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Vinayak S, Cecil DL, Disis ML. Vaccines for breast cancer prevention: Are we there yet? Mol Aspects Med 2024; 98:101292. [PMID: 38991631 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2024.101292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaveta Vinayak
- University of Washington, Division of Oncology, Seattle, WA, USA; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Denise L Cecil
- University of Washington, Division of Oncology, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary L Disis
- University of Washington, Division of Oncology, Seattle, WA, USA; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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2
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Seadawy MG, Lotfy MM, Saeed AA, Ageez AM. Novel HER2-based multi-epitope vaccine (HER2-MEV) against HER2-positive breast cancer: In silico design and validation. Hum Immunol 2024; 85:110832. [PMID: 38905717 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2024.110832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) continues to be the malignancy with the highest diagnosis rate worldwide. Between 15 % and 30 % of BC patients show overexpressed human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which is linked to poor clinical results in terms of invasiveness and recurrence risk. Passive immunity-based therapeutic approaches for treating HER2-enriched BC, are not effective and significant problems need to be tackled. Constructing multi-epitope vaccines is favored over single-epitope vaccines due to its ability to induce immunity against a variety of antigenic targets which will improve the efficacy of the vaccine. The current study describes a multi-epitope vaccine from HER2 protein against HER2-positive BC using several immunoinformatic techniques to achieve a potent and durable immune response. Nine Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and five Helper T lymphocytes (HTL) epitopes were predicted and validated from HER2 protein using in silico tools. The expressed protein of the designed vaccine is predicted to be highly thermostable with better solubility. The predicted vaccine 3D structure was validated by ProSA servers and by the ERRAT server. Molecular docking analysis revealed a high binding affinity and stability of the designed vaccine with MHCI and TLR-2, 4, 7, and 9 receptors. The analysis of the C-ImmSim server revealed that the novel vaccine construct had the ability to elicit robust anti-cancerous innate, humoral, and cell-mediated immune responses. The vaccine can be a suitable option for HER2-positive BC patients and other patients with HER2-positive cancers to evoke immune responses. However, in vitro and in vivo experiments are needed to assess its effectiveness and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed G Seadawy
- Biodefense Center for Infectious and Emerging Diseases, Ministry of Defense, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Mai M Lotfy
- Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
| | - Aya A Saeed
- Cancer Biology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
| | - Amr M Ageez
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, MSA University, 6 October City 12451, Giza, Egypt.
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3
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Li X, Li X, Zhang K, Guan Y, Fan M, Wu Q, Li Y, Holmdahl R, Lu S, Zhu W, Wang X, Meng L. Autoantibodies against Endophilin A2 as a novel biomarker are beneficial to early diagnosis of breast cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 560:119748. [PMID: 38796051 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the lack of early symptoms, breast cancer is frequently overlooked, leading to distant metastases and multi-organ lesions that directly threaten patients' lives. We have identified a novel tumor marker, antibodies to endophilin A2 (EA2), to improve early diagnosis of breast cancer. METHODS Antibody levels of EA2 were analyzed in sera of patients with cancers of different origins and stages by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Diagnostic accuracy and reference range were determined by the area under the receiver operating curve and distribution curve. The levels of EA2 antigen in sera were determined by sandwich ELISA. RESULTS The levels of antibodies against EA2 were higher in sera of patients with breast cancer (P < 0.0001), liver cancer (P = 0.0005), gastric cancer (P = 0.0026), and colon cancer (P = 0.0349) than those in healthy controls, but not in patients with rectal cancer (P = 0.1151), leukemia (P = 0.7508), or lung cancer (P = 0.2247). The highest diagnostic value was for breast cancer, particularly in early cases (AUC = 0.8014) and those with distant metastases (AUC = 0.7885). The titers of EA2 antibodies in sera were correlated with levels of EA2 antigen in breast cancer patients. CONCLUSION Antibodies to EA2 are novel blood biomarkers for early diagnosis of breast cancer that warrants further study in larger-scale cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Kaige Zhang
- School of Medical Technology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yanglong Guan
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Meiyang Fan
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Section for Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Shemin Lu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Wenhua Zhu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Liesu Meng
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, China; Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine (IMTM), and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
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4
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Jaycox JR, Dai Y, Ring AM. Decoding the autoantibody reactome. Science 2024; 383:705-707. [PMID: 38359108 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Autoantibodies influence a wide range of conditions beyond autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian R Jaycox
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Division of Translational Science and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yile Dai
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aaron M Ring
- Division of Translational Science and Therapeutics, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Soussan S, Pupier G, Cremer I, Joubert PE, Sautès-Fridman C, Fridman W, Sibéril S. Unraveling the complex interplay between anti-tumor immune response and autoimmunity mediated by B cells and autoantibodies in the era of anti-checkpoint monoclonal antibody therapies. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1343020. [PMID: 38318190 PMCID: PMC10838986 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1343020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate relationship between anti-tumor immunity and autoimmunity is a complex yet crucial aspect of cancer biology. Tumor microenvironment often exhibits autoimmune features, a phenomenon that involves natural autoimmunity and the induction of humoral responses against self-antigens during tumorigenesis. This induction is facilitated by the orchestration of anti-tumor immunity, particularly within organized structures like tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS). Paradoxically, a significant number of cancer patients do not manifest autoimmune features during the course of their illness, with rare instances of paraneoplastic syndromes. This discrepancy can be attributed to various immune-mediated locks, including regulatory or suppressive immune cells, anergic autoreactive lymphocytes, or induction of effector cells exhaustion due to chronic stimulation. Overcoming these locks holds the risk to induce autoimmune mechanisms during cancer progression, a phenomenon notably observed with anti-immune checkpoint therapies, in contrast to more conventional treatments like chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Therefore, the challenge arises in managing immune-related adverse events (irAEs) induced by immune checkpoint inhibitors treatment, as decoupling them from the anti-tumor activity poses a significant clinical dilemma. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the link between B-cell driven anti-tumor responses and autoimmune reactions in cancer patients, and discusses the clinical implications of this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sophie Sibéril
- Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM U1138, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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6
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Černe K, Kelhar N, Resnik N, Herzog M, Vodnik L, Veranič P, Kobal B. Characteristics of Extracellular Vesicles from a High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Cell Line Derived from a Platinum-Resistant Patient as a Potential Tool for Aiding the Prediction of Responses to Chemotherapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:907. [PMID: 37375854 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Platinum-resistant high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is invariably a fatal disease. A central goal of ovarian cancer research is therefore to develop new strategies to overcome platinum resistance. Treatment is thus moving towards personalized therapy. However, validated molecular biomarkers that predict patients' risk of developing platinum resistance are still lacking. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising candidate biomarkers. EpCAM-specific EVs are largely unexplored biomarkers for predicting chemoresistance. Using transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and flow cytometry, we compared the characteristics of EVs released from a cell line derived from a clinically confirmed cisplatin-resistant patient (OAW28) and EVs released from two cell lines from tumors sensitive to platinum-based chemotherapy (PEO1 and OAW42). We demonstrated that EVs released from the HGSOC cell line of chemoresistant patients exhibited greater size heterogeneity, a larger proportion of medium/large (>200 nm) Evs and a higher number of released EpCAM-positive EVs of different sizes, although the expression of EpCAM was predominant in EVs larger than 400 nm. We also found a strong positive correlation between the concentration of EpCAM-positive EVs and the expression of cellular EpCAM. These results may contribute to the prediction of platinum resistance in the future, although they should first be validated in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Černe
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nuša Kelhar
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Resnik
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maruša Herzog
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lana Vodnik
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Veranič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Borut Kobal
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Atay C, Medina-Echeverz J, Hochrein H, Suter M, Hinterberger M. Armored modified vaccinia Ankara in cancer immunotherapy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 379:87-142. [PMID: 37541728 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy relies on unleashing the patient´s immune system against tumor cells. Cancer vaccines aim to stimulate both the innate and adaptive arms of immunity to achieve durable clinical responses. Some roadblocks for a successful cancer vaccine in the clinic include the tumor antigen of choice, the adjuvants employed to strengthen antitumor-specific immune responses, and the risks associated with enhancing immune-related adverse effects in patients. Modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) belongs to the family of poxviruses and is a versatile vaccine platform that combines several attributes crucial for cancer therapy. First, MVA is an excellent inducer of innate immune responses leading to type I interferon secretion and induction of T helper cell type 1 (Th1) immune responses. Second, it elicits robust and durable humoral and cellular immunity against vector-encoded heterologous antigens. Third, MVA has enormous genomic flexibility, which allows for the expression of multiple antigenic and costimulatory entities. And fourth, its replication deficit in human cells ensures a excellent safety profile. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how MVA induces innate and adaptive immune responses. Furthermore, we will give an overview of the tumor-associated antigens and immunomodulatory molecules that have been used to armor MVA and describe their clinical use. Finally, the route of MVA immunization and its impact on therapeutic efficacy depending on the immunomodulatory molecules expressed will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Atay
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Fraunhoferstr.13, Planegg, Germany
| | | | | | - Mark Suter
- Prof. em. University of Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Yang R, Han Y, Yi W, Long Q. Autoantibodies as biomarkers for breast cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1035402. [PMID: 36451832 PMCID: PMC9701846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1035402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide and is a substantial public health problem. Screening for breast cancer mainly relies on mammography, which leads to false positives and missed diagnoses and is especially non-sensitive for patients with small tumors and dense breasts. The prognosis of breast cancer is mainly classified by tumor, node, and metastasis (TNM) staging, but this method does not consider the molecular characteristics of the tumor. As the product of the immune response to tumor-associated antigens, autoantibodies can be detected in peripheral blood and can be used as noninvasive, presymptomatic, and low-cost biomarkers. Therefore, autoantibodies can provide a possible supplementary method for breast cancer screening and prognosis classification. This article introduces the methods used to detect peripheral blood autoantibodies and the research progress in the screening and prognosis of breast cancer made in recent years to provide a potential direction for the examination and treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qian Long
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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9
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Hernández Ávila R, Díaz-Zaragoza M, Ostoa-Saloma P. Proteomic analysis of IgM antigens from mammary tissue under pre- and post-cancer conditions using the MMTV-PyVT mouse model. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14175. [PMID: 36275472 PMCID: PMC9586126 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed the recognition of tumor antigens by IgM in transgenic MMTV-PyVT mice. PyVT female mice are a model of breast cancer that simulates its counterpart in humans. The PyVT model allows studying antigen recognition in two conditions: before and during tumor expression. We attempted to identify by sequence, the antigens recognized by IgM that are expressed or disappear in the membrane of breast transgenic tissue during the transition "No tumor-Tumor". 2D immunoblots were obtained of isolated membranes from the breast tissue in the fifth, sixth, and seventh week (transition point). Proteins recognized by IgM were sequenced in duplicate by MALDI-TOF. In the transition, we observed the disappearance of antigens in transgenic mice with respect to non-transgenic ones. We believe that in the diagnosis of cancer in its early stages, the expression of early antigens is as important as their early delocalization, with the latter having the advantage that, under normal conditions, we can know which proteins should be present at a given time. Therefore, we could consider that also the absence of antigens could be considered as a biomarker of cancer in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Hernández Ávila
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Ciudad de México, CdMx, México
| | - Mariana Díaz-Zaragoza
- Laboratorio de Sistemas Biológicos, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud. Centro Universitario de los Valles, Universidad de Guadalajara, Ameca, Jalisco, México
| | - Pedro Ostoa-Saloma
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Ciudad de México, CdMx, México
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10
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Cruz-Gregorio A, Aranda-Rivera AK, Sciutto E, Fragoso G, Pedraza-Chaverri J. Redox state associated with antitumor and immunomodulatory peptides in cancer. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 730:109414. [PMID: 36174750 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cancer, a major public health problem, is the fourth cause of death in the world. While cancer mortality has decreased in recent decades due to more effective treatments, mostly based on improving antitumor immunity, some forms of cancer are resistant to these immunotherapies. A promising approach for cancer treatment involves the administration of antitumor and immunomodulatory peptides. Immunomodulatory peptides have been proved to exert antitumor and immunomodulatory effects by activating immune cells such as cytotoxic T cells, with fewer side-effects. A process closely related to the regulation of the immune system by immunomodulatory antitumor peptides is the modulation of the redox state, which has been poorly studied. This review focuses on the redox state regulated by antitumor and immunomodulatory peptides in cancer development, and on the potential of redox state as a therapy associated with these peptides in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Cruz-Gregorio
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - Ana Karina Aranda-Rivera
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Gladis Fragoso
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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11
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Rodgers CB, Mustard CJ, McLean RT, Hutchison S, Pritchard AL. A B-cell or a key player? The different roles of B-cells and antibodies in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2022; 35:303-319. [PMID: 35218154 PMCID: PMC9314792 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The B‐cell system plays an important role in the melanoma immune response; however, consensus has yet to be reached in many facets. Here, we comprehensively review human studies only, due to fundamental differences in the humoral response with animal models. Tumour‐infiltrating B‐cells are associated with contradictory prognostic values, reflecting a lack of agreement between studies on cell subset classification and differences in the markers used, particularly the common use of a single marker not differentiating multiple subsets. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) organise T‐cells and B‐cells within tumours to generate a local anti‐tumour response and TLS presence associates with improved survival in response to immune checkpoint blockade, in late‐stage disease. Autoantibody production is increased in melanoma patients and has been proposed as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment/toxicity response; however, no consistent targets are yet identified. The function of antibodies in an anti‐tumour response is determined by its isotype and subclass; IgG4 is immune‐suppressive and robustly correlate with poor patient survival in melanoma. We conclude that the current B‐cell literature needs careful interpretation based on the methods used and that we need a consensus of markers to define B‐cells and associated lymphoid organs. Furthermore, future studies need to not only examine antibody targets, but also isotypes when considering functional roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe B Rodgers
- Genetics and Immunology Department, Division of Biomedical Research, Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Colette J Mustard
- Genetics and Immunology Department, Division of Biomedical Research, Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Ryan T McLean
- Genetics and Immunology Department, Division of Biomedical Research, Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Sharon Hutchison
- Genetics and Immunology Department, Division of Biomedical Research, Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Antonia L Pritchard
- Genetics and Immunology Department, Division of Biomedical Research, Institute of Health Research and Innovation, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
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12
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Soroczynska K, Zareba L, Dlugolecka M, Czystowska-Kuzmicz M. Immunosuppressive Extracellular Vesicles as a Linking Factor in the Development of Tumor and Endometriotic Lesions in the Gynecologic Tract. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091483. [PMID: 35563789 PMCID: PMC9105295 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both gynecological tumors and endometriosis require for their development a favorable environment, termed in the case of tumors a "pre-metastatic niche" and in case of endometriosis a "pro-endometriotic niche". This is characterized by chronic inflammation and immunosuppression that support the further progression of initial lesions. This microenvironment is established and shaped in the course of a vivid cross-talk between the tumor or endometrial cells with other stromal, endothelial and immune cells. There is emerging evidence that extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a key role in this cellular communication, mediating both in tumors and endometriosis similar immunosuppressive and pro-inflammatory mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the latest findings about EVs as immunosuppressive factors, highlighting the parallels between gynecological tumors and endometriosis. Furthermore, we outline their role as potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers as well as their future in therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Soroczynska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (L.Z.); (M.D.)
- Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 61 St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Zareba
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (L.Z.); (M.D.)
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 61 St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Dlugolecka
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (L.Z.); (M.D.)
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Doctoral School, Medical University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 61 St., 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Czystowska-Kuzmicz
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 St., 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (K.S.); (L.Z.); (M.D.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Ren X, Cui H, Wu J, Zhou R, Wang N, Liu D, Xie X, Zhang H, Liu D, Ma X, Dang C, Kang H, Lin S. Identification of a combined apoptosis and hypoxia gene signature for predicting prognosis and immune infiltration in breast cancer. Cancer Med 2022; 11:3886-3901. [PMID: 35441810 PMCID: PMC9582692 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignant tumor worldwide. Apoptosis and hypoxia are involved in the progression of BC, but reliable biomarkers for these have not been developed. We hope to explore a gene signature that combined apoptosis and hypoxia‐related genes (AHGs) to predict BC prognosis and immune infiltration. Methods We collected the mRNA expression profiles and clinical data information of BC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. The gene signature based on AHGs was constructed using the univariate Cox regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and multivariate Cox regression analysis. The associations between risk scores, immune infiltration, and immune checkpoint gene expression were studied using single‐sample gene set enrichment analysis. Besides, gene signature and independent clinicopathological characteristics were combined to establish a nomogram. Finally, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were performed on the potential functions of AHGs. Results We identified a 16‐AHG signature (AGPAT1, BTBD6, EIF4EBP1, ERRFI1, FAM114A1, GRIP1, IRF2, JAK1, MAP2K6, MCTS1, NFKBIA, NFKBIZ, NUP43, PGK1, RCL1, and SGCE) that could independently predict BC prognosis. The median score of the risk model divided the patients into two subgroups. By contrast, patients in the high‐risk group had poorer prognosis, less abundance of immune cell infiltration, and expression of immune checkpoint genes. The gene signature and nomogram had good predictive effects on the overall survival of BC patients. GO and KEGG analyses revealed that the differential expression of AHGs may be closely related to tumor immunity. Conclusion We established and verified a 16‐AHG BC signature which may help predict prognosis, assess potential immunotherapy benefits, and provide inspiration for future research on the functions and mechanisms of AHGs in BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Ren
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hanxiao Cui
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianhua Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruina Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin Xie
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaobin Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengxue Dang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huafeng Kang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuai Lin
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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14
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Hu X, Liu XS. A high-resolution view of intra-tumoral B cell immunity. Immunity 2022; 55:387-389. [PMID: 35263565 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Immunity, Meylan et al. (2022) uses spatial transcriptomics to examine B cell immunity within intratumoral tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs). They find that B cells expand and mature into plasma cells (PCs) within the TLS, migrate along fibroblastic tracks to tumor beds, and produce IgG antibodies that target cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihao Hu
- GV20 Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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15
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Disis ML, Cecil DL. Breast cancer vaccines for treatment and prevention. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 191:481-489. [PMID: 34846625 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is immunogenic and a variety of vaccines have been designed to boost immunity directed against the disease. The components of a breast cancer vaccine, the antigen, the delivery system, and the adjuvant, can have a significant impact on vaccine immunogenicity. There have been numerous immunogenic proteins identified in all subtypes of breast cancer. The majority of these antigens are weakly immunogenic nonmutated tumor-associated proteins. Mutated proteins and neoantigen epitopes are found only in a small minority of patients and are enriched in the triple negative subtype. Several vaccines have advanced to large randomized Phase II or Phase III clinical trials. None of these trials met their primary endpoint of either progression-free or overall survival. Despite these set-backs investigators have learned important lessons regarding the clinical application of breast cancer vaccines from the type of immune response needed for tumor eradication, Type I T-cell immunity, to the patient populations most likely to benefit from vaccination. Many therapeutic breast cancer vaccines are now being tested in combination with other forms of immune therapy or chemotherapy and radiation. Breast cancer vaccines as single agents are now studied in the context of the prevention of relapse or development of disease. Newer approaches are designing vaccines to prevent breast cancer by intercepting high-risk lesions such as ductal carcinoma in situ to limit the progression of these tumors to invasive cancer. There are also several efforts to develop vaccines for the primary prevention of breast cancer by targeting antigens expressed during breast cancer initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Disis
- Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Denise L Cecil
- Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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16
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Nelson MA, Ngamcherdtrakul W, Luoh SW, Yantasee W. Prognostic and therapeutic role of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte subtypes in breast cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:519-536. [PMID: 33963482 PMCID: PMC8424653 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increased levels of total tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) are generally associated with good prognosis in several breast cancer subtypes. Subtypes of TILs impact both tumor cells and immune cells in a variety of different ways, leading to either a pro-tumor or antitumor effect. Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells perform as effector cells against tumor cells and are associated with better clinical outcome. Immunotherapy approaches that improve the antitumor activity and proliferation of CD8+ T and NK cells include PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, CAR T cell therapy, or ex vivo-stimulated NK cells. A subset of CD8+ T cells, tissue-resident memory T cells, has also recently been associated with good prognosis in breast cancer patients, and has potential to serve as a predictive biomarker and therapeutic target. Tumor-infiltrating B cells also secrete apoptosis-inducing IgG antibodies and can act as antigen-presenting cells to prime CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. On the other hand, regulatory T and regulatory B cells modulate the immune response from CD8+ T cells and NK cells by secreting immunosuppressive cytokines and inhibiting maturation of antigen-presenting cells (APCs). These regulatory cells are typically associated with poor prognosis, therefore rendering suppression of their regulatory function a key immunotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shiuh-Wen Luoh
- VA Portland Health Care System, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Wassana Yantasee
- PDX Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Portland, OR, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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17
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Li J, Qin B, Huang M, Ma Y, Li D, Li W, Guo Z. Tumor-Associated Antigens (TAAs) for the Serological Diagnosis of Osteosarcoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665106. [PMID: 33995397 PMCID: PMC8119874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common form of malignant bone tumor found in childhood and adolescence. Although its incidence rate is low among cancers, the prognosis of OS is usually poor. Although some biomarkers, such as p53, have been identified in OS, the association between the biomarkers and clinical outcome is not well understood. Thus, it is necessary to establish a method to identify patients diagnosed with OS at an early stage. It is becoming obvious that anti-tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) autoantibodies (TAAbs) in sera could be used as serological biomarkers in the detection of many different types of cancers. This notion indicates that TAAbs are considered as immunological “sentinels” associated with tumorigenesis underlying molecular events. It provides new insights into the molecular and cellular biology of the differential diagnosis of cancers. What’s more, it is reported that a customized TAA array could significantly increase the sensitivity/specificity. TAA arrays also have great application prospects in detecting cancer at an early stage, monitoring cancer progression, discovering new therapeutic targets, and designing personalized treatment. In this review, we provide an overview of the TAAs identified in OS as well as the possibility that TAAs and TAAbs system be used as biomarkers in the immunodiagnosis and prognosis of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitian Li
- Henan Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital)/Henan Institute of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Luoyang, China
| | - Bo Qin
- Transitional Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Manyu Huang
- Henan Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital)/Henan Institute of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Henan Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital)/Henan Institute of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Luoyang, China
| | - Dongsheng Li
- Henan Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital)/Henan Institute of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Luoyang, China
| | - Wuyin Li
- Henan Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital)/Henan Institute of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhiping Guo
- Henan Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital)/Henan Institute of Orthopedic and Traumatology, Luoyang, China
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18
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Mortenson ED, Fu YX. Anti-HER2/Neu passive-aggressive immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2021; 3:e27296. [PMID: 24605268 PMCID: PMC3935925 DOI: 10.4161/onci.27296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have established that CD8+ T cells are necessary for efficient immunotherapeutic regimens targeting v-erb-b2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2 (ERBB2, best known as HER2/Neu). Recently, we extended upon these findings by demonstrating that anti-HER2/Neu therapy also requires CD4+ T cells and CD40/CD40L signaling within the tumor microenvironment. Our results add to mounting evidence demonstrating that adaptive immunity is crucial to the efficacy of conventional and targeted anticancer chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Mortenson
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology-Research; MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology and Committee on Immunology; University of Chicago; Chicago, IL USA
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19
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Sato Y, Shimoda M, Sota Y, Miyake T, Tanei T, Kagara N, Naoi Y, Kim SJ, Noguchi S, Shimazu K. Enhanced humoral immunity in breast cancer patients with high serum concentration of anti-HER2 autoantibody. Cancer Med 2021; 10:1418-1430. [PMID: 33506656 PMCID: PMC7926031 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.3742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Humoral immunity plays a substantial role in the suppression of breast cancer. We have revealed that a high serum concentration of anti‐HER2 autoantibody (HER2‐AAb) is associated with favorable outcomes in patients with invasive breast cancer. Thus, we aimed to clarify the association between high serum concentration of HER2‐AAb and humoral immune response in the tumor microenvironment. Out of 500 consecutive patients with invasive breast cancer, we selected those whose HER2‐AAb values were high (n = 33) or low (n = 20) based on the distribution of HER2‐AAb values of 100 healthy individuals. Tumor and regional lymph node formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded samples prepared from the surgical specimens were subjected to immunohistochemistry. We confirmed that the recurrence‐free survival of the high HER2‐AAb group was significantly longer than that of the low HER2‐AAb group (p = 0.015). The numbers of tumor‐infiltrating CD20+ immune cells (ICs) (p < 0.001), IGKC+ICs (p = 0.023), and CXCL13+ ICs (p = 0.044) were significantly higher in the high HER2‐AAb group than in the low HER2‐AAb group. The number of CD4+ ICs in the B‐cell follicles of the regional lymph nodes was also significantly greater in the high HER2‐AAb group than in the low HER2‐AAb group (p = 0.026). Our findings indicate that a high level of HER2‐AAb is associated with enhanced humoral immunity against breast cancer and thus may provide a rationale for the association of HER2‐AAb with favorable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Sato
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shimoda
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Sota
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyake
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomonori Tanei
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naofumi Kagara
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuto Naoi
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seung Jin Kim
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinzaburo Noguchi
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Hyogo Prefectural Nishinomiya Hospital, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kenzo Shimazu
- Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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20
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Pallerla S, Abdul AURM, Comeau J, Jois S. Cancer Vaccines, Treatment of the Future: With Emphasis on HER2-Positive Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E779. [PMID: 33466691 PMCID: PMC7828795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in women. With improvements in early-stage diagnosis and targeted therapies, there has been an improvement in the overall survival rate in breast cancer over the past decade. Despite the development of targeted therapies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, as well as monoclonal antibodies and their toxin conjugates, all metastatic tumors develop resistance, and nearly one-third of HER2+ breast cancer patients develop resistance to all these therapies. Although antibody therapy has shown promising results in breast cancer patients, passive immunotherapy approaches have limitations and need continuous administration over a long period. Vaccine therapy introduces antigens that act on cancer cells causing prolonged activation of the immune system. In particular, cancer relapse could be avoided due to the presence of a longer period of immunological memory with an effective vaccine that can protect against various tumor antigens. Cancer vaccines are broadly classified as preventive and therapeutic. Preventive vaccines are used to ward off any future infections and therapeutic vaccines are used to treat a person with active disease. In this article, we provided details about the tumor environment, different types of vaccines, their advantages and disadvantages, and the current status of various vaccine candidates with a focus on vaccines for breast cancer. Current data indicate that therapeutic vaccines themselves have limitations in terms of efficacy and are used in combination with other chemotherapeutic or targeting agents. The majority of breast cancer vaccines are undergoing clinical trials and the next decade will see the fruitfulness of breast cancer vaccine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Pallerla
- School of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (S.P.); (J.C.)
| | | | - Jill Comeau
- School of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (S.P.); (J.C.)
| | - Seetharama Jois
- School of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences and School of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA 71201, USA; (S.P.); (J.C.)
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21
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Rauf F, Anderson KS, LaBaer J. Autoantibodies in Early Detection of Breast Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:2475-2485. [PMID: 32994341 PMCID: PMC7710604 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In spite of the progress made in treatment and early diagnosis, breast cancer remains a major public health issue worldwide. Although modern image-based screening modalities have significantly improved early diagnosis, around 15% to 20% of breast cancers still go undetected. In underdeveloped countries, lack of resources and cost concerns prevent implementing mammography for routine screening. Noninvasive, low-cost, blood-based markers for early breast cancer diagnosis would be an invaluable alternative that would complement mammography screening. Tumor-specific autoantibodies are excellent biosensors that could be exploited to monitor disease-specific changes years before disease onset. Although clinically informative autoantibody markers for early breast cancer screening have yet to emerge, progress has been made in the development of tools to discover and validate promising autoantibody signatures. This review focuses on the current progress toward the development of autoantibody-based early screening markers for breast cancer.See all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "NCI Early Detection Research Network: Making Cancer Detection Possible."
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Affiliation(s)
- Femina Rauf
- Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Karen S Anderson
- Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Joshua LaBaer
- Virginia G. Piper Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.
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22
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Wallis J, Katti P, Martin AM, Hills T, Seymour LW, Shenton DP, Carlisle RC. A liposome-based cancer vaccine for a rapid and high-titre anti-ErbB-2 antibody response. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 152:105456. [PMID: 32653563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are arguably the most important medical technology developed to date. However, effective treatment of diseases such as breast cancer have so far evaded standard vaccination strategies. One popular target for cancer treatment is the cell surface membrane protein, ErbB-2, also known as Her-2 or neu. It is localised to the cell surface and has raised expression in 15-30% of all breast cancers, as well as in ovarian, colon and lung cancer. Here, a liposomal system comprised of spatially separated ErbB-2 peptide, to activate B cells, and ovalbumin peptide OVA323-339, to provide non-cognate T cell support, was used to generate antibodies against the epitope of the ErbB-2 protein targeted by Pertuzumab, a monoclonal antibody licensed for the treatment of ErbB-2 expressing cancers. After just 7 days a raised (7.3-fold, p<0.01), isotype-switched, humoral immune response specific for the ErbB-2 peptide was achieved in mice with pre-existing immunity to OVA which were exposed to liposomes with external ErbB-2 and internal OVA323-339. The absence of pre-existing OVA immunity in the mice or OVA323-339 peptide in the liposomes removed the effect. The effect of this anti-ErbB-2 antibody response was characterised against an ErbB-2 overexpressing tumour cell line both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, antibody responses were demonstrated to induce cell death in vitro, resulting in 96% reduction in viable cells. This study, therefore, demonstrates the feasibility of this approach to generate a rapid, high-titre, isotype-switched, antibody response that specifically targets ErbB-2 overexpression on tumour cells and is capable of inducing cell death in vitro in the absence of complement or immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Wallis
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Prateek Katti
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Tom Hills
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
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23
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Nicolini A, Barak V, Biava P, Ferrari P, Rossi G, Carpi A. The Use of Immunotherapy to Treat Metastatic Breast Cancer. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:941-962. [PMID: 29424297 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666180209124052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the principal attempts of immune-modulation or immune therapy in metastatic breast cancer. It considers their rationale and reports on results from the relevant key clinical trials. Immune-modulatory or immune-stimulating cytokines used alone or combined with conventional therapies is among the principal approaches of immune manipulation in breast cancer. As this issue has recently been reviewed by us, the aim of the current article is to discuss our updated and unpublished data on this topic. Overall survival in luminal (28 patients) and non-luminal (9 patients) molecular subtypes is 91 and 59 months respectively that is about two and half or three times longer than expected. Thereafter, we focus on monoclonal antibodies (mAb) based-therapies including novel strategies to overcome resistance to anti-HER2 mAb. The main vaccine platforms in different molecular subtypes and immune therapies in triple negative metastatic breast cancer (m-TNBC) are discussed in the last sections. Some phase III investigations have already changed the current clinical practice. In fact, pertuzumab plus trastuzumab and docetaxel is the recommended first line regimen in HER2 positive locally recurrent or metastatic breast cancer and bevacizumab plus paclitaxel or docetaxel is a reasonable option for m-TNBC. In some other observational or phase I/II studies on first-line trastuzumab plus chemotherapy and hormonal therapy and in that on HER2 peptide/protein vaccines promising although preliminary findings have been reported to be further validated. In the remaining studies, results were disappointing. In the future, finding new predictive biomarkers and exploring more suitable synergizing combinations, time and dose-dependent-scheduled sequences of currently and further investigated immunological approaches are main challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Nicolini
- Department of Oncology, Transplantations and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Vivian Barak
- Immunology Lab for tumor diagnosis, Hadassah University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Piermario Biava
- Scientific Institute of Research and Care Multimedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Ferrari
- Department of Oncology, Transplantations and New Technologies in Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Rossi
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Carpi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy
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24
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Depression enhanced the production of autoantibodies against 16α‑hydroxyestrone-estrogen receptor adduct in breast cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 66:251-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Stergiou N, Gaidzik N, Heimes AS, Dietzen S, Besenius P, Jäkel J, Brenner W, Schmidt M, Kunz H, Schmitt E. Reduced Breast Tumor Growth after Immunization with a Tumor-Restricted MUC1 Glycopeptide Conjugated to Tetanus Toxoid. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 7:113-122. [PMID: 30413430 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Preventive vaccination against tumor-associated endogenous antigens is considered to be an attractive strategy for the induction of a curative immune response concomitant with a long-lasting immunologic memory. The mucin MUC1 is a promising tumor antigen, as its tumor-associated form differs from the glycoprotein form expressed on healthy cells. Due to aberrant glycosylation in tumor cells, the specific peptide epitopes in its backbone are accessible and can be bound by antibodies induced by vaccination. Breast cancer patients develop per se only low levels of T cells and antibodies recognizing tumor-associated MUC1, and clinical trials with tumor-associated MUC1 yielded unsatisfactory therapeutic effects, indicating an urgent need to improve humoral immunity against this tumor entity. Herein, we demonstrate that preventive vaccination against tumor-associated human MUC1 results in a specific humoral immune response, a slowdown of tumor progression and an increase in survival of breast tumor-bearing mice. For preventive vaccination, we used a synthetic vaccine containing a tumor-associated glycopeptide structure of human MUC1 coupled to Tetanus Toxoid. The glycopeptide consists of a 22mer huMUC1 peptide with two immune dominant regions (PDTR and GSTA), glycosylated with the sialylated carbohydrate STN on serine-17. PyMT (polyomavirus middle T-antigen) and human MUC1 double-transgenic mice expressing human tumor-associated MUC1 on breast tumor tissue served as a preclinical breast cancer model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Stergiou
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nikola Gaidzik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne-Sophie Heimes
- Department of Obstetrics and Women's Health, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah Dietzen
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Pol Besenius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörg Jäkel
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Walburgis Brenner
- Department of Obstetrics and Women's Health, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Department of Obstetrics and Women's Health, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Horst Kunz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Edgar Schmitt
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.
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Autoantibodies as Potential Biomarkers in Breast Cancer. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2018; 8:bios8030067. [PMID: 30011807 PMCID: PMC6163859 DOI: 10.3390/bios8030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major cause of mortality in women; however, technologies for early stage screening and diagnosis (e.g., mammography and other imaging technologies) are not optimal for the accurate detection of cancer. This creates demand for a more effective diagnostic means to replace or be complementary to existing technologies for early discovery of breast cancer. Cancer neoantigens could reflect tumorigenesis, but they are hardly detectable at the early stage. Autoantibodies, however, are biologically amplified and hence may be measurable early on, making them promising biomarkers to discriminate breast cancer from healthy tissue accurately. In this review, we summarized the recent findings of breast cancer specific antigens and autoantibodies, which may be useful in early detection, disease stratification, and monitoring of treatment responses of breast cancer.
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Abstract
Resistance to therapies and disease recurrences after surgery or treatment are common challenges in breast cancer management in clinic. Active immunotherapy using human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeted vaccines represents an attractive option in combating breast cancer. Different HER2-derived vaccines have been developed over the years. Many clinical trials have been carried out in evaluating HER2-based vaccines. The authors reviewed current literature on HER2-based vaccines in clinical trials. The trials covered in this mini-review represent some of the major trials published in the past 20 years regarding the clinical use and test of HER2 vaccines. Their focus is on trials using HER2 peptide vaccines as the majority of clinical trials initiated or published used HER2 peptide-based vaccines. Findings from combination therapy trials of HER2 peptide vaccines with other treatment modalities are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naipeng Cui
- 1 Department of Breast Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University , Baoding, China
| | - Jianhong Shi
- 2 Central Laboratory, Hebei Laboratory of Mechanism and Procedure of Cancer Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University , Baoding, China
| | - Chuanwei Yang
- 3 Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, Texas
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Lüftner D, Schnabel S, Possinger K. C-erbB-2 in Serum of Patients Receiving Fractionated Paclitaxel Chemotherapy. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 14:55-9. [PMID: 10399623 DOI: 10.1177/172460089901400201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Humanized anti-c-erbB-2 antibodies (Herceptin®) in a weekly schedule are a new therapeutic option for the treatment of c-erbB-2-positive, advanced breast cancer (ABC). Addition of Herceptin® to first-line chemotherapy for c-erbB-2 overexpressing ABC increased anticancer activity in a randomized phase III trial. However, except from standard UICC response criteria, there are hitherto no recommendations as to how to monitor Herceptin® therapy. In a therapy optimizing study with weekly dose-intensified paclitaxel monotherapy (schedule: 90 mg/m2 weekly x 6, q9w), we correlated the clinical course of stage IV breast cancer in UICC criteria with the course of the shed c-erbB-2 protein fragment and the CA 27.29 serum level. Serum samples were taken weekly from 35 patients to measure the serum c-erbB-2 and CA 27.29 protein levels over time. Up to now, 10 patients (28.5%) are c-erbB-2 positive (>15 U/mL), with a median baseline protein expression of 65 U/mL. While the overall response rate in the study is 36%, the response rate among c-erbB-2-positive patients is 62%, indicating a high sensitivity of c-erbB-2 positive patients to dose-intense paclitaxel treatment. In all responders the c-erbB-2 serum level decreased below the detection limit either before the clinical diagnosis of response or by the end of the next cycle. However, the normalization of the c-erbB-2 serum level was not specific for responders as patients with stable or progressive disease presented normalized levels or a >50% decrease of the baseline level, too. The courses of the c-erbB-2 protein levels correlated closely with the courses of CA 27.29. The decrease in the serum c-erbB-2 oncoprotein level might indicate a regression of c-erbB-2 positive tumor load. This may even happen in progressive disease according to UICC criteria when the c-erbB-2-negative tumor fraction progresses while the c-erbB-2-positive fraction is controlled. Another explanation would be that the mechanisms of c-erbB-2 shedding change under chemotherapy, with less of the c-erbB-2 protein fragment being released to the serum, which would make the c-erbB-2 positive tumor cells a better target for anti-c-erbB-2 antibody treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lüftner
- Medizinische Klinik, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
c-erbB-2 is an oncoprotein which is overexpressed in up to 40% of primary breast cancers. c-erbB-2 overexpression is a bad prognostic factor in patients with lymph node-positive disease. Unfortunately, there has been no agreement to date on whether c-erbB-2 overexpression is of prognostic significance in patients with lymph node-negative disease. c-erbB-2 overexpression is correlated with the absence of estrogen receptor expression in a number of publications. Correlation between c-erbB-2 overexpression and hormone sensitivity in the clinical setting is less well established and is the focus of ongoing studies. Both preclinical and clinical studies support an association between c-erbB-2 receptor overexpression and resistance to alkylating agents. In contrast, the data for c-erbB-2 and anthracyclines should be viewed in a slightly different manner. Anthracyclines appear to have a greater therapeutic effect in c-erbB-2-positive disease which may be dose sensitive. In c-erbB-2-negative disease not only is the therapeutic effect reduced but there does not appear to be any improved response to higher doses of anthracyclines. The data for c-erbB-2 and the taxanes is still not clear enough to provide any definite conclusions. If there is a correlation it would at present appear to be between paclitaxel and response rates, but this needs to be confirmed in larger studies. Few studies have looked at changes in c-erbB-2 on therapy. Those that have seem to show no significant change on either tamoxifen or chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tagliabue
- Division of Experimental Oncology E, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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Hontani K, Tsuchikawa T, Hiwasa T, Nakamura T, Ueno T, Kushibiki T, Takahashi M, Inoko K, Takano H, Takeuchi S, Dosaka-Akita H, Kuwatani M, Sakamoto N, Hatanaka Y, Mitsuhashi T, Shimada H, Shichinohe T, Hirano S. Identification of novel serum autoantibodies against EID3 in non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106206-106221. [PMID: 29290942 PMCID: PMC5739727 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs) are relatively rare heterogenous tumors, comprising only 1–2% of all pancreatic neoplasms. The majority of pNETs are non-functional tumors (NF-pNETs) that do not produce hormones, and as such, do not cause any hormone-related symptoms. As a result, these tumors are often diagnosed at an advanced stage because patients do not present with specific symptoms. Although tumor markers are used to help diagnosis and predict some types of cancers, chromogranin A, a widely used tumor marker of pNETs, has significant limitations. To identify novel NF-pNET-associated antigens, we performed serological identification of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning (SEREX) and identified five tumor antigens (phosphatase and tensin homolog, EP300-interacting inhibitor of differentiation 3 [EID3], EH domain-containing protein 1, galactoside-binding soluble 9, and BRCA1-associated protein). Further analysis using the AlphaLISA® immunoassay to compare serum antibody levels revealed that antibody levels against the EID3 antigen was significantly higher in the patient group than in the healthy donor group (n = 25, both groups). In addition, higher serum anti-EID3 antibody levels in NF-pNET patients correlated with shorter disease-free survival. The AUC calculated by ROC analysis was 0.784 with moderate diagnostic accuracy. In conclusion, serum anti-EID3 antibody levels may be useful as a tumor marker for prediction of tumor recurrence in NF-pNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Hontani
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tsuchikawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takaki Hiwasa
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, Chiba University, Chuo Ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Toru Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Takashi Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kushibiki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Mizuna Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kazuho Inoko
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hironobu Takano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Dosaka-Akita
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Masaki Kuwatani
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hematology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hatanaka
- Department of Translational Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tomoko Mitsuhashi
- Department of Translational Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Hideaki Shimada
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Toho University, Ota-ku, Tokyo 143-8541, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shichinohe
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hirano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery II, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
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Ladoire S, Derangère V, Arnould L, Thibaudin M, Coudert B, Lorgis V, Desmoulins I, Chaix M, Fumoleau P, Ghiringhelli F. [The anti-tumor immune response in breast cancer: Update and therapeutic perspectives]. Ann Pathol 2017; 37:133-141. [PMID: 28159406 DOI: 10.1016/j.annpat.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of the immune response in breast cancer is now well recognized and increasingly taken in account. The goal of this article is, in the first part, to underline its prognostic impact and to precise the immunosurvelliance, immunoselection and the immunosubversion concepts involved in the control and evasion of breast carcinoma. In the second part, therapeutic strategies for the restauration of anti-tumor immunity are developed. Vaccination strategies and checkpoints inhibitors blockade strategies are discussed as well as the immunogenic death linked to the conventional treatments of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Ladoire
- Département d'oncologie médicale, centre Georges-François-Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France; Plateforme de transfert en biologie cancérologique, centre Georges-François-Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France; UMR Inserm U866, faculté de médecine de Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France; UFR des sciences de santé, 21000 Dijon, France; Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Valentin Derangère
- Département d'oncologie médicale, centre Georges-François-Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France; Plateforme de transfert en biologie cancérologique, centre Georges-François-Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France; UMR Inserm U866, faculté de médecine de Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France; Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; Département de pathologie et de biologie des tumeurs, centre Georges-François-Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Arnould
- Plateforme de transfert en biologie cancérologique, centre Georges-François-Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France; Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France; Département de pathologie et de biologie des tumeurs, centre Georges-François-Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Marion Thibaudin
- UMR Inserm U866, faculté de médecine de Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Coudert
- Département d'oncologie médicale, centre Georges-François-Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Veronique Lorgis
- Département d'oncologie médicale, centre Georges-François-Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Isabelle Desmoulins
- Département d'oncologie médicale, centre Georges-François-Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Marie Chaix
- Département d'oncologie médicale, centre Georges-François-Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France; UMR Inserm U866, faculté de médecine de Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France; UFR des sciences de santé, 21000 Dijon, France; Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Fumoleau
- Département d'oncologie médicale, centre Georges-François-Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France; Plateforme de transfert en biologie cancérologique, centre Georges-François-Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France; UFR des sciences de santé, 21000 Dijon, France; Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Département d'oncologie médicale, centre Georges-François-Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France; Plateforme de transfert en biologie cancérologique, centre Georges-François-Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France; UMR Inserm U866, faculté de médecine de Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France; UFR des sciences de santé, 21000 Dijon, France; Université de Bourgogne, 21000 Dijon, France
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32
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New Immunotherapy Strategies in Breast Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14010068. [PMID: 28085094 PMCID: PMC5295319 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. Therapeutic treatments for breast cancer generally include surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, endocrinotherapy and molecular targeted therapy. With the development of molecular biology, immunology and pharmacogenomics, immunotherapy becomes a promising new field in breast cancer therapies. In this review, we discussed recent progress in breast cancer immunotherapy, including cancer vaccines, bispecific antibodies, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Several additional immunotherapy modalities in early stages of development are also highlighted. It is believed that these new immunotherapeutic strategies will ultimately change the current status of breast cancer therapies.
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Sánchez Ramírez J, Morera Díaz Y, Musacchio Lasa A, Bequet-Romero M, Muñoz Pozo Y, Pérez Sánchez L, Hernández-Bernal F, Mendoza Fuentes O, Selman-Housein KH, Gavilondo Cowley JV, Ayala Avila M. Indirect and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for monitoring the humoral response against human VEGF. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2016; 37:636-58. [PMID: 27143151 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2016.1184164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
CIGB-247, a VEGF-based vaccine, was studied in a clinical trial. This advance demands the refinement of the methodologies for assessment of vaccine immune responses. This study aimed to improve the performance of ELISAs for detecting IgG antibodies against human VEGF and the blocking activity of the serum to inhibit the VEGF/VEGFR2 interaction. The best experimental conditions were established through the evaluation of several blocking buffers, immobilization surfaces, and plate suppliers using human sera as test samples. As a result, two controlled ELISAs were used in testing of elicited immune response against VEGF in patients immunized with CIGB-247.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Sánchez Ramírez
- a Department of Pharmaceuticals , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Playa Cubanacán, Havana , Cuba
| | - Yanelys Morera Díaz
- a Department of Pharmaceuticals , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Playa Cubanacán, Havana , Cuba
| | - Alexis Musacchio Lasa
- b Department of Bioinformatics , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Playa Cubanacán, Havana , Cuba
| | - Mónica Bequet-Romero
- a Department of Pharmaceuticals , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Playa Cubanacán, Havana , Cuba
| | - Yasmiana Muñoz Pozo
- a Department of Pharmaceuticals , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Playa Cubanacán, Havana , Cuba
| | - Lincidio Pérez Sánchez
- a Department of Pharmaceuticals , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Playa Cubanacán, Havana , Cuba
| | - Francisco Hernández-Bernal
- c Department of Clinical Research , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Playa Cubanacán, Havana , Cuba
| | - Osmany Mendoza Fuentes
- d Animal Facility , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Playa Cubanacán, Havana , Cuba
| | | | - Jorge Víctor Gavilondo Cowley
- a Department of Pharmaceuticals , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Playa Cubanacán, Havana , Cuba
| | - Marta Ayala Avila
- a Department of Pharmaceuticals , Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) , Playa Cubanacán, Havana , Cuba
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Protective effect of naturally occurring anti-HER2 autoantibodies on breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 157:55-63. [PMID: 27113738 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3801-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anti-HER2-autoantibodies (HER2-AAbs) are found in breast cancer patients as well as healthy individuals. However, the clinical relevance of the antibodies is unknown. We established an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with high sensitivity and quantified serum HER2-AAbs in 100 healthy women, 100 untreated patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and 500 untreated patients with invasive breast carcinoma (IBC). The associations between the levels of HER2-AAbs and breast cancer risk, and recurrence-free survival, were examined. High levels of HER2-AAbs were significantly associated with a reduced risk of DCIS (odds ratio [OR] 0.19, P = 4.6 × 10(-7)) or IBC (OR 0.31, P = 3.7 × 10(-7)). Subgroup analysis of IBC revealed a stronger association of HER2-AAbs with a reduced risk of the hormone receptor (HR)(-)/HER2(+) subtype (OR 0.12) than the other subtypes (HR(+)/HER2(-) [OR = 0.32], HR(+)/HER2(+) [OR 0.38], and HR(-)/HER2(-) [OR 0.29]). When we set the cutoff of HER2-AAbs at 20 ng/mL, recurrence-free survival of HER2-AAb-positive patients (N = 74) was significantly better than that of HER2-AAb-negative patients (N = 426) (P = 0.015). Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that HER2-AAbs, as well as histological grade, were independently and significantly (P = 0.0065 and 0.049, respectively) associated with recurrence-free survival. Our exploratory study suggests a protective effect of naturally occurring HER2-AAbs on the development of primary and recurrent breast cancer. Further studies on HER2-AAbs are warranted.
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A non-randomized dose-escalation Phase I trial of a protein-based immunotherapeutic for the treatment of breast cancer patients with HER2-overexpressing tumors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 156:319-30. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3751-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Curigliano G, Romieu G, Campone M, Dorval T, Duck L, Canon JL, Roemer-Becuwe C, Roselli M, Neciosup S, Burny W, Callegaro A, de Sousa Alves PM, Louahed J, Brichard V, Lehmann FF. A phase I/II trial of the safety and clinical activity of a HER2-protein based immunotherapeutic for treating women with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 156:301-10. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3750-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Beerli RR, Bauer M, Fritzer A, Rosen LB, Buser RB, Hanner M, Maudrich M, Nebenfuehr M, Toepfer JAS, Mangold S, Bauer A, Holland SM, Browne SK, Meinke A. Mining the human autoantibody repertoire: isolation of potent IL17A-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from a patient with thymoma. MAbs 2015; 6:1608-20. [PMID: 25484038 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.36292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-cytokine autoantibodies have been widely reported to be present in human plasma, both in healthy subjects and in patients with underlying autoimmune conditions, such as autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy (APECED) or thymic epithelial neoplasms. While often asymptomatic, they can cause or facilitate a wide range of diseases including opportunistic infections. The potential therapeutic value of specific neutralizing anti-cytokine autoantibodies has not been thoroughly investigated. Here we used mammalian cell display to isolate IL17A-specific antibodies from a thymoma patient with proven high-titer autoantibodies against the same. We identified 3 distinct clonotypes that efficiently neutralized IL17A in a cell-based in vitro assay. Their potencies were comparable to those of known neutralizing antibodies, including 2, AIN457 (secukinumab) and ixekizumab that are currently in clinical development for the treatment of various inflammatory disorders. These data clearly demonstrate that the human autoantibody repertoire can be mined for antibodies with high therapeutic potential for clinical development.
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Key Words
- AIN457
- APECED, autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dystrophy
- CDR, complementary-determining region
- CMC, Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- HFF-1, Human Foreskin Fibroblasts
- IL17
- IL17A, Interleukin 17A
- PBMCs, peripheral blood mononuclear cells
- RT-PCR, Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- Sindbis virus
- huFc-γ1, human Fc-gamma 1
- human autoantibodies
- ixekizumab
- mAb, monoclonal antibody
- mammalian cell display
- monoclonal antibodies
- scFv-Fc
- scFvs, single chain variable fragments
- secukinumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger R Beerli
- a Valneva Austria GmbH ; Campus Vienna Biocenter 3; Vienna , Austria
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Tiriveedhi V, Tucker N, Herndon J, Li L, Sturmoski M, Ellis M, Ma C, Naughton M, Lockhart AC, Gao F, Fleming T, Goedegebuure P, Mohanakumar T, Gillanders WE. Safety and preliminary evidence of biologic efficacy of a mammaglobin-a DNA vaccine in patients with stable metastatic breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 20:5964-75. [PMID: 25451106 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mammaglobin-A (MAM-A) is overexpressed in 40% to 80% of primary breast cancers. We initiated a phase I clinical trial of a MAM-A DNA vaccine to evaluate its safety and biologic efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Patients with breast cancer with stable metastatic disease were eligible for enrollment. Safety was monitored with clinical and laboratory assessments. The CD8 T-cell response was measured by ELISPOT, flow cytometry, and cytotoxicity assays. Progression-free survival (PFS) was described using the Kaplan-Meier product limit estimator. RESULTS Fourteen subjects have been treated with the MAM-A DNA vaccine and no significant adverse events have been observed. Eight of 14 subjects were HLA-A2(+), and the CD8 T-cell response to vaccination was studied in detail. Flow cytometry demonstrated a significant increase in the frequency of MAM-A-specific CD8 T cells after vaccination (0.9% ± 0.5% vs. 3.8% ± 1.2%; P < 0.001), and ELISPOT analysis demonstrated an increase in the number of MAM-A-specific IFNγ-secreting T cells (41 ± 32 vs. 215 ± 67 spm; P < 0.001). Although this study was not powered to evaluate progression-free survival (PFS), preliminary evidence suggests that subjects treated with the MAM-A DNA vaccine had improved PFS compared with subjects who met all eligibility criteria, were enrolled in the trial, but were not vaccinated because of HLA phenotype. CONCLUSION The MAM-A DNA vaccine is safe, capable of eliciting MAM-A-specific CD8 T-cell responses, and preliminary evidence suggests improved PFS. Additional studies are required to define the potential of the MAM-A DNA vaccine for breast cancer prevention and/or therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkataswarup Tiriveedhi
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Natalia Tucker
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - John Herndon
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Lijin Li
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Mark Sturmoski
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Matthew Ellis
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Cynthia Ma
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Michael Naughton
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - A Craig Lockhart
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Feng Gao
- The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Timothy Fleming
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Peter Goedegebuure
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Thalachallour Mohanakumar
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - William E Gillanders
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri. The Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes-Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
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Díaz-Zaragoza M, Hernández-Ávila R, Viedma-Rodríguez R, Arenas-Aranda D, Ostoa-Saloma P. Natural and adaptive IgM antibodies in the recognition of tumor-associated antigens of breast cancer (Review). Oncol Rep 2015; 34:1106-14. [PMID: 26133558 PMCID: PMC4530904 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
For early detection of cancer, education and screening are important, but the most critical factor is the development of early diagnostic tools. Methods that recognize the warning signs of cancer and take prompt action lead to an early diagnosis; simple tests can identify individuals in a healthy population who have the disease but have not developed symptoms. Early detection of cancer is significant and is one of the most promising approaches by which to reduce the growing cancer burden and guide curative treatment. The early diagnosis of patients with breast cancer is challenging, since it is the most common cancer in women worldwide. Despite the advent of mammography in screening for breast cancer, low-resource, low-cost alternative tools must be implemented to complement mammography findings. IgM is part of the first line of defense of an organism and is responsible for recognizing and eliminating infectious particles and removing transformed cells. Most studies on breast cancer have focused on the development of IgG-like molecules as biomarkers or as a treatment for the advanced stages of cancer, but autoantibodies (IgM) and tumor-associated antigens (proteins or carbohydrates with aberrant structures) have not been examined as early diagnostic tools for breast cancer. The present review summarizes the function of natural and adaptive IgM in eliminating cancer cells in the early stages of pathology and their value as early diagnostic tools. IgM, as a component of the immune system, is being used to identify tumor-associated antigens and tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Díaz-Zaragoza
- Departamento de Immunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, DF, México
| | - Ricardo Hernández-Ávila
- Departamento de Immunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, DF, México
| | - Rubí Viedma-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, Centro Médico Nacional, Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 06729 México, DF, México
| | - Diego Arenas-Aranda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Genética Humana, Centro Médico Nacional, Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, 06729 México, DF, México
| | - Pedro Ostoa-Saloma
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México, DF, México
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Alpha 2HS-glycoprotein, a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) detected in Mexican patients with early-stage breast cancer. J Proteomics 2015; 112:301-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Damjanović A, Matić IZ, Ðorđić M, Ðurović MN, Nikolić S, Roki K, Milovanović Z, Antić-Stanković J, Džodić R, Damjanović S, Kanjer K, Abu Rabi Z, Juranić Z. Metformin effects on malignant cells and healthy PBMC; the influence of metformin on the phenotype of breast cancer cells. Pathol Oncol Res 2014; 21:605-12. [PMID: 25351941 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-014-9864-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of research was to determine the effects of maximally therapeutically achievable concentrations of metformin on malignant cells and healthy peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Eight patients with T2D or hyperglycemia and nine healthy volunteers were included in the study. For determination of the influence of metformin on the phenotype of breast carcinoma, 1,410 patients with surgically removed tumors were included. From this group 37 breast cancer patients had DM type 2 or hyperglycemia and were pretreated with metformin alone or sometimes in combination with other antidiabetic drugs. Our results proved that metformin at low concentrations induced mild decrease in survival of malignant cells and PBMC stimulated for proliferation, but it didn't affect survival of resting PBMC. The effects of plasma of hyperglycemic patients who were under metformin therapy on autologous PBMC-induced decrease in survival of MDA-MB-361 cells, was noticeable in some patients. Metformin pretreatment for 24 h of HER2+ MDA-MB-361 cells, which were subsequently treated for 48 h with Herceptin, induced additional decline in cell survival. The analysis of influence of metformin on phenotype of breast cancer cells revealed significantly lower number of diabetic cancer patients treated with metformin with overexpressed HER2+ tumors (p < 0.013), while the number of patients with ER+PR+ tumors was not significantly changed (p < 0.832). In conclusion, therapeutically used concentrations of metformin exhibit mild cytotoxic action on malignant and dividing normal cells pointing to its preferred role in malignant and autoimmune diseases. The use of metformin was associated with pronounced decrease in HER2 overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Damjanović
- Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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Milani A, Sangiolo D, Aglietta M, Valabrega G. Recent advances in the development of breast cancer vaccines. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2014; 6:159-68. [PMID: 25339848 PMCID: PMC4204811 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s38428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The manipulation of the immune system through the administration of a vaccine to direct an effective and long-lasting immune response against breast cancer (BC) cells is an attractive strategy. Vaccines would have several theoretical advantages over standard therapies, including low toxicities, high specificity, and long-lasting efficacy due to the establishment of immunological memory. However, BC vaccines have failed to demonstrate meaningful results in clinical trials so far. This reflects the intrinsic difficulty in breaking the complex immune-escaping mechanisms developed by cancer cells. New vaccines should be able to elicit complex immunologic response involving multiple immune effectors such as cytotoxic and antibody-secreting B cells, innate immunity effectors, and memory cells. Moreover, especially in patients with large tumor burdens and metastatic disease, combining vaccines with other strategies, such as systemic BC therapies, passive immunotherapy, or immunomodulatory agents, could increase the effectiveness of each approach. Here, we review recent advances in BC vaccines, focusing on suitable targets and innovative strategies. We report results of most recent trials investigating active immunotherapy in BC and provide possible future perspectives in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Milani
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Dario Sangiolo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Aglietta
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy ; FPO, Candiolo Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio Valabrega
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy ; FPO, Candiolo Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Torino, Italy
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Krishnan S, Bakker E, Lee C, Kissick HT, Ireland DJ, Beilharz MW. Successful combined intratumoral immunotherapy of established murine mesotheliomas requires B-cell involvement. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 35:100-7. [PMID: 25259549 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination immunotherapy has resulted in a number of impressive outcomes in mouse models and clinical settings. In this study, we report that a timed triple immunotherapy (TTI) protocol using 3 agonist antibodies (anti-CD25mAb, anti-TGF-βmAb, and anti-CTLA-4mAb) produced complete clearance of established AB1 murine mesothelioma tumors. Combining all 3 agonist antibodies into a single cocktail for intratumoral injection was as effective as the TTI in tumor eradication. Cured mice showed elevated levels of tumor-specific IgG antibodies at 95 days posttreatment. Time-course studies of tumor clearance showed (1) that IgG levels were not elevated during tumor clearance and (2) that B-cell numbers were increased in the tumor-draining lymph nodes and spleens during tumor clearance. Finally, employment of B-cell knockout mice indicated a significant role for B cells in the successful eradication of the established tumors by the triple immunotherapy cocktail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Krishnan
- 1 School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M502), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia , Crawley, Australia
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Abstract
In addition to their historical role, autoantibodies appear promising as biomarkers to facilitate diagnosis, improve patient outcome and decrease mortality in cancer. Autoantibodies may also be useful in the identification of subjects at risk for cancer, that is, those bearing premalignant changes. Numerous studies have demonstrated that cancer serum contains a variety of autoantibodies that react with autologous cellular antigens, that is, tumor-associated antigens. Interestingly, some of these antigens are involved in signal transduction, cell cycle regulation, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. As such, identification of these molecules has additional importance for development of novel anticancer drugs and vaccines. This review focuses on the use of autoantibodies in breast cancer, a major public health problem. We also address the need for additional research to validate this approach in cancer diagnostics and therapeutics in general.
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Vaccination with ErbB-2 peptides prevents cancer stem cell expansion and suppresses the development of spontaneous tumors in MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 147:69-80. [PMID: 25104444 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-3086-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
ErbB-2 has been implicated as a target for cancer-initiating cells in breast and other cancers. ErbB-2-directed peptide vaccines have been shown to be effective in prevention of spontaneous tumorigenesis of breast in neu transgenic mouse model, and cellular immunity is proposed as a mechanism for the anti-tumor efficacy. However, there has been no explanation as to how immunity suppresses tumorigenesis from the early stage carcinogenesis, when ErbB-2 expression in breast is low. Here, we investigated a peptide-based vaccine, which consists of two MHC class II epitopes derived from murine ErbB-2, to prevent the occurrence of spontaneous tumors in breast and assess immune impact on breast cancer stem cells. Female MMTV-PyMT transgenic mice were immunized with either ErbB-2 peptide vaccine, or a peptide from tetanus toxoid, or PBS in immune adjuvant. ErbB-2 peptides vaccine completely suppressed spontaneous breast tumors, and the efficacy was correlated with antigen-specific T-cell and antibody responses. In addition, immune serum from the mice of ErbB-2 vaccine group had an inhibitory effect on mammosphere-forming capacity and signaling through ErbB-2 and downstream Akt pathway in ErbB-2 overexpressing mouse mammary cancer cells. We provide evidence that multi-epitope class II peptides vaccine suppresses tumorigenesis of breast potentially by inhibiting the growth of cancer stem cells. We also suggest that a strategy of inducing strong immune responses using multi-epitope ErbB-2-directed helper vaccine might be useful in preventing breast cancer recurrence.
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Evans RL, Pottala JV, Egland KA. Classifying patients for breast cancer by detection of autoantibodies against a panel of conformation-carrying antigens. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:545-55. [PMID: 24641868 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-13-0416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Patients with breast cancer elicit an autoantibody response against cancer proteins, which reflects and amplifies the cellular changes associated with tumorigenesis. Detection of autoantibodies in plasma may provide a minimally invasive mechanism for early detection of breast cancer. To identify cancer proteins that elicit a humoral response, we generated a cDNA library enriched for breast cancer genes that encode membrane and secreted proteins, which are more likely to induce an antibody response compared with intracellular proteins. To generate conformation-carrying antigens that are efficiently recognized by patients' antibodies, a eukaryotic expression strategy was established. Plasma from 200 patients with breast cancer and 200 age-matched healthy controls were measured for autoantibody activity against 20 different antigens designed to have conformational epitopes using ELISA. A conditional logistic regression model was used to select a combination of autoantibody responses against the 20 different antigens to classify patients with breast cancer from healthy controls. The best combination included ANGPTL4, DKK1, GAL1, MUC1, GFRA1, GRN, and LRRC15; however, autoantibody responses against GFRA1, GRN, and LRRC15 were inversely correlated with breast cancer. When the autoantibody responses against the 7 antigens were added to the base model, including age, BMI, race and current smoking status, the assay had the following diagnostic capabilities: c-stat (95% CI), 0.82 (0.78-0.86); sensitivity, 73%; specificity, 76%; and positive likelihood ratio (95% CI), 3.04 (2.34-3.94). The model was calibrated across risk deciles (Hosmer-Lemeshow, P = 0.13) and performed well in specific subtypes of breast cancer including estrogen receptor positive, HER-2 positive, invasive, in situ and tumor sizes >1 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick L Evans
- 2301 East 60th Street North, Sioux Falls, SD 57104.
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Zamani-Ahmadmahmudi M, Nassiri SM, Rahbarghazi R. Serological proteome analysis of dogs with breast cancer unveils common serum biomarkers with human counterparts. Electrophoresis 2014; 35:901-10. [PMID: 24338489 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Canine mammary tumor is being touted as a model for investigating the human breast cancer. Breast cancer of the both species has similar biological behavior, histopathologic characteristics, and metastatic pattern. In this study, we used the serological proteome analysis to detect autoantigens that elicit a humoral response in dogs with mammary tumor in order to identify serum biomarkers with potential usefulness as diagnostic markers and to better understand molecular mechanisms underlying canine breast cancer development. Protein extract from a cell line was subject to 2DE followed by Western blotting using sera from 15 dogs with mammary tumor and sera from 15 healthy control dogs. Immunoreactive autoantigens were subsequently identified by the MALDI-TOF MS. Four autoantigens, including manganese-superoxide dismutase, triose phosphate isomerase, alpha-enolase, and phosphoglycerate mutase1, with significantly higher immunoreactivity in the tumor samples than in the normal samples were identified as biomarker candidates. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting revealed higher expression of these biomarkers in the malignant tumors than in the normal or benign tumors. The autoantigens found in this study have been reported to elicit autoantibody response in the human breast cancer, indicating the similarity of breast cancer proteome profile in dogs with that in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Zamani-Ahmadmahmudi
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Curigliano G, Spitaleri G, Dettori M, Locatelli M, Scarano E, Goldhirsch A. Vaccine immunotherapy in breast cancer treatment: promising, but still early. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 7:1225-41. [PMID: 17892423 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.7.9.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer vaccine-based immunotherapy should potentiate immunosurveillance function, preventing and protecting against growing tumors. Tumor cells usually activate the immune system, including T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, which are able to eliminate the transformed cells. Immunosubversion mechanisms related to tumor cells antigenic immunoediting induces mechanisms of tolerance and immunoescape. This condition impairs not only host-generated immunosurveillance, but also attempts to harness the immune response for therapeutic purposes. Most trials evaluating breast cancer vaccines have been carried out in patients in the metastatic and adjuvant setting. The aim of this review is to analyze the activity of vaccination strategies in current clinical trials. We summarize the differential approaches, protein-based and cell-based vaccines, focusing on vaccines targeting HER2/neu protein. Another focus of the review is to provide the reader with future challenges in the field, taking into account both the immunological and clinical aspects to better target the goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Curigliano
- European Institute of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Via Ripamonti 435, 20141 Milan, Italy.
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Järås K, Anderson K. Autoantibodies in cancer: prognostic biomarkers and immune activation. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 8:577-89. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Disease related antigens are of great importance in the clinic. They are used as markers to screen patients for various forms of cancer, to monitor response to therapy, or to serve as therapeutic targets (Chapman et al., Ann Oncol 18(5):868-873, 2007; Soussi et al., Cancer Res 60:1777-1788, 2000; Anderson and LaBaer, J Proteome Res 4:1123-1133, 2005; Levenson, Biochim Biophy Acta 1770:847-856, 2007). In cancer endogenous levels of protein expression may be disrupted or proteins may be expressed in an aberrant fashion resulting in an immune response that bypasses self tolerance (Soussi et al., Cancer Res 60:1777-1788, 2000; Disis et al., J Clin Oncol 15(11):3363-3367, 1997; Molina et al., Breast Cancer Res Treat 51:109-119, 1998). Protein microarrays, which represent a large fraction of the human proteome, have been used to identify antigens in multiple diseases including cancer (Anderson and LaBaer, J Proteome Res 4:1123-1133, 2005; Disis et al., J Clin Oncol 15(11):3363-3367, 1997; Hudson et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(44):17494-17499, 2007; Beyer et al., J Neuroimmunol 242:26-32, 2012). Typically, arrays are probed with immunoglobulin (Ig) samples from patients as well as healthy controls, then compared to determine which antigens (Ag's) are more reactive within the patient group (Hudson et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104(44):17494-17499).
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