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Shaik S, Kumar R, Chaudhary M, Kaur C, Khurana N, Singh G. Artificial viruses: A nanotechnology based approach. Daru 2024; 32:339-352. [PMID: 38105369 PMCID: PMC11087390 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-023-00496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objective of this work was to review and summarise the detailed literature available on viral nanoparticle and the strategies utilised for their manufacture along with their applications as therapeutic agents. DATA ACQUISITION The reported literature related to development and application of virus nanoparticles have been collected from electronic data bases like ScienceDirect, google scholar, PubMed by using key words like "viral nanoparticles", "targeted drug delivery" and "vaccines" and related combinations. RESULT From the detailed literature survey, virus nanoparticles were identified as carriers for the targeted delivery. Due to the presence of nanostructures in virus nanoparticles, these protect the drugs from the degradation in the gastrointestinal tract and in case of the delivery of gene medicine, they carry the nucleic acids to the target/susceptible host cells. Thus, artificial viruses are utilised for targeted delivery to specific organ in biomedical and biotechnological areas. CONCLUSION Thus, virus nanoparticles can be considered as viable option as drug/gene carrier in various healthcare sectors especially drug delivery and vaccine and can be explored further in future for the development of better drug delivery techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shareef Shaik
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Chaudhary
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Charanjit Kaur
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Navneet Khurana
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India
| | - Gurvinder Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India.
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Dzobo K. What to Do for Increasing Cancer Burden on the African Continent? Accelerating Public Health Diagnostics Innovation for Prevention and Early Intervention on Cancers. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 25:567-579. [PMID: 34399067 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
No other place illustrates the increasing burden of cancer than in Africa and in particular, sub-Saharan Africa. Many of the individuals to be diagnosed with cancer will be in low-resource settings in the future due to, for example, an increase in populations and aging, and high co-morbidity with infections with viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human papillomavirus (HPV), as well as the presence of infectious agents linked to cancer development. Due to lack of prevention and diagnostic innovation, patients present with advanced cancers, leading to poor survival and increased mortality. HIV infection-associated cancers such as B cell lymphomas, Kaposi's sarcoma, and HPV-associated cancers such as cervical cancer are particularly noteworthy in this context. Recent reports show that a host of other cancers are also associated with viral infection and these include lung, oral cavity, esophageal, and pharyngeal, hepatocellular carcinoma, and anal and vulvar cancers. This article examines the ways in which diagnostic innovation empowered by integrative biology and informed by public health priorities can improve cancer prevention or early intervention in Africa and beyond. In addition, I argue that because diagnostic biomarkers can often overlap with novel therapeutic targets, diagnostics research and development can have broader value for and impact on medical innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Wen N, Bian L, Gon J, Meng Y. RPRD1B is a potentially molecular target for diagnosis and prevention of human papillomavirus E6/E7 infection-induced cervical cancer: A case-control study. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2020; 17:230-237. [PMID: 32866332 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of the study is to investigate the biomarkers for diagnosis and prevention of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection-induced cervical cancer. METHODS Cervical cancer tissues were collected from patients with cervical cancer, while noncancer tissues were collected from patients diagnosed with cervical lesions or uterine fibroids at the Chinese PLA General Hospital 301 and 309, China from December 2017 to June 2018. The cancer tissues were collected from the site of lesion, while the noncancer tissues were collected from similar anatomical locations. Quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot (WB), and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to detect the mRNA and protein levels of HPV E6/E7, RPRD1B (regulation of nuclear pre-mRNA domain containing 1B), cyclin D1, and transcription factor 4 (TCF4) between cervical cancer tissues and noncancer tissues. The correlation of HPV E6/E7, RPRD1B, cyclin D1, and TCF4 expressions was analyzed. RESULTS Twenty patients with cervical cancer and 27 controls without cervical cancer were included in this study. The mRNA expression of HPV E6/E7and RPRD1B was significantly higher in patients with cervical cancer than controls, while cyclin D1 mRNA expression was significantly lower in patients with cervical carcinoma in situ stage, compared with controls. RPRD1B protein expression was significantly higher in patients compared to controls when analyzed by IHC. TCF4 was significantly lower in clinical stage I and Ib of cervical cancer when analyzed by WB. The mRNA and protein expressions of RPRD1B and cyclin D1 were significantly different between patients younger than 50 years old, compared to patients 50 years and older. CONCLUSIONS HPV E6/E7 expression was associated with RPRD1B level in cervical cancer. The expression of RPRD1B and cyclin D1 in patients with cervical cancer might be affected by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wen
- The Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chinese PLA Genreral Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Bian
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chinese PLA Genreral Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Gon
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chinese PLA Genreral Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanguang Meng
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Chinese PLA Genreral Hospital, Beijing, China
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Venkataraman S, Reddy VS, Khurana SMP. Biomedical Applications of Viral Nanoparticles in Vaccine Therapy. Nanobiomedicine (Rij) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9898-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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5
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Woelber L, Breuer J, Meyer T, Vettorazzi E, Prieske K, Bohlmann I, Busch CJ, Teudt I, Brummer O, Mueller V, Schmalfeldt B, Grimm D. Oral Human Papillomavirus in Women With High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2018; 21:177-183. [PMID: 28481782 DOI: 10.1097/lgt.0000000000000313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate the co-prevalence of cervical and oropharyngeal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in patients with HPV-related high-grade disease of the uterine cervix (high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion [HSIL]). MATERIALS AND METHODS In a prospective cohort study, women with abnormal cervical cytology admitted to our colposcopy units received HPV testing of the uterine cervix and the oropharynx via smear. From a subset of patients, oral lavage was collected to compare detection rates of HPV DNA between lavage and swab. Patients with confirmed high-risk HPV (HR-HPV)-positive HSIL of the cervix were further investigated. Sexual behavior and lifestyle factors were documented with a standardized questionnaire. RESULTS Two hundred thirty-five women were included in the study. Of the 235 women, 135 (57.5%) were cervically HR-HPV positive with histologically confirmed high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion (median [range] age = 30 [21-45] years). Of these, only 6 (4.4%) also had a positive oral specimen. In 3 (50%) of the 6 cases, the same HPV type was detected in oral and cervical samples (HPV 16, 35, and 45). Oral HPV detection was not higher when combining swab and lavage compared with swab alone. A relation between sexual behavior and oral HPV detection could not be demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS Oral HPV prevalence in women with cervical HPV infection and HSIL is low. Simultaneous testing of oropharyngeal and cervical HPV infection does not seem promising as future screening strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Woelber
- 1Department of Gynaecology and Gynaecologic Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 2Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 3Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; 4Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany; 5Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Asklepios Klinik Hamburg Altona, Germany; 6HNO-in-Altona, Private Otorhinolaryngology Praxis, Hamburg, Germany; 7Tagesklinik Altonaer Strasse, Private Gynaecology Praxis, Hamburg, Germany; and 8Department of Gynaecology and Gynaecologic Oncology, Medical Center Asklepios Altona, Hamburg, Germany
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He C, Mao D, Hua G, Lv X, Chen X, Angeletti PC, Dong J, Remmenga SW, Rodabaugh KJ, Zhou J, Lambert PF, Yang P, Davis JS, Wang C. The Hippo/YAP pathway interacts with EGFR signaling and HPV oncoproteins to regulate cervical cancer progression. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:1426-49. [PMID: 26417066 PMCID: PMC4644376 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo signaling pathway controls organ size and tumorigenesis through a kinase cascade that inactivates Yes-associated protein (YAP). Here, we show that YAP plays a central role in controlling the progression of cervical cancer. Our results suggest that YAP expression is associated with a poor prognosis for cervical cancer. TGF-α and amphiregulin (AREG), via EGFR, inhibit the Hippo signaling pathway and activate YAP to induce cervical cancer cell proliferation and migration. Activated YAP allows for up-regulation of TGF-α, AREG, and EGFR, forming a positive signaling loop to drive cervical cancer cell proliferation. HPV E6 protein, a major etiological molecule of cervical cancer, maintains high YAP protein levels in cervical cancer cells by preventing proteasome-dependent YAP degradation to drive cervical cancer cell proliferation. Results from human cervical cancer genomic databases and an accepted transgenic mouse model strongly support the clinical relevance of the discovered feed-forward signaling loop. Our study indicates that combined targeting of the Hippo and the ERBB signaling pathways represents a novel therapeutic strategy for prevention and treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo He
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dagan Mao
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guohua Hua
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangmin Lv
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xingcheng Chen
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Peter C Angeletti
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Jixin Dong
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Steven W Remmenga
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kerry J Rodabaugh
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jin Zhou
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Urumqi General Hospital of Lanzhou Military Region, Urumqi, China
| | - Paul F Lambert
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John S Davis
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA Omaha Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- Olson Center for Women's Health, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Abstract
Nanoscale engineering is revolutionizing the way we prevent, detect, and treat diseases. Viruses have played a special role in these developments because they can function as prefabricated nanoscaffolds that have unique properties and are easily modified. The interiors of virus particles can encapsulate and protect sensitive compounds, while the exteriors can be altered to display large and small molecules in precisely defined arrays. These properties of viruses, along with their innate biocompatibility, have led to their development as actively targeted drug delivery systems that expand on and improve current pharmaceutical options. Viruses are naturally immunogenic, and antigens displayed on their surface have been used to create vaccines against pathogens and to break self-tolerance to initiate an immune response to dysfunctional proteins. Densely and specifically aligned imaging agents on viruses have allowed for high-resolution and noninvasive visualization tools to detect and treat diseases earlier than previously possible. These and future applications of viruses have created an exciting new field within the disciplines of both nanotechnology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marianne Manchester
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Departments of 2Biomedical Engineering
- Radiology
- Materials Science and Engineering, and
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106;
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Are patients with inflammatory bowel disease on chronic immunosuppressive therapy at increased risk of cervical high-grade dysplasia/cancer? A meta-analysis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:1089-97. [PMID: 25895005 PMCID: PMC4458370 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunosuppression is a mainstay of therapy for both induction and maintenance of remission for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Women who are chronically immunosuppressed have been shown to be at higher risk of developing cervical high-grade dysplasia and/or carcinoma. There is contradictory data whether immunosuppressed patients with IBD have the same risk profile for cervical cancer as patients with solid organ transplant or HIV infection. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the risk of cervical high-grade dysplasia and/or cancer is higher in patients with IBD on immunosuppressive therapy compared with the rates in the general population. METHODS The studies were restricted to full-text retrospective cohort studies and case controls that had a high (6-9) Newcastle-Ottawa Score. RESULTS All pooled analyses were based on a random-effects model. Five cohort studies and 3 case-control studies of patients with IBD on any immunosuppression with cervical high-grade dysplasia/cancer (n = 995) were included in the meta-analysis. The total IBD population in these studies was 77,116. Patients with IBD had an increased risk of cervical high-grade dysplasia/cancer compared with healthy controls (odds ratio = 1.34, 95% confidence interval: 1.23-1.46). Heterogeneity was detected (I = 34.23, Q = 10.64, df = 7; P = 0.15). The source was found to be the type of study, as well as the odds ratio presented (crude versus adjusted). CONCLUSIONS There is sufficient evidence to suggest an increased risk of cervical high-grade dysplasia/cancer in patients with IBD on immunosuppressive medications compared with the general population. Given this increased risk, increased screening intervals are indicated.
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Kim MH, Jung-Choi K, Kim H, Song YM. Educational inequality in female cancer mortality in Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2015; 30:1-6. [PMID: 25552877 PMCID: PMC4278015 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2015.30.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the influence of socioeconomic factors on female cancer mortality using death data from the Cause of Death Statistics and the Korean Population and Housing Census databases collected in 2001, 2006, and 2011. We estimated Relative Index of Inequality (RII) of female cancer mortality using Poisson regression analysis. RII greater than 1 indicates increased mortality risk for women at the lowest educational level compared with women at the highest educational level. The RII for cervical cancer mortality was persistently greater than 1 for the entire study period, with a gradual increase over time. Subgroup analysis stratified by age (25-44 and 45-64 yr) revealed that younger women had increased RIIs of mortality due to cervical cancer and ovarian cancer during the entire study period. Older women had higher RII only for cervical cancer mortality, but the value was much lower than that for younger women. The RII for breast cancer mortality was greater than 1 for younger women since 2006. In conclusion, socioeconomic inequality in female cancer mortality has persisted for the last decade in Korea, which was most evident for cervical cancer, and for younger women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Hyun Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyunghee Jung-Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoeun Kim
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Mi Song
- Department of Family Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Brebi M. P, Hartley B. R, Ili CG, Roa S. JC, Sánchez G. R. Infección por el virus del papiloma humano en el hombre y su relación con el cáncer: estado actual y prospectivas. Rev Int Androl 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.androl.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Chandra J, Yadav D. Immunization of HIV infected children. Indian J Pediatr 2012; 79:1634-41. [PMID: 22323103 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-012-0701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Immunization is one of the most effective approaches to reduce morbidity and mortality in HIV infected children. However, progressive immune suppression may lead to impaired responsiveness to most of the vaccines. Besides this, there are many other areas of concern in these children including risk of diseases and safety issues with live vaccines, need for increased amount or number of doses of a particular vaccine, shortened duration of protective efficacy, need for revaccination after immune reconstitution and effect of vaccines on HIV viral replication. Published literature on safety, effectiveness and immunogenicity of vaccines in HIV infected children and status of individual vaccines with existing guidelines has been discussed in present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdish Chandra
- Department of Pediatrics, Lady Hardinge Medical College and Associated Kalawati Saran Children's Hospital, New Delhi, India.
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Lung MSY, Zhang N, Murray V. Site-directed mutagenesis of human papillomavirus 18 promoter elements and tissue-specific expression in cervical carcinoma cells. Virus Genes 2012; 44:395-402. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-012-0723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Health beliefs and attitudes associated with HPV vaccine intention among young gay and bisexual men in the southeastern United States. Vaccine 2011; 29:8060-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The use of a human papillomavirus 18 promoter for tissue-specific expression in cervical carcinoma cells. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2011; 16:477-92. [PMID: 21786035 PMCID: PMC6275744 DOI: 10.2478/s11658-011-0018-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of tissue-specific promoter elements in the treatment of cervical cancer has been explored in this paper. The P105 promoter of human papillomavirus 18 (HPV18) was utilised to direct tissue-specific expression in a number of cell types. Expression was examined in three cervical carcinoma cell lines: HeLa (HPV18 positive), SiHa (HPV16 positive), and C33A cells (HPV negative); the epithelial cell line, H1299; and the foetal fibroblast cell line, MRC5, utilising a luciferase expression vector. Expression was highest in the cervical cell lines by a factor of at least 80. The effect of a number of mutations in the P105 promoter on expression levels was examined. Three deletion constructs of the long control region (LCR) were investigated: an 800 bp fragment (LCR800), a 400 bp fragment (LCR400), and a 200 bp fragment (LCR200), as well as the full length product LCR of HPV18 (LCR1000). The LCR800 construct of the HPV18 P105 promoter had the highest level of expression in the cervical cell lines and was also highest in the HPV18-positive HeLa cell line. Site-directed mutagenesis was then employed on the LCR800 construct to create four further constructs that each had inactivating mutations in one of the four E2 binding sites (E2BSs). Overall, this study indicated that the LCR800 construct of the HPV18 P105 promoter could be utilised as a tissuerestricted promoter in cervical cancer cells.
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Knowledge about cervical cancer among Polish and Finnish female students. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011; 156:212-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hernandez J, Elahi A, Siegel E, Coppola D, Riggs B, Shibata D. HPV L1 capsid protein detection and progression of anal squamous neoplasia. Am J Clin Pathol 2011; 135:436-41. [PMID: 21350099 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpr5vd6nsqrwbn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of cervical intraepithelial lesions to invasive cancer is associated with corresponding reductions in human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 capsid antigen (L1) expression. We sought to determine whether a similar loss of L1 occurs during anal carcinogenesis using immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded sections as well as INNO-LiPA HPV Genotyping (Innogenetics, Gent, Belgium) technology to determine HPV infection status. We analyzed 31 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), 26 SCCs in situ (SCC-IS), and 11 normal anal mucosae from 36 patients. High-risk HPV subtypes were detected in all patients. L1 nuclear staining was identified in 38% of SCC-IS; however, there was no detection in normal anal mucosae, SCC, or recurrent SCC. Of those SCC-IS associated with a concomitant invasive SCC, only 15% demonstrated nuclear L1 expression as compared to 62% of isolated SCC-IS (P = .02). Nuclear expression of L1 is lost in the progression of anal SCC-IS to SCC and may serve as a possible prognostic marker of enhanced malignant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erin Siegel
- Risk Assessment, Detection and Intervention, Tampa, FL
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
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Yoshida T, Yoshida R, Ma BY, Mikolajczak S, Kelvin DJ, Ochi A. A novel mitogen fusion protein against CD40+ cells with potent vaccine adjuvant properties. Vaccine 2010; 28:3688-95. [PMID: 20359561 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A large number of infectious diseases caused by viral or bacterial infections are treatable and/or preventable by vaccination. In addition, ongoing research is aimed at the development of vaccines against other types of diseases, including almost all forms of cancer. The efficacy of a vaccine relies on the antigen-specific response by the entire repertoire of immune competent cells. Here, we have generated a powerful mitogen fusion protein, CD40L-FasL-IgFc, which stimulates CD40(+) cells robustly. We found that this specific cell activation is accompanied by increased expression of PRDI-BF1 (Blim-1) RNA, an indicator of terminal B-cell differentiation, in cultures stimulated with CD40L-FasL-IgFc. The addition of specific inhibitors of NF-kappaB and MEK1/2 partially suppressed the observed proliferative effects of CD40L-FasL-IgFc. When tested in vivo, the immune response to influenza HA vaccine was significantly increased by co-administration of CD40L-FasL-IgFc. Moreover, the co-administration of the cDNA expression plasmid encoding CD40L-FasL-IgFc significantly boosted the vaccine response. We now have a unique opportunity to evaluate our novel fusion protein adjuvant, and other similarly constructed fusion proteins, in both protein-based and genetic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yoshida
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Abstract
Cervical cancer takes the lives of more than 250,000 women each year globally, particularly in under-resourced areas of low-, middle-, and high-income countries. Options for cancer control and treatment have reached a point that there are interventions for control that could be adopted for virtually every resource and demographic situation. Women die despite the availability of attractive control options, which means that educating policy makers, women's health professionals, as well as women themselves, must become a major focus for ongoing control of this disease. The human right to life, to prevention of suffering, and to education are all key rights linked to improving the control of cervical cancer and saving the lives of women, particularly in resource-poor parts of the world.
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Abstract
Enveloped virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines containing influenza hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) antigens are produced easily in insect or mammalian cells via the simultaneous expression of HA and NA along with a viral core protein, such as influenza matrix (M1) or a retroviral Gag protein. The size and shape of the resulting particles are dictated by the choice of the core component, but M1- and Gag-based VLPs are strongly immunogenic and protective in seasonal and highly pathogenic influenza challenge models. Current data are consistent with the hypothesis that influenza VLP vaccine efficacy is related to the particulate, multivalent composition coupled with the presence of correctly folded antigens with intact biological activities. This new influenza vaccine paradigm offers potential advantages over the conventional egg-based, split-vaccine platform in terms of enhanced immunogenicity and better breadth of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel R Haynes
- LigoCyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2155 Analysis Drive, Bozeman, MT 59718, USA.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gilman
- Emory Voice Clinic, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Efectividad y seguridad de erlotinib en 2 pacientes con carcinoma de cérvix uterino. FARMACIA HOSPITALARIA 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s1130-6343(09)70994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women worldwide, with the highest rates observed in underdeveloped countries. In the last decades, its incidence has decreased after the implementation of screening programs, mainly in developed countries. Infection with high-risk oncogenic HPV is associated with precancerous lesions and cervical cancer. Advances in the understanding of the role of HPV in the etiology of high-grade cervical lesions (CIN 2/3) and cervical cancer have led to the development, evaluation and recommendation of two prophylactic HPV vaccines. This review article provides a summary of the studies related with their development and efficacy.
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Koski GK, Cohen PA, Roses RE, Xu S, Czerniecki BJ. Reengineering dendritic cell-based anti-cancer vaccines. Immunol Rev 2009; 222:256-76. [PMID: 18364007 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00617.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite initial enthusiasm, dendritic cell (DC)-based anti-cancer vaccines have yet to live up to their promise as one of the best hopes for generating effective anti-tumor immunity. One of the principal reasons for the generally disappointing results achieved thus far could be that the full potential of DCs has not been effectively exploited. Here, we argue that dramatic improvements in vaccine efficacy will probably require a careful re-evaluation of current vaccine design. The formulation of new strategies must take into account the natural history of DCs, particularly their role in helping the immune system deal with infection. Equally critical is the emerging importance of soluble factors, notably interleukin-12, in modulating the quality of immune responses. Vaccines should also be designed to recruit helper T cells and antibody-producing B cells rather than simply cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Finally, the judicious selection of tumor, target antigen, and disease stage best suited for treatment should serve as the foundation of trial designs. Our discussion addresses a recent clinical vaccine trial to treat early breast cancer, where many elements of this new strategy were put into practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary K Koski
- Department of Immunology, Center for Surgery Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Pereira R, Hitzeroth II, Rybicki EP. Insights into the role and function of L2, the minor capsid protein of papillomaviruses. Arch Virol 2009; 154:187-97. [PMID: 19169853 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are responsible for the most common human sexually transmitted viral infections, and high-risk types are responsible for causing cervical and other cancers. The minor capsid protein L2 of HPV plays important roles in virus entry into cells, localisation of viral components to the nucleus, in DNA binding, capsid formation and stability. It also elicits antibodies that are more cross-reactive between HPV types than does the major capsid protein L1, making it an attractive potential target for new-generation, more broadly protective subunit vaccines against HPV infections. However, its low abundance in natural capsids--12-72 molecules per 360 copies of L1--limits its immunogenicity. This review will explore the biological roles of the protein, and prospects for its use in new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Pereira
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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25
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review immunization recommendations for HIV-infected individuals in resource-constrained countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Recent evidence suggests that HIV-infected children are at risk for low immunization coverage in sub-Saharan Africa. Routine immunization is recommended for these children. In comparison with immunocompetent children, recommendations for live-attenuated vaccines differ in HIV-infected children. However, limited laboratory capacity to diagnose HIV infection amongst young children prevents the implementation of these HIV-specific guidelines in resource-constrained countries. Re-immunization has been the focus of recent research in high- and middle-income countries. Findings show that children established on highly active antiretroviral therapy have suboptimal vaccine-specific immunity and may benefit from re-immunization. Before re-immunization guidelines can be formulated for resource-constrained countries, several questions should be addressed, including whether all HIV-infected children will benefit from routine re-immunization and what optimal number of vaccine doses should be administered. Pneumococcal and influenza infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality amongst HIV-infected individuals. There is compelling evidence showing that pneumococcal conjugate vaccines will protect HIV-infected and uninfected children against invasive infection. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines should be prioritized for introduction in countries with high HIV prevalence. Although, annual influenza immunization is recommended for HIV-infected individuals, the effectiveness in Africa remains unclear. In conclusion, this brief overview has identified several limitations of current immunization policy and practice for HIV-infected individuals living in resource-constrained countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Eley
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Red Cross Children's Hospital, School of Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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26
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Boulet GAV, Horvath CAJ, Berghmans S, Bogers J. Human papillomavirus in cervical cancer screening: important role as biomarker. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008; 17:810-7. [PMID: 18398022 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-2865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cytology screening has reduced cervical cancer morbidity and mortality but shows important shortcomings in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Infection with distinct types of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary etiologic factor in cervical carcinogenesis. This causal relationship has been exploited for the development of molecular technologies for viral detection to overcome limitations linked to cytologic cervical screening. HPV testing has been suggested for primary screening, triage of equivocal Pap smears or low-grade lesions and follow-up after treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Determination of HPV genotype, viral load, integration status and RNA expression could further improve the effectiveness of HPV-based screening and triage strategies. The prospect of prophylactic HPV vaccination stresses the importance of modification of the current cytology-based screening approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle A V Boulet
- AMBIOR, Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer vaccines are a unique approach to cancer therapy. They exert an antitumor effect by engaging the host immune response, and have great potential for circumventing the intrinsic drug resistance that limits standard cancer management. Additional advantages of cancer vaccines are exquisite specificity, low toxicity, and the potential for a durable treatment effect due to immunologic memory. OBJECTIVES This review aims to consider the promise of cancer vaccines, review the current state of cancer vaccine development, and suggest directions for future research. METHODS The scope of this review was defined peer-reviewed information found on Medline, and information found on the Internet about Phase III clinical trials that are ongoing and not yet published. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Multiple Phase III clinical trials have demonstrated the promise and challenges posed by therapeutic vaccines, and defined the next steps in their clinical development. Determining the optimal integration of cancer vaccines with chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, and biologically targeted therapies, defining predictive biomarkers of immunologic and clinical response, and combining tumor vaccines with new drugs that effectively modulate the antitumor immune response, will ensure that cancer vaccines become part of standard cancer therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisha A Emens
- Johns Hopkins University, Tumor Immunology and Breast Cancer Research Programs, Department of Oncology, 1650 Orleans Street, Room 409, Bunting Blaustein Cancer Research Building, Baltimore, MD 21231-1000, USA.
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29
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Human papillomavirus type 16 L1E7 chimeric capsomeres have prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy against papillomavirus in mice. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1329-35. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-07-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Wang E, Selleri S, Sabatino M, Monaco A, Pos Z, Worschech A, Stroncek DF, Marincola FM. Spontaneous and treatment-induced cancer rejection in humans. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:337-49. [PMID: 18294104 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.3.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental observations suggest that human cancer cells actively interact with normal host cells and this cross-talk results, in most instances, in an increased potential of cancer cells to survive. On the other hand, it is also well documented that on rare occasions tumors can be dramatically destroyed by the host's immune response. OBJECTIVE In this review, we argue that understanding the mechanisms that bring about the immune response and lead to cancer destruction is of paramount importance for the design of future rational therapies. METHODS Here we summarize the present understanding of the phenomenology leading to cancer regression in humans and propose novel strategies for a more efficient study of human cancer under natural conditions and during therapy. CONCLUSION The understanding of tumor/host interactions within the tumor microenvironment is a key component of the study of tumor immunology in humans, much can be learned by a dynamic study of such interactions at time points related to the natural history of the disease or its response to therapy. Such understanding will eventually lead to novel and more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ena Wang
- National Institutes of Health, Infectious Disease and Immunogenetics Section, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
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31
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Ju T, Lanneau GS, Gautam T, Wang Y, Xia B, Stowell SR, Willard MT, Wang W, Xia JY, Zuna RE, Laszik Z, Benbrook DM, Hanigan MH, Cummings RD. Human tumor antigens Tn and sialyl Tn arise from mutations in Cosmc. Cancer Res 2008; 68:1636-46. [PMID: 18339842 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic lesions typically express specific carbohydrate antigens on glycolipids, mucins, and other glycoproteins. Such antigens are often under epigenetic control and are subject to reversion and loss upon therapeutic selective pressure. We report here that two of the most common tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens, Tn and sialyl Tn (STn), result from somatic mutations in the gene Cosmc that encodes a molecular chaperone required for formation of the active T-synthase. Diverse neoplastic lesions, including colon cancer and melanoma-derived cells lines, expressed both Tn and STn antigen due to loss-of-function mutations in Cosmc. In addition, two human cervical cancer specimens that showed expression of the Tn/STn antigens were also found to have mutations in Cosmc and loss of heterozygosity for the cross-linked Cosmc locus. This is the first example of somatic mutations in multiple types of cancers that cause global alterations in cell surface carbohydrate antigen expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongzhong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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van Hamont D, Bekkers RLM, Massuger LFAG, Melchers WJG. Detection, management, and follow-up of pre-malignant cervical lesions and the role for human papillomavirus. Rev Med Virol 2008; 18:117-32. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Javitt G, Berkowitz D, Gostin LO. Assessing mandatory HPV vaccination: who should call the shots? THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2008; 36:384-214. [PMID: 18547207 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720x.2008.00282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In 2007, many legislatures considered, and two enacted, bills mandating HPV vaccination for young girls as a condition of school attendance. Such mandates raise significant legal, ethical, and social concerns. This paper argues that mandating HPV vaccination for minor females is premature since long-term safety and effectiveness of the vaccine has not been established, HPV does not pose imminent and significant risk of harm to others, a sex specific mandate raises constitutional concerns, and a mandate will burden financially existing government health programs and private physicians. Absent careful consideration and public conversation, HPV mandates may undermine coverage rates for other vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Javitt
- Genetics and Public Policy Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Zubor P, Danko J, Kajo K, Szunyogh N. Low Affordability May Limit the Effect of Cervical Cancer Vaccination in Central and Eastern European Countries. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:5534-7. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.14.3792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Zubor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Danko
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Karol Kajo
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Martin, Slovak Republic
| | - Norbert Szunyogh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, St Lukas Hospital, Galanta, Slovak Republic
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Håkansson L, Dalgleish A, Kallen K, Schuessler-Lenz M. Vaccines: A rapidly evolving technology – Are the hurdles being addressed? EJC Suppl 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcsup.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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36
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