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Tannergren C, Jadhav H, Eckernäs E, Fagerberg J, Augustijns P, Sjögren E. Physiologically Based Biopharmaceutics Modeling of regional and colon absorption in humans. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 186:144-159. [PMID: 37028605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Colon absorption is a key determinant for successful development of extended release and colon targeted drug products. This is the first systematic evaluation of the ability to predict in vivo regional differences in absorption and the extent of colon absorption in humans using mechanistic physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling (PBBM). A new dataset, consisting of 19 drugs with a wide range of biopharmaceutics properties and extent of colon absorption in humans, was established. Mechanistic predictions of the extent of absorption and plasma exposure after oral, or jejunal and direct colon administration were performed in GastroPlus and GI-Sim using an a priori approach. Two new colon models developed in GI-Sim, were also evaluated to assess if the prediction performance could be improved. Both GastroPlus and GI-Sim met the pre-defined criteria for accurate predictions of regional and colon absorption for high permeability drugs irrespective of formulation type, while the prediction performance was poor for low permeability drugs. For solutions, the two new GI-Sim colon models improved the colon absorption prediction performance for the low permeability drugs while maintaining the accurate prediction performance for the high permeability drugs. In contrast, the prediction performance decreased for non-solutions using the two new colon models. In conclusion, PBBM can be used with sufficient accuracy to predict regional and colon absorption in humans for high permeability drugs in candidate selection as well as early design and development of extended release or colon targeted drug products. The prediction performance of the current models needs to be improved to allow high accuracy predictions for commercial drug product applications including highly accurate predictions of the entire plasma concentration-time profiles as well as for low permeability drugs.
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2
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Castleberry S. Preclinical modeling of intravitreal suspensions. Int J Pharm 2023; 636:122807. [PMID: 36898620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
There are a number of obstacles that complicate the development of intravitreal delivered small molecules therapies. One serious complication is the potential need for complex polymer depot formulations early in the drug discovery process. The development of such formulations often requires substantial investment of time and material which may not be readily available in preclinical development. Herein I present a diffusion limited pseudo-steady state model to provide prediction of drug release from an intravitreally administered suspension formulation. By using such a model, a preclinical formulator may be able to more confidently determine if development of a complex formulation is required or if a simple suspension may work to support a study design. In this report, the model is used to predict the intravitreal preformance of two different molecules (triamcinolone acetonide and GNE-947) at multiple dose levels in rabbit eyes as well as provide a prediction for the performance of a marketed formulation of Trimacinolone Acetonide in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Castleberry
- Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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3
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Li Y, Park HJ, Xiu H, Akoh CC, Kong F. Predicting intestinal effective permeability of different transport mechanisms: Comparing ex vivo porcine and in vitro dialysis models. J FOOD ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2022.111256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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4
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Wu F, Cristofoletti R, Zhao L, Rostami‐Hodjegan A. Scientific considerations to move towards biowaiver for biopharmaceutical classification system class III drugs: How modeling and simulation can help. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 42:118-127. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling Office of Research and Standards Office of Generic Drugs Center for Drug Evaluation and Research U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Rodrigo Cristofoletti
- Department of Pharmaceutics Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology College of Pharmacy University of Florida Orlando Florida USA
| | - Liang Zhao
- Division of Quantitative Methods and Modeling Office of Research and Standards Office of Generic Drugs Center for Drug Evaluation and Research U.S. Food and Drug Administration Silver Spring Maryland USA
| | - Amin Rostami‐Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research University of Manchester Manchester UK
- Certara UK Limited Sheffield UK
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5
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Vinarov Z, Abrahamsson B, Artursson P, Batchelor H, Berben P, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Butler J, Ceulemans J, Davies N, Dupont D, Flaten GE, Fotaki N, Griffin BT, Jannin V, Keemink J, Kesisoglou F, Koziolek M, Kuentz M, Mackie A, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, McAllister M, Müllertz A, O'Driscoll CM, Parrott N, Paszkowska J, Pavek P, Porter CJH, Reppas C, Stillhart C, Sugano K, Toader E, Valentová K, Vertzoni M, De Wildt SN, Wilson CG, Augustijns P. Current challenges and future perspectives in oral absorption research: An opinion of the UNGAP network. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:289-331. [PMID: 33610694 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although oral drug delivery is the preferred administration route and has been used for centuries, modern drug discovery and development pipelines challenge conventional formulation approaches and highlight the insufficient mechanistic understanding of processes critical to oral drug absorption. This review presents the opinion of UNGAP scientists on four key themes across the oral absorption landscape: (1) specific patient populations, (2) regional differences in the gastrointestinal tract, (3) advanced formulations and (4) food-drug interactions. The differences of oral absorption in pediatric and geriatric populations, the specific issues in colonic absorption, the formulation approaches for poorly water-soluble (small molecules) and poorly permeable (peptides, RNA etc.) drugs, as well as the vast realm of food effects, are some of the topics discussed in detail. The identified controversies and gaps in the current understanding of gastrointestinal absorption-related processes are used to create a roadmap for the future of oral drug absorption research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahari Vinarov
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Berben
- Pharmaceutical Development, UCB Pharma SA, Braine- l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - James Butler
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nigel Davies
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute for Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alan Mackie
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Petr Pavek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Elena Toader
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, Romania
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Saskia N De Wildt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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6
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Abstract
Over the past few decades, physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modelling (PBPK) has been anticipated to be a powerful tool to improve the productivity of drug discovery and development. However, recently, multiple systematic evaluation studies independently suggested that the predictive power of current oral absorption (OA) PBPK models needs significant improvement. There is some disagreement between the industry and regulators about the credibility of OA PBPK modelling. Recently, the editorial board of AMDET&DMPK has announced the policy for the articles related to PBPK modelling (Modelling and simulation ethics). In this feature article, the background of this policy is explained: (1) Requirements for scientific writing of PBPK modelling, (2) Scientific literacy for PBPK modelling, and (3) Middle-out approaches. PBPK models are a useful tool if used correctly. This article will hopefully help advance the science of OA PBPK models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyohiko Sugano
- Molecular Pharmaceutics Lab., College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1, Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
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Dahan A, González-Álvarez I. Regional Intestinal Drug Absorption: Biopharmaceutics and Drug Formulation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13020272. [PMID: 33671434 PMCID: PMC7922912 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) can be broadly divided into several regions: the stomach, the small intestine (which is subdivided to duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and the colon. The conditions and environment in each of these segments, and even within the segment, are dependent on many factors, e.g., the surrounding pH, fluid composition, transporters expression, metabolic enzymes activity, tight junction resistance, different morphology along the GIT, variable intestinal mucosal cell differentiation, changes in drug concentration (in cases of carrier-mediated transport), thickness and types of mucus, and resident microflora. Each of these variables, alone or in combination with others, can fundamentally alter the solubility/dissolution, the intestinal permeability, and the overall absorption of various drugs. This is the underlying mechanistic basis of regional-dependent intestinal drug absorption, which has led to many attempts to deliver drugs to specific regions throughout the GIT, aiming to optimize drug absorption, bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and/or pharmacodynamics. In this Editorial we provide an overview of the Special Issue "Regional Intestinal Drug Absorption: Biopharmaceutics and Drug Formulation". The objective of this Special Issue is to highlight the current progress and to provide an overview of the latest developments in the field of regional-dependent intestinal drug absorption and delivery, as well as pointing out the unmet needs of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (I.G.-A.)
| | - Isabel González-Álvarez
- Engineering, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Juan de Alicante, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.D.); (I.G.-A.)
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8
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Loisios-Konstantinidis I, Dressman J. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling to Support Waivers of In Vivo Clinical Studies: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:1-17. [PMID: 33320002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PBPK/PD) modeling has been extensively applied to quantitatively translate in vitro data, predict the in vivo performance, and ultimately support waivers of in vivo clinical studies. In the area of biopharmaceutics and within the context of model-informed drug discovery and development (MID3), there is a rapidly growing interest in applying verified and validated mechanistic PBPK models to waive in vivo clinical studies. However, the regulatory acceptance of PBPK analyses for biopharmaceutics and oral drug absorption applications, which is also referred to variously as "PBPK absorption modeling" [Zhang et al. CPT: Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. 2017, 6, 492], "physiologically based absorption modeling", or "physiologically based biopharmaceutics modeling" (PBBM), remains rather low [Kesisoglou et al. J. Pharm. Sci. 2016, 105, 2723] [Heimbach et al. AAPS J. 2019, 21, 29]. Despite considerable progress in the understanding of gastrointestinal (GI) physiology, in vitro biopharmaceutic and in silico tools, PBPK models for oral absorption often suffer from an incomplete understanding of the physiology, overparameterization, and insufficient model validation and/or platform verification, all of which can represent limitations to their translatability and predictive performance. The complex interactions of drug substances and (bioenabling) formulations with the highly dynamic and heterogeneous environment of the GI tract in different age, ethnic, and genetic groups as well as disease states have not been yet fully elucidated, and they deserve further research. Along with advancements in the understanding of GI physiology and refinement of current or development of fully mechanistic in silico tools, we strongly believe that harmonization, interdisciplinary interaction, and enhancement of the translational link between in vitro, in silico, and in vivo will determine the future of PBBM. This Perspective provides an overview of the current status of PBBM, reflects on challenges and knowledge gaps, and discusses future opportunities around PBPK/PD models for oral absorption of small and large molecules to waive in vivo clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Dressman
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Pharmacology and Medicine (ITMP), Carl-von-Noorden Platz 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
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9
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Arnold YE, Kalia YN. Using Ex Vivo Porcine Jejunum to Identify Membrane Transporter Substrates: A Screening Tool for Early-Stage Drug Development. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8090340. [PMID: 32927779 PMCID: PMC7555276 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Robust, predictive ex vivo/in vitro models to study intestinal drug absorption by passive and active transport mechanisms are scarce. Membrane transporters can significantly impact drug uptake and transporter-mediated drug–drug interactions can play a pivotal role in determining the drug safety profile. Here, the presence and activity of seven clinically relevant apical/basolateral drug transporters found in human jejunum were tested using ex vivo porcine intestine in a Ussing chamber system. Experiments using known substrates of peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP2B1), organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), multi drug resistance-associated protein 2 and 3 (MRP2 and MRP3), in the absence and presence of potent inhibitors, showed that there was a statistically significant change in apparent intestinal permeability Papp,pig (cm/s) in the presence of the corresponding inhibitor. For MRP2, a transporter reportedly present at relatively low concentration, although Papp,pig did not significantly change in the presence of the inhibitor, substrate deposition (QDEP) in the intestinal tissue was significantly increased. The activity of the seven transport proteins was successfully demonstrated and the results provided insight into their apical/basolateral localization. In conclusion, the results suggest that studies using the porcine intestine/Ussing chamber system, which could easily be integrated into the drug development process, might enable the early-stage identification of new molecular entities that are substrates of membrane transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne E. Arnold
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N. Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Centre Médical Universitaire, 1 rue Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(0)22-379-3355
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10
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Couto N, Al-Majdoub ZM, Gibson S, Davies PJ, Achour B, Harwood MD, Carlson G, Barber J, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Warhurst G. Quantitative Proteomics of Clinically Relevant Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Drug Transporters and Their Intercorrelations in the Human Small Intestine. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:245-254. [PMID: 31959703 PMCID: PMC7076527 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.089656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The levels of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and transporter proteins in the human intestine are pertinent to determine oral drug bioavailability. Despite the paucity of reports on such measurements, it is well recognized that these values are essential for translating in vitro data on drug metabolism and transport to predict drug disposition in gut wall. In the current study, clinically relevant DMEs [cytochrome P450 (P450) and uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)] and drug transporters were quantified in total mucosal protein preparations from the human jejunum (n = 4) and ileum (n = 12) using quantification concatemer–based targeted proteomics. In contrast to previous reports, UGT2B15 and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1 (OATP1A2) were quantifiable in all our samples. Overall, no significant disparities in protein expression were observed between jejunum and ileum. Relative mRNA expression for drug transporters did not correlate with the abundance of their cognate protein, except for P-glycoprotein 1 (P-gp) and organic solute transporter subunit alpha (OST-α), highlighting the limitations of RNA as a surrogate for protein expression in dynamic tissues with high turnover. Intercorrelations were found within P450 [2C9-2C19 (P = 0.002, R2 = 0.63), 2C9–2J2 (P = 0.004, R2 = 0.40), 2D6-2J2 (P = 0.002, R2 = 0.50)] and UGT [1A1-2B7 (P = 0.02, R2 = 0.87)] family of enzymes. There were also correlations between P-gp and several other proteins [OST-α (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.77), UGT1A6 (P = 0.009, R2 = 0.38), and CYP3A4 (P = 0.007, R2 = 0.30)]. Incorporating such correlations into building virtual populations is crucial for obtaining plausible characteristics of simulated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narciso Couto
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Zubida M Al-Majdoub
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Stephanie Gibson
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Pamela J Davies
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Brahim Achour
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Matthew D Harwood
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Gordon Carlson
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Jill Barber
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
| | - Geoffrey Warhurst
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.C., Z.M.A.-M., B.A., J.B., A.R.-H.); Gut Barrier Group, Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Salford Royal NHS Trust, Salford, United Kingdom (S.G., P.J.D., G.C., G.W.); and Certara UK Limited (Simcyp Division), Sheffield, United Kingdom (M.D.H., A.R.-H.)
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11
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Drug Transport across Porcine Intestine Using an Ussing Chamber System: Regional Differences and the Effect of P-Glycoprotein and CYP3A4 Activity on Drug Absorption. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11030139. [PMID: 30901927 PMCID: PMC6471532 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11030139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug absorption across viable porcine intestines was investigated using an Ussing chamber system. The apparent permeability coefficients, Papp,pig, were compared to the permeability coefficients determined in humans in vivo, Peff,human. Eleven drugs from the different Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) categories absorbed by passive diffusion with published Peff,human values were used to test the system. The initial experiments measured Papp,pig for each drug after application in a Krebs–Bicarbonate Ringer (KBR) buffer and in biorelevant media FaSSIF V2 and FeSSIF V2, mimicking fasted and fed states. Strong sigmoidal correlations were observed between Peff,human and Papp,pig. Differences in the segmental Papp,pig of antipyrine, cimetidine and metoprolol confirmed the discrimination between drug uptake in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum (and colon); the results were in good agreement with human data in vivo. The presence of the P-gp inhibitor verapamil significantly increased Papp,pig across the ileum of the P-gp substrates cimetidine and ranitidine (p < 0.05). Clotrimazole, a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor, significantly increased Papp,pig of the CYP3A4 substrates midazolam, verapamil and tamoxifen and significantly decreased the formation of their main metabolites. In conclusion, the results showed that this is a robust technique to predict passive drug permeability under fasted and fed states, to identify regional differences in drug permeability and to demonstrate the activity of P-gp and CYP3A4.
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12
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Trujillo-de Santiago G, Lobo-Zegers MJ, Montes-Fonseca SL, Zhang YS, Alvarez MM. Gut-microbiota-on-a-chip: an enabling field for physiological research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 2. [PMID: 33954286 DOI: 10.21037/mps.2018.09.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Overwhelming scientific evidence today confirms that the gut microbiota is a central player in human health. Knowledge about interactions between human gut microbiota and human health has evolved rapidly in the last decade, based on experimental work involving analysis of human fecal samples or animal models (mainly rodents). A more detailed and cost-effective description of this interplay is now being enabled by the use of in vitro systems (i.e., gut-microbiota-on-chip systems) that recapitulate key aspects of the interaction between microbiota and human cells. Here, we review recent examples of the design and use of pioneering on-chip platforms for the study of the cross-talk between representative members of human microbiota and human microtissues. In these systems, the combined use of state-of-the-art microfluidics, biomaterials, cell culture techniques, classical microbiology, and a touch of genetic expression profiling have converged for the development of gut-on-chip platforms capable of recreating key features of the interplay between human microbiota and host human tissues. We foresee that the integration of novel microfabrication techniques and stem cell technologies will further accelerate the development of more complex and physiologically relevant microbiota-on-chip platforms. In turn, this will foster the faster acquisition of knowledge regarding human microbiota and will enable important advances in the understanding of how to control or prevent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grissel Trujillo-de Santiago
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey.,Departamento de Mecatrónica e Ingeniería Eléctrica, Campus Monterrey, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Matías José Lobo-Zegers
- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey.,Departamento de Mecatrónica e Ingeniería Eléctrica, Campus Monterrey, CP 64849, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Silvia Lorena Montes-Fonseca
- Departamento de Bioingeniería, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, CP 31300, Chihuahua, México
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
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13
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Scotcher D, Jones C, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Galetin A. Novel minimal physiologically-based model for the prediction of passive tubular reabsorption and renal excretion clearance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 94:59-71. [PMID: 27033147 PMCID: PMC5074076 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Develop a minimal mechanistic model based on in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) principles to predict extent of passive tubular reabsorption. Assess the ability of the model developed to predict extent of passive tubular reabsorption (Freab) and renal excretion clearance (CLR) from in vitro permeability data and tubular physiological parameters. METHODS Model system parameters were informed by physiological data collated following extensive literature analysis. A database of clinical CLR was collated for 157 drugs. A subset of 45 drugs was selected for model validation; for those, Caco-2 permeability (Papp) data were measured under pH6.5-7.4 gradient conditions and used to predict Freab and subsequently CLR. An empirical calibration approach was proposed to account for the effect of inter-assay/laboratory variation in Papp on the IVIVE of Freab. RESULTS The 5-compartmental model accounted for regional differences in tubular surface area and flow rates and successfully predicted the extent of tubular reabsorption of 45 drugs for which filtration and reabsorption were contributing to renal excretion. Subsequently, predicted CLR was within 3-fold of the observed values for 87% of drugs in this dataset, with an overall gmfe of 1.96. Consideration of the empirical calibration method improved overall prediction of CLR (gmfe=1.73 for 34 drugs in the internal validation dataset), in particular for basic drugs and drugs with low extent of tubular reabsorption. CONCLUSIONS The novel 5-compartment model represents an important addition to the IVIVE toolbox for physiologically-based prediction of renal tubular reabsorption and CLR. Physiological basis of the model proposed allows its application in future mechanistic kidney models in preclinical species and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; Simcyp Limited (a Certara Company), Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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14
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Lozoya-Agullo I, Zur M, Beig A, Fine N, Cohen Y, González-Álvarez M, Merino-Sanjuán M, González-Álvarez I, Bermejo M, Dahan A. Segmental-dependent permeability throughout the small intestine following oral drug administration: Single-pass vs. Doluisio approach to in-situ rat perfusion. Int J Pharm 2016; 515:201-208. [PMID: 27667756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal drug permeability is position dependent and pertains to a specific point along the intestinal membrane, and the resulted segmental-dependent permeability phenomenon has been recognized as a critical factor in the overall absorption of drug following oral administration. The aim of this research was to compare segmental-dependent permeability data obtained from two different rat intestinal perfusion approaches: the single-pass intestinal perfusion (SPIP) model and the closed-loop (Doluisio) rat perfusion method. The rat intestinal permeability of 12 model drugs with different permeability characteristics (low, moderate, and high, as well as passively and actively absorbed) was assessed in three small intestinal regions: the upper jejunum, mid-small intestine, and the terminal ileum, using both the SPIP and the Doluisio experimental methods. Excellent correlation was evident between the two approaches, especially in the upper jejunum (R2=0.95). Significant regional-dependent permeability was found in half of drugs studied, illustrating the importance and relevance of segmental-dependent intestinal permeability. Despite the differences between the two methods, highly comparable results were obtained by both methods, especially in the medium-high Peff range. In conclusion, the SPIP and the Doluisio method are both equally useful in obtaining crucial segmental-dependent intestinal permeability data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Lozoya-Agullo
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, Alicante, Spain; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Moran Zur
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Avital Beig
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Noa Fine
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yael Cohen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Marta González-Álvarez
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, Alicante, Spain
| | - Matilde Merino-Sanjuán
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Molecular Recognition and Technological Development, Polytechnic University-University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Marival Bermejo
- Department of Engineering, Pharmacy Section, Miguel Hernandez University, Alicante, Spain
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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15
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Olivares-Morales A, Ghosh A, Aarons L, Rostami-Hodjegan A. Development of a Novel Simplified PBPK Absorption Model to Explain the Higher Relative Bioavailability of the OROS® Formulation of Oxybutynin. AAPS JOURNAL 2016; 18:1532-1549. [PMID: 27631556 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-016-9965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new minimal Segmented Transit and Absorption model (mSAT) model has been recently proposed and combined with intrinsic intestinal effective permeability (P eff,int ) to predict the regional gastrointestinal (GI) absorption (f abs ) of several drugs. Herein, this model was extended and applied for the prediction of oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin and its enantiomers to provide a mechanistic explanation of the higher relative bioavailability observed for oxybutynin's modified-release OROS® formulation compared to its immediate-release (IR) counterpart. The expansion of the model involved the incorporation of mechanistic equations for the prediction of release, transit, dissolution, permeation and first-pass metabolism. The predicted pharmacokinetics of oxybutynin enantiomers after oral administration for both the IR and OROS® formulations were in close agreement with the observed data. The predicted absolute bioavailability for the IR formulation was within 5% of the observed value, and the model adequately predicted the higher relative bioavailability observed for the OROS® formulation vs. the IR counterpart. From the model predictions, it can be noticed that the higher bioavailability observed for the OROS® formulation was mainly attributable to differences in the intestinal availability (F G ) rather than due to a higher colonic f abs , thus confirming previous hypotheses. The predicted f abs was almost 70% lower for the OROS® formulation compared to the IR formulation, whereas the F G was almost eightfold higher than in the IR formulation. These results provide further support to the hypothesis of an increased F G as the main factor responsible for the higher bioavailability of oxybutynin's OROS® formulation vs. the IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Olivares-Morales
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. .,Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center Basel. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Avijit Ghosh
- Janssen Pharmaceutica, Spring House, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leon Aarons
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, Manchester Pharmacy School, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Certara, Sheffield, UK
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Daousani C, Macheras P. Biopharmaceutic classification of drugs revisited. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 95:82-87. [PMID: 27496048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) was based on the tube model of the intestinal lumen. This model considers constant drug permeability along the intestines, a plug flow fluid with the suspended drug particles moving with the fluid, and dissolution in the small particle limit. Since then the research work focusing on drug gastrointestinal (GI) absorption phenomena and processes rely on the classical laws of transport, diffusion and kinetics; however, the homogeneous assumptions associated with the well-stirred Euclidean media, where the classical laws of diffusion and kinetics apply, have been questioned in the past. In this work we explore the biopharmaceutic classification of drugs using a heterogeneous pseudo steady-state model of oral drug absorption. The fraction of dose absorbed (Fabs) was expressed as a function of two time-dependent processes where time dependent coefficients govern drug absorption and non-absorption processes. Fundamental drug properties like the absorption potential are correlated with Fabs and allow the biopharmaceutic classification of drugs taking into account the heterogeneous aspects of oral drug absorption. This analysis reveals that for Class I drugs no time dependency is expected for both absorption and non absorption processes since the gastric emptying is controlling the absorption of Class I drugs while the completion of absorption (Fabs>90%) is terminated along the first part of the jejunum. Due to the biopharmaceutical properties of Class II, III and IV drugs, these drugs travel throughout the GI tract and therefore both absorption and non absorption processes will exhibit time dependency. Thus, the calculation of Fabs (<90%) for Class II, III and IV is dependent on the estimates of the time exponents of time dependent coefficients controlling drug absorption e.g. dissolution, uptake or non absorption e.g. precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysa Daousani
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Panos Macheras
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 15771, Greece.
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