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A glucocorticoid-receptor agonist ameliorates bleomycin-induced alveolar simplification in newborn rats. Pediatr Res 2022; 93:1551-1558. [PMID: 36068343 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02257-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids (GCs) are highly effective yet problematic agents against bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). The dimeric trans-activation of GCs induces unfavorable effects, while monomeric trans-repression suppresses inflammation-related genes. Recently, non-steroidal-selective glucocorticoid-receptor agonists and modulators (SEGRAMs) with only the trans-repressive action have been designed. METHODS Using a bleomycin (Bleo)-induced alveolar simplification newborn rat model (recapitulating arrested alveolarization during BPD), we evaluated the therapeutic effects of compound-A (CpdA), a SEGRAM. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered Bleo from postnatal day (PD) 0 to 10 and treated with dexamethasone (Dex) or CpdA from PD 0 to 13. The morphological changes and mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-1β, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1), and C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2) were investigated. RESULTS Similar to the effects of Dex, CpdA exerted protective effects on morphological derangements and inhibited macrophage infiltration and production of pro-inflammatory mediators in Bleo-treated animals. The effects of CpdA were probably mediated by GC receptor (GR)-dependent trans-repression, because unlike the Dex-treated group, anti-inflammatory genes specifically induced by GR-dependent trans-activation (such as "glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper, GILZ") were not upregulated. CONCLUSIONS CpdA improved lung inflammation, inhibited the arrest of alveolar maturation, and restored histological and biochemical changes in a Bleo-induced alveolar simplification model. IMPACT SEGRAMs have attracted widespread attention because they are expected to not exhibit unfavorable effects of GCs. Compound A, one of the SEGRAMs, improved lung morphometric changes and decreased lung inflammation in a bleomycin-induced arrested alveolarization, a newborn rat model representing one of the main features of BPD pathology. Compound A did not elicit bleomycin-induced poor weight gain, in contrast to dexamethasone treatment. SEGRAMs, including compound A, may be promising candidates for the therapy of BPD with less adverse effects compared with GCs.
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Heimroth RD, Casadei E, Benedicenti O, Amemiya CT, Muñoz P, Salinas I. The lungfish cocoon is a living tissue with antimicrobial functions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj0829. [PMID: 34788085 PMCID: PMC8597997 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj0829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrialization is an extreme physiological adaptation by which African lungfish survive dry seasons. For months and up to several years, lungfish live inside a dry mucus cocoon that protects them from desiccation. Light and electron microscopy reveal that the lungfish cocoon is a living tissue that traps bacteria. Transcriptomic analyses identify a global state of inflammation in the terrestrialized lungfish skin characterized by granulocyte recruitment. Recruited granulocytes transmigrate into the cocoon where they release extracellular traps. In vivo DNase I surface spraying during terrestrialization results in dysbiosis, septicemia, skin wounds, and hemorrhages. Thus, lungfish have evolved unique immunological adaptations to protect their bodies from infection for extended periods of time while living on land. Trapping bacteria outside their bodies may benefit estivating vertebrates that undergo metabolic torpor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Darby Heimroth
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Elisa Casadei
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Ottavia Benedicenti
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Chris Tsuyoshi Amemiya
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | - Pilar Muñoz
- Department of Animal Health, Campus de Espinardo, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Irene Salinas
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Biology Department, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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Histological Chorioamnionitis Induces Differential Gene Expression in Human Cord Blood Mononuclear Leukocytes from Term Neonates. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5862. [PMID: 30971730 PMCID: PMC6458165 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological chorioamnionitis (HCA) is an infection of fetal membranes and complicates 5.2% to 28.5% of all live births. HCA is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in both premature and term neonates. Exposure to HCA may have long-term consequences, including an increased risk for allergic disorders and asthma later in childhood, the mechanism(s) of which are still not yet well understood. The objective of this study was to determine the mRNA transcriptome of cord blood mononuclear leukocytes from term neonates to identify key genes and pathways involved in HCA. We found 366 differentially expressed probe IDs with exposure to HCA (198 upregulated, 168 downregulated). These transcriptomes included novel genes and pathways associated with exposure to HCA. The differential gene expression included key genes regulating inflammatory, immune, respiratory and neurological pathways, which may contribute to disorders in those pathways in neonates exposed to HCA. Our data may lead to understanding of the role of key genes and pathways identified on the long-term sequelae related to exposure to HCA, as well as to identifying potential markers and therapies to prevent HCA-associated complications.
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4
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Grist JJ, Marro B, Lane TE. Neutrophils and viral-induced neurologic disease. Clin Immunol 2018; 189:52-56. [PMID: 27288312 PMCID: PMC5145788 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Infection of the central nervous system (CNS) by neurotropic viruses represents an increasing worldwide problem in terms of morbidity and mortality for people of all ages. Although unique structural features of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) provide a physical and physiological barrier, a number of neurotropic viruses are able to enter the CNS resulting in a variety of pathological outcomes. Nonetheless, antigen-specific lymphocytes are ultimately able to accumulate within the CNS and contribute to defense by reducing or eliminating the invading viral pathogen. Alternatively, infiltration of activated cells of the immune system may be detrimental, as these cells can contribute to neuropathology that may result in long-term cellular damage or death. More recently, myeloid cells e.g. neutrophils have been implicated in contributing to both host defense and disease in response to viral infection of the CNS. This review highlights recent studies using coronavirus-induced neurologic disease as a model to determine how neutrophils affect effective control of viral replication as well as demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Grist
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States
| | - Brett Marro
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Thomas E Lane
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, United States.
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5
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Huang P, Lee MW, Sadrerafi K, Heruth DP, Zhang LQ, Maulik D, Ye SQ. MC-PPEA as a new and more potent inhibitor of CLP-induced sepsis and pulmonary inflammation than FK866. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:629-641. [PMID: 28424540 PMCID: PMC5344436 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s125349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that overexpression of nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) aggravated acute lung injury, while knockdown of NAMPT expression attenuated ventilator-induced lung injury. Recently, we found that meta-carborane-butyl-3-(3-pyridinyl)-2E-propenamide (MC-PPEA, MC4), in which the benzoylpiperidine moiety of FK866 has been replaced by a carborane, displayed a 100-fold increase in NAMPT inhibition over FK866. Here, we determined the effects of MC4 and FK866 on cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery-induced sepsis in C57BL/6J mice. MC4 showed stronger inhibitory effects than FK866 on CLP-induced mortality, serum tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) levels, pulmonary myeloperoxidase activity, alveolar injury, and interleukin 6 and interleukin1β messenger RNA levels. In vitro cell permeability and electric cell-substrate impedance sensing assays demonstrated that MC4 inhibited TNFα- and thrombin-mediated pulmonary endothelial cell permeability better than FK866. MC4 also exerted more potent effects than FK866, at concentrations as low as 0.3 nM, to attenuate TNFα-mediated intracellular cytokine expression, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and its reduced form NADH levels, and nuclear factor kappa B p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in A549 cells. Our results strongly suggest that the newly developed MC4 is a more potent suppressor of CLP-induced pulmonary inflammation and sepsis than FK866, with potential clinical application as a new treatment agent for sepsis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Huang
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine Kansas City
| | - Mark W Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | | | - Daniel P Heruth
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine Kansas City
| | - Li Q Zhang
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine Kansas City
| | - Dev Maulik
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Truman Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Shui Qing Ye
- Division of Experimental and Translational Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Mercy Hospital, University of Missouri Kansas City School of Medicine Kansas City.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Truman Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
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6
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Kolls JK. Commentary: Understanding the Impact of Infection, Inflammation and Their Persistence in the Pathogenesis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:24. [PMID: 28303241 PMCID: PMC5332367 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jay K Kolls
- Department of Pediatrics, Richard King Mellon Institute for Pediatric Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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7
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Zinna S, Lakshmanan A, Tan S, McClaughry R, Clarkson M, Soo S, Szatkowski L, Sharkey D. Outcomes of Nosocomial Viral Respiratory Infections in High-Risk Neonates. Pediatrics 2016; 138:peds.2016-1675. [PMID: 27940783 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-1675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Neonatal respiratory disease, particularly bronchopulmonary dysplasia, remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in newborn infants. Recent evidence suggests nosocomially acquired viral respiratory tract infections (VRTIs) are not uncommon in the NICU. The goal of this study was to assess the association between nosocomial VRTIs, neonatal respiratory disease, and the health care related costs. METHODS A matched case-control study was conducted in 2 tertiary NICUs during a 6-year period in Nottingham, United Kingdom. Case subjects were symptomatic neonatal patients with a confirmed real-time polymerase chain reaction diagnosis of a VRTI. Matched controls had never tested positive for a VRTI. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test for associations with key respiratory outcomes. RESULTS There were 7995 admissions during the study period, with 92 case subjects matched to 183 control subjects. Baseline characteristics were similar, with a median gestation of 29 weeks. Rhinovirus was found in 74% of VRTIs. During VRTIs, 51% of infants needed escalation of respiratory support, and case subjects required significantly more respiratory pressure support overall (25 vs 7 days; P < .001). Case subjects spent longer in the hospital (76 vs 41 days; P < .001), twice as many required home oxygen (37%; odds ratio: 3.94 [95% confidence interval: 1.92-8.06]; P < .001), and in-hospital care costs were significantly higher (£49 664 [$71 861] vs £22 155 [$32 057]; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Nosocomial VRTIs in neonatal patients are associated with significant greater respiratory morbidity and health care costs. Prevention efforts must be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shairbanu Zinna
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Arthi Lakshmanan
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | | | - Shiu Soo
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lisa Szatkowski
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Don Sharkey
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, United Kingdom; and .,Academic Child Health and
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Balany J, Bhandari V. Understanding the Impact of Infection, Inflammation, and Their Persistence in the Pathogenesis of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Front Med (Lausanne) 2015; 2:90. [PMID: 26734611 PMCID: PMC4685088 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2015.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The concerted interaction of genetic and environmental factors acts on the preterm human immature lung with inflammation being the common denominator leading to the multifactorial origin of the most common chronic lung disease in infants – bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Adverse perinatal exposure to infection/inflammation with added insults like invasive mecha nical ventilation, exposure to hyperoxia, and sepsis causes persistent immune dysregulation. In this review article, we have attempted to analyze and consolidate current knowledge about the role played by persistent prenatal and postnatal inflammation in the pathogenesis of BPD. While some parameters of the early inflammatory response (neutrophils, cytokines, etc.) may not be detectable after days to weeks of exposure to noxious stimuli, they have already initiated the signaling pathways of the inflammatory process/immune cascade and have affected permanent defects structurally and functionally in the BPD lungs. Hence, translational research aimed at prevention/amelioration of BPD needs to focus on dampening the inflammatory response at an early stage to prevent the cascade of events leading to lung injury with impaired healing resulting in the pathologic pulmonary phenotype of alveolar simplification and dysregulated vascularization characteristic of BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jherna Balany
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
| | - Vineet Bhandari
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine , Philadelphia, PA , USA
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9
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Hou Y, Liu M, Husted C, Chen C, Thiagarajan K, Johns JL, Rao SP, Alvira CM. Activation of the nuclear factor-κB pathway during postnatal lung inflammation preserves alveolarization by suppressing macrophage inflammatory protein-2. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L593-604. [PMID: 26163511 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00029.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant portion of lung development is completed postnatally during alveolarization, rendering the immature lung vulnerable to inflammatory stimuli that can disrupt lung structure and function. Although the NF-κB pathway has well-recognized pro-inflammatory functions, novel anti-inflammatory and developmental roles for NF-κB have recently been described. Thus, to determine how NF-κB modulates alveolarization during inflammation, we exposed postnatal day 6 mice to vehicle (PBS), systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or the combination of LPS and the global NF-κB pathway inhibitor BAY 11-7082 (LPS + BAY). LPS impaired alveolarization, decreased lung cell proliferation, and reduced epithelial growth factor expression. BAY exaggerated these detrimental effects of LPS, further suppressing proliferation and disrupting pulmonary angiogenesis, an essential component of alveolarization. The more severe pathology induced by LPS + BAY was associated with marked increases in lung and plasma levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2). Experiments using primary neonatal pulmonary endothelial cells (PEC) demonstrated that MIP-2 directly impaired neonatal PEC migration in vitro; and neutralization of MIP-2 in vivo preserved lung cell proliferation and pulmonary angiogenesis and prevented the more severe alveolar disruption induced by the combined treatment of LPS + BAY. Taken together, these studies demonstrate a key anti-inflammatory function of the NF-κB pathway in the early alveolar lung that functions to mitigate the detrimental effects of inflammation on pulmonary angiogenesis and alveolarization. Furthermore, these data suggest that neutralization of MIP-2 may represent a novel therapeutic target that could be beneficial in preserving lung growth in premature infants exposed to inflammatory stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Hou
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Min Liu
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Cristiana Husted
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nevada/Reno, Reno, Nevada; and
| | - Chihhsin Chen
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kavitha Thiagarajan
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jennifer L Johns
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Shailaja P Rao
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Cristina M Alvira
- Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California; Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California;
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10
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Lopez B, Maisonet TM, Londhe VA. Alveolar NF-κB signaling regulates endotoxin-induced lung inflammation. Exp Lung Res 2014; 41:103-14. [PMID: 25517107 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2014.977461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/AIM The alveolar epithelium participates in host defense through inflammatory pathways that activate NF-κB. Lung infections involving endotoxins trigger acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adult and pediatric patients. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that overexpression of NF-κB would worsen and conditional deletion of NF-κB signaling would improve endotoxin-induced lung inflammation using transgenic mouse models. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two previously described transgenic mouse models were used in which overexpression of the RelA/p65 subunit of NF-κB was targeted to the lung epithelium using an SPC promoter (SPC-RelA) and conditional deletion of the IKKβ molecule involved in NF-κB signaling was targeted to the lung epithelium using Nkx2.1(Cre) (Nkx2.1(Cre);IKKβ(F/F)). Adult transgenic and control mice were injected with intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline followed by lung harvest at 48 h. Collected tissue included whole lungs from transgenic and control mice which was processed for analysis of BAL, lung histology, chemokine expression, and markers of cell apoptosis as well as collection of freshly isolated AECII cells from wild type mice for additional chemokine and apoptotic marker analysis. RESULTS SPC-RelA mice showed significant increases in lung inflammation and injury following LPS injection with increased neutrophil recruitment as compared to wild type and saline treated controls. In contrast, Nkx2.1(Cre); IKKβ(F/F) mice showed markedly decreased lung inflammation and injury with decreased neutrophil recruitment as compared to controls. In both models, lung inflammation was associated with increased cell apoptosis and these findings were confirmed in freshly isolated AECII cells in wild type mice following LPS injection. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of NF-κB targeted to the lung epithelium worsened lung inflammation and injury in response to LPS exposure while conditional deletion of NF-κB signaling reduced lung inflammation. Lung inflammation and injury were associated with increased cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California , Los Angeles, California , USA
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11
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Hosking MP, Lane TE. ELR(+) chemokine signaling in host defense and disease in a viral model of central nervous system disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:165. [PMID: 24987333 PMCID: PMC4060560 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial infection of the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) into the central nervous system (CNS) of susceptible strains of mice results in an acute encephalomyelitis, accompanied by viral replication in glial cells and robust infiltration of virus-specific T cells that contribute to host defense through cytokine secretion and cytolytic activity. Mice surviving the acute stage of disease develop an immune-mediated demyelinating disease, characterized by viral persistence in white matter tracts and a chronic neuroinflammatory response dominated by T cells and macrophages. Chemokines and their corresponding chemokine receptors are dynamically expressed throughout viral infection of the CNS, influencing neuroinflammation by regulating immune cell infltration and glial biology. This review is focused upon the pleiotropic chemokine receptor CXCR2 and its effects upon neutrophils and oligodendrocytes during JHMV infection and a number of other models of CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Hosking
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, USA
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, USA
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12
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Bhandari V. Postnatal inflammation in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:189-201. [PMID: 24578018 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to hyperoxia, invasive mechanical ventilation, and systemic/local sepsis are important antecedents of postnatal inflammation in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). This review will summarize information obtained from animal (baboon, lamb/sheep, rat and mouse) models that pertain to the specific inflammatory agents and signaling molecules that predispose a premature infant to BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Bhandari
- Division of Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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13
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Bálint Z, Zabini D, Konya V, Nagaraj C, Végh AG, Váró G, Wilhelm I, Fazakas C, Krizbai IA, Heinemann A, Olschewski H, Olschewski A. Double-stranded RNA attenuates the barrier function of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63776. [PMID: 23755110 PMCID: PMC3670875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating RNA may result from excessive cell damage or acute viral infection and can interact with vascular endothelial cells. Despite the obvious clinical implications associated with the presence of circulating RNA, its pathological effects on endothelial cells and the governing molecular mechanisms are still not fully elucidated. We analyzed the effects of double stranded RNA on primary human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (hPAECs). The effect of natural and synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) on hPAECs was investigated using trans-endothelial electric resistance, molecule trafficking, calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis, gene expression and proliferation studies. Furthermore, the morphology and mechanical changes of the cells caused by synthetic dsRNA was followed by in-situ atomic force microscopy, by vascular-endothelial cadherin and F-actin staining. Our results indicated that exposure of hPAECs to synthetic dsRNA led to functional deficits. This was reflected by morphological and mechanical changes and an increase in the permeability of the endothelial monolayer. hPAECs treated with synthetic dsRNA accumulated in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Additionally, the proliferation rate of the cells in the presence of synthetic dsRNA was significantly decreased. Furthermore, we found that natural and synthetic dsRNA modulated Ca2+ signaling in hPAECs by inhibiting the sarco-endoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) which is involved in the regulation of the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and thus cell growth. Even upon synthetic dsRNA stimulation silencing of SERCA3 preserved the endothelial monolayer integrity. Our data identify novel mechanisms by which dsRNA can disrupt endothelial barrier function and these may be relevant in inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Bálint
- Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Diana Zabini
- Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Viktoria Konya
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Chandran Nagaraj
- Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Attila G. Végh
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - György Váró
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Imola Wilhelm
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csilla Fazakas
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - István A. Krizbai
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Olschewski
- Experimental Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
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14
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Weinger JG, Marro BS, Hosking MP, Lane TE. The chemokine receptor CXCR2 and coronavirus-induced neurologic disease. Virology 2013; 435:110-7. [PMID: 23217621 PMCID: PMC3522860 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inoculation with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) into the central nervous system (CNS) of susceptible strains of mice results in an acute encephalomyelitis in which virus preferentially replicates within glial cells while excluding neurons. Control of viral replication during acute disease is mediated by infiltrating virus-specific T cells via cytokine secretion and cytolytic activity, however sterile immunity is not achieved and virus persists resulting in chronic neuroinflammation associated with demyelination. CXCR2 is a chemokine receptor that upon binding to specific ligands promotes host defense through recruitment of myeloid cells to the CNS as well as protecting oligodendroglia from cytokine-mediated death in response to MHV infection. These findings highlight growing evidence of the diverse and important role of CXCR2 in regulating neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Weinger
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, UC Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
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Londhe VA, Maisonet TM, Lopez B, Shin BC, Huynh J, Devaskar SU. Retinoic acid rescues alveolar hypoplasia in the calorie-restricted developing rat lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 48:179-87. [PMID: 23087051 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0229oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Infants born with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) are at increased risk of adverse pulmonary outcomes at birth, including meconium aspiration and persistent pulmonary hypertension. Preterm infants with IUGR are at especially high risk of developing bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a disease hallmarked by alveolar hypoplasia. Although vitamin A supplementation has been shown to decrease the incidence of BPD or death in preterm very low birth weight infants, its potential to reduce BPD or death in preterm infants with IUGR remains unknown. We used a well-characterized rat model of caloric restriction to mimic IUGR and determine the impact of IUGR on lung development. We hypothesized that retinoic acid treatment would preserve alveolar formation through increases in key signaling molecules of the retinoic acid signaling pathway. Our results showed that alveolar hypoplasia caused by caloric restriction can be reversed with refeeding, and that retinoic acid prevents the alveolar hypoplasia coincident with the increased expression of elastin and retinoic acid receptor-α and decreased transforming growth factor-β activity in developing rat lungs. These findings suggest that alveolar hypoplasia attributable to caloric restriction is reversible, and raises the possibility that retinoic acid therapy may prove a useful strategy to prevent adverse pulmonary sequelae such as BPD in preterm infants with IUGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedang A Londhe
- Neonatal Research Center, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Mailcode 175217, B2-375 MDCC, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1752, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Leukocyte recruitment to sites of infection or tissue damage plays a crucial role for the innate immune response. Chemokine-dependent signaling in immune cells is a very important mechanism leading to integrin activation and leukocyte recruitment. CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is a prominent chemokine receptor on neutrophils. During the last years, several studies were performed investigating the role of CXCR2 in different diseases. Until now, many CXCR2 inhibitors are tested in animal models and clinical trials and promising results were obtained. This review gives an overview of the structure of CXCR2 and the signaling pathways that are activated following CXCR2 stimulation. We discuss in detail the role of this chemokine receptor in different disease models including acute lung injury, COPD, sepsis, and ischemia-reperfusion-injury. Furthermore, this review summarizes the results of clinical trials which used CXCR2 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Stadtmann
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, University of Münster Münster, Germany
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Hogmalm A, Bäckström E, Bry M, Lappalainen U, Lukkarinen HP, Bry K. Role of CXC chemokine receptor-2 in a murine model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:746-58. [PMID: 22865624 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0394oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The contribution of neutrophils and CXC chemokines to the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia is not well defined. The transgenic expression of IL-1β in the pulmonary epithelium causes lung inflammation and disrupts alveolar development in infant mice. To study the hypothesis that CXC chemokine receptor-2 (CXCR2) is a mediator of inflammatory lung injury, we compared lung development in IL-1β-expressing mice with wild-type (IL-1β/CXCR2(+/+)) or null (IL-1β/CXCR2(-/-)) CXCR2 loci. CXCR2 deficiency abolished the transmigration of neutrophils into the alveolar lumen in IL-1β-expressing mice, but did not alter the number of neutrophils in the parenchyma. The deletion of CXCR2 increased the alveolar chord length and reduced the survival of mice when IL-1β was expressed from the pseudoglandular to the alveolar stages. The capillary configuration was highly abnormal in both IL-1β/CXCR2(+/+) and IL-1β/CXCR2(-/-) lungs, but in very different ways. The cellular area of the parenchyma and the total capillary area of IL-1β/CXCR2(+/+) and IL-1β/CXCR2(-/-) mice were smaller than those of control/CXCR2(+/+) and control/CXCR2(-/-) mice, but the ratio of capillary area to cellular area was similar in all four genotypes. When IL-1β was expressed during the saccular stage, IL-1β/CXCR2(-/-) mice had smaller alveolar chord lengths and better survival than did IL-1β/CXCR2(+/+) mice. Independent of the timing of IL-1β expression, IL-1β increased alveolar septal thickness in mice with wild-type CXCR2 loci, but not in CXCR2 null mice. Depending on the developmental stage at the time of the inflammatory insult, inhibition of the CXCR2 pathway may exert opposite effects on alveolar septation in the neonatal lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hogmalm
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Bozyk PD, Bentley JK, Popova AP, Anyanwu AC, Linn MD, Goldsmith AM, Pryhuber GS, Moore BB, Hershenson MB. Neonatal periostin knockout mice are protected from hyperoxia-induced alveolar simplication. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31336. [PMID: 22363622 PMCID: PMC3281961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), alveolar septae are thickened with collagen and α-smooth muscle actin, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-positive myofibroblasts. Periostin, a secreted extracellular matrix protein, is involved in TGF-β-mediated fibrosis and myofibroblast differentiation. We hypothesized that periostin expression is required for hypoalveolarization and interstitial fibrosis in hyperoxia-exposed neonatal mice, an animal model for this disease. We also examined periostin expression in neonatal lung mesenchymal stromal cells and lung tissue of hyperoxia-exposed neonatal mice and human infants with BPD. Two-to-three day-old wild-type and periostin null mice were exposed to air or 75% oxygen for 14 days. Mesenchymal stromal cells were isolated from tracheal aspirates of premature infants. Hyperoxic exposure of neonatal mice increased alveolar wall periostin expression, particularly in areas of interstitial thickening. Periostin co-localized with α-smooth muscle actin, suggesting synthesis by myofibroblasts. A similar pattern was found in lung sections of infants dying of BPD. Unlike wild-type mice, hyperoxia-exposed periostin null mice did not show larger air spaces or α-smooth muscle-positive myofibroblasts. Compared to hyperoxia-exposed wild-type mice, hyperoxia-exposed periostin null mice also showed reduced lung mRNA expression of α-smooth muscle actin, elastin, CXCL1, CXCL2 and CCL4. TGF-β treatment increased mesenchymal stromal cell periostin expression, and periostin treatment increased TGF-β-mediated DNA synthesis and myofibroblast differentiation. We conclude that periostin expression is increased in the lungs of hyperoxia-exposed neonatal mice and infants with BPD, and is required for hyperoxia-induced hypoalveolarization and interstitial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Bozyk
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - J. Kelley Bentley
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Antonia P. Popova
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Anuli C. Anyanwu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Marisa D. Linn
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Adam M. Goldsmith
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gloria S. Pryhuber
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Bethany B. Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Marc B. Hershenson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Londhe VA, Sundar IK, Lopez B, Maisonet TM, Yu Y, Aghai ZH, Rahman I. Hyperoxia impairs alveolar formation and induces senescence through decreased histone deacetylase activity and up-regulation of p21 in neonatal mouse lung. Pediatr Res 2011; 69:371-7. [PMID: 21270677 PMCID: PMC3092484 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e318211c917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar development comprises the transition of lung architecture from saccules to gas-exchange units during late gestation and early postnatal development. Exposure to hyperoxia disrupts developmental signaling pathways and causes alveolar hypoplasia as seen in bronchopulmonary dysplasia affecting preterm human newborns. Expanding literature suggests that epigenetic changes caused by environmental triggers during development may lead to heritable changes in gene expression. Given recent data on altered histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in lungs of humans and animal models with airspace enlargement/emphysema, we hypothesized that alveolar hypoplasia from hyperoxia exposure in neonatal mice is a consequence of cell cycle arrest and reduced HDAC activity and up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p21. We exposed newborn mice to hyperoxia and compared lung morphologic and epigenetic changes to room air controls. Furthermore, we pretreated a subgroup of animals with the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin (AZM), known to possess antiinflammatory properties. Our results showed that hyperoxia exposure resulted in alveolar hypoplasia and was associated with decreased HDAC1 and HDAC2 and increased p53 and p21 expression. Furthermore, AZM did not confer protection against hyperoxia-induced alveolar changes. These findings suggest that alveolar hypoplasia caused by hyperoxia is mediated by epigenetic changes affecting cell cycle regulation/senescence during lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedang A Londhe
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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20
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Londhe VA, Maisonet TM, Lopez B, Jeng JM, Li C, Minoo P. A subset of epithelial cells with CCSP promoter activity participates in alveolar development. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:804-12. [PMID: 20693404 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0429oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar formation is hallmarked by the transition of distal lung saccules into gas exchange units through the emergence of secondary crests and an exponential increase in surface area. Several cell types are involved in this complex process, including families of epithelial cells that differentiate into alveolar type I and II cells. Subsets of cells expressing Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) have been identified in both lung and bone marrow compartments, and are described as a progenitor/stem cell pool involved in airway regeneration and alveolar homeostasis. Whether these cells also participate in alveolar formation during postnatal development remains unknown. Based on their regenerative capacity, we asked whether these cells participate in alveogenesis. We used a previously described transgenic mouse model (CCSP-tk) in which Ganciclovir exposure selectively depletes all cells with CCSP promoter activity through intracellular generation of a toxic metabolite of thymidine kinase. Our results showed that Ganciclovir treatment in newborn CCtk mice depleted this cell population in lung airways and bone marrow, and was associated with alveolar hypoplasia and respiratory failure. Hypoplastic lungs had fewer alveolar type I and II cells, with impaired secondary crest formation and decreased vascular endothelial growth factor expression in distal airways. These findings are consistent with a model in which a unique population of cells with CCSP promoter activity that expresses vascular endothelial growth factor participates in alveolar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedang A Londhe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and Developmental Biology, Neonatal Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1752, USA.
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21
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Sharma B, Singh S, Varney ML, Singh RK. Targeting CXCR1/CXCR2 receptor antagonism in malignant melanoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 14:435-42. [PMID: 20230195 DOI: 10.1517/14728221003652471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The incidence of malignant melanoma is increasing throughout the world and is currently rising faster than any other cancer in men and second only to lung cancer in women. Current strategies focused on systemic therapy for treatment of melanoma have shown no effect on survival. Therefore there is a pressing need for developing novel targeted therapeutics. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Our goal is to provide an overview regarding targeting CXCR1/2 in malignant melanoma, the rationale behind these approaches and the future perspective. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review illustrates our current understanding of CXCR1/2 receptor in melanoma progression and metastasis. We describe approaches that are being developed to block CXCR1/2 activation, including low-molecular-weight antagonists, modified chemokines and antibodies directed against ligands and receptors. TAKE HOME MESSAGE The chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 and their ligands play an important role in the pathogenesis of malignant melanoma. Recent reports demonstrated that CXCR1 is constitutively expressed in all melanoma cases irrespective of stage and grade, however, CXCR2 expression was restricted to aggressive melanoma tumors,. Furthermore, modulation of CXCR1/2 expression and/or activity has been shown to regulate malignant melanoma growth, angiogenesis and metastasis, suggesting CXCR1/2 targeting as a novel therapeutic approach for malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Sharma
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985900 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5900, USA
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22
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Hosking MP, Liu L, Ransohoff RM, Lane TE. A protective role for ELR+ chemokines during acute viral encephalomyelitis. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000648. [PMID: 19893623 PMCID: PMC2766051 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional role of ELR-positive CXC chemokines in host defense during acute viral-induced encephalomyelitis was determined. Inoculation of the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) into the central nervous system (CNS) of mice resulted in the rapid mobilization of PMNs expressing the chemokine receptor CXCR2 into the blood. Migration of PMNs to the CNS coincided with increased expression of transcripts specific for the CXCR2 ELR-positive chemokine ligands CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5 within the brain. Treatment of JHMV-infected mice with anti-CXCR2 blocking antibody reduced PMN trafficking into the CNS by >95%, dampened MMP-9 activity, and abrogated blood-brain-barrier (BBB) breakdown. Correspondingly, CXCR2 neutralization resulted in diminished infiltration of virus-specific T cells, an inability to control viral replication within the brain, and 100% mortality. Blocking CXCR2 signaling did not impair the generation of virus-specific T cells, indicating that CXCR2 is not required to tailor anti-JHMV T cell responses. Evaluation of mice in which CXCR2 is genetically silenced (CXCR2−/− mice) confirmed that PMNs neither expressed CXCR2 nor migrated in response to ligands CXCL1, CXCL2, or CXCL5 in an in vitro chemotaxis assay. Moreover, JHMV infection of CXCR2−/− mice resulted in an approximate 60% reduction of PMN migration into the CNS, yet these mice survived infection and controlled viral replication within the brain. Treatment of JHMV-infected CXCR2−/− mice with anti-CXCR2 antibody did not modulate PMN migration nor alter viral clearance or mortality, indicating the existence of compensatory mechanisms that facilitate sufficient migration of PMNs into the CNS in the absence of CXCR2. Collectively, these findings highlight a previously unappreciated role for ELR-positive chemokines in enhancing host defense during acute viral infections of the CNS. Consequences of viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) can range from encephalitis and paralytic poliomyelitis to relatively benign infections with limited clinical outcomes. The localized expression of proinflammatory chemokines within the CNS in response to viral infection has been shown to be important in host defense by attracting antigen-specific lymphocytes from the microvasculature into the parenchyma that control and eventually eliminate the replicating pathogen. However, the relationship between chemokine expression and recruitment of myeloid cells, e.g. neutrophils, to the CNS following infection with a neurotropic virus is not well characterized. Emerging evidence has indicated that the mobilization of neutrophils into the blood and recruitment to the CNS following microbial infection or injury contributes to permeabilization of the blood-brain-barrier that subsequently allows entry of inflammatory leukocytes. Therefore, we have defined the chemokines involved in promoting the directional migration of neutrophils to the CNS in response to viral infection. Using the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) as a model of acute viral encephalomyelitis, we demonstrate a previously unappreciated role for members of the ELR-positive CXC chemokine family in host defense by attracting PMNs bearing the receptor CXCR2 to the CNS in response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Hosking
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Liping Liu
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Ransohoff
- Neuroinflammation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Institute for Immunology, Infectious Diseases, and Vaccines, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Tiozzo C, De Langhe S, Yu M, Londhe VA, Carraro G, Li M, Li C, Xing Y, Anderson S, Borok Z, Bellusci S, Minoo P. Deletion of Pten expands lung epithelial progenitor pools and confers resistance to airway injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:701-12. [PMID: 19574443 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200901-0100oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pten is a tumor-suppressor gene involved in stem cell homeostasis and tumorigenesis. In mouse, Pten expression is ubiquitous and begins as early as 7 days of gestation. Pten(-/-) mouse embryos die early during gestation indicating a critical role for Pten in embryonic development. OBJECTIVES To test the role of Pten in lung development and injury. METHODS We conditionally deleted Pten throughout the lung epithelium by crossing Pten(flox/flox) with Nkx2.1-cre driver mice. The resulting Pten(Nkx2.1-cre) mutants were analyzed for lung defects and response to injury. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Pten(Nkx2.1-cre) embryonic lungs showed airway epithelial hyperplasia with no branching abnormalities. In adult mice, Pten(Nkx2.1-cre) lungs exhibit increased progenitor cell pools composed of basal cells in the trachea, CGRP/CC10 double-positive neuroendocrine cells in the bronchi, and CC10/SPC double-positive cells at the bronchioalveolar duct junctions. Pten deletion affected differentiation of various lung epithelial cell lineages, with a decreased number of terminally differentiated cells. Over time, Pten(Nxk2.1-cre) epithelial cells residing in the bronchioalveolar duct junctions underwent proliferation and formed uniform masses, supporting the concept that the cells residing in this distal niche may also be the source of procarcinogenic stem cells. Finally, increased progenitor cells in all the lung compartments conferred an overall selective advantage to naphthalene injury compared with wild-type control mice. CONCLUSIONS Pten has a pivotal role in lung stem cell homeostasis, cell differentiation, and consequently resistance to lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Tiozzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Women's and Children's Hospital, USC Keck School of Medicine
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24
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Reed JL, Brewah YA, Delaney T, Welliver T, Burwell T, Benjamin E, Kuta E, Kozhich A, McKinney L, Suzich J, Kiener PA, Avendano L, Velozo L, Humbles A, Welliver RC, Coyle AJ. Macrophage impairment underlies airway occlusion in primary respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. J Infect Dis 2009; 198:1783-93. [PMID: 18980502 DOI: 10.1086/593173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection is the most important cause of bronchiolitis in infants, the pathogenesis of RSV disease is poorly described. We studied histopathologic changes in a panel of lung tissue specimens obtained from infants with fatal cases of primary RSV infection. In these tissues, airway occlusion with accumulations of infected, apoptotic cellular debris and serum protein was consistently observed. Similar observations were found after RSV infection in New Zealand black (NZB) mice, which have constitutive deficiencies in macrophage function, but not in BALB/c mice. A deficiency in the number of alveolar macrophages in NZB mice appears to be central to enhanced disease, because depletion of alveolar macrophages in BALB/c mice before RSV exposure resulted in airway occlusion. In mice with insufficient numbers of macrophages, RSV infection yielded an increased viral load and enhanced expression of type I interferon-associated genes at the height of disease. Together, our data suggest that innate, rather than adaptive, immune responses are critical determinants of the severity of RSV bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Reed
- Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity Group, MedImmune, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
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25
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CXCR2 antagonists for the treatment of pulmonary disease. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 121:55-68. [PMID: 19026683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines have long been implicated in the initiation and amplification of inflammatory responses by virtue of their role in leukocyte chemotaxis. The expression of one of the receptors for these chemokines, CXCR2, on a variety of cell types and tissues suggests that these receptors may have a broad functional role under both constitutive conditions and in the pathophysiology of a number of acute and chronic diseases. With the development of several pharmacological, immunological and genetic tools to study CXCR2 function, an important role for this CXC chemokine receptor subtype has been identified in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and fibrotic pulmonary disorders. Interference with CXCR2 receptor function has demonstrated different effects in the lungs including inhibition of pulmonary damage induced by neutrophils (PMNs), antigen or irritant-induced goblet cell hyperplasia and angiogenesis/collagen deposition caused by lung injury. Many of these features are common to inflammatory and fibrotic disorders of the lung. Clinical trials evaluating small molecule CXCR2 antagonists in COPD, asthma and cystic fibrosis are currently underway. These studies hold considerable promise for identifying novel and efficacious treatments of pulmonary disorders.
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Abstract
Inflammation is important in the development of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Polymorphonuclear cells and macrophages and proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines denote early inflammation in clinical scenarios such as in utero inflammation with chorioamnionitis or initial lung injury associated with respiratory distress syndrome or ventilator-induced lung injury. The persistence and non-resolution of lung inflammation contributes greatly to BPD, including altering the lung's ability to repair, contributing to fibrosis, and inhibiting secondary septation, alveolarization, and normal vascular development. Further understanding of the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of BPD, in particular, during the chronic inflammatory period, offers us the opportunity to develop inflammation-related prevention and treatment strategies of this disease that has long-standing consequences for very premature infants.
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27
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Wojcik AJ, Skaflen MD, Srinivasan S, Hedrick CC. A critical role for ABCG1 in macrophage inflammation and lung homeostasis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:4273-82. [PMID: 18322240 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.4273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) effluxes cholesterol from macrophages and plays an important role in pulmonary lipid homeostasis. We hypothesize that macrophages from Abcg1(-/-) mice have increased inflammatory activity, thereby promoting acceleration of pulmonary disease. We herein demonstrate increased numbers of inflammatory cytokines and infiltrating neutrophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells into lungs of Abcg1(-/-) mice before the onset of severe lipidosis. We further investigated the role of macrophages in causing pulmonary disease by performing bone marrow transplantations using B6 and Abcg1(-/-) bone marrow. We found that it was the macrophage, and not pneumocyte type II cells or other nonhematopoietic cells in the lung, that appeared to be the primary cell type involved in the onset of both pulmonary lipidosis and inflammation in the Abcg1(-/-) mice. Additionally, our results demonstrate that Abcg1(-/-) macrophages had elevated proinflammatory cytokine production, increased apoptotic cell clearance, and were themselves more prone to apoptosis and necrosis. However, they were quickly repopulated by monocytes that were recruited to Abcg1(-/-) lungs. In conclusion, we have shown that ABCG1 deletion in macrophages causes a striking inflammatory phenotype and initiates onset of pulmonary lipidosis in mice. Thus, our studies reveal a critical role for macrophage ABCG1 in lung inflammation and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison J Wojcik
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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28
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Londhe VA, Nguyen HT, Jeng JM, Li X, Li C, Tiozzo C, Zhu N, Minoo P. NF-kB induces lung maturation during mouse lung morphogenesis. Dev Dyn 2007; 237:328-38. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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29
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Fields MJ, Bishai JM, Mitzner W, Wagner EM. Effects of pulmonary ischemia on lung morphology. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2007; 293:L254-8. [PMID: 17449796 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00398.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary ischemia resulting from chronic pulmonary embolism leads to proliferation of the systemic circulation within and surrounding the lung. However, it is not clear how well alveolar tissue is sustained during the time of complete pulmonary ischemia. In the present study, we investigated how pulmonary ischemia after left pulmonary artery ligation (LPAL) would alter lung mechanical properties and morphology. In this established mouse model of lung angiogenesis after chronic LPAL (10), we evaluated lung function and structure before (3 days) and after (14 days) a functional systemic circulation to the left lung is established. Age-matched naïve and sham-operated C57Bl/6 mice and mice undergoing chronic LPAL were studied. Left and right lung pressure-volume relationships were determined. Next, lungs were inflated in situ with warmed agarose (25-30 cmH(2)O) and fixed, and mean chord lengths (MCL) of histological sections were quantified. MCL of naïve mice averaged 43.9 +/- 1.8 mum. No significant changes in MCL were observed at either time point after LPAL. Left lung volumes and specific compliances were significantly reduced 3 days after LPAL. However, by 14 days after LPAL, lung pressure-volume relationships were not different from controls. These results suggest that severe pulmonary ischemia causes changes in lung mechanics early after LPAL that are reversed by the time a new systemic vasculature is known to perfuse pulmonary capillaries. The LPAL model thus affords a unique opportunity to study lung functional responses to tissue ischemia and subsequent recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Fields
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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