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Harasym J, Dziendzikowska K, Kopiasz Ł, Wilczak J, Sapierzyński R, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J. Consumption of Feed Supplemented with Oat Beta-Glucan as a Chemopreventive Agent against Colon Cancerogenesis in Rats. Nutrients 2024; 16:1125. [PMID: 38674816 PMCID: PMC11054053 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) accounts for 30% of all cancer cases worldwide and is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths. CRC develops over a long period of time, and in the early stages, pathological changes can be mitigated through nutritional interventions using bioactive plant compounds. Our study aims to determine the effect of highly purified oat beta-glucan on an animal CRC model. The study was performed on forty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats with azoxymethane-induced early-stage CRC, which consumed feed containing 1% or 3% low molar mass oat beta-glucan (OBG) for 8 weeks. In the large intestine, morphological changes, CRC signaling pathway genes (RT-PCR), and proteins (Western blot, immunohistochemistry) expression were analyzed. Whole blood hematology and blood redox status were also performed. Results indicated that the histologically confirmed CRC condition led to a downregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway, along with alterations in oncogenic and tumor suppressor gene expression. However, OBG significantly modulated these effects, with the 3% OBG showing a more pronounced impact. Furthermore, CRC rats exhibited elevated levels of oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activity in the blood, along with decreased white blood cell and lymphocyte counts. Consumption of OBG at any dose normalized these parameters. The minimal effect of OBG in the physiological intestine and the high activity in the pathological condition suggest that OBG is both safe and effective in early-stage CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Harasym
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Analysis, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, 53-345 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Dziendzikowska
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.D.); (J.G.-O.)
| | - Łukasz Kopiasz
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.D.); (J.G.-O.)
| | - Jacek Wilczak
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Rafał Sapierzyński
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Gromadzka-Ostrowska
- Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (K.D.); (J.G.-O.)
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Li J, Ma X, Luo L, Tang D, Zhang L. The What and Who of Dietary Lignans in Human Health: Special Attention to Estrogen Effects and Safety Evaluation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:16419-16434. [PMID: 37870451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Lignans are a group of phenolic compounds found in plant-based diets. The human body can obtain lignans through diet, which are then metabolized into enterolignans. The enterolignans have been linked to several health benefits, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant effects, and estrogen effects. This review explores the relationship between the estrogenic effects of lignans and health. This review not only considers the estrogen-like activity of lignans but also discusses the safe dosage of lignans at different life stages. In addition, this review also identified other types of bioactive compounds that can act synergistically with lignans to promote health. Studies have shown that lignan administration during pregnancy and lactation reduces the risk of breast cancer in offspring. Further studies are needed to investigate the estrogenic safety effects of lignan on pregnant women and children. Whether lignans combine with other nutrients in complex food substrates to produce synergistic effects remains to be investigated. This review provides a basis for future studies on the safe dose of lignan and recommended dietary intake of lignan. We believe that the acquired as discussed here has implications for developing dietary therapies that can promote host nutrition and modulate estrogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiaoyang Ma
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lianzhong Luo
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Marine Medicinal Natural Products Resources, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Danqing Tang
- The School of Foreign Languages of Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
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Mohammed A, Shoemaker RH. Targeting the Leukotriene Pathway for Colon Cancer Interception. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2022; 15:637-640. [PMID: 36193659 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-22-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of chronic inflammation and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism in tumor progression has been well characterized for variety of cancers, with compelling data for colon cancer. Several preclinical and clinical studies primarily focused on inhibiting the cyclooxygenase pathways using NSAIDs and aspirin for colon cancer prevention. However, emerging evidence clearly supports the pro-tumorigenic role of 5-lipoxygenase and its downstream leukotriene pathway within AA metabolism. As discussed in the current issue, targeting the leukotriene pathway by cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA) montelukast suppressed formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and cell proliferation in colonic epithelium, suggesting the potential of LTRAs for colon cancer prevention. Although this is a short clinical chemoprevention trial to explore the effects of LTRAs against ACF development, it is a significant and timely study opening avenues to further explore the possibilities of using LTRAs in other inflammation-associated precancerous lesions as well. In this spotlight commentary, we highlight the implications of their data and the opportunities for developing LTRAs as potential candidates for colorectal cancer interception. See related article by Higurashi et al., p. 661.
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Madka V, De La Cruz A, Pathuri G, Panneerselvam J, Zhang Y, Stratton N, Hacking S, Finnberg NK, Safran HP, Sei S, Glaze ER, Shoemaker R, Fox JT, Raufi AG, El-Deiry WS, Rao CV. Oral administration of TRAIL-inducing small molecule ONC201/TIC10 prevents intestinal polyposis in the Apc min/+ mouse model. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:2118-2131. [PMID: 35693092 PMCID: PMC9185612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence is rising globally. Hence, preventing this disease is a high priority. With this aim, we determined the CRC prevention potential of the TRAIL-inducing small molecule ONC201/TIC10 using a preclinical model representing high-risk familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients, Apc min/+ mice. Prior to the efficacy study, optimal and non-toxic doses of ONC201 were determined by testing five different doses of ONC201 (0-100 mg/kg body weight (BW); twice weekly by oral gavage) in C57BL/6J mice (n=6/group) for 6 weeks. BW gain, organ weights and histopathology, blood profiling, and the plasma liver enzyme profile suggested no toxicities of ONC201 at doses up to 100 mg/kg BW. For efficacy determination, beginning at six weeks of age, groups of Apc min/+ male and female mice (n≥20) treated with colon carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM) (AOM-Apc min/+) were administered ONC201 (0, 25, and 50 mg/kg BW) as above up to 20 weeks of age. At termination, efficacy was determined by comparing the incidence and multiplicity of intestinal tumors between vehicle- and drug-treated groups. ONC201 showed a strong suppressive effect against the development of both large and small intestinal tumors in male and female mice. Apc min/+ mice treated with ONC201 (50 mg/kg BW) showed >50% less colonic tumor incidence (P<0.0002) than controls. Colonic tumor multiplicity was also significantly reduced by 68% in male mice (0.44 ± 0.11 in treated vs. 1.4 ± 0.14 in controls; P<0.0001) and by 75% in female mice (0.30 ± 0.10 in treated vs. 1.19 ± 0.19 in controls; P<0.0003) with ONC201 treatment (50 mg/kg BW). Small intestinal polyps were reduced by 68% in male mice (11.40 ± 1.19 in treated vs. 36.08 ± 2.62 in controls; P<0.0001) and female mice (9.65 ± 1.15 in treated vs. 29.24 ± 2.51 in controls; P<0.0001). Molecular analysis of the tumors suggested an increase in TRAIL, DR5, cleaved caspases 3/7/8, Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD), and p21 (WAF1) in response to drug treatment. Serum analysis indicated a decrease in pro-inflammatory serum biomarkers, such as IL1β, IL6, TNFα, G-CSF, and GM-CSF, in the ONC201-treated mice compared with controls. Our data demonstrated excellent chemopreventive potential of orally administered ONC201 against intestinal tumorigenesis in the AOM-Apc min/+ mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateshwar Madka
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Arielle De La Cruz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical SchoolRI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology at Brown University and The Lifespan Health SystemRI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown UniversityRI, USA
| | - Gopal Pathuri
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Janani Panneerselvam
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Nicole Stratton
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sean Hacking
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical SchoolRI, USA
| | | | - Howard P Safran
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Warren Alpert Medical SchoolRI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology at Brown University and The Lifespan Health SystemRI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown UniversityRI, USA
| | - Shizuko Sei
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer InstituteRockville, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Glaze
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer InstituteRockville, MD, USA
| | - Robert Shoemaker
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer InstituteRockville, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer T Fox
- Division of Cancer Prevention, Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, National Cancer InstituteRockville, MD, USA
| | - Alexander G Raufi
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Warren Alpert Medical SchoolRI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology at Brown University and The Lifespan Health SystemRI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown UniversityRI, USA
| | - Wafik S El-Deiry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical SchoolRI, USA
- Fox Chase Cancer CenterPhiladelphia, PA, USA
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Warren Alpert Medical SchoolRI, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology at Brown University and The Lifespan Health SystemRI, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown UniversityRI, USA
| | - Chinthalapally V Rao
- Center for Cancer Prevention and Drug Development, Hem-Onc Section, Department of Medicine, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
- VA Medical CenterOklahoma City, OK, USA
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Marzo F, Milagro FI, Barrenetxe J, Díaz MT, Martínez JA. Azoxymethane-Induced Colorectal Cancer Mice Treated with a Polyphenol-Rich Apple Extract Show Less Neoplastic Lesions and Signs of Cachexia. Foods 2021; 10:863. [PMID: 33921048 PMCID: PMC8071383 DOI: 10.3390/foods10040863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is considered a risk factor for the development of colorectal cancer. In rodents, high-fat (HF) diets are able to increase the formation of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced polyps. Polyphenol-rich apple extracts have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and may induce an amelioration of the manifestations of colorectal cancer. Twenty-seven male Crl:CD-1 mice received AOM during four weeks and were subsequently divided into three groups fed a HF diet (n = 9 each group): a non-supplemented group, a second group supplemented with apple extract at 1%, and a third group supplemented with the same apple extract at 1.5%. Energy metabolism and the respiratory quotient were not affected by the supplementation with the apple extract. Although body weight was not affected by the treatment, the mice supplemented with the apple extract showed less signs of cachexia than the non-treated mice. In the intestine, the mice supplemented with the apple extract showed lower sucrase, dipeptidyl-peptidase IV, and aminopeptidase N activities, and less intestinal lesions (aberrant crypt foci and polyps). Administration of a polyphenol-rich apple extract reduces the number of neoplastic lesions in mice with AOM-induced colorectal cancer and contributes to preserve adipose tissue mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencio Marzo
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, School of Agronomy, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain;
- ISFOOD (Research Institute for Innovation & Sustainable Development in Food Chain), Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fermin I. Milagro
- Center for Nutrition Research, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.B.); (J.A.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdISNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaione Barrenetxe
- Center for Nutrition Research, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.B.); (J.A.M.)
| | - María Teresa Díaz
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria (INIA), Carretera de la Coruña, km7, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - J. Alfredo Martínez
- Center for Nutrition Research, Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (J.B.); (J.A.M.)
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdISNA), 31006 Pamplona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de la Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Uyar A, Doğan A, Yaman T, Keleş ÖF, Yener Z, Çelik İ, Alkan EE. The Protective Role of Urtica dioica Seed Extract Against Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Rats. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:306-319. [PMID: 33560145 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1881568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective role of Urtica dioica seed (UDS) extract against azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: Control, AOM, AOM + UDS, and UDS. The AOM and AOM + UDS groups were induced by AOM (15 mg/kg body weight) subcutaneously once a week for 10 weeks. AOM + UDS and UDS groups additionally received fed with pellets included 30 ml/kg UDS extract. At the end of the trial, blood and colon tissue samples were taken from the rats following necropsy. The gross and histopathological findings revealed that the administration of UDS extract significantly decreased lesions including aberrant cript foci, adenoma, and adenocarcinoma formation both numerically and dimensionally. Immunohistochemically, slight CEA and COX-2, strong Caspase-3 immune-expressions were detected in the group AOM + UDS compared to AOM group. Biochemical examinations indicated that a markedly increase in the malondialdehyde and fluctuated antioxidant defense system constituents levels such as reduced glutathione, glutathione s-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase were restored in AOM + UDS group. These results reveal that the UDS may act as a chemopreventive dietary agent, inducing apoptosis, resulting in a significant reduction of colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Uyar
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Abdulahad Doğan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Turan Yaman
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Ömer Faruk Keleş
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Zabit Yener
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - İsmail Çelik
- Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Elif Ebru Alkan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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Shree A, Islam J, Sultana S. Quercetin ameliorates reactive oxygen species generation, inflammation, mucus depletion, goblet disintegration, and tumor multiplicity in colon cancer: Probable role of adenomatous polyposis coli, β-catenin. Phytother Res 2020; 35:2171-2184. [PMID: 33350534 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1,2 Dimethyl hydrazine (DMH), a cogent environmental toxicant, targets the colon. Previous reports suggest that DMH-mediated dysregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a vital role in the initial events of colon carcinogenesis. Our study was designed to investigate the effect of quercetin on DMH-mediated colon cancer by targeting adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and β-catenin in Wistar rats. Animals were pretreated orally with quercetin at doses of either 25 or 50 mg/kg bodyweight (bw) and DMH at a dose of 20 mg/kg bw subcutaneously up to the 15th week and sacrificed after the 30th week. DMH administration leads to reactive oxygen species generation, resulting in an imbalance in redox homeostasis and causing membrane lipid peroxidation, which is also partly due to the decrease in the level of tissue antioxidant machinery. Increased inflammatory and proliferative proteins were observed in DMH-induced colon cancerous rats. DMH treatment also led to dysregulation in the apoptotic pathway with decreased Bax:Bcl-2 ratio. Quercetin pretreatment ameliorates DMH-induced proliferation, activities of detoxifying enzymes, and putative early markers (mucin depletion and goblet cell disintegration) in colonic tissue. It also significantly regulates APC and β-catenin expression and inhibits tumor incidence and multiplicity. Histological results further confirm the beneficial role of quercetin in averting DMH-induced pathological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpa Shree
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Johirul Islam
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarwat Sultana
- Section of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Chemoprevention, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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8
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El Joumaa MM, Taleb RI, Rizk S, Borjac JM. Protective effect of Matricaria chamomilla extract against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal cancer in mice. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 17:jcim-2019-0143. [PMID: 32229665 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2019-0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health problem, with almost 1.8 million newly diagnosed cases and about 881,000 deaths annually. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) is a well-documented medicinal herb that possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties. This study aimed to unravel the effect of aqueous chamomile extract against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine(DMH)-induced CRC in mice. Methods Male Balb/c mice received a weekly intraperitoneal injection of DMH (20 mg/kg body weight) for 12 weeks. Chamomile extract (150 mg/kg body weight/5 days/week p.o.) was administered at the initiation and post-initiation stages of carcinogenesis. Polyps count, histopathological analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis of Wnt signaling genes, ELISA of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and enzyme assay for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were performed. Results Chamomile extract modulated the Wnt pathway in colonic tissues, where it significantly downregulated Wnt5a, β-catenin, T cell factor (Tcf4), lymphoid enhancer factor 1 (Lef1), c-Myc and Cyclin D1 expression levels, while it upregulated adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3β) expression levels. This extract significantly reduced COX-2 levels and iNOS activities. Polyps count and histopathological analysis provided supportive evidence for the biochemical and molecular analyses. Conclusions Chamomile can act as a potent dietary chemopreventive agent against DMH-induced CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal M El Joumaa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh, Lebanon
| | - Robin I Taleb
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sandra Rizk
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Jamilah M Borjac
- Department of Biological Sciences, Beirut Arab University, Debbieh, Lebanon
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Almagro L, Lemos R, Makowski K, Rodríguez H, Ortiz O, Cáceres W, Herranz MÁ, Molero D, Martínez‐Álvarez R, Suárez M, Martín N. [60]Fullerene Hybrids Bearing “Steroid Wings”: A Joined Experimental and Theoretical Investigation. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Almagro
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica Facultad de Química Universidad de la Habana 10400 La Habana Cuba
| | - Reinier Lemos
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica Facultad de Química Universidad de la Habana 10400 La Habana Cuba
| | - Kamil Makowski
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Yachay Tech University 100119 Urququi Ecuador
| | - Hortensia Rodríguez
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering Yachay Tech University 100119 Urququi Ecuador
| | - Orlando Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica Facultad de Química Universidad de la Habana 10400 La Habana Cuba
| | - William Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica Facultad de Química Universidad de la Habana 10400 La Habana Cuba
| | - M. Ángeles Herranz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Dolores Molero
- CAI RMN Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Roberto Martínez‐Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
| | - Margarita Suárez
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica Facultad de Química Universidad de la Habana 10400 La Habana Cuba
| | - Nazario Martín
- Departamento de Química Orgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040 Madrid Spain
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Crowe W, Elliott CT, Green BD. A Review of the In Vivo Evidence Investigating the Role of Nitrite Exposure from Processed Meat Consumption in the Development of Colorectal Cancer. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2673. [PMID: 31694233 PMCID: PMC6893523 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) 2007 stated that the consumption of processed meat is a convincing cause of colorectal cancer (CRC), and therefore, the public should avoid it entirely. Sodium nitrite has emerged as a putative candidate responsible for the CRC-inducing effects of processed meats. Sodium nitrite is purported to prevent the growth of Clostridium botulinum and other food-spoiling bacteria, but recent, contradictory peer-reviewed evidence has emerged, leading to media reports questioning the necessity of nitrite addition. To date, eleven preclinical studies have investigated the effect of consuming nitrite/nitrite-containing meat on the development of CRC, but the results do not provide an overall consensus. A sizable number of human clinical studies have investigated the relationship between processed meat consumption and CRC risk with widely varying results. The unique approach of the present literature review was to include analysis that limited the human studies to those involving only nitrite-containing meat. The majority of these studies reported that nitrite-containing processed meat was associated with increased CRC risk. Nitrite consumption can lead to the formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOC), some of which are carcinogenic. Therefore, this focused perspective based on the current body of evidence links the consumption of meat containing nitrites and CRC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian D. Green
- Institute of Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK; (W.C.); (C.T.E.)
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Blevins LK, Crawford RB, Bach A, Rizzo MD, Zhou J, Henriquez JE, Khan DMIO, Sermet S, Arnold LL, Pennington KL, Souza NP, Cohen SM, Kaminski NE. Evaluation of immunologic and intestinal effects in rats administered an E 171-containing diet, a food grade titanium dioxide (TiO 2). Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 133:110793. [PMID: 31473338 PMCID: PMC6775638 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of dietary E 171, a food grade titanium dioxide was evaluated. A recent study reported rats receiving E 171 in water developed inflammation and aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the gastrointestinal tract. Here, rats received food containing E 171 (7 or 100 days). The 100-day study included feeding E 171 after dimethylhydrazine (DMH) or vehicle only pretreatment. Food consumption was similar between treatment groups with maximum total cumulative E 171 exposure being 2617 mg/kg in 7 days and 29,400 mg/kg in 100 days. No differences were observed due to E 171 in the percentage of dendritic, CD4+ T or Treg cells within Peyer's patches or the periphery, or in cytokine production in plasma, sections of jejunum, and colon in 7- or 100-day E 171 alone fed rats. Differences were observed for IL-17A in colon (400 ppm E 171 + DMH) and IL-12p70 in plasma (40 ppm E 171 + DMH). E 171 had no effect on histopathologic evaluations of small and large intestines, liver, spleen, lungs, or testes, and no effects on ACF, goblet cell numbers, or colonic gland length. Dietary E 171 administration (7- or 100-day), even at high doses, produced no effect on the immune parameters or tissue morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance K Blevins
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert B Crawford
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Anthony Bach
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Center for Research on Ingredient Safety, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Michael D Rizzo
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jiajun Zhou
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Joseph E Henriquez
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - D M Isha Olive Khan
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sera Sermet
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Lora L Arnold
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | | | - Samuel M Cohen
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA; Havlik-Wall Professor of Oncology, USA
| | - Norbert E Kaminski
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Center for Research on Ingredient Safety, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
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12
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Lin P, Li S, Lin H, Shih C. Germinated brown rice combined with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis inhibits colorectal carcinogenesis in rats. Food Sci Nutr 2019; 7:216-224. [PMID: 30680175 PMCID: PMC6341155 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a common cancer strongly associated with diet. Certain probiotics and prebiotics possess an inhibitory activity against colorectal cancer, while synbiotics may be more effective in preventing this cancer than either prebiotics or probiotics alone. Germinated brown rice (GBR) is considered as a candidate prebiotics with anticancer potential. However, the effect of GBR combined with probiotics on colorectal cancer is not clear. The present study investigated the preventive effect of combination of GBR and Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, or both on colorectal carcinogenesis and the possible mechanism in rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). DMH/DSS treatment induced preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin-depleted foci (MDF), reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression, and decreased the expression of pro-apoptotic p53, Bax, and caspase-3 in the colon. Germinated brown rice alone or combined with probiotics inhibited the formation of MDF in the middle colon, enhanced the colonic expression of p53 and Bax, and increased the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. Combined treatment of GBR and probiotics inhibited the formation of ACF-producing sialomucin (SIM-ACF) and recovered the activity of SOD in the colon. Combination of GBR and L. acidophilus further increased caspase-3 expression and decreased Bcl-2 expression. These findings suggest that GBR combined with L. acidophilus and/or B. animalis subsp. lactis may inhibit colorectal carcinogenesis by enhancing antioxidative capacity and inducing apoptosis. This synbiotics may be a potential functional food or chemopreventive agent for controlling colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao‐Ying Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineTaipei Medical University HospitalTaipeiTaiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineSchool of MedicineCollege of MedicineTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Sing‐Chung Li
- School of Nutrition and Health SciencesCollege of NutritionTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Hui‐Pu Lin
- School of Nutrition and Health SciencesCollege of NutritionTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Chun‐Kuang Shih
- School of Nutrition and Health SciencesCollege of NutritionTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- School of Food SafetyCollege of NutritionTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
- Master Program in Food SafetyCollege of NutritionTaipei Medical UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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13
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Hassanein NMA, Hassan ESG, Hegab AM, Elahl HMS. Chemopreventive effect of sulindac in combination with epigallocatechin gallate or kaempferol against 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine-induced preneoplastic lesions in rats: A Comparative Study. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2018; 32:e22198. [PMID: 29999212 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A systematic investigation of the chemopreventive effect of sulindac (SL) in combination with either epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) or kaempferol similar (KMP) has been carried out 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine-treated rats (DMH). Those SL combinations with KMP and EGCG have enhanced the SL activity producing greater antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferating, and apoptotic activities in both combinations than SL alone. The chemopreventive effects of SL with both EGCG and KMP were demonstrated by a decrease in thiobaribituric acid reactive substances level, tissue nitric oxide (NO), serum, and tissue β-catenin as well as a reduction in the multiplicity of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) with alleviation in the dysplastic changes that resulted from DMH administration. Down-regulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were also confirmed by immunohistochemical staining. The current study paves the way for the use of sulindac combination with kaempferol or EGCG as potential chemopreventive agents against colon cancer with more effect in combination with EGCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed M A Hassanein
- Developmental Pharmacology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman S G Hassan
- Developmental Pharmacology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Amany M Hegab
- Developmental Pharmacology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), Giza, Egypt
| | - Helmy M Sayd Elahl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Irecta-Nájera CA, Del Rosario Huizar-López M, Casas-Solís J, Castro-Félix P, Santerre A. Protective Effect of Lactobacillus casei on DMH-Induced Colon Carcinogenesis in Mice. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 9:163-171. [PMID: 28316010 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The administration of probiotics is a promising approach to reduce the prevalence of colon cancer, a multifactorial disease, with hereditary factors, as well as environmental lifestyle-related risk factors. Biogenic polyamines, putrescine, spermidine, and spermine are small cationic molecules with great roles in cell proliferation and differentiation as well as regulation of gene expression. Ornithine decarboxylase is the first rate-limiting enzyme for polyamine synthesis, and upregulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity and polyamine metabolism has been associated with abnormal cell proliferation. This paper is focused on studying the protective role of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 393 in a chemically induced mouse model of colon carcinogenesis, directing our attention on aberrant crypt foci as preneoplastic markers, and on polyamine metabolism as a possible key player in carcinogenesis. BALB/c mice were administered 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (DMH) to induce colon cancer (20 mg/kg body weight, subcutaneous, twice a week for 24 weeks). L. casei ATCC 393 was given orally (106 CFU, twice a week), 2 weeks before DMH administration. Hematoxylin and eosin staining, high-performance liquid chromatography, and Western blotting were used to evaluate aberrant crypt foci, urinary polyamines, and ornithine decarboxylase expression in the colon. The experimental data showed that the preventive administration of L. casei ATCC 393 may delay the onset of cancer as it significantly reduced the number of DMH-induced aberrant crypt foci, the levels of putrescine, and the expression of ornithine decarboxylase. Hence, this probiotic strain has a prospective role in protection against colon carcinogenesis, and its antimutagenic activity may be associated with the maintenance of polyamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Antonio Irecta-Nájera
- Departamento de Salud, El Colegio de La Frontera Sur, Periférico Sur s/n, María Auxiliadora, 29290, San Cristóbal de Las Casas, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - María Del Rosario Huizar-López
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Carretera Guadalajara-Nogales Km 15.5, Las Agujas, C.P. 45110, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Josefina Casas-Solís
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Carretera Guadalajara-Nogales Km 15.5, Las Agujas, C.P. 45110, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Patricia Castro-Félix
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Carretera Guadalajara-Nogales Km 15.5, Las Agujas, C.P. 45110, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Anne Santerre
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Carretera Guadalajara-Nogales Km 15.5, Las Agujas, C.P. 45110, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico.
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15
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Caetano BFR, Tablas MB, Pereira NEF, de Moura NA, Carvalho RF, Rodrigues MAM, Barbisan LF. Capsaicin reduces genotoxicity, colonic cell proliferation and preneoplastic lesions induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 338:93-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Tortora K, Femia AP, Romagnoli A, Sineo I, Khatib M, Mulinacci N, Giovannelli L, Caderni G. Pomegranate By-Products in Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention: Effects in Apc-Mutated Pirc Rats and Mechanistic Studies In Vitro and Ex Vivo. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 28948694 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE To investigate the effect of pomegranate mesocarp, a polyphenol-rich by-product of juice production, in colorectal cancer (CRC) chemoprevention. METHODS AND RESULTS A mesocarp decoction (PMD) is administered for 6 weeks in the diet to Pirc rats, mutated in Apc, a key-gene in CRC. Mucin-depleted foci (MDFs), as CRC biomarkers, are reduced in PMD-fed rats compared to controls (MDF/colon: 34 ± 4 versus 47 ± 3, p = 0.02). There is an increase in apoptosis in MDFs from PMD-treated rats compared to controls (2.5 ± 0.2 versus 1.6 ± 0.2, p < 0.01). To elucidate the involved mechanisms, two colon-relevant metabolites of the polyphenolic and fiber PMD components, urolithin-A (u-A) and sodium butyrate (SB), are tested alone or in combination in vitro (colon cancer cells), and ex vivo in adenoma (AD) and normal mucosa (NM) from Pirc rats. u-A 25 μm plus SB 2.5 mm (USB) causes a significant reduction in COX-2 protein expression compared to untreated controls (about -70% in cancer cell cultures, AD, and NM), and a strong increase in C-CASP-3 expression in cells (about ten times), in AD and NM (+74 and +69%). CONCLUSION These data indicate a chemopreventive activity of PMD due, at least in part, to pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory action of its metabolites that could be exploited in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Tortora
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Angelo Pietro Femia
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Romagnoli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Sineo
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mohamad Khatib
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Caderni
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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17
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Precancerous ACF induction affects their regional distribution forsaking oxidative stress implication in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis model. Inflammopharmacology 2017; 26:457-468. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-017-0377-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Salim EI, Hegazi MM, Kang JS, Helmy HM. Expression Patterns of Cancer Stem Cell Markers During Specific Celecoxib Therapy in Multistep Rat Colon Carcinogenesis Bioassays. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 17:1023-35. [PMID: 27039721 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2016.17.3.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of colon cancer stem cells (CSCs) during chemicallyinduced rat multi-step colon carcinogenesis with or without the treatment with a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor drug (celecoxib). Two experiments were performed, the first, a short term 12 week colon carcinogenesis bioassay in which only surrogate markers for colon cancer, aberrant crypt foci (ACF) lesions, were formed. The other experiment was a medium term colon cancer rat assay in which tumors had developed after 32 weeks. Treatment with celecoxib lowered the numbers of ACF, as well as the tumor volumes and multiplicities after 32 weeks. Immunohistochemical proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling indexes LI (%) were downregulated after treatment by celecoxib. Also different cell surface antigens known to associate with CSCs such as the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), CD44 and CD133 were compared between the two experiments and showed differential expression patterns depending on the stage of carcinogenesis and treatment with celecoxib. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that the numbers of CD133 cells were increased in the colonic epithelium after 12 weeks while those of CD44 but not CD133 cells were increased after 32 weeks. Moreover, aldehyde dehydrogenase-1 activity levels in the colonic epithelium (a known CSC marker) detected by ELISA assay were found down-regulated after 12 weeks, but were up-regulated after 32 weeks. The data have also shown that the protective effect of celecoxib on these specific markers and populations of CSCs and on other molecular processes such as apoptosis targeted by this drug may vary depending on the genetic and phenotypic stages of carcinogenesis. Therefore, uncovering these distinction roles of CSCs during different phases of carcinogenesis and during specific treatment could be useful for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed I Salim
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Research Lab. of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Tanta, Egypt E-mail : ,
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19
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Hasnain A, Rebholz-Schuhmann D. Biomedical Semantic Resources for Drug Discovery Platforms. LECTURE NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70407-4_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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20
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Al Rabadi L, Bergan R. A Way Forward for Cancer Chemoprevention: Think Local. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 10:14-35. [PMID: 27780807 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As cells progress through carcinogenesis, the associated exponential expansion of genetic and molecular aberrations and resultant heterogeneity make therapeutic success increasingly unattainable. Therapeutic intervention at early stages of carcinogenesis that occurs within the primary organ and in the face of a lower burden of molecular aberrations, constitutes a basic tenet of cancer chemoprevention, and provides a situation that favors a greater degree of therapeutic efficacy compared with that of advanced cancer. A longstanding barrier to chemoprevention relates to the requirement for essentially no systemic toxicity, and the fact that when large numbers of people are treated, the emergence of systemic toxicity is almost universal. A rational means to address this in fact relates to a second basic tenet of the chemopreventive strategy: the focus of therapeutic intervention is to disrupt a process that is in essence localized to a single organ. Based upon this consideration, a strategy which is based upon local delivery of therapeutics to an at-risk organ will achieve therapeutic efficacy while avoiding systemic delivery and its associated toxicity. This article will review the rationale for undertaking such an approach, describe successful clinical achievements based on this strategy, describe ongoing efforts to expand the impact of this approach, and together will highlight the high impact that this approach has already had on the field as well as its extremely high potential for future impact. Cancer Prev Res; 10(1); 14-35. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luai Al Rabadi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Raymond Bergan
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon.
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21
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Ku S, Park MS, Ji GE, You HJ. Review on Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4: Functionality and Nutraceutical Applications as a Probiotic Microorganism. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091544. [PMID: 27649150 PMCID: PMC5037818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 is a probiotic strain that has been used as a major ingredient to produce nutraceutical products and as a dairy starter since 2000. The various bio-functional effects and potential for industrial application of B. bifidum BGN4 has been characterized and proven by in vitro (i.e., phytochemical bio-catalysis, cell adhesion and anti-carcinogenic effects on cell lines, and immunomodulatory effects on immune cells), in vivo (i.e., suppressed allergic responses in mouse model and anti-inflammatory bowel disease), and clinical studies (eczema in infants and adults with irritable bowel syndrome). Recently, the investigation of the genome sequencing was finished and this data potentially clarifies the biochemical characteristics of B. bifidum BGN4 that possibly illustrate its nutraceutical functionality. However, further systematic research should be continued to gain insight for academic and industrial applications so that the use of B. bifidum BGN4 could be expanded to result in greater benefit. This review deals with multiple studies on B. bifidum BGN4 to offer a greater understanding as a probiotic microorganism available in functional food ingredients. In particular, this work considers the potential for commercial application, physiological characterization and exploitation of B. bifidum BGN4 as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seockmo Ku
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
- Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering, Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2022, USA.
| | - Myeong Soo Park
- Department of Hotel Culinary Arts, Yeonsung University, Anyang 430-749, Korea.
| | - Geun Eog Ji
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
- Research Center, BIFIDO Co., Ltd., Hongcheon 250-804, Korea.
| | - Hyun Ju You
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
- Institute of Health and Environment, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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22
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Alam S, Pal A, Kumar R, Mir SS, Ansari KM. Nexrutine inhibits azoxymethane-induced colonic aberrant crypt formation in rat colon and induced apoptotic cell death in colon adenocarcinoma cells. Mol Carcinog 2016; 55:1262-74. [PMID: 26259065 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third most common cause of death in the United States. Therefore, new preventive strategies are warranted for preventing colon cancer. Nexrutine (NX), an herbal extract from Phellodendron amurense, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-cancer activity for various tissue specific cancers, but its chemopreventive efficacy has not been evaluated against colon cancer. Here, we explored the mechanism of chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic efficacy of NX against colon cancer. We found that dietary exposure of NX significantly reduced the number of azoxymethane (AOM)-induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rats. In addition, significant inhibition in AOM-induced cell proliferation and reduced expression of the inflammatory markers COX-2, iNOS as well as the proliferative markers PCNA and cyclin D1 were also seen. Moreover, NX exposure significantly enhanced apoptosis in the colon of AOM treated rats. Furthermore, in in vitro studies, NX (2.5, 5, 10 μg/ml, 48 h) decreased cell survival and colony formation while inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in colon adenocarcinoma cells COLO205 and HCT-15. However, NX had minimal cytotoxic effect on IEC-6 normal rat intestinal cells, suggesting its high therapeutic index. NX treatment also modulates the level of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins along with cytochrome c release, cleavage and enhanced expression of poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase as well as the catalytic activity of caspase 3 and caspase 9 in both COLO205 and HCT-15 cells. Based on these in vivo and in vitro findings, we suggest that NX could be useful candidate agent for colon cancer chemoprevention and treatment. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshad Alam
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
- Department of Bio-engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Anu Pal
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Food Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
| | - Snober S Mir
- Department of Bio-engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Kausar M Ansari
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, India
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23
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Fan YY, Callaway E, M Monk J, S Goldsby J, Yang P, Vincent L, S Chapkin R. A New Model to Study the Role of Arachidonic Acid in Colon Cancer Pathophysiology. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:750-7. [PMID: 27339171 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A significant increase in cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) gene expression has been shown to promote cylcooxygenase-dependent colon cancer development. Controversy associated with the role of COX2 inhibitors indicates that additional work is needed to elucidate the effects of arachidonic acid (AA)-derived (cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase) eicosanoids in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. We have recently developed a novel Fads1 knockout mouse model that allows for the investigation of AA-dependent eicosanoid deficiency without the complication of essential fatty acid deficiency. Interestingly, the survival rate of Fads1-null mice is severely compromised after 2 months on a semi-purified AA-free diet, which precludes long-term chemoprevention studies. Therefore, in this study, dietary AA levels were titrated to determine the minimal level required for survival, while maintaining a distinct AA-deficient phenotype. Null mice supplemented with AA (0.1%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 2.0%, w/w) in the diet exhibited a dose-dependent increase (P < 0.05) in AA, PGE2, 6-keto PGF1α, TXB2, and EdU-positive proliferative cells in the colon. In subsequent experiments, null mice supplemented with 0.6% AA diet were injected with a colon-specific carcinogen (azoxymethane) in order to assess cancer susceptibility. Null mice exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) reduced levels/multiplicity of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) as compared with wild-type sibling littermate control mice. These data indicate that (i) basal/minimal dietary AA supplementation (0.6%) expands the utility of the Fads1-null mouse model for long-term cancer prevention studies and (ii) that AA content in the colonic epithelium modulates colon cancer risk. Cancer Prev Res; 9(9); 750-7. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yi Fan
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Evelyn Callaway
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jennifer M Monk
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jennifer S Goldsby
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Peiying Yang
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Logan Vincent
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, College Station, Texas.
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Mcilhatton MA, Boivin GP, Groden J. Manipulation of DNA Repair Proficiency in Mouse Models of Colorectal Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1414383. [PMID: 27413734 PMCID: PMC4931062 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1414383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Technical and biological innovations have enabled the development of more sophisticated and focused murine models that increasingly recapitulate the complex pathologies of human diseases, in particular cancer. Mouse models provide excellent in vivo systems for deciphering the intricacies of cancer biology within the context of precise experimental settings. They present biologically relevant, adaptable platforms that are amenable to continual improvement and refinement. We discuss how recent advances in our understanding of tumorigenesis and the underlying deficiencies of DNA repair mechanisms that drive it have been informed by using genetically engineered mice to create defined, well-characterized models of human colorectal cancer. In particular, we focus on how mechanisms of DNA repair can be manipulated precisely to create in vivo models whereby the underlying processes of tumorigenesis are accelerated or attenuated, dependent on the composite alleles carried by the mouse model. Such models have evolved to the stage where they now reflect the initiation and progression of sporadic cancers. The review is focused on mouse models of colorectal cancer and how insights from these models have been instrumental in shaping our understanding of the processes and potential therapies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Mcilhatton
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gregory P. Boivin
- Department of Pathology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Health Sciences Building 053, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH 45435, USA
| | - Joanna Groden
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Lee K, Tosti E, Edelmann W. Mouse models of DNA mismatch repair in cancer research. DNA Repair (Amst) 2016; 38:140-146. [PMID: 26708047 PMCID: PMC4754788 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Germline mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes are the cause of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer/Lynch syndrome (HNPCC/LS) one of the most common cancer predisposition syndromes, and defects in MMR are also prevalent in sporadic colorectal cancers. In the past, the generation and analysis of mouse lines with knockout mutations in all of the known MMR genes has provided insight into how loss of individual MMR genes affects genome stability and contributes to cancer susceptibility. These studies also revealed essential functions for some of the MMR genes in B cell maturation and fertility. In this review, we will provide a brief overview of the cancer predisposition phenotypes of recently developed mouse models with targeted mutations in MutS and MutL homologs (Msh and Mlh, respectively) and their utility as preclinical models. The focus will be on mouse lines with conditional MMR mutations that have allowed more accurate modeling of human cancer syndromes in mice and that together with new technologies in gene targeting, hold great promise for the analysis of MMR-deficient intestinal tumors and other cancers which will drive the development of preventive and therapeutic treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeryoung Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Elena Tosti
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, United States
| | - Winfried Edelmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
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Zhou L, Zahid M, Anwar MM, Pennington KL, Cohen SM, Wisecarver JL, Shostrom V, Mirvish SS. Suggestive evidence for the induction of colonic aberrant crypts in mice fed sodium nitrite. Nutr Cancer 2015; 68:105-12. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1102298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Youssef KM, Ezzo AM, El-Sayed MI, Hazzaa AA, EL-Medany AH, Arafa M. Chemopreventive effects of curcumin analogs in DMH-Induced colon cancer in albino rats model. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fjps.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Woo HD, Kim K, Kim J. Association between preoperative C-reactive protein level and colorectal cancer survival: a meta-analysis. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:1661-70. [PMID: 26376895 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE C-reactive protein (CRP) is widely known as a major nonspecific systemic inflammatory marker. A number of previous studies have suggested that elevated preoperative CRP is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. We aimed to explore the effects of preoperative CRP on colorectal cancer survival through a meta-analysis. METHODS A total of 21 studies, including a total of 3934 colorectal cancer patients, were eligible. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of selected studies were used to assess the summary estimates of the association between preoperative CRP and colorectal cancer survival. RESULTS The pooled HRs of elevated preoperative CRP for earlier stage patients were 2.04 (95% CI 1.45-2.86) for OS, 4.37 (95% CI 2.63-7.27) for CSS, and 1.88 (95% CI 0.97-3.67) for DFS. The pooled HRs of a higher Glasgow Prognostic Score (GPS)/modified GPS (mGPS) for earlier stage patients were 2.20 (95% CI 1.61-3.02) for OS and 1.80 (95% CI 1.37-2.37) for CSS. The association between elevated preoperative CRP and poor survival was observed in patients with advanced cancer. Elevated CRP and GPS/mGPS were significantly associated with poor survival. CONCLUSION Preoperative CRP and its related markers, GPS and mGPS, were significantly associated with the survival of colorectal cancer surgery patients. The HRs of GPS and mGPS were highly homogeneous across studies for all survival types. Thus, GPS and mGPS may serve as stable predictors of the survival of colorectal cancer surgery patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Dong Woo
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeezu Kim
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 410-769, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongseon Kim
- Molecular Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-Si, Gyeonggi-do, 410-769, Republic of Korea.
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Maresso KC, Tsai KY, Brown PH, Szabo E, Lippman S, Hawk ET. Molecular cancer prevention: Current status and future directions. CA Cancer J Clin 2015; 65:345-83. [PMID: 26284997 PMCID: PMC4820069 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneity and complexity of advanced cancers strongly support the rationale for an enhanced focus on molecular prevention as a priority strategy to reduce the burden of cancer. Molecular prevention encompasses traditional chemopreventive agents as well as vaccinations and therapeutic approaches to cancer-predisposing conditions. Despite challenges to the field, we now have refined insights into cancer etiology and early pathogenesis; successful risk assessment and new risk models; agents with broad preventive efficacy (eg, aspirin) in common chronic diseases, including cancer; and a successful track record of more than 10 agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of precancerous lesions or cancer risk reduction. The development of molecular preventive agents does not differ significantly from the development of therapies for advanced cancers, yet it has unique challenges and special considerations given that it most often involves healthy or asymptomatic individuals. Agents, biomarkers, cohorts, overall design, and endpoints are key determinants of molecular preventive trials, as with therapeutic trials, although distinctions exist for each within the preventive setting. Progress in the development and evolution of molecular preventive agents has been steadier in some organ systems, such as breast and skin, than in others. In order for molecular prevention to be fully realized as an effective strategy, several challenges to the field must be addressed. Here, the authors provide a brief overview of the context for and special considerations of molecular prevention along with a discussion of the results from major randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Colbert Maresso
- Program Manager, Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kenneth Y Tsai
- Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology, Division of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Powel H Brown
- Chair, Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Eva Szabo
- Chair, Lung and Upper Aerodigestive Cancer Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Scott Lippman
- Director, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | - Ernest T Hawk
- Vice President and Division Head, Boone Pickens Distinguished Chair for Early Prevention of Cancer, Division of Cancer Prevention & Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Kakourou A, Koutsioumpa C, Lopez DS, Hoffman-Bolton J, Bradwin G, Rifai N, Helzlsouer KJ, Platz EA, Tsilidis KK. Interleukin-6 and risk of colorectal cancer: results from the CLUE II cohort and a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Cancer Causes Control 2015. [PMID: 26220152 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0641-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The association between prediagnostic interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations and risk of colorectal cancer was evaluated in a nested case-control study and a meta-analysis of prospective studies. METHODS Colorectal cancer cases (n = 173) and matched controls (n = 345) were identified between 1989 and 2000 among participants in the CLUE II cohort of Washington Country, Maryland. Matched odds ratios and the corresponding 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression models. RESULTS Participants in the highest third of plasma IL-6 concentration had a 2.48 times higher risk of colon cancer compared to participants in the bottom third (95 % CI 1.26-4.87; p-trend 0.02) after multivariate adjustment. This association did not differ according to the stage of disease, age, sex, or other potential modifying variables and remained statistically significant after adjustment for C-reactive protein concentrations. No statistically significant association was observed for rectal cancer risk. The meta-analysis of six prospective studies yielded an increased but borderline statistically significant risk of colon cancer per 1 U increase in naturally logarithm-transformed IL-6 (summary RR 1.22; 95 % CI 1.00-1.49; I (2) 46 %). An inverse association was noted for rectal cancer (RR 0.69; 95 % CI 0.54-0.88; I (2) 0 %), but there was evidence for small-study effects (p 0.02). CONCLUSION Our findings provide support for a modest positive association between IL-6 concentrations and colon cancer risk. More work is needed to determine whether IL-6 is a valid marker of colorectal inflammation and whether such inflammation contributes to colon and rectal cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemisia Kakourou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Stavros Niarchos Av., University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Charalampia Koutsioumpa
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Stavros Niarchos Av., University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - David S Lopez
- Division of Epidemiology, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.,Division of Urology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Judith Hoffman-Bolton
- George W. Comstock Center for Public Health Research and Prevention, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Hagerstown, MD, USA
| | - Gary Bradwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nader Rifai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathy J Helzlsouer
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Platz
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Urology and James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Konstantinos K Tsilidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Stavros Niarchos Av., University Campus, Ioannina, Greece. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Mohania D, Kansal VK, Kruzliak P, Kumari A. Probiotic Dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum modulates the formation of aberrant crypt foci, mucin-depleted foci, and cell proliferation on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. Rejuvenation Res 2015; 17:325-33. [PMID: 24524423 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2013.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin-depleted foci (MDF) are pre-neoplastic lesions identified in the colon of carcinogen-treated rodents and in humans at high risk for colon cancer. The present study was carried out to divulge the protective potential of the probiotic Dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus LaVK2 and Bifidobacterium bifidum BbVK3 alone or in combination with piroxicam (PXC) on the development of early biomarkers of colorectal carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats administered 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). DMH was injected subcutaneously at the rate of 40 mg/kg body weight per animal twice a week for 2 weeks. A total of 120 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to five groups, each group having 24 animals. The rats were fed with buffalo milk or probiotic supplement (20 grams) alone or as an adjunct with PXC in addition to a basal diet ad libitum for 32 weeks. Group I was offered buffalo milk (BM) and served as the control group. Group II was administered DMH along with BM and served as the DMH-control group; group III was administered BM-DMH-PXC, in which besides administering BM-DMH, PXC was also offered. Group IV was offered probiotic LaBb Dahi and DMH, and group V was offered both probiotic LaBb Dahi and PXC along with DMH. The rats were euthanized at the 8(th), 16(th), and 32(nd) week of the experiment and examined for development of ACF, aberrant crypts per ACF (AC/ACF), mucin-depleted foci (MDF), large MDF, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling index. Administration of DMH in rats induced pre-neoplastic lesions (ACF and MDF) and increased the PCNA index in colorectal tissue. A significant (p<0.05) reduction in the number of ACF, AC/ACF, MDF, large MDF, and PCNA labeling index were observed in the probiotic LaBb Dahi group compared with the DMH control group. Feeding rats with LaBb Dahi or treatment with PXC diminished the initiation and progression of DMH-induced pre-neoplastic lesions and the PCNA index, and treatment with LaBb Dahi and PXC combined was significantly more effective. The dietary intervention of probiotics and PXC significantly protects against the development of CRC in the rat-DMH model. These observations suggest that probiotic LaBb Dahi alone or as an adjunct with PXC may have anti-neoplastic and anti-proliferative activities. Moreover, probiotic LaBb Dahi possesses the medicinal properties to prevent colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Mohania
- 1 Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) , Karnal, Haryana, India
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Prado-Silva L, Azevedo L, Oliveira J, Moreira A, Schmiele M, Chang Y, Paula F, Clerici M. Sesame and resistant starch reduce the colon carcinogenesis and oxidative stress in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced cancer in Wistar rats. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ochiai M, Hippo Y, Izumiya M, Watanabe M, Nakagama H. Newly defined aberrant crypt foci as a marker for dysplasia in the rat colon. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:943-50. [PMID: 24827115 PMCID: PMC4317850 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysplasia represents a preneoplastic status in multistep colon carcinogenesis. Whereas laborious preparation of thin sections is required for its diagnosis, we here show that newly defined aberrant crypt foci (ACF) simply mark the majority of the dysplasia on the whole colon. Specifically, decoloring of the azoxymethane-treated rat colon after scoring classical ACF (cACF) resulted in visualization of a subset of aberrant crypts that remained densely stained. They were morphologically classified into three subtypes, of which two with compressed luminal openings proved highly correlated with dysplasia. Accordingly, we designated those foci harboring either of the two crypt subtypes as dysplasia-associated ACF (dACF). By serially applying different detection methods for known preneoplastic lesions to the same colon, we showed that most dACF had already been identified as cACF, and a few newly identified dACF contained an entire population of more advanced lesions, such as flat ACF and mucin-depleted foci. Consequently, integrative scoring of cACF and dACF enabled capture of all early lesions of the colon. Furthermore, 94% of the dACF showed dysplasia and 90% of the dysplastic lesions proved to be dACF. Thus, dACF is a promising marker for dysplasia, likely facilitating precise identification of the early stages of colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Ochiai
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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Evaluation of chemopreventive effects of Acanthus ilicifolius against azoxymethane-induced aberrant Crypt Foci in the rat colon. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96004. [PMID: 24819728 PMCID: PMC4018435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acanthus ilicifolius, a mangrove medicinal plant, is traditionally used to treat a variety of diseases. The aim of this research is to assess the chemoprotective outcomes of A. ilicifolius ethanolic extract against azoxymethane (AOM) induced colonic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rats. Methodology/Principal Findings In our study, rats were arranged in to five groups. Rats in the normal control group were given subcutaneous injections of normal saline once weekly for 2 weeks. The AOM control, reference and treatment groups were given subcutaneous injection of AOM, 15 mg/kg body weight, once weekly for 2 weeks each. The reference group was treated with 35 mg/kg 5-Fluorouracil via intraperitoneal injection once weekly for 8 weeks, and the treatment groups were administered by gavage with 250 and 500 mg/kg A. ilicifolius extract daily for 8 weeks. Both normal and AOM control groups received the vehicle; 10% Tween-20 only. Rats treated with 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg of A. ilicifolius extracts showed a decrease in the mean number of ACF by 65% and 53%, respectively. Those fed with A. ilicifolius showed significantly decreased multiplicity of ACF formations when compared with the results from the AOM control group. The 250 mg/kg A. ilicifolius treatment group showed significant decreases in lipid peroxidation MDA levels when compared with the AOM control group. In immunohistochemistry staining, the proliferating nuclear cell antigen (PCNA)-positive cells were significantly higher in the AOM control group than in the A. ilicifolius-treated groups. RT-PCR showed that A. ilicifolius caused a change in the regulation of apoptosis-related genes expression. Conclusion/Significance The results of the current study show that AOM-treated rats receiving oral exposure to A. ilicifolius demonstrated a significant decrease in the number of ACF in the colon when compared to AOM-treated rats receiving vehicle only. A ilicifolius may be an effective herbal approach for the prevention of AOM-induced ACF in the rat colon.
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Lu L, Chan RLY, Luo XM, Wu WKK, Shin VY, Cho CH. Animal models of gastrointestinal inflammation and cancer. Life Sci 2014; 108:1-6. [PMID: 24825611 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and cancer are the two major disorders in the gastrointestinal tract. They are causally related in their pathogenesis. It is important to study animal models' causal relationship and, in particular, to discover new therapeutic agents for such diseases. There are several criteria for these models in order to make them useful in better understanding the etiology and treatment of the said diseases in humans. In this regard, animal models should be similar as possible to human diseases and also be easy to produce and reproducible and also economic to allow a continuous replication in different laboratories. In this review, we summarize the various animal models for inflammatory and cancerous disorders in the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract. Experimental approaches are as simple as by giving a single oral dose of alcohol or other noxious agents or by injections of multiple dosages of ulcer inducing agents or by parenteral administration or in drinking water of carcinogens or by modifying the genetic makeups of animals to produce relatively long-term pathological changes in particular organs. With these methods they could induce consistent inflammatory responses or tumorigenesis in the gastrointestinal mucosa. These animal models are widely used in laboratories in understanding the pathogenesis as well as the mechanisms of action for therapeutic agents in the treatment of gastrointestinal inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruby L Y Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - X M Luo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William K K Wu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vivian Y Shin
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - C H Cho
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Zhu J, Zhu C, Ge S, Zhang M, Jiang L, Cui J, Ren F. Lactobacillus salivarius Ren prevent the early colorectal carcinogenesis in 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine-induced rat model. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:208-16. [PMID: 24754742 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of Lactobacillus salivarius Ren (LS) on modulating colonic micro flora structure and influencing host colonic health in a rat model with colorectal precancerous lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS Male F344 rats were injected with 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and treated with LS of two doses (5 × 10(8) and 1 × 10(10) CFU kg(-1) body weight) for 15 weeks. The colonic microflora profiles, luminal metabolites, epithelial proliferation and precancerous lesions [aberrant crypt foci (ACF)] were determined. A distinct segregation of colonic microflora structures was observed in LS-treated group. The abundance of one Prevotella-related strain was increased, and the abundance of one Bacillus-related strain was decreased by LS treatment. These changes were accompanied by increased short-chain fatty acid levels and decreased azoreductase activity. LS treatment also reduced the number of ACF by c. 40% and suppressed epithelial proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Lactobacillus salivarius Ren improved the colonic microflora structures and the luminal metabolisms in addition preventing the early colorectal carcinogenesis in DMH-induced rat model. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Colonic microflora is an important factor in colorectal carcinogenesis. Modulating the structural shifts of microflora may provide a novel option for preventing colorectal carcinogenesis. This study suggested a potential probiotic-based approach to modulate the intestinal microflora in the prevention of colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Zhu
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Centre of Animal Product, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Li Y, Sun Y, Fan L, Zhang F, Meng J, Han J, Guo X, Zhang D, Zhang R, Yue Z, Mei Q. Paris saponin VII inhibits growth of colorectal cancer cells through Ras signaling pathway. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:150-7. [PMID: 24462916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of the Ras signaling pathway plays a key role in the progression of colorectal cancer. When bound to GTP, Ras is activated and stimulates several downstream effectors' pathways, including the Raf/MEK/ERK kinase cascade, the PI3-kinase/AKT/mTor pathway, and the Ral GTPase pathway. Saponins extracted from Liliaceae family herbs have strong antitumor activities with low toxicity. In this study, Paris saponin VII (PSVII), isolated from Trillium tschonoskii Maxim., was evaluated on human colorectal cancer cells (HT-29 and SW-620), a mouse model of colitis associated colorectal cancer (CACC) and a murine model of xenograft tumor. It was found that PSVII inhibited colorectal cancer cell growth in a concentration-dependent manner. The IC50 values of PSVII for growth inhibition of HT-29 and SW-620 cells were 1.02 ± 0.05 μM and 4.90 ± 0.23 μM. It could induce cell apoptosis, together with cell cycle arrest in G1 phase, and trigger apoptosis in a caspase-3-dependent manner. PSVII-induced growth inhibitory effect was associated with disturbance of MAPK pathway by down-regulating MEK1/2, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and suppression of AKT pathway by reducing AKT and GSK-3β phosphorylation. In the CACC mouse model, PSVII protected mice from intestinal toxicities and carcinogenesis induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). In the model of xenograft tumor, PSVII remarkably decreased the xenograft tumor size and triggered the apoptosis of tumor cells. Both in vitro and in vivo study showed that PSVII inhibited Ras activity. Taken together, PSVII might be a potential therapeutic reagent for colorectal cancer through targeting Ras signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Li
- No. 422 Hospital of PLA, Zhanjiang 524005, Guangdong, PR China; Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in Qinba Mountains, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in Qinba Mountains, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Lei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in Qinba Mountains, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in Qinba Mountains, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jin Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, No. 309 Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100000, PR China
| | - Jin Han
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in Qinba Mountains, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
| | - Dian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in Qinba Mountains, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in Qinba Mountains, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Zhenggang Yue
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in Qinba Mountains, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Qibing Mei
- Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology of Chinese Materia Medica of the State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine in Qinba Mountains, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi, PR China.
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Constantinescu S, Hecht K, Sobotzki N, Erzinger MM, Bovet C, Shay JW, Wollscheid B, Sturla SJ, Marra G, Beerenwinkel N. Transcriptomic Responses of Cancerous and Noncancerous Human Colon Cells to Sulforaphane and Selenium. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:377-86. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400427t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Constantinescu
- Department
of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel 4058, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Hecht
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Nadine Sobotzki
- Institute
of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Melanie M. Erzinger
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Bovet
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jerry W. Shay
- Department
of Cell Biology, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- Institute
of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Shana J. Sturla
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Institute of Food, Nutrition & Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
| | - Giancarlo Marra
- Institute
of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Niko Beerenwinkel
- Department
of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel 4058, Switzerland
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Basel 4058, Switzerland
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Igarashi M, Hippo Y, Ochiai M, Fukuda H, Nakagama H. AKT is critically involved in cooperation between obesity and the dietary carcinogen amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] (PhIP) toward colon carcinogenesis in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:852-7. [PMID: 24342614 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is highly associated with colon cancer development. Whereas it is generally attributed to pro-tumorigenic effects of high fat diet (HFD), we here show that a common genetic basis for predisposition to obesity and colon cancer might also underlie the close association. Comparison across multiple rat strains revealed that strains prone to colon tumorigenesis initiated by a dietary carcinogen amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP) tended to develop obesity. Through transcriptome and extensive immunoblotting analyses, we identified the basal level of activated AKT in colonic crypts as a biomarker for the common predisposition. Notably, PhIP induced activation of AKT, which could persist for several weeks under a low fat diet (LFD), but not under HFD. On the other hand, PhIP and HFD independently induced Wnt pathway activation and inhibited apoptosis, through distinct mechanisms involving GSK-3β, caspase 3 and poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). Taken together, these observations provide mechanistic insights into how PhIP-induced activation of AKT might cooperate with HFD at multiple levels toward development of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Igarashi
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hippo
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Masako Ochiai
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Fukuda
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nakagama
- Division of Cancer Development System, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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40
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Xiang J, Xiang Y, Lin S, Xin D, Liu X, Weng L, Chen T, Zhang M. Anticancer effects of deproteinized asparagus polysaccharide on hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:3517-24. [PMID: 24310501 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies in the world whose chemoprevention became increasingly important in HCC treatment. Although the anticancer effects of asparagus constituents have been investigated in several cancers, its effects on hepatocellular carcinoma have not been fully studied. In this study, we investigated the anticancer effects of the deproteinized asparagus polysaccharide on the hepatocellular carcinoma cells using the in vitro and in vivo experimental model. Our data showed that deproteinized asparagus polysaccharide might act as an effective inhibitor on cell growth in vitro and in vivo and exert potent selective cytotoxicity against human hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B and HepG2 cells. Further study showed that it could potently induce cell apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest in the more sensitive Hep3B and HepG2 cell lines. Moreover, deproteinized asparagus polysaccharide potentiated the effects of mitomycin both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies revealed that deproteinized asparagus polysaccharide might exert its activity through an apoptosis-associated pathway by modulating the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3. In conclusion, deproteinized asparagus polysaccharide exhibited significant anticancer activity against hepatocellular carcinoma cells and could sensitize the tumoricidal effects of mitomycin, indicating that it is a potential therapeutic agent (or chemosensitizer) for liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Xiang
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University, 200233, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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41
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Roscilli G, Marra E, Mori F, Di Napoli A, Mancini R, Serlupi-Crescenzi O, Virmani A, Aurisicchio L, Ciliberto G. Carnitines slow down tumor development of colon cancer in the DMH-chemical carcinogenesis mouse model. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:1665-73. [PMID: 23386399 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dietary agents are receiving much attention for the chemoprevention of cancer. While curcumin is known to influence several pathways and affect tumor growth in vivo, carnitin and its congeners play a variety of important metabolic functions: are involved in the oxydation of long-chain fatty acids, regulate acyl-CoA levels and influence protein activity and stability by modifying the extent of protein acetylation. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of carnitines in the prevention of cancer development using the 1,2,-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis model. We also assessed whether their combination was able to give rise to increased protection from cancer development. Mice treated with DMH were dosed orally with curcumin and/or carnitine and acylcarnitines for 20 weeks. At the end of the treatment colon samples were collected, and scored for multiple ACF and adenomas. We observed that carnitine and acyl-carnitines had same, if not higher, efficacy than curcumin alone in inhibiting the formation of neoplastic lesions induced by DMH treatment. Interestingly, the combination of curcumin and acetyl-L-carnitine was able to fully inhibit the development of advanced adenoma lesions. Our data unveil the antitumor effects of carnitines and warrant additional studies to further support the adoption of carnitines as cancer chemopreventative agents.
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42
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Soy Saponins Meditate the Progression of Colon Cancer in Rats by Inhibiting the Activity of β -Glucuronidase and the Number of Aberrant Crypt Foci but Not Cyclooxygenase-2 Activity. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:645817. [PMID: 24224098 PMCID: PMC3808719 DOI: 10.1155/2013/645817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The effect of extracted crude soybean saponins on preneoplastic lesions, aberrant crypt foci (ACF), and the related mechanism were investigated.
Research Methods and Procedures. Rats were assigned into five groups according to different doses of extracted crude soybean saponins and received 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) injection in week 5. In week 15, all rats were sacrificed. The number of ACFs, the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression, the level of prostaglandins E2 (PGE2), and the activity of β-glucuronidase were examined.
Results. Results revealed that the consumption of extracted crude soybean saponins decreased the number of ACFs and the activity of β-glucuronidase in rats, while the expression of COX-2 protein and PGE2 level were not affected.
Conclusions. Soybean saponins were effective in inhibiting colon cancer by downregulating the activity of β-glucuronidase in colonic mucosa but not the COX-2 protein expression and PGE2 level.
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43
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Bousserouel S, Le Grandois J, Gossé F, Werner D, Barth SW, Marchioni E, Marescaux J, Raul F. Methanolic extract of white asparagus shoots activates TRAIL apoptotic death pathway in human cancer cells and inhibits colon carcinogenesis in a preclinical model. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:394-404. [PMID: 23754197 PMCID: PMC3775565 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Shoots of white asparagus are a popular vegetable dish, known to be rich in many bioactive phytochemicals reported to possess antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities. We evaluated the anticancer mechanisms of a methanolic extract of Asparagus officinalis L. shoots (Asp) on human colon carcinoma cells (SW480) and their derived metastatic cells (SW620), and Asp chemopreventive properties were also assessed in a model of colon carcinogenesis. SW480 and SW620 cell proliferation was inhibited by 80% after exposure to Asp (80 μg/ml). We demonstrated that Asp induced cell death through the activation of TRAIL DR4/DR5 death receptors leading to the activation of caspase-8 and caspase-3 and to cell apoptosis. By specific blocking agents of DR4/DR5 receptors we were able to prevent Asp-triggered cell death confirming the key role of DR4/DR5 receptors. We found also that Asp (80 μg/ml) was able to potentiate the effects of the cytokine TRAIL on cell death even in the TRAIL-resistant metastatic SW620 cells. Colon carcinogenesis was initiated in Wistar rats by intraperitoneal injections of azoxymethane (AOM), once a week for two weeks. One week after (post-initiation) rats received daily Asp (0.01%, 14 mg/kg body weight) in drinking water. After 7 weeks of Asp-treatment the colon of rats exhibited a 50% reduction of the number of preneoplastic lesions (aberrant crypt foci). In addition Asp induced inhibition of several pro-inflammatory mediators, in association with an increased expression of host-defense mediators. In the colonic mucosa of Asp-treated rats we also confirmed the pro-apoptotic effects observed in vitro including the activation of the TRAIL death-receptor signaling pathway. Taken together, our data highlight the chemopreventive effects of Asp on colon carcinogenesis and its ability to promote normal cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souad Bousserouel
- University of Strasbourg, Unit EA 4438, Faculty of Medicine, Strasbourg, France
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44
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Fragoso MF, Romualdo GR, Ribeiro DA, Barbisan LF. Açai (Euterpe oleracea Mart.) feeding attenuates dimethylhydrazine-induced rat colon carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:68-76. [PMID: 23597449 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the protective effect of spray-dried açaí powder (AP) intake on colon carcinogenesis induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) in male Wistar rats. After 4 weeks of DMH administrations, the groups were fed with standard diet, a diet containing 2.5% or 5.0% AP or a diet containing 0.2% N-acetylcysteine (NAC) for 10 weeks, using aberrant crypt foci (ACF) as the endpoint. Additionally, two groups were fed with standard diet or a diet containing 5.0% AP for 20 weeks, using colon tumors as the endpoint. In ACF assay, a reduction in the number of aberrant crypts (ACs) and ACF (1-3 AC) were observed in the groups fed with 5.0% AP (37% AC and 47% ACF inhibition, p=0.036) and 0.2% NAC (39% AC and 41% ACF inhibition, p=0.042). In tumor assay, a reduction in the number of invasive tumors (p<0.005) and tumor multiplicity (p=0.001) was observed in the group fed with 5.0% AP. Also, a reduction in tumor Ki-67 cell proliferation (p=0.003) and net growth index (p=0.001) was observed in the group fed with 5.0% AP. Therefore the findings of this study indicate that AP feeding may reduce the development of chemically-induced rat colon carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana F Fragoso
- UNESP - Univ. Estadual Paulista, School of Medicine, Program of Post-Graduation in Pathology, Botucatu 18618-970, SP, Brazil
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Sikalidis AK, Fitch MD, Fleming SE. Diet induced obesity increases the risk of colonic tumorigenesis in mice. Pathol Oncol Res 2013; 19:657-66. [PMID: 23536280 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-013-9626-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A large body of epidemiological data indicates that obesity increases the risk of colon cancer in humans. There are limited studies using rodent models where the relationship between obesity and colon cancer has been studied. In this study, wild-type diet-induced obese (DIO) mice and lean wild-type controls were used to investigate the influence of obesity on the risk of colon cancer. We hypothesized that the obese phenotype would exhibit increased colonic tumorigenesis. Colon cancer was chemically induced by injecting the mice with azoxymethane (AOM) at levels that we experimentally determined to result in equivalent AOM concentrations in circulating blood. Risk of colon cancer was assessed via microscopic examination of entire colons for aberrant crypts, aberrant crypt foci and proliferation levels. The DIO mice were found to have significantly more aberrant crypts and aberrant crypt foci as well as increased proliferation of colonocytes per mouse compared to wild-type control mice, supporting the epidemiological data that obesity increases the risk of colonic tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos K Sikalidis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA,
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46
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Takahashi H, Yamada E, Ohkubo H, Sakai E, Higurashi T, Uchiyama T, Hosono K, Endo H, Nakajima A. Relationship of human rectal aberrant crypt foci and formation of colorectal polyp: One-year following up after polypectomy. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2012; 4:561-4. [PMID: 23293726 PMCID: PMC3536853 DOI: 10.4253/wjge.v4.i12.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To clarify the relationship of human rectal aberrant crypt foci and formation of colorectal polyp.
METHODS: Eighty-nine subjects were recruited from the population of Japanese individuals who underwent polypectomy at Yokohama City University Hospital. All patients had baseline adenomas removed at year 0 colonoscopy. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) were defined as lesions in which the crypts were more darkly stained with methylene blue than normal crypts and had larger diameters, often with oval or slit-like lumens and a thicker epithelial lining.
RESULTS: A total of 366 ACFs were identified in 89 patients; all had baseline adenomas removed at the first examination (year 0) colonoscopy and returned for the second (year 1). ACF in the lower rectum were assessed at year 0 and study group were divided into two groups depend on ACF numbers, 0-3 or over 3. All participants were examined in the number and maximum size of adenoma. There was no statistical difference in number and maximum size of ACF at year 0, however, maximum size of adenoma was larger in over 3 group than 0-3 group at year 1.
CONCLUSION: The number of ACF may be a predictive factor of relatively large adenoma incidence in the pilot phase study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Takahashi
- Hirokazu Takahashi, Eiji Yamada, Hidenori Ohkubo, Eiji Sakai, Takuma Higurashi, Takashi Uchiyama, Kunihiro Hosono, Hiroki Endo, Atsushi Nakajima, Gastroenterology Division, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
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47
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Zhou AL, Hintze KJ, Jimenez-Flores R, Ward RE. Dietary fat composition influences tissue lipid profile and gene expression in Fischer-344 rats. Lipids 2012; 47:1119-30. [PMID: 23086552 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3729-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The AIN-76A diet causes fatty liver in rodents when fed for long periods of time. The aim of this study was to utilize fatty acid analysis and transcriptomics to investigate the effects of different fat sources in the AIN-76A diet on tissue lipid profiles and gene expression in male, weanling Fischer-344 rats. Animals were fed isocaloric diets that differed only in the fat source: (1) corn oil (CO) (2) anhydrous milk fat (AMF), and (3) AMF supplemented with 10% phospholipids from the milk fat globule membrane (AMF-MFGM). There were no differences in food intake, body weight, growth rate, or body fat composition among the groups, and the fatty acid compositions of red blood cells (RBC), plasma, muscle, and visceral adipose tissues reflected the dietary fat sources. Modifying the fat source resulted in 293 genes differentially regulated in skeletal muscle, 1,124 in adipose, and 831 in liver as determined by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Although tissue fatty acid profiles mostly reflected the diet, there were several quantitative differences in lipid classes in the liver and plasma. The AMF diet resulted in the highest level of hepatic triacylglycerols, but the lowest level in plasma. The CO diet resulted in significant accumulation of hepatic unesterified fatty acids and decreased DGAT expression and activity, a potential trigger for steatohepatitis. These results indicate that the fatty acid composition and presence of polar lipids in the AIN-76A diets have significant effects on lipid partitioning, gene expression, and potentially the development of liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert L Zhou
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Sciences, Utah State University, 8700 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Clark MJ, Robien K, Slavin JL. Effect of prebiotics on biomarkers of colorectal cancer in humans: a systematic review. Nutr Rev 2012; 70:436-43. [PMID: 22835137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00495.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics may prevent colorectal cancer (CRC) development in humans by modifying the composition or activity of the colorectal microflora. Epidemiologic and animal studies have shown a reduction in CRC or CRC biomarkers after the administration of prebiotics. Studies using indirect chemical biomarkers of CRC in humans, however, gave mixed results. Recently, human studies measuring direct physical indices of CRC risk after prebiotic consumption have been published. The purpose of this review is to summarize those studies to provide recommendations for the use of prebiotics in CRC risk reduction. A PubMed search was conducted, revealing nine studies. One tested lactulose, two evaluated a blend of oligofructose and inulin, and six measured resistant starch. Lactulose reduced adenoma recurrence, while resistant starch had no effect on adenoma or CRC development. Crypt mitotic location, gene expression, and DNA methylation were somewhat improved after resistant starch consumption. No changes in cell proliferation and apoptosis, crypt morphology, or aberrant crypt foci were found. More human studies measuring physical changes to the gut are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Clark
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, USA
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49
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Christudoss P, Selvakumar R, Pulimood AB, Fleming JJ, Mathew G. Zinc and zinc related enzymes in precancerous and cancerous tissue in the colon of dimethyl hydrazine treated rats. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2012; 13:487-92. [PMID: 22524812 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.2.487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace element zinc deficiency or excess is implicated in the development or progression of some cancers. The exact role of zinc in the etiology of colon cancer is unclear. To cast light on this question, an experimental model of colon carcinogenesis was applied here. Six week old rats were given sub cutaneous injections of DMH (30 mg/kg body weight) twice a week for three months and sacrificed after 4 months (precancer model) and 6 months (cancer model). Plasma zinc levels showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) at 4 months and a greater significant decrease at 6 months (p<0.01) as compared with controls. In the large intestine there was a significant decrease in tissue zinc levels (p<0.005) and in CuZnSOD, and alkaline phosphatase activity (p<0.05) in the pre-cancerous model and a greater significant decrease in tissue zinc (p<0.0001), and in CuZnSOD and alkaline phosphatase activity (p<0.001), in the carcinoma model. The tissue zinc levels showed a significant decrease in the small intestine and stomach (p<0.005) and in liver (p<0.05) in the cancer model. 87% of the rats in the precancer group and 92% rats in the cancer group showed histological evidence of precancerous lesions and carcinomas respectively in the colon mucosa. This study suggests that the decrease in plasma zinc, tissue zinc and activity of zinc related enzymes are associated with the development of preneoplastic lesions and these biochemical parameters further decrease with progression to carcinoma in the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Christudoss
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil nadu, India. pchristudoss@ yahoo.com
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50
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Kissow H, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Viby NE, Hansen LS, Rosenkilde MM, Hare KJ, Poulsen SS. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonism or DPP-4 inhibition does not accelerate neoplasia in carcinogen treated mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 179:91-100. [PMID: 22989472 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2012.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) are secreted in parallel from the intestinal endocrine cells after nutrient intake. GLP-1 is an incretin hormone and analogues are available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). GLP-2 is an intestinal growth hormone and is shown to promote growth of colonic adenomas in carcinogen treated mice. Both peptides are degraded by dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) into inactive metabolites. DPP-4 inhibitors are therefore also in use for treatment of T2DM. It is possible that DPP-4 inhibition by enhancing the exposure of endogenous GLP-2 to the intestinal epithelia also might mediate growth and promote neoplasia. We investigated the intestinal growth effect of the GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) (liraglutide and exenatide) and DPP-4 inhibition (sitagliptin) in healthy mice. We also investigated the potential tumour promoting effect of liraglutide and sitaglitin in the colon of carcinogen treated mice. We used GLP-2 as a positive control. METHODS For the growth study we treated healthy CD1 mice with liraglutide (300 μg×2), exenatide (12.5 μg×2) or vehicle subcutaneously and sitagliptin (8mg×2) or water by oral gavage for 10 or 30 days. We measured intestinal weight, cross sectional area, villus height and crypt depth. For the tumour study we treated carcinogen treated mice (1,2 dimethylhydrazine 21 mg/kg/week for 12 weeks) with liraglutide (300 μg×2), Gly2-GLP-2 (25 μg×2) or vehicle subcutaneously and sitagliptin (8 mg×2) or water by oral gavage for 45 days. We counted aberrant crypt foci (ACF), mucin depleted foci (MDF) and adenomas in the colon. Using COS-7 cells transfected with a GLP-2 receptor, we tested if liraglutide or exenatide could activate the receptor. RESULTS In the 10 days experiment the relative small intestinal weight was increased with 56% in the liraglutide group (p<0.001) and 26% in the exenatide group (p<01) compared with vehicle treated mice. After 30 days of treatment, liraglutide did also increase the colonic weight (p<0.01). By morphometry the growth pattern mimicked that of GLP-2. Sitagliptin treatment had only a minor effect. In the carcinogen treated mice we found no increase of ACF in any of the groups, the numbers of MDF and adenomas after liraglutide and sitagliptin treatments were similar to their respective control groups. Neither liraglutide nor exenatide stimulated cAMP release from GLP-2 receptor transfected cells. CONCLUSION Both GLP-1 analogues were potent growth stimulators of the healthy mouse intestine. No agonism was found for GLP-1 RAs at the GLP-2 receptor. Despite of the growth effect, liraglutide did not promote dysplasia in the colon. Sitagliptin did not show any tumour promoting effects, and non considerable growth effects.
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MESH Headings
- 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine/administration & dosage
- 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine/adverse effects
- Aberrant Crypt Foci/pathology
- Adenoma/chemically induced
- Adenoma/metabolism
- Anatomy, Cross-Sectional
- Animals
- COS Cells
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/metabolism
- Colon/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4/blood
- Dipeptidyl-Peptidase IV Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Exenatide
- Female
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/analogs & derivatives
- Glucagon-Like Peptide 1/pharmacology
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor
- Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 Receptor
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/metabolism
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Intestine, Small/drug effects
- Intestine, Small/metabolism
- Intestine, Small/pathology
- Liraglutide
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Organ Size
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Pyrazines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Glucagon/agonists
- Receptors, Glucagon/genetics
- Receptors, Glucagon/metabolism
- Sitagliptin Phosphate
- Transfection
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Venoms/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelouise Kissow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, and The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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