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Tang CM, McCullough A, Olunlade R. Maternal, Paternal, and Peer Relationships Differentially Predict Adolescent Behavioral Problems. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2023; 16:31-42. [PMID: 36776627 PMCID: PMC9908789 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-022-00487-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The current study investigated how maternal, paternal, and peer social relationships predict adolescent behavioral problems using secondary data analyses of the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). We aimed to examine differences between maternal and paternal relationships in predicting adolescent behavioral problems, and we hypothesized that parental relationships would more strongly predict adolescent behavioral problems than peer relationship in mid-adolescence. Participants were 929 adolescents at their 14-year-old visit. Hierarchical multiple regressions and multiple regression models revealed the following: Maternal relationship quality predicted fewer adolescent externalizing and total behavioral problems; paternal relationship quality predicted fewer internalizing problems; and peer popularity predicted fewer externalizing and total behavioral problems. In conclusion, mother-adolescent relationship may be more important for externalizing behavioral problems and father-adolescent relationship may be more important for internalizing behavioral problems. In middle adolescence, parental relationships are still more important than peer relationship in predicting adolescent behavioral problems. Study limitations and implications for research, policy, and practice were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie M. Tang
- Stockton University, 101 Vera King Farris Dr, 08205 Galloway, NJ USA
| | - Ashlee McCullough
- Stockton University, 101 Vera King Farris Dr, 08205 Galloway, NJ USA
| | - Rukayat Olunlade
- Stockton University, 101 Vera King Farris Dr, 08205 Galloway, NJ USA
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Rodrigue AL, Mathias SR, Knowles EEM, Mollon J, Almasy L, Schultz L, Turner J, Calhoun V, Glahn DC. Specificity of Psychiatric Polygenic Risk Scores and their Effects on Associated Risk Phenotypes. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 37519455 PMCID: PMC10382704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) are indices of genetic liability for illness, but their clinical utility for predicting risk for a specific psychiatric disorder is limited. Genetic overlap among disorders and their effects on allied phenotypes may be a possible explanation, but this has been difficult to quantify given focus on singular disorders and/or allied phenotypes. Methods We constructed PRSs for 5 psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) and 3 nonpsychiatric control traits (height, type II diabetes, irritable bowel disease) in the UK Biobank (N = 31,616) and quantified associations between PRSs and phenotypes allied with mental illness: behavioral (symptoms, cognition, trauma) and brain measures from magnetic resonance imaging. We then evaluated the extent of specificity among PRSs and their effects on these allied phenotypes. Results Correlations among psychiatric PRSs replicated previous work, with overlap between schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, which was distinct from overlap between autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; overlap between psychiatric and control PRSs was minimal. There was, however, substantial overlap of PRS effects on allied phenotypes among psychiatric disorders and among psychiatric disorders and control traits, where the extent and pattern of overlap was phenotype specific. Conclusions Results show that genetic distinctions between psychiatric disorders and between psychiatric disorders and control traits exist, but this does not extend to their effects on allied phenotypes. Although overlap can be informative, work is needed to construct PRSs that will function at the level of specificity needed for clinical application.
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Kerr S, Hudenko WJ, Godfrey DA, Lundgren SN, O'Malley AJ, Sharp C. Validation of the Emotional Tone Index for Families (ETIF): A Multi-Informant Measure of Emotional Closeness. FAMILY PROCESS 2021; 60:935-949. [PMID: 33064306 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of emotional closeness (EC) in families, few researchers have accurately measured the construct in a systemic way. Additionally, existing measures rely on ratings from one informant, typically the mother, to provide information on closeness within the entire family system. We examined EC in 140 individuals (37 families) using the Emotional Tone Index for Families (ETIF), a novel, multi-informant measure that obtains bidirectional information about EC within every family relationship. The parent identified as most familiar with the family also completed two widely used single-informant measures: The McMaster Family Assessment Device and the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales, version IV. The ETIF exhibited good test-retest reliability, high internal consistency, and concurrent validity with the single-informant measures. Though the primary respondent scores correlated highly with overall family closeness, results revealed only a modest association between closeness ratings within each dyad and parents rated higher levels of closeness toward their children than children rated closeness toward parents. These findings suggest that ratings from multiple informants provide valuable information about discrepancies in perceived closeness between family members and other complex family dynamics that cannot be captured by single-informant measures. Limitations, future directions, and implications for practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Kerr
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William J Hudenko
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Dartmouth's Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Donald A Godfrey
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sara N Lundgren
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A James O'Malley
- The Dartmouth Institute, Dartmouth's Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Carla Sharp
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Grummitt L, Kelly E, Barrett E, Keyes K, Newton N. Targets for intervention to prevent substance use in young people exposed to childhood adversity: A systematic review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252815. [PMID: 34097711 PMCID: PMC8183991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Childhood adversity is a strong, and concerningly prevalent, risk factor for the later development of substance misuse. Yet despite substantial accumulating evidence for causal mechanisms, there has been little attempt to synthesize the strength of the evidence. Importantly, these mechanisms may be amenable to intervention, providing targets for substance use prevention among those exposed to childhood adversity. The present review aimed to systematically identify mediating and moderating mechanisms operating between childhood adversity and substance use. Methods A systematic review was conducted. Electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science and CINAHL) were searched from 1998 to 2020 for modifiable mediators and moderators of the relationship between childhood adversity and substance use in people aged 10–24. Data was qualitatively synthesised, using a socio-ecological perspective to group mediators/moderators into individual, interpersonal, community, and public policy/cultural levels of behaviour. Results After screening against eligibility criteria, 50 studies were included in the current review. The mediators at the individual level of behaviour showing the largest and most consistent effect sizes included externalising behaviour, anger, coping motives for substance use, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Among individual-level moderators, religiosity, future orientation and depressive symptoms all attenuated the relationship between childhood adversity and substance use. At the interpersonal level, peer relationships and mother-child relationships mediated the effect of adversity on substance use. Moderators included family cohesion and relationship quality. Community factors were less commonly studied, though school mobility and educational achievement mediated 14% and 28% of the total effect of childhood adversity on substance use respectively. No mediators or moderators were identified for public policy/culture. Conclusions A substantial proportion of the relationship between childhood adversity and substance use in youth is mediated through individual, interpersonal and community factors. Coupled with the knowledge that existing, evidence-based programs effectively address many of the identified mediators and moderators, this review advances knowledge on optimal targets to prevent substance misuse among those exposed to childhood adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda Grummitt
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence PREMISE, The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Erin Kelly
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence PREMISE, The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Emma Barrett
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence PREMISE, The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katherine Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nicola Newton
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence PREMISE, The Matilda Centre for Research in Mental Health and Substance Use, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Grave U, Glanert S, Borchfeld K, Outzen J, Schweiger U, Faßbinder E, Klein JP. Differential effect of childhood emotional abuse on present social support in borderline disorder and depression: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2021; 12:1968612. [PMID: 34868477 PMCID: PMC8635563 DOI: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1968612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perceived social support (PSS) is a crucial factor in physical and mental health. Previous studies found a negative association between childhood maltreatment (CM) and current PSS. OBJECTIVE In this paper, we investigate whether psychopathology moderates this association in a sample of patients with Depressive Disorder (DD) and Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). METHOD Sixty-nine patients with DD and 110 patients with BPD were recruited to inpatient/day clinic treatment programmes for either DD or BPD. All participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and the Social Support Questionnaire (F-SozU). Our hypothesis was tested with a moderator analysis in a multiple linear regression model. RESULTS We found a significant interaction between diagnosis and CM for the CTQ total score and the emotional abuse subscale. Post hoc analyses revealed a significant negative correlation between CM and PSS only for patients suffering from BPD and not for patients with DD. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the negative association between CM and PSS might be more pronounced in certain patient groups, particularly patients with BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Grave
- Klinik Für Psychiatrie Und Psychotherapie, Universität Zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,RehaCentrum Alt-Osterholz, Fachklinik Für Suchterkrankungen Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sarah Glanert
- Klinik Für Psychiatrie Und Psychotherapie, Universität Zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Kristina Borchfeld
- Klinik Für Psychiatrie Und Psychotherapie, Universität Zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Janne Outzen
- Klinik Für Psychiatrie Und Psychotherapie, Universität Zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schweiger
- Klinik Für Psychiatrie Und Psychotherapie, Universität Zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Eva Faßbinder
- Klinik Für Psychiatrie Und Psychotherapie, Universität Zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Philipp Klein
- Klinik Für Psychiatrie Und Psychotherapie, Universität Zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Kealy D, Rice SM, Cox DW. Childhood adversity and depressive symptoms among young adults: Examining the roles of individuation difficulties and perceived social support. Early Interv Psychiatry 2020; 14:241-246. [PMID: 31692268 DOI: 10.1111/eip.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM While childhood adversity is a known risk for depressive symptoms, little is known about the contributing role of individuation difficulties among young adults. The present study examined individuation difficulties and perceived social support-and their interaction-as moderators of the relationship between childhood adversity exposure and depressive symptoms. METHODS Young adults (N = 119; M = 20.8 years) completed self-report assessments of childhood adversity, depressive symptoms, individuation difficulties, and perceived social support. Regression analyses were used to examine interaction effects regarding depressive symptom severity. RESULTS A significant moderated moderation effect was found whereby individuation difficulties interacted with adversity exposure as perceived social support was reduced. Thus, at high levels of individuation difficulties, young adults with exposure to childhood adversity reported elevated depressive symptoms. This effect was buffered by social support such that when individuation difficulties were high, the association between adversity and depressive symptoms decreased from low to moderate and high support. CONCLUSION Individuation difficulties and social support are important factors in the development of depressive symptoms from exposure to childhood adversity among young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Kealy
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Simon M Rice
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Youth Mood Clinic, Orygen Youth Health, Parkville, Northwestern Mental Health, Melbourne Health, Australia
| | - Daniel W Cox
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Gardner MJ, Thomas HJ, Erskine HE. The association between five forms of child maltreatment and depressive and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 96:104082. [PMID: 31374447 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment is a global public health issue that encompasses physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, and exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV). This systematic review and meta-analysis summarises the association between these five forms of child maltreatment and depressive and anxiety disorders. METHODS Published cohort and case-control studies were included if they reported associations between any form of child maltreatment (and/or a combination of), and depressive and anxiety disorders. A total of 604 studies were assessed for eligibility, 106 met inclusion criteria, and 96 were included in meta-analyses. The data were pooled in random effects meta-analyses, giving odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each form of child maltreatment. RESULTS All forms of child maltreatment were associated with depressive disorders (any child maltreatment [OR = 2.48, 2.14-2.87]; sexual abuse [OR = 2.11, 1.83-2.44]; physical abuse [OR = 1.78, 1.57-2.01]; emotional abuse [OR = 2.35, 1.74-3.18]; neglect [OR = 1.65, 1.35-2.02]; and exposure to IPV [OR = 1.68, 1.34-2.10]). Several forms of child maltreatment were significantly associated with anxiety disorders ('any child maltreatment' [OR = 1.68, 1.33-2.4]; sexual abuse [OR = 1.90, 1.6-2.25]; physical abuse [OR = 1.56, 1.39-1.76]; and neglect [OR = 1.34, 1.09-1.65]). Significant associations were also found between several forms of child maltreatment and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). CONCLUSIONS There is a robust association between five forms of child maltreatment and the development of mental disorders. The Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) includes only sexual abuse as a risk factor for depressive and anxiety disorders. These findings support the inclusion of additional forms of child maltreatment as risk factors in GBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Gardner
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia.
| | - H J Thomas
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia; The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - H E Erskine
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, Queensland, Australia; The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, Queensland, Australia; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Ceary CD, Donahue JJ, Shaffer K. The strength of pursuing your values: Valued living as a path to resilience among college students. Stress Health 2019; 35:532-541. [PMID: 31276290 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Although stressful life events (SLEs) frequently relate to negative outcomes, many individuals demonstrate resilience by positively adapting to stressors without significant impairment. Valued living, a key process in the theory underpinning acceptance and commitment therapy is a response style characterized by daily purposeful actions that are linked to important values and may promote resilience in college students. This study examined the main and interactive effects of SLEs and valued living in the prediction of a multidimensional measure of resilience. Results supported a strong positive relationship between resilience and valued living. Further, valued living moderated the association between SLE negative impact scores and resilience (but not the association between cumulative prior year SLEs and resilience). Although SLE negative impact scores were negatively associated with resilience at lower levels of valued living, there was no demonstrated relationship at higher levels of valued living. Implications related to promoting valued living among college students in the service of increasing resilience are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D Ceary
- Division of Applied Behavioral Sciences, University of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - John J Donahue
- Division of Applied Behavioral Sciences, University of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Katharine Shaffer
- Division of Applied Behavioral Sciences, University of Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
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Creating a Safe Haven Following Child Maltreatment : The Benefits and Limits of Social Support. PARENTING AND FAMILY PROCESSES IN CHILD MALTREATMENT AND INTERVENTION 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-40920-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Lee JEC, Phinney B, Watkins K, Zamorski MA. Psychosocial Pathways Linking Adverse Childhood Experiences to Mental Health in Recently Deployed Canadian Military Service Members. J Trauma Stress 2016; 29:124-31. [PMID: 26954537 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple pathways have been suggested to account for the relationship of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and well-being in adulthood, including interpersonal difficulties, the underestimation of one's sense of mastery, and a greater propensity to experience stressors later in life. This study was conducted to examine the association between ACEs and mental health in Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) personnel, and the possible mediating roles of social support, mastery, and combat stressors in that relationship. The study consisted of a prospective analysis involving 3,319 CAF members upon their return from an overseas deployment. Results were that ACEs were associated with poorer mental health (β = -.14, p < .001) and that approximately 42.6% of this relationship could be explained by the mediating effects of low social support, low mastery, and a greater number of combat stressors. The full model, including the covariates, ACEs, social support, mastery, and combat stressors as correlates of postdeployment mental health, was statistically significant with adjusted R(2) = .28, F(9, 3309) = 141.96, p < .001. On the whole, results suggested that social support, mastery, and life stressors may be possible targets for interventions to minimize the impact of ACEs on later mental health in military personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E C Lee
- Department of National Defence, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brigitte Phinney
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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A prospective study of the impact of child maltreatment and friend support on psychological distress trajectory: From adolescence to emerging adulthood. J Affect Disord 2016; 189:336-43. [PMID: 26474374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transition into adulthood is a critical developmental period that may be influenced by adverse life events as well as by protective factors. This study aimed at investigating the effect of different forms of child maltreatment experienced prior to age 14 (i.e., sexual abuse, physical abuse and exposure to intimate partner violence), and of friend support at age 14 on the psychological distress trajectory from age 14 to 24. METHODS Participants were 605 adolescents from the general population involved in a 10-year longitudinal study. Psychological distress was evaluated at ages 14, 16, 18 and 24. Child maltreatment prior to 14 years was retrospectively assessed at 14 and 24 years while perception of support from friends was evaluated at age 14. RESULTS Multilevel growth modeling indicated that psychological distress followed a significant decreasing curvilinear trajectory, with participants reporting fewer distressing psychological symptoms after 18 years. All three forms of child maltreatment, as well as their cumulative effect, predicted more psychological distress over 10 years above and beyond the protective effect of support from friends. Higher support from friends at age 14 was related to lower distress at baseline andover 10 years, beyond the effect of child maltreatment. LIMITATIONS Self-report nature of all measures, attrition, and measures of child maltreatment forms. CONCLUSIONS Psychological distress decreased during the transition from adolescence to emerging adulthood. Results also revealed the detrimental impact of child maltreatment and the promotive role of friend support, which underscore the importance of early intervention.
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12
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Sperry DM, Widom CS. Child abuse and neglect, social support, and psychopathology in adulthood: a prospective investigation. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2013; 37:415-25. [PMID: 23562083 PMCID: PMC3672352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether child abuse and neglect predicts low levels of social support in middle adulthood and understand whether social support acts to mediate or moderate the relationship between childhood abuse and neglect and subsequent outcomes (anxiety, depression, and illicit drug use). METHOD Using data from a prospective cohort design study, children with documented histories of physical and sexual abuse and neglect (ages 0-11) during the years 1967 through 1971 and a matched control group were followed up and interviewed in adulthood. Social support was assessed at mean age 39.5, and anxiety, depression, and illicit drug use at mean age 41.2. RESULTS Adjusting for age, sex, and race, individuals with documented histories of child abuse and neglect reported significantly lower levels of social support in adulthood [total (p < .001), appraisal (p < .001), belonging (p < .001), tangible (p < .001), and self-esteem support (p < .01)] than controls. Adjusting for age, sex, race, and prior psychiatric diagnosis, social support mediated the relationship between child abuse and neglect and anxiety and depression in adulthood. Four gender by social support interactions and one three-way [group (abuse/neglect versus control) × tangible social support × gender] interaction moderated levels of anxiety and depression, particularly for males who were more strongly affected by high levels of social support. CONCLUSIONS Social support plays a significant role in mediating and moderating some long term consequences of childhood maltreatment. Efforts to better understand the timing and mechanisms involved in these relationships are needed to guide preventive interventions and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie M Sperry
- Psychology Department, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, NY, USA
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13
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Oshri A, Tubman JG, Burnette ML. Childhood maltreatment histories, alcohol and other drug use symptoms, and sexual risk behavior in a treatment sample of adolescents. Am J Public Health 2012; 102 Suppl 2:S250-7. [PMID: 22401530 PMCID: PMC3477925 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2011.300628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We tested a structural model of relations among self-reported childhood maltreatment, alcohol and other drug abuse and dependence symptoms, and sexual risk behavior in a sample of adolescents receiving outpatient treatment of substance use problems. METHODS Structured interviews were administered to an ethnically diverse sample of 394 adolescents (114 girls, 280 boys; mean = 16.30 years; SD = 1.15 years; 44.9% Hispanic, 20.6% African American, 25.4% White non-Hispanic, and 9.1% other) in 2 outpatient treatment settings. RESULTS Path analyses yielded findings consistent with a mediation model. Alcohol abuse and dependence symptoms mediated (1) relations between emotional neglect scores and sex with co-occurring alcohol use and (2) relations between sexual abuse scores and sex with co-occurring alcohol use. Drug abuse and dependence symptoms mediated relations between (1) neglect scores and (2) sexual intercourse with co-occurring alcohol or drug use, as well as unprotected sexual intercourse. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to treat alcohol or drug use problems among adolescents or to prevent transmission of HIV or other sexually transmitted infections among youths with substance use problems may require tailoring treatment or prevention protocols to address client histories of maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Oshri
- Department of Clinical and Social Sciences, Mt. Hope Family Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14608, USA.
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