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van de Wetering R, Ewald A, Welsh S, Kornberger L, Williamson SE, McElroy BD, Butelman ER, Prisinzano TE, Kivell BM. The Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist 16-Bromo Salvinorin A Has Anti-Cocaine Effects without Significant Effects on Locomotion, Food Reward, Learning and Memory, or Anxiety and Depressive-like Behaviors. Molecules 2023; 28:4848. [PMID: 37375403 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonists have preclinical antipsychostimulant effects; however, adverse side effects have limited their therapeutic development. In this preclinical study, conducted in Sprague Dawley rats, B6-SJL mice, and non-human primates (NHPs), we evaluated the G-protein-biased analogue of salvinorin A (SalA), 16-bromo salvinorin A (16-BrSalA), for its anticocaine effects, side effects, and activation of cellular signaling pathways. 16-BrSalA dose-dependently decreased the cocaine-primed reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior in a KOR-dependent manner. It also decreased cocaine-induced hyperactivity, but had no effect on responding for cocaine on a progressive ratio schedule. Compared to SalA, 16-BrSalA had an improved side effect profile, with no significant effects in the elevated plus maze, light-dark test, forced swim test, sucrose self-administration, or novel object recognition; however, it did exhibit conditioned aversive effects. 16-BrSalA increased dopamine transporter (DAT) activity in HEK-293 cells coexpressing DAT and KOR, as well as in rat nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatal tissue. 16-BrSalA also increased the early phase activation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2, as well as p38 in a KOR-dependent manner. In NHPs, 16-BrSalA caused dose-dependent increases in the neuroendocrine biomarker prolactin, similar to other KOR agonists, at doses without robust sedative effects. These findings highlight that G-protein-biased structural analogues of SalA can have improved pharmacokinetic profiles and fewer side effects while maintaining their anticocaine effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross van de Wetering
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Amy Ewald
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Susan Welsh
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Lindsay Kornberger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Samuel E Williamson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Bryan D McElroy
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Kivell
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiscovery, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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Reed B, Miller M, Michino M, Butelman ER, Ben-Ezra A, Pikus P, Morochnik M, Kim Y, Ripka A, Vacca J, Kreek MJ. Characterization of Pyrrolidinyl-hexahydro-pyranopiperazines as a Novel Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist Scaffold. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1849-1856. [PMID: 35738565 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The kappa agonist structure-activity relationship around the novel, pyrrolidinyl substituted pyranopiperazine scaffold was developed. More specifically, the dichloroPhenylAcetamide-Pyrrolidinyl-PyranoPiperazine (PAPPP) core A was the focus of our work. The modulation of kappa receptor potency/G-protein activation and arrestin recruitment with respect to changes of the piperazine R group in A was demonstrated. Reduced β2-arrestin recruitment and differential G-protein bias were observed for select analogues. To better understand the subtlety in receptor signaling, analogues were profiled as the resolved enantiomers. To determine in vivo target engagement, a subset of compounds was tested in mice for stimulation of serum prolactin, a neuroendocrine biomarker of KOR-agonist effects. Additional in vivo characterization included measurement of potential unwanted effects of kappa receptor activation such as sedation. These studies demonstrate a novel kappa receptor agonist scaffold with potential for G-protein signaling bias to probe in vivo pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Reed
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Michael Miller
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Mayako Michino
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, 413 E. 69th Street, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Ariel Ben-Ezra
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Philip Pikus
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Michelle Morochnik
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Yuli Kim
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Amy Ripka
- Lucy Therapeutics, 501 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joseph Vacca
- J. Vacca Consulting LLC, Telford, Pennsylvania 18969, United States
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, United States
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Baynard C, Prisinzano TE, Butelman ER. Rapid-Onset Anti-Stress Effects of a Kappa-Opioid Receptor Antagonist, LY2795050, Against Immobility in an Open Space Swim Paradigm in Male and Female Mice. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:775317. [PMID: 34880762 PMCID: PMC8645979 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.775317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) / dynorphin system is implicated with behavioral and neurobiological effects of stress exposure (including heavy exposure to drugs of abuse) in translational animal models. Thus some KOR-antagonists can decrease the aversive, depressant-like and anxiety-like effects caused by stress exposure. The first generation of selective KOR-antagonists have slow onsets (hours) and extremely long durations of action (days-weeks), in vivo. A new generation of KOR antagonists with rapid onset and shorter duration of action can potentially decrease the effects of stress exposure in translational models, and may be of interest for medication development. This study examined the rapid onset anti-stress effects of one of the shorter acting novel KOR-antagonists (LY2795050, (3-chloro-4-(4-(((2S)-2-pyridin-3-ylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl) phenoxy)benzamide)) in a single-session open space swim (OSS) stress paradigm (15 min duration), in adult male and female C57BL/6 J mice. LY2795050 (0.32 mg/kg, i.p.) had rapid onset (within 15 min) and short duration (<3 h) of KOR-antagonist effects, based on its blockade of the locomotor depressant effects of the KOR-agonist U50,488 (10 mg/kg). LY2795050 (0.32 mg/kg), when administered only 1 min prior to the OSS stress paradigm, decreased immobility in males, but not females. With a slightly longer pretreatment time (15 min), this dose of LY2795050 decreased immobility in both males and females. A 10-fold smaller dose of LY2795050 (0.032 mg/kg) was inactive in the OSS, showing dose-dependence of this anti-stress effect. Overall, these studies show that a novel KOR-antagonist can produce very rapid onset anti-immobility effects in this model of acute stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Baynard
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Thomas E Prisinzano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
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Lledo-Garcia R, Dixon K, Shock A, Oliver R. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling of the anti-FcRn monoclonal antibody rozanolixizumab: Translation from preclinical stages to the clinic. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2021; 11:116-128. [PMID: 34735735 PMCID: PMC8752106 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rozanolixizumab is a fully humanized high‐affinity anti‐human neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) monoclonal antibody (mAb) that accelerates the removal of circulating immunoglobulin G (IgG), including pathogenic IgG autoantibodies, via the natural lysosomal degradation pathway. The aim of this study was to develop a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model characterizing the effect of rozanolixizumab on IgG levels in cynomolgus monkeys, translate it into humans to support the first‐in‐human (FIH) rozanolixizumab clinical trial study design, and, ultimately, develop a PK/PD model in humans. Simulations from the preclinical model were performed to predict IgG responses in humans and select clinically relevant doses in the FIH study. Good alignment was observed between predicted and observed reductions in IgG, which increased with increasing dose in the FIH study. The model successfully described the PK of the 4 and 7 mg/kg intravenous (i.v.) dose groups, although the PKs were underpredicted for the 1 mg/kg i.v. dose group. Updating the model with subsequent human data identified parameters that deviated from preclinical assumptions. The updated PK/PD model was able to effectively characterize the PK FcRn‐IgG nonlinear system in response to rozanolixizumab in the FIH data.
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Butelman ER, Baynard C, McElroy BD, Prisinzano TE, Kreek MJ. Profile of a short-acting κ-antagonist, LY2795050, on self-grooming behaviors, forced swim test and locomotor activity: sex comparison in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:579-590. [PMID: 33769112 DOI: 10.1177/0269881121996883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Novel short-acting κ(kappa)-opioid receptor selective antagonists are translational tools to examine the impact of the κ-receptor/dynorphin system in assays related to central nervous system dysfunction (e.g., substance use disorders, anhedonia and depression). The effects of such compounds have been compared in males and females under very limited conditions. AIMS The goal of this study was to examine potential sex differences in the effects of a κ-agonist and a short-acting κ-antagonist in an ethologically relevant test of anhedonia, the "splash test" of self-grooming, and also in the forced swim test and in locomotor activity. METHODS We examined the dose-dependence of grooming deficits caused by the κ-agonist U50,488 (0.1-3.2 mg/kg intraperitoneal (i.p.)) in gonadally intact adult male and female C57BL/6J mice. We then compared the effects of the short-acting κ-antagonist LY2795050 ((3-chloro-4-(4-(((2S)-2-pyridin-3-ylpyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl) phenoxy)benzamide)); 0.032-0.1 mg/kg i.p.) in blocking grooming deficits caused by U50,488 (3.2 mg/kg). The effects of LY2795050 were also studied in the forced swim test (FST). The effects of LY2795050 in blocking the locomotor depressant effects of U50,488 (10 mg/kg) were also studied. RESULTS U50,488 produced dose-dependent grooming deficits in male and female mice, and LY2795050 prevented these effects. In contrast, LY2795050 decreased immobility in the FST in males at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, but not in females, up to a dose of 0.32 mg/kg. Also, LY2795050 (0.32 mg/kg) prevented and also reversed the locomotor-depressant effects of U50,488 (10 mg/kg), in males and females. CONCLUSIONS This study further implicates the κ-receptor system in ethologically relevant aspects of anhedonia, and confirms sexual dimorphism in some behavioral effects of novel κ-antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Caroline Baynard
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Bryan D McElroy
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | | | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
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Butelman ER, Fry RS, Kimani R, Reed B, Kreek MJ. Neuroendocrine effects of naltrexone versus nalmefene in humans. Hum Psychopharmacol 2020; 35:e2726. [PMID: 32050055 DOI: 10.1002/hup.2726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Naltrexone and nalmefene are approved for the treatment of alcohol use disorders, in different countries. Naltrexone is also approved for the treatment for opioid use disorders, most recently in a depot formulation. These compounds target primarily μ(mu)- and κ(kappa)-opioid receptor systems, which are involved in the downstream neurobiological effects of alcohol and in the modulation of neuroendocrine stress systems. The study objective was to compare the neuroendocrine effects of naltrexone and nalmefene on adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and prolactin, in normal volunteers. METHOD Adult normal volunteers (n = 11 male and n = 9 female) were studied in a stress-minimized inpatient setting on three consecutive days, after intravenous saline, naltrexone HCl (10 mg), or nalmefene HCl (10 mg), in fixed order. ACTH, cortisol, and prolactin were analyzed pre-injection and up to 180 min post-injection. RESULTS Naltrexone and nalmefene caused elevations in ACTH and cortisol compared with saline. Nalmefene had a greater effect on ACTH and cortisol, compared with naltrexone. Both compounds also caused elevations in prolactin in males (females were not examined, due to the influence of menstrual cycle on prolactin). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that both nalmefene and naltrexone have effects potentially due to κ-partial agonism in humans, as well as antagonist effects at μ-receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Rebecca S Fry
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Rachel Kimani
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Brian Reed
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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7
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Punishment and reinforcement by opioid receptor agonists in a choice procedure in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 30:335-342. [PMID: 30320606 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous (i.v.) drug self-administration remains the 'gold standard' for assessing abuse potential of drugs. Failure of a drug to maintain self-administration might indicate merely the absence of positive-reinforcing effects but might also indicate presence of aversive effects. Sensitivity to aversive effects is thought to affect the initiation and maintenance of drug use as well as relapse. Choice procedures are used to study positive-reinforcing effects of drugs and to a much lesser extent to study punishing effects of drugs. Experiment 1 compared the μ-opioid receptor agonist remifentanil (0.001-0.01 mg/kg/infusion), the κ-opioid receptor agonist spiradoline (0.0056-0.056 mg/kg/infusion), and histamine (1.0 mg/kg/infusion) in rats choosing between a food pellet only and an i.v. infusion+a food pellet. To test whether a history with one punishing drug affects the punishing effects of a second drug, experiment 2 compared sensitivity with spiradoline in rats with and without a history of histamine punishment. All rats predominantly chose a pellet alone when histamine+a pellet was the alternative, and they predominantly chose remifentanil+a pellet over a pellet alone. In experiment 2, spiradoline was punishing in rats with a history of histamine punishment but not drug-naive rats. This food choice procedure is sensitive to reinforcing and punishing effects of different drugs in the same subjects, suggesting that the procedure is well-suited for studying drug mixtures (e.g. μ and κ agonists) and the impact of different physiological conditions (e.g. pain) on reinforcement and punishment.
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8
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Evaluation of Fraction Unbound Across 7 Tissues of 5 Species. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1178-1190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Recent advances in physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models for anticancer nanomedicines. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:80-99. [PMID: 31975317 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have distinct pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and can potentially improve the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of small-molecule drugs loaded therein. Owing to the unwanted toxicities of anticancer agents in healthy organs and tissues, their precise delivery to the tumor is an essential requirement. There have been numerous advancements in the development of nanomedicines for cancer therapy. Physiologically based PK (PBPK) models serve as excellent tools for describing and predicting the ADME properties and the efficacy and toxicity of drugs, in combination with pharmacodynamic (PD) models. The recent preliminary application of these modeling approaches to NPs demonstrated their potential benefits in research and development processes relevant to the ADME and pharmacodynamics of NPs and nanomedicines. Here, we comprehensively review the pharmacokinetics of NPs, the developed PBPK models for anticancer NPs, and the developed PD model for anticancer agents.
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Reed B, Butelman ER, Kreek MJ. Kappa Opioid Receptor Antagonists as Potential Therapeutics for Mood and Substance Use Disorders. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 271:473-491. [PMID: 33174064 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The kappa opioid receptor (KOR) and its primary cognate ligands, the dynorphin peptides, are involved in diverse physiological processes. Disruptions to the KOR/dynorphin system have been found to likely play a role in multiple neuropsychological disorders, and hence KOR has emerged as a potential therapeutic target. Targeting KOR is complicated by close homology to the mu and delta opioid receptors (MOR and DOR), and many KOR ligands have at least moderate affinity to MOR and/or DOR. Animal models utilizing primarily very long-lasting selective KOR antagonists (>3 weeks following a single dose) have demonstrated that KOR antagonism attenuates certain anxiety-like and depression-like behaviors and blocks stress- and cue-induced reinstatement to drug seeking. Recently, relatively selective KOR antagonists with medication-like pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and durations of action have been developed. One of these, JNJ-67953964 (also referred to as CERC-501, LY2456302, OpraKappa or Aticaprant) has been studied in humans, and shown to be safe, relatively KOR selective, and able to substantially attenuate binding of a KOR PET tracer to CNS localized KOR for greater than 24 h. While animal studies have indicated that compounds of this structural class are capable of normalizing withdrawal signs in animal models of cocaine and alcohol dependence and reducing cocaine and alcohol intake/seeking, additional studies are needed to determine the value of these second generation KOR antagonists in treating mood disorders and substance use disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Reed
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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Guerrero M, Urbano M, Kim EK, Gamo AM, Riley S, Abgaryan L, Leaf N, Van Orden LJ, Brown SJ, Xie JY, Porreca F, Cameron MD, Rosen H, Roberts E. Design and Synthesis of a Novel and Selective Kappa Opioid Receptor (KOR) Antagonist (BTRX-335140). J Med Chem 2019; 62:1761-1780. [PMID: 30707578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
κ opioid receptor (KOR) antagonists are potential pharmacotherapies for the treatment of migraine and stress-related mood disorders including depression, anxiety, and drug abuse, thus the development of novel KOR antagonists with an improved potency/selectivity profile and medication-like duration of action has attracted the interest of the medicinal chemistry community. In this paper, we describe the discovery of 1-(6-ethyl-8-fluoro-4-methyl-3-(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)quinolin-2-yl)- N-(tetrahydro-2 H-pyran-4-yl)piperidin-4 amine (CYM-53093, BTRX-335140) as a potent and selective KOR antagonist, endowed with favorable in vitro ADMET and in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles and medication-like duration of action in rat pharmacodynamic experiments. Orally administered CYM-53093 showed robust efficacy in antagonizing KOR agonist-induced prolactin secretion and in tail-flick analgesia in mice. CYM-53093 exhibited a broad selectivity over a panel of off-target proteins. This compound is in phase 1 clinical trials for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders wherein dynorphin is thought to contribute to the underlying pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Guerrero
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Mariangela Urbano
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Eun-Kyong Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Ana M Gamo
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Sean Riley
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Lusine Abgaryan
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Nora Leaf
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Lori Jean Van Orden
- BlackThorn Therapeutics, Inc. 780 Brannan Street , San Francisco , California 94103 , United States
| | - Steven J Brown
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Jennifer Y Xie
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85724 , United States
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Arizona , Tucson , Arizona 85724 , United States
| | - Michael D Cameron
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , Jupiter , Florida 33458 , United States
| | - Hugh Rosen
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Edward Roberts
- Department of Molecular Medicine , The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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Chang C, Fonseca KR, Li C, Horner W, Zawadzke LE, Salafia MA, Welch KA, Strick CA, Campbell BM, Gernhardt SS, Rong H, Sawant-Basak A, Liras J, Dounay A, Tuttle JB, Verhoest P, Maurer TS. Quantitative Translational Analysis of Brain Kynurenic Acid Modulation via Irreversible Kynurenine Aminotransferase II Inhibition. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:823-833. [PMID: 29853495 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.111625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kynurenic acid (KYNA) plays a significant role in maintaining normal brain function, and abnormalities in KYNA levels have been associated with various central nervous system disorders. Confirmation of its causality in human diseases requires safe and effective modulation of central KYNA levels in the clinic. The kynurenine aminotransferases (KAT) II enzyme represents an attractive target for pharmacologic modulation of central KYNA levels; however, KAT II and KYNA turnover kinetics, which could contribute to the duration of pharmacologic effect, have not been reported. In this study, the kinetics of central KYNA-lowering effect in rats and nonhuman primates (NHPs, Cynomolgus macaques) was investigated using multiple KAT II irreversible inhibitors as pharmacologic probes. Mechanistic pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of in vivo responses to irreversible inhibition quantitatively revealed that 1) KAT II turnover is relatively slow [16-76 hours' half-life (t1/2)], whereas KYNA is cleared more rapidly from the brain (<1 hour t1/2) in both rats and NHPs, 2) KAT II turnover is slower in NHPs than in rats (76 hours vs. 16 hours t1/2, respectively), and 3) the percent contribution of KAT II to KYNA formation is constant (∼80%) across rats and NHPs. Additionally, modeling results enabled establishment of in vitro-in vivo correlation for both enzyme turnover rates and drug potencies. In summary, quantitative translational analysis confirmed the feasibility of central KYNA modulation in humans. Model-based analysis, where system-specific properties and drug-specific properties are mechanistically separated from in vivo responses, enabled quantitative understanding of the KAT II-KYNA pathway, as well as assisted development of promising candidates to test KYNA hypothesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chang
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kari R Fonseca
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Cheryl Li
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Weldon Horner
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Laura E Zawadzke
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle A Salafia
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn A Welch
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Christine A Strick
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Brian M Campbell
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Steve S Gernhardt
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Haojing Rong
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Aarti Sawant-Basak
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer Liras
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Amy Dounay
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jamison B Tuttle
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Patrick Verhoest
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Tristan S Maurer
- Systems Modeling and Simulation Group, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (C.C., C.L., T.S.M.), Neuroscience and Pain Research Unit (W.H., L.E.Z., M.A.S., K.A.W., C.A.S., B.M.C., A.D., J.B.T., P.V.), and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Medicine Design (K.R.F., S.S.G., H.R., A.S.-B., J.L.), Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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13
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Reed B, Butelman ER, Fry RS, Kimani R, Kreek MJ. Repeated Administration of Opra Kappa (LY2456302), a Novel, Short-Acting, Selective KOP-r Antagonist, in Persons with and without Cocaine Dependence. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:739-750. [PMID: 28857070 PMCID: PMC5809790 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The κ-opioid receptor (KOP-r) system and its endogenous ligands, the dynorphins, are involved in the neurobiological regulation of addictive states, and of mood. There are limited data on the impact of selective KOP-r antagonism in humans on basic biobehavioral functions, or on addictive diseases and mood disorders. Previously studied selective KOP-r antagonists have unusual pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties (slow development of KOP-r selectivity, extremely long duration of action) that limit translation to human studies. A recently developed selective KOP-r-antagonist, Opra Kappa (LY2456302; CERC-501), has medication-like duration of action, oral bioavailability, and target engagement. The current study is the first investigation of the effects of a KOP-r-antagonist in cocaine-dependent persons in comparison with normal volunteers. In a stress-minimized inpatient setting, we determined the neuroendocrine and neurobehavioral effects of repeated administration of an active dose of Opra Kappa (10 mg p.o. daily, four consecutive days in comparison with an initial baseline day). Healthy volunteers (n=40), persons diagnosed with cocaine dependence in early abstinence (<2 months, EACD) (n=23), and drug-free former cocaine-dependent persons (7-month to 25-year abstinence, DFFCD) (n=7) were studied, with measurements including circulating neuroendocrine hormones, affect, and, in cocaine-dependent persons, cocaine craving. Modest adverse events related to Opra Kappa included pruritus, observed in a subset of individuals. No significant change was observed in serum prolactin levels following Opra Kappa administration, but modest increases in circulating adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol were observed. No significant changes were noted in measures of depression or cocaine craving in this stress-minimized setting. Overall, these studies demonstrate that effects of 10 mg Opra Kappa are largely consistent with those predicted for a selective KOP-r antagonist. This medication regimen was tolerable, and is therefore feasible for further studies in cocaine-dependent persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Reed
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA,Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, Box 171, New York, NY 10065, USA, Tel: 212 327 8247, Fax: 212 327 8574, E-mail:
| | - Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca S Fry
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Kimani
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Butelman ER, Kreek MJ. Discriminative Stimulus Properties of Opioid Ligands: Progress and Future Directions. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2018; 39:175-192. [PMID: 27225498 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Opioid receptors (MOP-r, KOP-r, DOP-r, as well as NOP-r) and their endogenous neuropeptide agonist systems are involved in diverse neurobiological and behavioral functions, in health and disease. These functions include pain and analgesia, addictions, and psychiatric diseases (e.g., depression-, anxiety-like, and stress-related disorders). Drug discrimination assays have been used to characterize the behavioral pharmacology of ligands with affinity at MOP-r, KOP-r, or DOP-r (and to a lesser extent NOP-r). Therefore, drug discrimination studies with opioid ligands have an important continuing role in translational investigations of diseases that are affected by these neurobiological targets and their pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 171, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, Box 171, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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15
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Current practices and future outlook on the integration of biomarkers in the drug development process. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1827-1837. [PMID: 29120222 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been broad incorporation of translational biomarkers into the early drug development process to predict safety concerns, measure target engagement and monitor disease progression. One goal of translational biomarkers is to create a cycle whereby preclinical readouts influence candidate selection and subsequent clinical data are fed back into research to facilitate better decision making. Successes have been limited and not as broad in scope as desired. Collaborations between industry and regulators have increased the number of qualified biomarkers; but the process is lengthy and expensive. A high level overview of translational biomarkers as well as a discussion of some of the successes and failures encountered in development is discussed here.
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16
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Yang F, Wang B, Liu Z, Xia X, Wang W, Yin D, Sheng L, Li Y. Prediction of a Therapeutic Dose for Buagafuran, a Potent Anxiolytic Agent by Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling Starting from Pharmacokinetics in Rats and Human. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:683. [PMID: 29066968 PMCID: PMC5641330 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) models can contribute to animal-to-human extrapolation and therapeutic dose predictions. Buagafuran is a novel anxiolytic agent and phase I clinical trials of buagafuran have been completed. In this paper, a potentially effective dose for buagafuran of 30 mg t.i.d. in human was estimated based on the human brain concentration predicted by a PBPK/PD modeling. The software GastroPlusTM was used to build the PBPK/PD model for buagafuran in rat which related the brain tissue concentrations of buagafuran and the times of animals entering the open arms in the pharmacological model of elevated plus-maze. Buagafuran concentrations in human plasma were fitted and brain tissue concentrations were predicted by using a human PBPK model in which the predicted plasma profiles were in good agreement with observations. The results provided supportive data for the rational use of buagafuran in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Center of Drug Clinical Trial, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China.,Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolian Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihao Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xuejun Xia
- Department of Drug Delivery System, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dali Yin
- Department of Synthetic Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Sheng
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD Study, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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17
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Wong H, Bohnert T, Damian-Iordache V, Gibson C, Hsu CP, Krishnatry AS, Liederer BM, Lin J, Lu Q, Mettetal JT, Mudra DR, Nijsen MJ, Schroeder P, Schuck E, Suryawanshi S, Trapa P, Tsai A, Wang H, Wu F. Translational pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis in the pharmaceutical industry: an IQ Consortium PK-PD Discussion Group perspective. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1447-1459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Gennemark P, Trägårdh M, Lindén D, Ploj K, Johansson A, Turnbull A, Carlsson B, Antonsson M. Translational Modeling to Guide Study Design and Dose Choice in Obesity Exemplified by AZD1979, a Melanin-concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 Antagonist. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 6:458-468. [PMID: 28556607 PMCID: PMC5529746 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present the translational modeling used in the discovery of AZD1979, a melanin‐concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHr1) antagonist aimed for treatment of obesity. The model quantitatively connects the relevant biomarkers and thereby closes the scaling path from rodent to man, as well as from dose to effect level. The complexity of individual modeling steps depends on the quality and quantity of data as well as the prior information; from semimechanistic body‐composition models to standard linear regression. Key predictions are obtained by standard forward simulation (e.g., predicting effect from exposure), as well as non‐parametric input estimation (e.g., predicting energy intake from longitudinal body‐weight data), across species. The work illustrates how modeling integrates data from several species, fills critical gaps between biomarkers, and supports experimental design and human dose‐prediction. We believe this approach can be of general interest for translation in the obesity field, and might inspire translational reasoning more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Gennemark
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - M Trägårdh
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden.,University of Warwick, School of Engineering, Coventry, UK
| | - D Lindén
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - K Ploj
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - A Johansson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - A Turnbull
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - B Carlsson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - M Antonsson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
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19
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Minervini V, Dahal S, France CP. Behavioral Characterization of κ Opioid Receptor Agonist Spiradoline and Cannabinoid Receptor Agonist CP55940 Mixtures in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:280-287. [PMID: 27903642 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.235630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain is a significant clinical problem, and there is a need for more effective treatments with reduced adverse effects that currently limit the use of μ opioid receptor agonists. Synthetic κ opioid receptor agonists have no abuse liability and well-documented antinociceptive effects; however, adverse effects (diuresis, dysphoria) preclude their use in the clinic. Combining κ opioids with nonopioid drugs (cannabinoid receptor agonists) allows for smaller doses of each drug to produce antinociception. This study tested whether a potentially useful effect of the κ opioid receptor agonist 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methyl-N-[(5R,7S,8S)-7-pyrrolidin-1-yl-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl] (spiradoline; antinociception) is selectively enhanced by the cannabinoid receptor agonist 2-[(1R,2R,5R)-5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxypropyl) cyclohexyl]-5-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenol (CP55940). Cumulative dose-response functions were determined in eight male Sprague-Dawley rats for spiradoline (0.032-32.0 mg/kg, i.p.) and CP55940 (0.0032-1.0 mg/kg, i.p.) for antinociception, hypothermia, food-maintained responding, and diuresis. Alone, each drug dose dependently increased tail withdrawal latencies from 50°C water, decreased body temperature by ∼4°C, and eliminated food-maintained responding. Spiradoline, but not CP55940, significantly increased urine output at doses that eliminated responding. Smaller doses of spiradoline and CP55940 in mixtures (3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 spiradoline:CP55940) had effects comparable to those observed with larger doses of either drug administered alone: the interaction was additive for antinociception and additive or greater than additive for hypothermia and food-maintained responding. Collectively, these data fail to provide support for the use of these mixtures for treating acute pain; however, κ opioid/cannabinoid mixtures might be useful for treating pain under other conditions (e.g., chronic pain), but only if the adverse effects of both drugs are not enhanced in mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Minervini
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.M., S.D., C.P.F.) and Psychiatry (C.P.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sujata Dahal
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.M., S.D., C.P.F.) and Psychiatry (C.P.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Charles P France
- Departments of Pharmacology (V.M., S.D., C.P.F.) and Psychiatry (C.P.F.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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20
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Butelman ER, Kreek MJ. Salvinorin A, a kappa-opioid receptor agonist hallucinogen: pharmacology and potential template for novel pharmacotherapeutic agents in neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:190. [PMID: 26441647 PMCID: PMC4561799 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a potent hallucinogen, isolated from the ethnomedical plant Salvia divinorum. Salvinorin A is a selective high efficacy kappa-opioid receptor (KOPr) agonist, and thus implicates the KOPr system and its endogenous agonist ligands (the dynorphins) in higher functions, including cognition and perceptual effects. Salvinorin A is the only selective KOPr ligand to be widely available outside research or medical settings, and salvinorin A-containing products have undergone frequent non-medical use. KOPr/dynorphin systems in the brain are known to be powerful counter-modulatory mechanisms to dopaminergic function, which is important in mood and reward engendered by natural and chemical reinforcers (including drugs of abuse). KOPr activation (including by salvinorin A) can thus cause aversion and anhedonia in preclinical models. Salvinorin A is also a completely new scaffold for medicinal chemistry approaches, since it is a non-nitrogenous neoclerodane, unlike other known opioid ligands. Ongoing efforts have the goal of discovering novel semi-synthetic salvinorin analogs with potential KOPr-mediated pharmacotherapeutic effects (including partial agonist or biased agonist effects), with a reduced burden of undesirable effects associated with salvinorin A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo R Butelman
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- Laboratory on the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University , New York, NY, USA
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21
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Sundqvist M, Lundahl A, Någård MB, Bredberg U, Gennemark P. Quantifying and Communicating Uncertainty in Preclinical Human Dose-Prediction. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26225248 PMCID: PMC4429578 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human dose-prediction is fundamental for ranking lead-optimization compounds in drug discovery and to inform design of early clinical trials. This tutorial describes how uncertainty in such predictions can be quantified and efficiently communicated to facilitate decision-making. Using three drug-discovery case studies, we show how several uncertain pieces of input information can be integrated into one single uncomplicated plot with key predictions, including their uncertainties, for many compounds or for many scenarios, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sundqvist
- CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D SE-431, 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - A Lundahl
- CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D SE-431, 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - M B Någård
- CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D SE-431, 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - U Bredberg
- CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D SE-431, 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - P Gennemark
- CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D SE-431, 83, Mölndal, Sweden
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22
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Schröder W, Lambert DG, Ko MC, Koch T. Functional plasticity of the N/OFQ-NOP receptor system determines analgesic properties of NOP receptor agonists. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3777-800. [PMID: 24762001 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite high sequence similarity between NOP (nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid peptide) and opioid receptors, marked differences in endogenous ligand selectivity, signal transduction, phosphorylation, desensitization, internalization and trafficking have been identified; underscoring the evolutionary difference between NOP and opioid receptors. Activation of NOP receptors affects nociceptive transmission in a site-specific manner, with antinociceptive effects prevailing after peripheral and spinal activation, and pronociceptive effects after supraspinal activation in rodents. The net effect of systemically administered NOP receptor agonists on nociception is proposed to depend on the relative contribution of peripheral, spinal and supraspinal activation, and this may depend on experimental conditions. Functional expression and regulation of NOP receptors at peripheral and central sites of the nociceptive pathway exhibits a high degree of plasticity under conditions of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. In rodents, systemically administered NOP receptor agonists exerted antihypersensitive effects in models of neuropathic and inflammatory pain. However, they were largely ineffective in acute pain while concomitantly evoking severe motor side effects. In contrast, systemic administration of NOP receptor agonists to non-human primates (NHPs) exerted potent and efficacious antinociception in the absence of motor and sedative side effects. The reason for this species difference with respect to antinociceptive efficacy and tolerability is not clear. Moreover, co-activation of NOP and μ-opioid peptide (MOP) receptors synergistically produced antinociception in NHPs. Hence, both selective NOP receptor as well as NOP/MOP receptor agonists may hold potential for clinical use as analgesics effective in conditions of acute and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schröder
- Department of Translational Science, Global Innovation, Grünenthal GmbH, Aachen, Germany
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Brokjær A, Olesen AE, Kreilgaard M, Graversen C, Gram M, Christrup LL, Dahan A, Drewes AM. Objective markers of the analgesic response to morphine in experimental pain research. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2015; 73:7-14. [PMID: 25659520 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In experimental pain research the effect of opioids is normally assessed by verbal subjective response to analgesia. However, as many confounders in pain assessment exist, objective bed-side assessment of the effect is highly warranted. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of morphine on three objective pharmacodynamic markers (pupil diameter, prolactin concentration and resting electroencephalography (EEG)) and compare the changes from placebo with subjective analgesia on experimental muscle pain for convergent validation. METHODS Fifteen healthy male participants received placebo or 30 mg rectal morphine at two separate sessions. At baseline and several time points after drug administration, the central effects of morphine were assessed by experimental muscle pain, pupil diameter, prolactin concentration and resting EEG. RESULTS Morphine increased tolerance to muscle pain, together with significant reductions in pupil diameter and increase in prolactin concentration (all P < 0.001). Miosis was induced simultaneously with the onset of analgesic effect 30 min after dosing, while a significant increase in prolactin concentration was seen after 45 min. The change in pupil diameter was negatively correlated to change in tolerated muscle pressure (r = -0.40, P < 0.001), whereas the increase in prolactin concentration was positively correlated (r = 0.32, P = 0.001). The effect of morphine on EEG was seen as a decrease in the relative theta (4-7.5 Hz) activity (P = 0.03), but was not significant until 120 min after dosing and did not correlate to the increase in tolerated muscle pressure (r = -0.1, P=0.43). DISCUSSION Prolactin concentration and pupil diameter showed similar temporal development, had good dynamic ranges and were sensitive to morphine. Thus, both measures proved to be sensitive measures of morphine effects. EEG may give additive information on the brain's response to pain, however more advanced analysis may be necessary. We therefore recommend using pupil diameter in studies where a simple and reliable objective measure of the morphine-induced central activation is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Brokjær
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Anne Estrup Olesen
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mads Kreilgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Carina Graversen
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Mikkel Gram
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Lona Louring Christrup
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Albert Dahan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Asbjørn Mohr Drewes
- Mech-Sense, Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
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Smith JAM, Patil DL, Daniels OT, Ding YS, Gallezot JD, Henry S, Kim KHS, Kshirsagar S, Martin WJ, Obedencio GP, Stangeland E, Tsuruda PR, Williams W, Carson RE, Patil ST, Patil ST. Preclinical to clinical translation of CNS transporter occupancy of TD-9855, a novel norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu027. [PMID: 25522383 PMCID: PMC4368888 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monoamine reuptake inhibitors exhibit unique clinical profiles that reflect distinct engagement of the central nervous system (CNS) transporters. METHODS We used a translational strategy, including rodent pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in humans, to establish the transporter profile of TD-9855, a novel norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitor. RESULTS TD-9855 was a potent inhibitor of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin 5-HT uptake in vitro with an inhibitory selectivity of 4- to 10-fold for NE at human and rat transporters. TD-9855 engaged norepinephrine transporters (NET) and serotonin transporters (SERT) in rat spinal cord, with a plasma EC50 of 11.7 ng/mL and 50.8 ng/mL, respectively, consistent with modest selectivity for NET in vivo. Accounting for species differences in protein binding, the projected human NET and SERT plasma EC50 values were 5.5 ng/mL and 23.9 ng/mL, respectively. A single-dose, open-label PET study (4-20mg TD-9855, oral) was conducted in eight healthy males using the radiotracers [(11)C]-3-amino-4- [2-[(di(methyl)amino)methyl]phenyl]sulfanylbenzonitrile for SERT and [(11)C]-(S,S)-methylreboxetine for NET. The long pharmacokinetic half-life (30-40 h) of TD-9855 allowed for sequential assessment of SERT and NET occupancy in the same subject. The plasma EC50 for NET was estimated to be 1.21 ng/mL, and at doses of greater than 4 mg the projected steady-state NET occupancy is high (>75%). After a single oral dose of 20mg, SERT occupancy was 25 (±8)% at a plasma level of 6.35 ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS These data establish the CNS penetration and transporter profile of TD-9855 and inform the selection of potential doses for future clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - S T Patil
- Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., San Francisco, CA (Drs Smith, Bourdet, Daniels, Kim, Kshirsagar, Martin, Obedencio, Stangeland, Tsururda, Williams, and Patil); Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (Drs Ding, Gallezot, Henry, Williams, and Carson)
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25
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Schuck E, Bohnert T, Chakravarty A, Damian-Iordache V, Gibson C, Hsu CP, Heimbach T, Krishnatry AS, Liederer BM, Lin J, Maurer T, Mettetal JT, Mudra DR, Nijsen MJ, Raybon J, Schroeder P, Schuck V, Suryawanshi S, Su Y, Trapa P, Tsai A, Vakilynejad M, Wang S, Wong H. Preclinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation in the pharmaceutical industry: an IQ consortium survey examining the current landscape. AAPS JOURNAL 2015; 17:462-73. [PMID: 25630504 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The application of modeling and simulation techniques is increasingly common in preclinical stages of the drug discovery and development process. A survey focusing on preclinical pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) analysis was conducted across pharmaceutical companies that are members of the International Consortium for Quality and Innovation in Pharmaceutical Development. Based on survey responses, ~68% of companies use preclinical PK/PD analysis in all therapeutic areas indicating its broad application. An important goal of preclinical PK/PD analysis in all pharmaceutical companies is for the selection/optimization of doses and/or dose regimens, including prediction of human efficacious doses. Oncology was the therapeutic area with the most PK/PD analysis support and where it showed the most impact. Consistent use of more complex systems pharmacology models and hybrid physiologically based pharmacokinetic models with PK/PD components was less common compared to traditional PK/PD models. Preclinical PK/PD analysis is increasingly being included in regulatory submissions with ~73% of companies including these data to some degree. Most companies (~86%) have seen impact of preclinical PK/PD analyses in drug development. Finally, ~59% of pharmaceutical companies have plans to expand their PK/PD modeling groups over the next 2 years indicating continued growth. The growth of preclinical PK/PD modeling groups in pharmaceutical industry is necessary to establish required resources and skills to further expand use of preclinical PK/PD modeling in a meaningful and impactful manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Schuck
- Modeling and Simulation, Eisai Inc., 155 Tice Blvd, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, 07677, USA,
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26
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Eans SO, Ganno ML, Reilley KJ, Patkar KA, Senadheera SN, Aldrich JV, McLaughlin JP. The macrocyclic tetrapeptide [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 produces short-acting κ opioid receptor antagonism in the CNS after oral administration. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:426-36. [PMID: 23425081 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cyclic peptides are resistant to proteolytic cleavage, therefore potentially exhibiting activity after systemic administration. We hypothesized that the macrocyclic κ opioid receptor (KOR)-selective antagonist [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 would demonstrate antagonist activity after systemic, that is, s.c. and oral (per os, p. o.), administration. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH C57BL/6J mice were pretreated with [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 s.c. or p.o. before administration of the KOR-selective agonist U50,488 and the determination of antinociception in the warm-water tail-withdrawal assay. The locomotor activity of mice treated with [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 was determined by rotorod testing. Additional mice demonstrating cocaine conditioned place preference and subsequent extinction were pretreated daily with vehicle or [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 and then exposed to repeated forced swim stress or a single additional session of cocaine place conditioning before redetermining place preference. KEY RESULTS Pretreatment with [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 administered s.c. or p.o. dose-dependently antagonized the antinociception induced by i.p. administration of U50,488 in mice tested in the warm-water tail-withdrawal assay for less than 12 and 6 h respectively. [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 also produced limited (<25%), short-duration antinociception mediated through KOR agonism. Orally administered [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 dose-dependently antagonized centrally administered U50,488-induced antinociception, and prevented stress-, but not cocaine-induced, reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behaviour, consistent with its KOR antagonist activity, without affecting locomotor activity. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The macrocyclic tetrapeptide [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 is a short-duration KOR antagonist with weak KOR agonist activity that is active after oral administration and demonstrates blood-brain barrier permeability. These data validate the use of systemically active peptides such as [D-Trp]CJ-15,208 as potentially useful therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shainnel O Eans
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA
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27
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Naganawa M, Jacobsen LK, Zheng MQ, Lin SF, Banerjee A, Byon W, Weinzimmer D, Tomasi G, Nabulsi N, Grimwood S, Badura LL, Carson RE, McCarthy TJ, Huang Y. Evaluation of the agonist PET radioligand [¹¹C]GR103545 to image kappa opioid receptor in humans: kinetic model selection, test-retest reproducibility and receptor occupancy by the antagonist PF-04455242. Neuroimage 2014; 99:69-79. [PMID: 24844744 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kappa opioid receptors (KOR) are implicated in several brain disorders. In this report, a first-in-human positron emission tomography (PET) study was conducted with the potent and selective KOR agonist tracer, [(11)C]GR103545, to determine an appropriate kinetic model for analysis of PET imaging data and assess the test-retest reproducibility of model-derived binding parameters. The non-displaceable distribution volume (V(ND)) was estimated from a blocking study with naltrexone. In addition, KOR occupancy of PF-04455242, a selective KOR antagonist that is active in preclinical models of depression, was also investigated. METHODS For determination of a kinetic model and evaluation of test-retest reproducibility, 11 subjects were scanned twice with [(11)C]GR103545. Seven subjects were scanned before and 75 min after oral administration of naltrexone (150 mg). For the KOR occupancy study, six subjects were scanned at baseline and 1.5 h and 8 h after an oral dose of PF-04455242 (15 mg, n=1 and 30 mg, n=5). Metabolite-corrected arterial input functions were measured and all scans were 150 min in duration. Regional time-activity curves (TACs) were analyzed with 1- and 2-tissue compartment models (1TC and 2TC) and the multilinear analysis (MA1) method to derive regional volume of distribution (V(T)). Relative test-retest variability (TRV), absolute test-retest variability (aTRV) and intra-class coefficient (ICC) were calculated to assess test-retest reproducibility of regional VT. Occupancy plots were computed for blocking studies to estimate occupancy and V(ND). The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PF-04455242 was determined from occupancies and drug concentrations in plasma. [(11)C]GR103545 in vivo K(D) was also estimated. RESULTS Regional TACs were well described by the 2TC model and MA1. However, 2TC VT was sometimes estimated with high standard error. Thus MA1 was the model of choice. Test-retest variability was ~15%, depending on the outcome measure. The blocking studies with naltrexone and PF-04455242 showed that V(T) was reduced in all regions; thus no suitable reference region is available for the radiotracer. V(ND) was estimated reliably from the occupancy plot of naltrexone blocking (V(ND)=3.4±0.9 mL/cm(3)). The IC50 of PF-04455242 was calculated as 55 ng/mL. [(11)C]GR103545 in vivo K(D) value was estimated as 0.069 nmol/L. CONCLUSIONS [(11)C]GR103545 PET can be used to image and quantify KOR in humans, although it has slow kinetics and variability of model-derived kinetic parameters is higher than desirable. This tracer should be suitable for use in receptor occupancy studies, particularly those that target high occupancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Naganawa
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Ming-Qiang Zheng
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shu-Fei Lin
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - David Weinzimmer
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Giampaolo Tomasi
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nabeel Nabulsi
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | | | - Richard E Carson
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Yiyun Huang
- PET Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Urbano M, Guerrero M, Rosen H, Roberts E. Antagonists of the kappa opioid receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2021-32. [PMID: 24690494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The research community has increasingly focused on the development of OPRK antagonists as pharmacotherapies for the treatment of depression, anxiety, addictive disorders and other psychiatric conditions produced or exacerbated by stress. Short-acting OPRK antagonists have been recently developed as a potential improvement over long-acting prototypic ligands including nor-BNI and JDTic. Remarkably the short-acting LY2456302 is undergoing phase II clinical trials for the augmentation of the antidepressant therapy in treatment-resistant depression. This Letter reviews relevant chemical and pharmacological advances in the identification and development of OPRK antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Urbano
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Miguel Guerrero
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Hugh Rosen
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; The Scripps Research Institute Molecular Screening Center, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States; Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Edward Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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29
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Bye A. Experiments with cocaine and heroin addicts—are they predictive? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 14:74-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Basic concepts in population modeling, simulation, and model-based drug development: part 3-introduction to pharmacodynamic modeling methods. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 3:e88. [PMID: 24384783 PMCID: PMC3917320 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2013.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Population pharmacodynamic (PD) models describe the time course of drug effects, relating exposure to response, and providing a more robust understanding of drug action than single assessments. PD models can test alternative dose regimens through simulation, allowing for informed assessment of potential dose regimens and study designs. This is the third paper in a three-part series, providing an introduction into methods for developing and evaluating population PD models. Example files are available in the Supplementary Data.
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Sawant Basak A, Byon W, Tseng-Lovering E, Funk C, Wood L, Lin C, Delnomdedieu M, Verhoest P, Parikh V, Cox LM, Miller E, Gao H, Obach RS. Metabolism and clinical pharmacokinetics of 2-methyl-n-(2'-(pyrrolidinyl-1-ylsulfonyl)-n-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)propran-1-amine: insights into monoamine oxidase- and CYP-mediated disposition by integration of in vitro ADME tools. Xenobiotica 2013; 44:438-54. [PMID: 24304147 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.850552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
1. In early discovery stages, 2-methyl-N-(2'-(pyrrolidinyl-1-ylsulfonyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)propan-1-amine (PBPA) demonstrated monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated clearance. While human liver microsomes predicted low CL(b) PBPA demonstrated a moderate CL(p)/F in humans. The plasma pharmacokinetic (PK) of PBPA was characterized by unexpected high inter-individual variability. Hence, a retrospective analysis was undertaken to understand the disposition processes of PBPA, by applying in vitro mechanistic tools. 2. The in vitro-to-in vivo of rat CL(b) of PBPA was calculated as similar to that of human, suggesting rat to be a better predictor of a MAO-A/CYP substrate, but not dog or monkey; this is consistent with differences in expression of MAO-A in rat, dog, monkey and human. Fraction metabolized (f(m)) of human MAO A (hMAO-A) (50%), CYP3A4 (8%), CYP3A5 (16%) and CYP2D6 (29%) was determined, in vitro. 3. While the fm of CYP3A5 was <50%, Michaelis-Menten kinetics demonstrated that it was a higher capacity pathway compared with MAO-A, 2D6 and 3A4. This was consistent with strong association of dose-normalized plasma C(max) and area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC(0-tlast)) of PBPA with CYP3A5 genotype, but not with genotype of CYP2D6. 4. This investigation demonstrates the value of integrating in vitro mechanistic tools to gain comprehensive understanding of disposition properties of drug candidates, in a discovery paradigm and prior to the investment in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Sawant Basak
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism , Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA , USA
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-fourth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2011 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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Abstract
The current gap between animal research and clinical development of analgesic drugs presents a challenge for the application of translational PK-PD modeling and simulation. First, animal pain models lack predictive and construct validity to accurately reflect human pain etiologies and, secondly, clinical pain is a multidimensional sensory experience that can't always be captured by objective and robust measures. These challenges complicate the use of translational PK-PD modeling to project PK-PD data generated in preclinical species to a plausible range of clinical doses. To date only a few drug targets identified in animal studies have shown to be successful in the clinic. PK-PD modeling of biomarkers collected during the early phase of clinical development can bridge animal and clinical pain research. For drugs with novel mechanism of actions understanding of the target pharmacology is essential in order to increase the success of clinical development. There is a specific interest in the application of human pain models that can mimic different aspects of acute/chronic pain symptoms and serves as link between animal and clinical pain research. In early clinical development the main objective of PK-PD modeling is to characterize the relationship between target site binding and downstream biomarkers that have a potential link to the clinical endpoint (e.g. readouts from the human pain models) so as to facilitate the selection of doses for proof of concept studies. In patient studies, the role of PK-PD modeling and simulation is to characterize and confirm patient populations in terms of responder profiles with the aim to find the right dose for the right patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Yassen
- Global Clinical Pharmacology and Exploratory Development, Astellas Pharma Global Development Europe, Elisabethhof 1, PO BOX 108, 2350 AC, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands.
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Lovell KM, Vasiljevik T, Araya JJ, Lozama A, Prevatt-Smith KM, Day VW, Dersch CM, Rothman RB, Butelman ER, Kreek MJ, Prisinzano TE. Semisynthetic neoclerodanes as kappa opioid receptor probes. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:3100-10. [PMID: 22464684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Modification of the furan ring of salvinorin A (1), the main active component of Salvia divinorum, has resulted in novel neoclerodane diterpenes with opioid receptor affinity and activity. Conversion of the furan ring to an aldehyde at the C-12 position (5) has allowed for the synthesis of analogues with new carbon-carbon bonds at that position. Previous methods for forming these bonds, such as Grignard and Stille conditions, have met with limited success. We report a palladium catalyzed Liebeskind-Srogl cross-coupling reaction of a thioester and a boronic acid that occurs at neutral pH and ambient temperature to produce ketone analogs at C-12. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported usage of the Liebeskind-Srogl reaction to diversify a natural product scaffold. We also describe a one-step protocol for the conversion of 1 to 12-epi-1 (3) through microwave irradiation. Previously, this synthetically challenging process has required multiple steps. Additionally, we report in this study that alkene 9 and aromatic analogues 12, 19, 23, 25, and 26 were discovered to retain affinity and selectivity at kappa opioid receptors (KOP). Finally, we report that the furan-2-yl analog of 1 (31) has similar affinity to 1. Collectively, these findings suggest that different aromatic groups appended directly to the decalin core may be well tolerated by KOP receptors, and may generate further ligands with affinity and activity at KOP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Lovell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Grimwood S, Lu Y, Schmidt AW, Vanase-Frawley MA, Sawant-Basak A, Miller E, McLean S, Freeman J, Wong S, McLaughlin JP, Verhoest PR. Pharmacological characterization of 2-methyl-N-((2'-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl)propan-1-amine (PF-04455242), a high-affinity antagonist selective for κ-opioid receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 339:555-66. [PMID: 21821697 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.185108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Methyl-N-((2'-(pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl)propan-1-amine (PF-04455242) is a novel κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist with high affinity for human (3 nM), rat (21 nM), and mouse (22 nM) KOR, a ∼ 20-fold reduced affinity for human μ-opioid receptors (MORs; K(i) = 64 nM), and negligible affinity for δ-opioid receptors (K(i) > 4 μM). PF-04455242 also showed selectivity for KORs in vivo. In rats, PF-04455242 blocked KOR and MOR agonist-induced analgesia with ID(50) values of 1.5 and 9.8 mg/kg, respectively, and inhibited ex vivo [(3)H](2-(benzofuran-4-yl)-N-methyl-N-((5S,7R,8R)-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)acetamide ([(3)H]CI977) and [(3)H](2S)-2-[[2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]acetyl]-methylamino]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-phenylpropanamide ([(3)H]DAMGO) binding to KOR and MOR receptors with ID(50) values of 2.0 and 8.6 mg/kg, respectively. An in vivo binding assay was developed using (-)-4-[(3)H]methoxycarbonyl-2-[(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl]-1-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acetyl]-piperidine ([(3)H]PF-04767135), a tritiated version of the KOR positron emission tomography ligand (-)-4-[(11)C]methoxycarbonyl-2-[(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl]-1-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)acetyl]-piperidine ([(11)C]GR103545) in which PF-04455242 had an ID(50) of 5.2 mg/kg. PF-04455242 demonstrated antidepressant-like efficacy (mouse forced-swim test), attenuated the behavioral effects of stress (mouse social defeat stress assay), and showed therapeutic potential in treating reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior (mouse conditioned place preference). KOR agonist-induced plasma prolactin was investigated as a translatable mechanism biomarker. Spiradoline (0.32 mg/kg) significantly increased rat plasma prolactin levels from 1.9 ± 0.4 to 41.9 ± 4.9 ng/ml. PF-04455242 dose-dependently reduced the elevation of spiradoline-induced plasma prolactin with an ID(50) of 2.3 ± 0.1 mg/kg, which aligned well with the ED(50) values obtained from the rat in vivo binding and efficacy assays. These data provide further evidence that KOR antagonists have potential for the treatment of depression and addiction disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grimwood
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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