentosa. Due to their critical roles in the pathogenesis of many blinding ocular diseases, the PDGFs and PDGFRs have been considered as important target molecules for the treatment of eye diseases. PDGF-C and PDGF-D are relatively new members of the PDGF family and are potent angiogenic and survival factors. Recent studies have demonstrated their important roles in different types of eye diseases. Thus, modulating PDGF-C and PDGF-D activities may have therapeutic values for the treatment of ocular neovascular and degenerative diseases. This review mainly summarizes the recent advances on PDGF-C and PDGF-D biology in relationship to some major ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China
| | - Xuri Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, 54 South Xianlie Road, Guangzhou 510060, Guangdong, PR China.
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Purvis SH, Keefer JR, Fortenberry YM, Barron-Casella EA, Casella JF. Identification of Aptamers That Bind to Sickle Hemoglobin and Inhibit Its Polymerization. Nucleic Acid Ther 2017; 27:354-364. [PMID: 29039727 DOI: 10.1089/nat.2016.0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of sickle cell disease (SCD) is dependent on the polymerization of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin (HbS), leading to erythrocyte deformation (sickling) and vaso-occlusion within the microvasculature. Following deoxygenation, there is a delay time before polymerization is initiated, during which nucleation of HbS monomers occurs. An agent with the ability to extend this delay time or slow polymerization would therefore hold a therapeutic, possibly curative, potential. We used the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) method to screen for HbS-binding RNA aptamers modified with nuclease-resistant 2'-fluoropyrimidines. Polymerization assays were employed to identify aptamers with polymerization-inhibitory properties. Two noncompeting aptamers, DE3A and OX3B, were found to bind hemoglobin, significantly increase the delay time, and reduce the rate of polymerization of HbS. These modifiable, nuclease-resistant aptamers are potential new therapeutic agents for SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley H Purvis
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey R Keefer
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yolanda M Fortenberry
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Emily A Barron-Casella
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James F Casella
- Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase lipid metabolites are significant second messengers in the resolution of choroidal neovascularization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7545-E7553. [PMID: 28827330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620898114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness for individuals age 50 and above in the developed world. Abnormal growth of choroidal blood vessels, or choroidal neovascularization (CNV), is a hallmark of the neovascular (wet) form of advanced AMD and leads to significant vision loss. A growing body of evidence supports a strong link between neovascular disease and inflammation. Metabolites of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from the cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenase pathway serve as vital second messengers that regulate a number of hormones and growth factors involved in inflammation and vascular function. Using transgenic mice with altered CYP lipid biosynthetic pathways in a mouse model of laser-induced CNV, we characterized the role of these lipid metabolites in regulating neovascular disease. We discovered that the CYP-derived lipid metabolites epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EDPs) and epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EEQs) are vital in dampening CNV severity. Specifically, overexpression of the monooxygenase CYP2C8 or genetic ablation or inhibition of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzyme led to increased levels of EDP and EEQ with attenuated CNV development. In contrast, when we promoted the degradation of these CYP-derived metabolites by transgenic overexpression of sEH, the protective effect against CNV was lost. We found that these molecules work in part through their ability to regulate the expression of key leukocyte adhesion molecules, on both leukocytes and endothelial cells, thereby mediating leukocyte recruitment. These results suggest that CYP lipid signaling molecules and their regulators are potential therapeutic targets in neovascular diseases.
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Inhibiting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Injured Intervertebral Discs Attenuates Pain-Related Neuropeptide Expression in Dorsal Root Ganglia in Rats. Asian Spine J 2017; 11:556-561. [PMID: 28874973 PMCID: PMC5573849 DOI: 10.4184/asj.2017.11.4.556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN An experimental animal study. PURPOSE To evaluate effects of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on the content and distribution of the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the dorsal ganglia in a rat model. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE Increased expression of VEGF in degenerative disc disease increases the levels of inflammatory cytokines and nerve ingrowth into the damaged discs. In animal models, increased levels of VEGF can persist for up to 2 weeks after an injury. METHODS Through abdominal surgery, the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) innervating L5/L6 intervertebral disc were labeled (FluoroGold neurotracer) in 24, 8-week old Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were randomly allocated to three groups of eight rats each. The anti-VEGF group underwent L5/6 intervertebral disc puncture using a 26-gauge needle, intradiscal injection of 33.3 µg of the pegaptanib sodium, a VEGF165 aptamer. The control-puncture group underwent disc puncture and intradiscal injection of 10 µL saline solution, and the sham-surgery group underwent labeling but no disc puncture. Two rats in each group were sacrificed on postoperative days 1, 7, 14, and 28 after surgery. L1-L6 DRGs were harvested, sectioned, and immunostained to detect the content and distribution of CGRP. RESULTS Compared with the control, the percentage of CGRP-positive cells was lower in the anti-VEGF group (p<0.05; 40.6% and 58.1% on postoperative day 1, 44.3% and 55.4% on day 7, and 42.4% and 59.3% on day 14). The percentage was higher in the control group compared with that of the sham group (p<0.05; sham group, 34.1%, 40.7%, and 33.7% on postoperative days 1, 7, and 14, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Decreasing CGRP-positive cells using anti-VEGF therapy provides fundamental evidence for a possible therapeutic role of anti-VEGF in patients with discogenic lower back pain.
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Mor-Vaknin N, Saha A, Legendre M, Carmona-Rivera C, Amin MA, Rabquer BJ, Gonzales-Hernandez MJ, Jorns J, Mohan S, Yalavarthi S, Pai DA, Angevine K, Almburg SJ, Knight JS, Adams BS, Koch AE, Fox DA, Engelke DR, Kaplan MJ, Markovitz DM. DEK-targeting DNA aptamers as therapeutics for inflammatory arthritis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14252. [PMID: 28165452 PMCID: PMC5303823 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel therapeutics are required for improving the management of chronic inflammatory diseases. Aptamers are single-stranded RNA or DNA molecules that have recently shown utility in a clinical setting, as they can specifically neutralize biomedically relevant proteins, particularly cell surface and extracellular proteins. The nuclear chromatin protein DEK is a secreted chemoattractant that is abundant in the synovia of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Here, we show that DEK is crucial to the development of arthritis in mouse models, thus making it an appropriate target for aptamer-based therapy. Genetic depletion of DEK or treatment with DEK-targeted aptamers significantly reduces joint inflammation in vivo and greatly impairs the ability of neutrophils to form neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). DEK is detected in spontaneously forming NETs from JIA patient synovial neutrophils, and DEK-targeted aptamers reduce NET formation. DEK is thus key to joint inflammation, and anti-DEK aptamers hold promise for the treatment of JIA and other types of arthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Aptamers, Nucleotide/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Juvenile/immunology
- Arthritis, Juvenile/therapy
- Chemotactic Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemotactic Factors/genetics
- Chemotactic Factors/immunology
- Chemotactic Factors/metabolism
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/immunology
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Extracellular Traps/immunology
- Extracellular Traps/metabolism
- Female
- Healthy Volunteers
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Oncogene Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins/immunology
- Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins/genetics
- Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins/immunology
- Poly-ADP-Ribose Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Primary Cell Culture
- Synovial Fluid/chemistry
- Synovial Fluid/cytology
- Synovial Fluid/immunology
- Zymosan/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirit Mor-Vaknin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Anjan Saha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Maureen Legendre
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Carmelo Carmona-Rivera
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - M Asif Amin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Bradley J. Rabquer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Marta J. Gonzales-Hernandez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Julie Jorns
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Smriti Mohan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Srilakshmi Yalavarthi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Dave A. Pai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Kristine Angevine
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Shelley J. Almburg
- Microscopy & Image – Analysis Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Deceased
| | - Jason S. Knight
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Barbara S. Adams
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Alisa E. Koch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- VA Medical Service, Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
| | - David A. Fox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - David R. Engelke
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mariana J. Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David M. Markovitz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
- Programs in Immunology, Cellular & Molecular Biology, and Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Fischer C, Wessels H, Paschke-Kratzin A, Fischer M. Aptamers: Universal capture units for lateral flow applications. Anal Biochem 2017; 522:53-60. [PMID: 28111303 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present work demonstrates the implementation of aptamers as capture molecules for a wide range of target classes in lateral flow assay applications. The targets were chosen in order to cover a wide range of target classes (small sized - metabolite, medium sized - protein, and large sized - whole cell/spore). For each target class one target molecule was selected as representative and appropriate aptamers were used for lateral flow assay development. The work points out that the implementation of aptamers as capture molecules in a universal lateral flow test platform was successful independent form target size. Furthermore, the limit of detection for p-aminohippuric acid in urine (200 ppm), lysozyme in white wine (20 ppm), and Alicyclobacillus spores in buffered orange juice (>8 CFU/mL) were determined using aptamers as capture molecules. The whole approach is considered as a proof of concept, regarding the ability of aptamers as an alternative to antibodies (in conjunction with directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes) in lateral flow applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science; Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hauke Wessels
- Hamburg School of Food Science; Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Paschke-Kratzin
- Hamburg School of Food Science; Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science; Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Lijuan C, Xing Y, Minxi W, Wenkai L, Le D. Development of an aptamer-ampicillin conjugate for treating biofilms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 483:847-854. [PMID: 28069377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation involves the development of extracellular matrix and initially depends on adherence and tropism by flagellar movement. With the widespread development of antibiotic resistance and tolerance of biofilms, there is a growing need for novel anti-infective strategies. No currently approved medications specifically target biofilms. Aptamers are single-stranded nucleic acid molecules that may bind to their targets with high affinity and affect the target functions. We developed a bifunctional conjugate by linking an aptamer targeting bacterial flagella with ampicillin. We investigated its influence on biofilm prevention and dissolution by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, inverted microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. This conjugate had distinctive antibacterial activity. Notably, the conjugate was more active than either component, and thus had a synergistic effect against biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Lijuan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China
| | - Yan Xing
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Wu Minxi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China
| | - Li Wenkai
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China; Department of Biochemistry, The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics & School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Deng Le
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, 410081, China.
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Ospina-Villa JD, Zamorano-Carrillo A, Castañón-Sánchez CA, Ramírez-Moreno E, Marchat LA. Aptamers as a promising approach for the control of parasitic diseases. Braz J Infect Dis 2016; 20:610-618. [PMID: 27755981 PMCID: PMC9427573 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are short single-stranded RNA or DNA oligonucleotides that are capable of binding various biological targets with high affinity and specificity. Their identification initially relies on a molecular process named SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment) that has been later modified in order to improve aptamer sensitivity, minimize duration and cost of the assay, as well as increase target types. Several biochemical modifications can help to enhance aptamer stability without affecting significantly target interaction. As a result, aptamers have generated a large interest as promising tools to compete with monoclonal antibodies for detection and inhibition of specific markers of human diseases. One aptamer-based drug is currently authorized and several others are being clinically evaluated. Despite advances in the knowledge of parasite biology and host–parasite interactions from “omics” data, protozoan parasites still affect millions of people around the world and there is an urgent need for drug target discovery and novel therapeutic concepts. In this context, aptamers represent promising tools for pathogen identification and control. Recent studies have reported the identification of “aptasensors” for parasite diagnosis, and “intramers” targeting intracellular proteins. Here we discuss various strategies that have been employed for intracellular expression of aptamers and expansion of their possible application, and propose that they may be suitable for the clinical use of aptamers in parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan David Ospina-Villa
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos A Castañón-Sánchez
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Oaxaca, Subdirección de Enseñanza e Investigación, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Esther Ramírez-Moreno
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Laurence A Marchat
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
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Baghi A, Jabbarpoor Bonyadi MH, Ramezani A, Azarmina M, Moradian S, Dehghan MH, Nourinia R, Peyman GA, Yaseri M, Soheilian M. Two Doses of Intravitreal Ziv-Aflibercept versus Bevacizumab in Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema: A Three-Armed, Double-Blind Randomized Trial. Ophthalmol Retina 2016; 1:103-110. [PMID: 31047266 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the efficacy of 2 doses of intravitreal ziv-aflibercept (IVZ) with intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) in the treatment of center-involved diabetic macular edema (DME) at 12 weeks. DESIGN Three-armed, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS Eyes with center-involved DME. METHODS In this trial, 123 eyes with DME were randomly assigned to 3 injections of 1.25 mg IVZ, 2.5 mg IVZ, and 1.25 mg IVB every 4 weeks. Complete ophthalmologic examination and central macular thickness (CMT) measurement by optical coherence tomography were performed every 4 weeks up to 12 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at 12 weeks. RESULTS Although no significant difference was evident between the 2 ziv-aflibercept groups at 12 weeks, the BCVA change was significantly better in the ziv-aflibercept 1.25 mg group than in the IVB group at the 12-week visit (P = 0.021). In regard to CMT changes, there was no significant difference between the 2 ziv-aflibercept groups; however, a significantly greater reduction in CMT was observed in the ziv-aflibercept 2.5 mg group compared with the IVB group at 12 weeks (P = 0.037). Subgroup analysis disclosed no difference in BCVA outcomes at 12 weeks among the groups in the eyes with baseline BCVA ≥20/50. In the eyes with baseline BCVA <20/50, the improvement was significantly better at 12 weeks in the ziv-aflibercept 1.25 mg group compared with the IVB group (P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS The 12-week results of this trial disclosed that both 1.25 mg and 2.5 mg doses of IVZ and IVB demonstrated BCVA improvement over baseline in the treatment of center-involved DME. However, a stronger effect of IVZ compared with IVB in terms of both visual acuity improvement and macular thickness reduction was detected in the eyes with initial BCVA <20/50. Longer-term efficacy and safety data will be needed to understand the role for this drug in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadreza Baghi
- Ophthalmology Department and Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Jabbarpoor Bonyadi
- Ophthalmology Department and Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Ramezani
- Ophthalmology Department and Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Negah Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran; Torfe Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Azarmina
- Ophthalmology Department and Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Negah Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Moradian
- Ophthalmology Department and Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Negah Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Dehghan
- Ophthalmology Department and Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Negah Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Nourinia
- Ophthalmology Department and Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam A Peyman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Ophthalmology Department and Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soheilian
- Ophthalmology Department and Ophthalmic Research Center, Labbafinejad Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Negah Eye Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
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36
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Fischer C, Klockmann S, Wessels H, Hünniger T, Schrader J, Paschke-Kratzin A, Fischer M. Aptamer-based trapping of phytosphingosine in urine samples. J Biotechnol 2016; 238:30-34. [PMID: 27637314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Usually, small molecules like single metabolites used in clinical diagnostic can be quantified by instrumental approaches like LC-MS or bioanalytical techniques using antibodies or aptamers as selective receptors. The present work comprises the generation of aptamers with an affinity towards the medically relevant metabolite phytosphingosine via the previously reported just in time-Selection approach (Hünniger et al., 2014). The whole approach could be seen as a proof of concept to extend the existing just in time-Selection protocol for selection towards small molecules with dissociation constants in the low nanomolar range. Moreover it is conceivable that the shown methods could be quickly adapted to further scopes. Aptamers could be applied for clean-up or concentration processes prior to further analysis. As an example, we used the selected aptamers towards phytosphingosine bound to magnetic particles for affinity enrichment in both selection buffer and urine samples. As an outcome, enrichment factors of up to 9-fold (selection buffer)/4-fold (urine samples) were achieved by this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Fischer
- HAMBURG SCHOOL OF FOOD SCIENCE; Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Klockmann
- HAMBURG SCHOOL OF FOOD SCIENCE; Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hauke Wessels
- HAMBURG SCHOOL OF FOOD SCIENCE; Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tim Hünniger
- HAMBURG SCHOOL OF FOOD SCIENCE; Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jil Schrader
- HAMBURG SCHOOL OF FOOD SCIENCE; Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Paschke-Kratzin
- HAMBURG SCHOOL OF FOOD SCIENCE; Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- HAMBURG SCHOOL OF FOOD SCIENCE; Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Wang H, Han X, Bretz CA, Becker S, Gambhir D, Smith GW, Samulski RJ, Wittchen ES, Quilliam LA, Chrzanowska-Wodnicka M, Hartnett ME. Retinal pigment epithelial cell expression of active Rap 1a by scAAV2 inhibits choroidal neovascularization. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2016; 3:16056. [PMID: 27606349 PMCID: PMC4996131 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that increased Rap1a activity specifically in retinal pigment epithelial cells resists choroidal neovascularization (CNV), self-complementary adeno-associated virus 2 (scAAV2) with RPE65-promoter-driven GFP vectors were generated and introduced subretinally into Rap1b-deficient mice. Six-week-old mice that received subretinal control (scAAV2-Con) or constitutively active Rap1a (scAAV2-CARap1a) showed strong GFP at the 5 × 10(8) viral particle/µl dose 5 weeks later without altering retinal morphology or function. Compared to scAAV2-Con- or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-injected, eyes injected with scAAV2-CARap1a had increased Rap1 in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE)/choroidal lysates and a significant reduction in CNV volume 7 days after laser, comparable to eyes that received intravitreal anti-VEGF versus IgG control. scAAV2-CARap1a-, but not anti-VEGF-, injected eyes had increased pan-cadherin in RPE/choroids. In cultured RPE cells, increased active Rap1a inhibited TNFα-induced disassociation of junctional pan-cadherin/β-catenin complexes, increased transepithelial electrical resistance through an interaction of β-catenin with phosphorylated scaffold protein, IQGAP1, and inhibited choroidal endothelial cell (CEC) transmigration of an RPE monolayer. This evidence shows that increased Rap1a activity specifically in RPE cells is sufficient to reduce CEC transmigration and CNV and involves IQGAP1-mediated protection of RPE junctional complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- The John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Xiaokun Han
- The John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, Key Lens Research Laboratory of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Colin A Bretz
- The John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Silke Becker
- The John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Deeksha Gambhir
- The John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - George W Smith
- The John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - R Jude Samulski
- UNC Vector Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erika S Wittchen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lawrence A Quilliam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Kakoti A, Goswami P. Multifaceted analyses of the interactions between human heart type fatty acid binding protein and its specific aptamers. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1861:3289-3299. [PMID: 27545084 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aptamer-protein interaction studies have been mainly confined to dissociation constant (Kd) determination. A combinatorial approach involving limited proteolysis mass spectroscopy, molecular docking and CD studies is reported here to elucidate the specific interactions involved. METHODS To generate aptamers specific for human FABP3, SELEX was performed incorporating counter SELEX cycles against control FABPs and GST tag, followed by their characterization by EMSA, CD and SVD analysis. Based on computationally obtained aptamer-protein complex models, the interacting aptamer, and protein residues were predicted and supported by limited proteolysis experiments. RESULTS Two aptamers N13 and N53 specific for human fatty acid binding protein (FABP3) were isolated with corresponding Kd of 0.0743±0.0142μM and 0.3337±0.1485μM for FABP3 interactions. Both aptamers possess stable B-DNA structures at salt concentration of 100mM and pH range (6-9). The N13 aptamer led interaction involved 3 salt bridges and 2 hydrogen bonds, whereas N53 had 2 salt bridges with 8 hydrogen and 7 hydrophobic interactions. CONCLUSIONS The aptamers generated are the first to be reported against human FABP3. The higher interaction footprint of N53 incited synergistic conformational changes in both N53 and FABP3 during interaction, leading to a decline in binding affinity in comparison to N13 which corroborated to the calculated Kd values. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This combinatorial method may be used to retrieve the possible specific binding modes and interaction patterns involved in large aptamer-protein complexes. Thus the method can be exploited to identify the optimum aptamer length for in-depth structure-function studies and its tailored applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankana Kakoti
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Pranab Goswami
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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Aptamers in hematological malignancies and their potential therapeutic implications. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 106:108-17. [PMID: 27637356 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aptamers are short DNA/RNA oligonucleotides selected by the process called Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX). Due to their functional similarity to monoclonal antibodies with some superior characters, such as high specificity and affinity, flexible modification and stability, and lack of toxicity and immunogenicity, they are promising alternative and complementary targeted therapy for hematologic malignancies. The trends in aptamer technology including production, selection, modifications are briefly discussed in this review. The key aspect is to illustrate aptamers against cancer cells in hematologic malignancies especially those that have entered clinical trials. We also discuss some challenges remain in the application of aptamers.
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Sridharan K, Gogtay NJ. Therapeutic nucleic acids: current clinical status. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 82:659-72. [PMID: 27111518 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are simple linear polymers that have been the subject of considerable research in the last two decades and have now moved into the realm of being stand-alone therapeutic agents. Much of this has stemmed from the appreciation that they carry out myriad functions that go beyond mere storage of genetic information and protein synthesis. Therapy with nucleic acids either uses unmodified DNA or RNA or closely related compounds. From both a development and regulatory perspective, they fall somewhere between small molecules and biologics. Several of these compounds are in clinical development and many have received regulatory approval for human use. This review addresses therapeutic uses of DNA based on antisense oligonucleotides, DNA aptamers and gene therapy; and therapeutic uses of RNA including micro RNAs, short interfering RNAs, ribozymes, RNA decoys and circular RNAs. With their specificity, functional diversity and limited toxicity, therapeutic nucleic acids hold enormous promise. However, challenges that need to be addressed include targeted delivery, mass production at low cost, sustaining efficacy and minimizing off-target toxicity. Technological developments will hold the key to this and help accelerate drug approvals in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Sridharan
- Department of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji
| | - Nithya Jaideep Gogtay
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a signaling protein, that controls vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, vascular support and stimulates permeability of small blood vessels. The following isoforms are presently known: VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-В and PGF. VEGF-A, that regulates neoangiogenesis and fibroblast formation, is thought to play the most important role in human organism. Increased expression of VEGF may lead to development and aggravation of pathological conditions including oncology. The article presents a review of preclinical and clinical studies of the main VEGF-inhibitors - bevacizumab and ranibizumab, as well as a brief account on other existing medications of this group. It describes ophthalmological indications for the use of antiangiogenetic agents, as well as the ways of their possible off-label use. The review presents investigations of intravitreal and intracameral injections of VEGF-inhibitors in patients with retinal, chorioidal, iris, and anterior chamber angle neovascularization. It gives examples of successful anti-VEGF use before Ahmed glaucoma valve drainage device implantation and in cases of neovascular glaucoma, induced by radiation therapy for intraocular tumors. Tenon’s capsule’s fibroblasts take part in the process of postoperative wound healing and scarring. According to the latest research, this process could be modulated by angiogenesis inhibitors. This review also recounts the use of anti-angiogenic agents to inhibit postoperative fibroblast proliferation, when used as monotherapy, or as an adjuvant to mitomycin С or 5-fluorouracil. It reviews the research on VEGF-inibitors use in combination with postoperative needling.
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Molecular Selection, Modification and Development of Therapeutic Oligonucleotide Aptamers. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:358. [PMID: 26978355 PMCID: PMC4813219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are the dominant agents used in inhibition of biological target molecules for disease therapeutics, but there are concerns of immunogenicity, production, cost and stability. Oligonucleotide aptamers have comparable affinity and specificity to targets with monoclonal antibodies whilst they have minimal immunogenicity, high production, low cost and high stability, thus are promising inhibitors to rival antibodies for disease therapy. In this review, we will compare the detailed advantages and disadvantages of antibodies and aptamers in therapeutic applications and summarize recent progress in aptamer selection and modification approaches. We will present therapeutic oligonucleotide aptamers in preclinical studies for skeletal diseases and further discuss oligonucleotide aptamers in different stages of clinical evaluation for various disease therapies including macular degeneration, cancer, inflammation and coagulation to highlight the bright commercial future and potential challenges of therapeutic oligonucleotide aptamers.
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Abstract
In the past two decades, aptamers have emerged as a novel class of molecular recognition probes comprising uniquely-folded short RNA or single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides that bind to their cognate targets with high specificity and affinity. Aptamers, often referred to as "chemical antibodies", possess several highly desirable features for clinical use. They can be chemically synthesized and are easily conjugated to a wide range of reporters for different applications, and are able to rapidly penetrate tissues. These advantages significantly enhance their clinical applicability, and render them excellent alternatives to antibody-based probes in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Aptamer probes based on fluorescence, colorimetry, magnetism, electrochemistry, and in conjunction with nanomaterials (e.g., nanoparticles, quantum dots, single-walled carbon nanotubes, and magnetic nanoparticles) have provided novel ultrasensitive cancer diagnostic strategies and assays. Furthermore, promising aptamer targeted-multimodal tumor imaging probes have been recently developed in conjunction with fluorescence, positron emission tomography (PET), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The capabilities of the aptamer-based platforms described herein underscore the great potential they hold for the future of cancer detection. In this review, we highlight the most prominent recent developments in this rapidly advancing field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongguang Sun
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Weihong Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Physiology and Functional Genomics, Center for Research at the Bio/Nano Interface, Shands Cancer Center, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, USA
| | - Youli Zu
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Wu Q, Wu L, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Song Y, Tan Y, Wang XF, Li J, Kang D, Yang CJ. Evolution of DNA aptamers for malignant brain tumor gliosarcoma cell recognition and clinical tissue imaging. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 80:1-8. [PMID: 26802746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Gliosarcoma, a variant of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is a highly invasive malignant tumor. Unfortunately, this disease still marked by poor prognosis regardless of modern treatments. It is of great significance to discover specific molecular probes targeting gliosarcoma for early cancer diagnosis and therapy. Herein, we have selected a group of DNA aptamers with high affinity and selectivity against gliosarcoma cells K308 using cell-SELEX. All the dissociation constants of these aptamers against gliosarcoma cells were in the nanomolar range and aptamer WQY-9 has the highest affinity and good selectivity among them. Furthermore, truncated aptamer sequence, WQY-9-B, shows similar recognition ability to aptamer WQY-9. In addition, WQY-9-B was found to be able to bind selectively and internalize into cytoplasm of target cancer cell at 37 °C. More importantly, compared to a random sequence, aptamer WQY-9-B showed excellent recognition rate (73.3%) for tissue sections of clinical gliosarcoma samples. These data suggests that aptamer WQY-9-B has excellent potential as an effective molecular probe for gliosarcoma diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyi Wu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China
| | - Liang Wu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China
| | - Yuzhe Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China
| | - Zhi Zhu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Yanling Song
- The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China; The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Yuyu Tan
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Xing-Fu Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China
| | - Jiuxing Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Dezhi Kang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Department of Neurosurgery, Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, PR China.
| | - Chaoyong James Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory for Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Department of Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China.
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Lin H, Song P, Zhao Y, Xue LJ, Liu Y, Chu CQ. Targeting Th17 Cells with Small Molecules and Small Interference RNA. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:290657. [PMID: 26792955 PMCID: PMC4697089 DOI: 10.1155/2015/290657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells play a central role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases via the production of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin- (IL-) 17, IL-17F, and IL-22. Anti-IL-17 monoclonal antibodies show potent efficacy in psoriasis but poor effect in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Crohn's disease. Alternative agents targeting Th17 cells may be a better way to inhibit the development and function of Th17 cells than antibodies of blocking a single effector cytokine. Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt) which acts as the master transcription factor of Th17 differentiation has been an attractive pharmacologic target for the treatment of Th17-mediated autoimmune disease. Recent progress in technology of chemical screen and engineering nucleic acid enable two new classes of therapeutics targeting RORγt. Chemical screen technology identified several small molecule specific inhibitors of RORγt from a small molecule library. Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technology enabled target specific aptamers to be isolated from a random sequence oligonucleotide library. In this review, we highlight the development and therapeutic potential of small molecules inhibiting Th17 cells by targeting RORγt and aptamer mediated CD4(+) T cell specific delivery of small interference RNA against RORγt gene expression to inhibit pathogenic effector functions of Th17 lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Pingfang Song
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Li-Jia Xue
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Cong-Qiu Chu
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University and VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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Kiire CA, Morjaria R, Rudenko A, Fantato A, Smith L, Smith A, Chong V. Intravitreal pegaptanib for the treatment of ischemic diabetic macular edema. Clin Ophthalmol 2015; 9:2305-11. [PMID: 26715833 PMCID: PMC4686329 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s90322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pegaptanib has been shown to be effective in treating diabetic macular edema (DME). In the original Phase II/III trial, however, patients with macular ischemia were excluded. In this study, we treated patients with ischemic DME. Methods Macular ischemia was defined as a 30% increase in the area of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) at 45 seconds on fundus fluorescein angiography. In addition, the participants had diffuse foveal-involving DME with a central subfield thickness (CST) of >300 μm on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Five intravitreal pegaptanib injections were given 6 weeks apart. The final study visit was 6 weeks after the fifth injection. The primary outcome was change in the size of FAZ. Secondary outcomes were change in best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and the change in CST. Results Thirty participants were enrolled. Three were unable to complete the full course of treatment. Their outcomes were carried forward for the first part of this analysis. There was no statistically significant change in the mean size of the FAZ from baseline to the final visit. Subclassifying participants as those with minimal/moderate ischemia (16 participants, FAZ area <1,000 pixels) and those with more severe ischemia (14 participants, FAZ area >1,000 pixels) also showed no statistically significant change in the mean area of the FAZ. On average, BCVA increased and CST decreased from baseline to the final visit, but these changes were not statistically significant. Using per protocol analysis on those participants who completed the full course of treatment, the mean BCVA increased from 49.2 to 53.9 letters (P=0.046). Conclusion In this study, intravitreal injection of pegaptanib did not significantly alter the size of the FAZ in participants with varying degrees of ischemic DME. There was, however, a significant improvement in mean BCVA in those who completed the treatment course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine A Kiire
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Rupal Morjaria
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Anna Rudenko
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexina Fantato
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Lewis Smith
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Smith
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Victor Chong
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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Dickey DD, Giangrande PH. Oligonucleotide aptamers: A next-generation technology for the capture and detection of circulating tumor cells. Methods 2015; 97:94-103. [PMID: 26631715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A critical challenge for treating cancer is the early identification of those patients who are at greatest risk of developing metastatic disease. The number of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in cancer patients has recently been shown to be a valuable (and non-invasively accessible) diagnostic indicator of the state of metastatic disease. CTCs are rare cancer cells found in the blood circulation of cancer patients believed to provide a means of diagnosing the likelihood for metastatic spread and assessing response to therapy in advanced, as well as early stage disease settings. Numerous technical efforts have been made to reliably detect and quantify CTCs, but the development of a universal assay has proven quite difficult. Notable challenges for developing a broadly useful CTC-based diagnostic assay are the development of easy-to-operate methods that (1) are sufficiently sensitive to reliably detect the small number of CTCs that are present in the circulation and (2) can capture the molecular heterogeneity of tumor cells. In this review, we describe recent progress towards the application of synthetic oligonucleotide aptamers as promising, novel, robust tools for the isolation and detection of CTCs. Advantages and challenges of the aptamer approach are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D Dickey
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Paloma H Giangrande
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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Lenalidomide, an anti-tumor drug, regulates retinal endothelial cell function: Implication for treating ocular neovascular disorder. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:678-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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A Highlight of Recent Advances in Aptamer Technology and Its Application. Molecules 2015; 20:11959-80. [PMID: 26133761 PMCID: PMC6331864 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200711959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aptamers and SELEX (systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment) technology have gained increasing attention over the past 25 years. Despite their functional similarity to protein antibodies, oligonucleotide aptamers have many unique properties that are suitable for clinical applications and industrialization. Aptamers may be superior to antibodies in fields such as biomarker discovery, in vitro and in vivo diagnosis, precisely controlled drug release, and targeted therapy. However, aptamer commercialization has not occurred as quickly as expected, and few aptamer-based products have yet successfully entered clinical and industrial use. Thus, it is important to critically review some technical barriers of aptamer and SELEX technology per se that may impede aptamer development and application. To date, how to rapidly obtain aptamers with superior bioavailability over antibodies remains the key issue. In this review, we discuss different chemical and structural modification strategies aimed to enhance aptamer bioavailability. We also discuss improvements to SELEX process steps to shorten the selection period and improve the SELEX process success rate. Applications in which aptamers are particularly suited and perform differently or superior to antibodies are briefly introduced.
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Kang SA, Tsolmon B, Mann AP, Zheng W, Zhao L, Zhao YD, Volk DE, Lokesh GLR, Morris L, Gupta V, Razaq W, Rui H, Suh KS, Gorenstein DG, Tanaka T. Safety evaluation of intravenously administered mono-thioated aptamer against E-selectin in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 287:86-92. [PMID: 26048585 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The medical applications of aptamers have recently emerged. We developed an antagonistic thioaptamer (ESTA) against E-selectin. Previously, we showed that a single injection of ESTA at a dose of 100μg inhibits breast cancer metastasis in mice through the functional blockade of E-selectin. In the present study, we evaluated the safety of different doses of intravenously administered ESTA in single-dose acute and repeat-dose subacute studies in ICR mice. Our data indicated that intravenous administration of up to 500μg ESTA did not result in hematologic abnormality in either study. Additionally, intravenous injection of ESTA did not affect the levels of plasma cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) or complement split products (C3a and C5a) in either study. However, repeated injections of ESTA slightly increased plasma ALT and AST activities, in accordance with the appearance of small necrotic areas in the liver. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that intravenous administration of ESTA does not cause overt hematologic, organs, and immunologic responses under the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ae Kang
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Bilegtsaikhan Tsolmon
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Aman P Mann
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of NanoMedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Hermann Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Lichao Zhao
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Yan Daniel Zhao
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - David E Volk
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of NanoMedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Hermann Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Ganesh L-R Lokesh
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of NanoMedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Hermann Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Lynsie Morris
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Vineet Gupta
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Wajeeha Razaq
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States
| | - Hallgeir Rui
- Thomas Jefferson University, 1020 Locust St, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
| | - K Stephen Suh
- John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ 07601, United States
| | - David G Gorenstein
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of NanoMedicine and Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 1825 Hermann Pressler, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Takemi Tanaka
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 975 NE, 10th, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, United States.
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