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Liu J, Zhao K, Qian T, Li X, Yi W, Pan R, Huang Y, Ji Y, Su H. Association between ambient air pollution and thyroid hormones levels: A systematic review and meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166780. [PMID: 37660827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing studies have focused on the effects of ambient air pollution on thyroid hormones (THs), but the results were controversial. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted by pooling current evidence on this association. METHODS Four databases were searched for studies examining the associations of particulate matter [diameter ≤10 μm (PM10) or ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5)] and gaseous [sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO)] pollutants with THs levels. Random effects models were used to pool the changes in THs levels with increasing air pollutant concentrations. Subgroup analyses were constructed by region, design, sample size, pollutant concentrations, evaluated methods, and potential risk exposure windows. RESULTS A total of 14 studies covering 357,226 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled results showed significant associations of exposure to PM2.5, PM10, NO2, SO2, and CO with decreases in free thyroxine (FT4) with percent changes (PC) ranging from -0.593 % to -3.925 %. PM2.5, NO2, and CO were negatively associated with levels of FT4/FT3 (PC: from -0.604 % to -2.975 %). In addition, results showed significant associations of PM2.5 with hypothyroxinemia and high thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Subgroup analyses indicated that PM2.5 and NO2 were significantly associated with FT4 in studies of Chinese, and similar significant findings were found in studies of PM2.5 and FT4/FT3 in areas with higher concentrations of air pollutants and larger samples. PM2.5 exposure in the first trimester was found to be associated with lower FT4 levels in pregnant women. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that exposure to air pollution is associated with changes in THs levels. Enhanced management of highly polluted areas, identification of harmful components and sources of PM, and protection from harmful exposures in early pregnancy may be of great public health importance for the population's thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Kefu Zhao
- Hefei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tingting Qian
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Xuanxuan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Weizhuo Yi
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Rubing Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuee Huang
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - Yifu Ji
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Hong Su
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, China.
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Oliviero F, Klement W, Mary L, Dauwe Y, Lippi Y, Naylies C, Gayrard V, Marchi N, Mselli-Lakhal L. CAR Protects Females from Diet-Induced Steatosis and Associated Metabolic Disorders. Cells 2023; 12:2218. [PMID: 37759441 PMCID: PMC10527310 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, affecting 70-90% of obese individuals. In humans, a lower NAFLD incidence is reported in pre-menopausal women, although the mechanisms affording this protection remain under-investigated. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the constitutive androstane nuclear receptor (CAR) plays a role in the pathogenesis of experimental NAFLD. Male and female wild-type (WT) and CAR knock-out (CAR-/-) mice were subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD) for 16 weeks. We examined the metabolic phenotype of mice through body weight follow-up, glucose tolerance tests, analysis of plasmatic metabolic markers, hepatic lipid accumulation, and hepatic transcriptome. Finally, we examined the potential impact of HFD and CAR deletion on specific brain regions, focusing on glial cells. HFD-induced weight gain and hepatic steatosis are more pronounced in WT males than females. CAR-/- females present a NASH-like hepatic transcriptomic signature suggesting a potential NAFLD to NASH transition. Transcriptomic correlation analysis highlighted a possible cross-talk between CAR and ERα receptors. The peripheral effects of CAR deletion in female mice were associated with astrogliosis in the hypothalamus. These findings prove that nuclear receptor CAR may be a potential mechanism entry-point and a therapeutic target for treating NAFLD/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Oliviero
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Wendy Klement
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Lucile Mary
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Dauwe
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Yannick Lippi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Naylies
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Véronique Gayrard
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
| | - Laila Mselli-Lakhal
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France
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Dong X, Deng L, Yao S, Wu W, Cao J, Sun L, Bai Y, Li H, Weng X, Ren H, Ren W. Protective effects of curcumin against thyroid hormone imbalance after gas explosion-induced traumatic brain injury via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:74619-74631. [PMID: 35641736 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gas explosion (GE)-induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) can affect thyroid hormone (TH) homeostasis in miners. This study evaluated the effects of hepatic transthyretin and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis on thyroids and explored the protective effect and mechanism of curcumin on GE-induced TBI. Thirty rats were randomly divided into three groups (10 per group): first group (control group)-rats received GE treatment once; second group (GE group)-rats received GE treatment (200 m from the source of the explosion once); third group (GE + Cur group)-rats received curcumin (Cur) by lavage at a dose of 100 mg/kg/day once every other day for 7 days after receiving GE. After GE, the pathological changes were analyzed by hemotoxylin and eosin staining, and the levels of serum reactive oxygen species (ROS), urine iodine (UI), THs, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were analyzed using ELISA. Expression of proteins in the HPT axis of rats was examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. We found that GE could induce pathologic changes in rat thyroid and liver. Serum levels of THs, NF-κB and serum redox state became unbalanced in rats after GE. GE could inhibit the biosynthesis and biotransformation of THs by affecting key HPT axis proteins. Additionally, GE reduced the level of hepatic transthyretin. Serum THs levels and thyroid sections were almost recovered to normal after curcumin treatment. The aforementioned key HPT axis proteins in the curcumin group showed opposite expression trends. In summary, GE affected THs balance while curcumin can protect against these injury effects by affecting TH biosynthesis, biotransformation, and transport, and inducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Dong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Lvfei Deng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Sanqiao Yao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Jia Cao
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yichun Bai
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Haibin Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China
| | - Xiaogang Weng
- Institute of Trauma and Orthopedics, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China
| | - Houcheng Ren
- Department of Human Resources, Sanquan College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453000, Henan, China
| | - Wenjie Ren
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Street , Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, China.
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Kobayashi T, Takeba Y, Ohta Y, Ootaki M, Kida K, Watanabe M, Iiri T, Matsumoto N. Prenatal glucocorticoid administration enhances bilirubin metabolic capacity and increases Ugt1a and Abcc2 gene expression via glucocorticoid receptor and PXR in rat fetal liver. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2022; 48:1591-1606. [PMID: 35445507 DOI: 10.1111/jog.15235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Jaundice is especially common in premature infant born before 35 weeks. Because the premature infant liver is not fully developed at birth it may be incomplete the bilirubin metabolism. The purpose was to evaluate the metabolism and the excretion of bilirubin in the premature infant rat liver following prenatal glucocorticoid (GC) administration. METHODS Dexamethasone (DEX) was administered subcutaneously to pregnant Wistar rats for two consecutive days on gestational days 17 and 19. The fetus were delivered by cesarean section in gestational days 19 and 21. The mRNA levels and protein levels of bilirubin-metabolic enzymes and transporters in the fetal liver tissues were analyzed using RT-PCR immunohistochemistry staining and ELISA, respectively. We evaluated that the effect of bilirubin-metabolic enzymes in the primary fetal rat hepatocytes treated with DEX after pretreated with glucocorticoid receptor (GR, Nr3c1) and Pxr (Nr1i2) siRNA. RESULTS Ugt1a1 and Bsep (Abcb11) mRNA levels were significantly increased in the fetuses by prenatal GC administration. The mRNA levels of nuclear transcription factors Nr1i2, Car (Nr1i3), and Rxrα (Nr2b1) were also significantly increased in the fetuses by prenatal GC administration. In addition, DEX increased Nr1i2, Ugt1a1, and Abcc2 (Mrp2) mRNA levels in the primary fetal hepatocytes. The Nr3c1 or Nr1i2 siRNA-mediated knockdown suppressed the increases of Ugt1a1, and Abcc2 mRNA levels induced by DEX, indicating that DEX are mediated by GC receptor and PXR in primary fetal hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that prenatal GC administration increases bilirubin-metabolic ability, in the premature liver, which may prevent jaundice in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Takeba
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuki Ohta
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masanori Ootaki
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kida
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Watanabe
- Institute for Animal Experimentation, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Taroh Iiri
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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Martínez_Brito D, Leogrande P, Donati F, Torre X, Botrè F. Quantification of thyroid hormones and analogs by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Preliminary results in athletes and non‐athletes serum samples. Drug Test Anal 2022; 14:1438-1450. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.3269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrizia Leogrande
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Donati
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
| | - Xavier Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FMSI, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana Rome Italy
- REDs – Research and Expertise on Anti‐Doping Sciences, Institute of Sport Science University of Lausanne Lausanne Switzerland
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Persistent organic pollutants in pregnant women potentially affect child development and thyroid hormone status. Pediatr Res 2022; 91:690-698. [PMID: 33824444 PMCID: PMC8904258 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-021-01488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potentially harmful effects of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) on prenatal development and the endocrine system have been controversially discussed. METHODS Working with a German cohort of 324 pregnant women, we assessed POP levels and used robust linear regression models to determine potential associations between maternal POP concentrations and pre- and postnatal development in the children, as well as the thyroid hormone status of the mother and child. RESULTS Maternal p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and most measured PCBs positively correlated with postnatal weight gain. We detected no correlation between newborn birth weight and head circumference, respectively, and maternal PCB and p,p'-DDE serum levels, while body length at birth was negatively associated with the maternal serum concentration of PCB 183. Maternal p,p'-DDE and nearly all PCB serum levels showed a negative correlation with maternal free triiodothyronine (FT3). p,p'-DDE and PCB 74 and 118 were negatively associated with maternal thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. In addition, we identified significant associations between maternal POP levels and thyroid hormone parameters of the child. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that POP exposure likely affects different aspects of pre- and postnatal development and impacts the thyroid hormone status of both mother and child. IMPACT Pregnant women in a German cohort display a substantial accumulation of POPs. Body mass index and age influence maternal serum POP levels. Maternal POP levels show correlations with the child's length at birth and weight gain, and FT3 levels in the mother and child. Our data provide additional evidence for the potentially harmful influence of POPs. Our data indicate that POPs influence pre- and postnatal development.
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Zhang X, Qi W, Xu Q, Li X, Zhou L, Ye L. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and thyroid: biological mechanisms of interference and possible clinical implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:1634-1644. [PMID: 34677768 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a ubiquitous environmental endocrine disruptor. DEHP can be absorbed into the human body through the air, food, water, and skin. After entering the human body, DEHP is rapidly converted to mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) with greater toxicity than DEHP. An increasing number of studies indicates that DEHP or MEHP can damage the thyroid tissue and disrupt the function, but the mechanisms remain unclear. This article reviews the toxicity of DEHP on thyroid structures and functions and summarizes the potential mechanisms to provide evidence for preventing the thyroid-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Wen Qi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xu Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Liting Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lin Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Jilin University, 1163 Xin Min Street, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Skoda J, Dohnalova K, Chalupsky K, Stahl A, Templin M, Maixnerova J, Micuda S, Grøntved L, Braeuning A, Pavek P. Off-target lipid metabolism disruption by the mouse constitutive androstane receptor ligand TCPOBOP in humanized mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 197:114905. [PMID: 34971590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) controls xenobiotic clearance, regulates liver glucose, lipid metabolism, and energy homeostasis. These functions have been mainly discovered using the prototypical mouse-specific CAR ligand TCPOBOP in wild-type or CAR null mice. However, TCPOBOP is reported to result in some off-target metabolic effects in CAR null mice. In this study, we compared the metabolic effects of TCPOBOP using lipidomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses in wild-type and humanized CAR-PXR-CYP3A4/3A7 mice. In the model, human CAR retains its constitutive activity in metabolism regulation; however, it is not activated by TCPOBOB. Notably, we observed that TCPOBOP affected lipid homeostasis by elevating serum and liver triglyceride levels and promoted hepatocyte hypertrophy in humanized CAR mice. Hepatic lipidomic analysis revealed a significant accumulation of triglycerides and decrease of its metabolites in humanized CAR mice. RNA-seq analysis has shown divergent gene expression levels in wild-type and humanized CAR mice. Gene expression regulation in humanized mice is mainly involved in lipid metabolic processes and in the PPAR, leptin, thyroid, and circadian clock pathways. In contrast, CAR activation by TCPOBOP in wild-type mice reduced liver and plasma triglyceride levels and induced a typical transcriptomic proliferative response in the liver. In summary, we identified TCPOBOP as a disruptor of lipid metabolism in humanized CAR mice. The divergent effects of TCPOBOP in humanized mice in comparison with the prototypical CAR-mediated response in WT mice warrant the use of appropriate model ligands and humanized animal models during the testing of endocrine disruption and the characterization of adverse outcome pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Skoda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Dohnalova
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Katerinska 32, 121 08 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Chalupsky
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Aaron Stahl
- NMI - Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Markus Templin
- NMI - Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Markwiesenstr. 55, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Jana Maixnerova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Micuda
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Faculty in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lars Grøntved
- Functional Genomics and Metabolism Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, VILLUM Center for Bioanalytical Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Petr Pavek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Heyrovskeho 1203, 500 05 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Parmentier C, Baze A, Untrau M, Kampkoetter A, Lasserre D, Richert L. Evaluation of human relevance of Nicofluprole-induced rat thyroid disruption. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 435:115831. [PMID: 34922950 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nicofluprole is a novel insecticide of the phenylpyrazole class conferring selective antagonistic activity on insect GABA receptors. After repeated daily dietary administration to Wistar rats for 28/90 days, Nicofluprole induced increases in thyroid (and liver) weight, associated with histopathology changes. Nicofluprole did not inhibit thyroid peroxydase nor sodium/iodide symporter, two key players in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, indicating the absence of a direct thyroid effect. The results seen in rats suggested a mode of action of Nicofluprole driven by the molecular initiating event of CAR/PXR nuclear receptor activation in livers, with key events of increases in liver weight and hypertrophy, decreasing circulatory thyroid hormones, a compensatory increase in TSH release and follicular cell hypertrophy. To explore the relevance of these changes to humans, well established in vitro rat and human sandwich-cultured hepatocytes were exposed to Nicofluprole up to 7 days. A concentration-dependent CYP3A induction (PXR-activation), an increase in T4-glucuronoconjugation accompanied by UGT1A/2B inductions was observed in rat but not in human hepatocytes. The inductions seen with Nicofluprole in rat (in vivo and in vitro in hepatocytes) that were absent in human hepatocytes represent another example of species-selectivity of nuclear CAR/PXR receptor activators. Importantly, the different pattern observed in rat and human models demonstrate that Nicofluprole-related thyroid effects observed in the rat are with no human relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Parmentier
- KaLy-Cell S.A.S, 20A rue du Général Leclerc, 67115 Plobsheim, France.
| | - Audrey Baze
- KaLy-Cell S.A.S, 20A rue du Général Leclerc, 67115 Plobsheim, France.
| | - Meiggie Untrau
- KaLy-Cell S.A.S, 20A rue du Général Leclerc, 67115 Plobsheim, France
| | - Andreas Kampkoetter
- Bayer Animal Health GmbH, An Elanco Animal Health Company, 50 Alfred-Nobel-Strasse, 40789 Monheim, Germany.
| | - Dominique Lasserre
- Bayer S.A.S. Bayer CropScience, 355 rue Dostoïevski, F-06560 Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Lysiane Richert
- KaLy-Cell S.A.S, 20A rue du Général Leclerc, 67115 Plobsheim, France.
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10
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Lai B, Xie X, Li F, Cui Q, Dang E, Luo W, Wang N, Zheng Y, Wang G, Xiao L, Wang N. Xenobiotic Receptor CAR Is Highly Induced in Psoriasis and Promotes Keratinocyte Proliferation. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2895-2907.e7. [PMID: 34097921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease with abnormal epidermal proliferation. Xenobiotics contribute to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The mechanism linking xenobiotic stimuli with epidermal proliferation remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the role of CAR, a nuclear receptor (NR1I3) responsible for xenobiotics detoxification. We showed that CAR and its target genes were induced in the lesions from patients with psoriasis and imiquimod-treated mice. Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17A, IL-22, oncostatin M, IL-1α, and TNF-α) synergistically increased the expressions of CAR and its target genes in both human and mouse keratinocytes. Overexpression of CAR promoted the G1/S transition by regulating cyclin E and c-Myc expressions, whereas the silencing of CAR attenuated it. Importantly, a selective CAR agonist 6-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-b)(1,3)thiazole-5-carbaldehyde O-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxime or the proinflammatory cytokines induced cyclin E and c-Myc, which were largely blocked by clotrimazole, a selective CAR antagonist, or CAR small interfering RNA. In addition, we showed that topical application of 1,4-bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene, a selective agonist for mouse CAR, exacerbated the IMQ-induced psoriasis lesions with increased expressions of proliferative and inflammatory markers. In contrast, Car-knockout mice developed significantly milder lesions. In conclusion, these results showed that CAR plays a pathogenic role and, potentially, may be a target for the treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baochang Lai
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xinya Xie
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fan Li
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi Cui
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Erle Dang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenhuan Luo
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, China.
| | - Nanping Wang
- Advanced Institute for Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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11
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Abbott EA, Helbing CC. Sucralose Affects Thyroid Hormone Signaling in American Bullfrog [Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana] Tadpoles. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 80:735-744. [PMID: 33787960 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-021-00838-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nonnutritive sweeteners used in food and beverage products are widespread, persistent aquatic pollutants. Despite this, their impact on aquatic organisms, particularly vertebrates, is not well-studied. Recent findings in rodents suggest sucralose, a chlorinated disaccharide, alters thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism. Because amphibian tadpole metamorphosis is TH-dependent, we hypothesized sucralose may alter signaling for this postembryonic developmental process. The present study used the American bullfrog, Rana (Lithobates) catesbeiana, as a sensitive, environmentally relevant model for testing TH disruption in the absence and presence of thyroxine (T4), a hormone that induces metamorphosis. Premetamorphic R. catesbeiana tadpoles were immersed in 1-, 15-, and 32-mg/L sucralose solutions ± 5 nM (3.9 µg/L) thyroxine (T4) for 48 h. RNA transcripts encoding thyroid hormone receptors alpha and beta (thra and thrb) and TH-induced basic region leucine zipper protein (thibz) were analyzed in four tissues: back skin, liver, olfactory epithelium, and tail fin, using reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). We found that sucralose altered the expression of fundamental TH-response genes involved in anuran metamorphosis in a tissue- and TH-status dependent manner. As organochlorines induce xenobiotic metabolism, we isolated and characterized three novel R. catesbeiana gene transcripts involved in xenobiotic metabolism: pregnane X receptor (nr1i2), constitutive androstane receptor (nr1i3), and cytochrome p450 3a4 (cyp3a4). We analyzed their expression using RT-qPCR and found evidence of their modulation by sucralose. To our knowledge, these data are the first to show xenobiotic and thyroid-disrupting activities in amphibians and further investigations into cumulative effects of environmental sucralose exposure are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan A Abbott
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Caren C Helbing
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC, V8P 5C2, Canada.
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12
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Lai KP, Gong Z, Tse WKF. Zebrafish as the toxicant screening model: Transgenic and omics approaches. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 234:105813. [PMID: 33812311 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The production of large amounts of synthetic industrial and biomedical compounds, together with environmental pollutants, poses a risk to our ecosystem and induces negative effects on the health of wildlife and human beings. With the emergence of the global problem of chemical contamination, the adverse biological effects of these chemicals are gaining attention among the scientific communities, industry, governments, and the public. Among these chemicals, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are regarded as one of the major global issues that potentially affecting our health. There is an urgent need of understanding the potential hazards of such chemicals. Zebrafish have been widely used in the aquatic toxicology. In this review, we first discuss the strategy of transgenic lines that used in the toxicological studies, followed by summarizing the current omics approaches (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics) on toxicities of EDCs in this model. We will also discuss the possible transgenerational effects in zebrafish and future prospective of the integrated omics approaches with customized transgenic organism. To conclude, we summarize the current findings in the field, and provide our opinions on future environmental toxicity research in the zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Po Lai
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, PR China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - William Ka Fai Tse
- Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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13
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Goldfarb CN, Waxman DJ. Global analysis of expression, maturation and subcellular localization of mouse liver transcriptome identifies novel sex-biased and TCPOBOP-responsive long non-coding RNAs. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:212. [PMID: 33761883 PMCID: PMC7992343 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While nuclear transcription and RNA processing and localization are well established for protein coding genes (PCGs), these processes are poorly understood for long non-coding (lnc)RNAs. Here, we characterize global patterns of transcript expression, maturation and localization for mouse liver RNA, including more than 15,000 lncRNAs. PolyA-selected liver RNA was isolated and sequenced from four subcellular fractions (chromatin, nucleoplasm, total nucleus, and cytoplasm), and from the chromatin-bound fraction without polyA selection. RESULTS Transcript processing, determined from normalized intronic to exonic sequence read density ratios, progressively increased for PCG transcripts in going from the chromatin-bound fraction to the nucleoplasm and then on to the cytoplasm. Transcript maturation was similar for lncRNAs in the chromatin fraction, but was significantly lower in the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. LncRNA transcripts were 11-fold more likely to be significantly enriched in the nucleus than cytoplasm, and 100-fold more likely to be significantly chromatin-bound than nucleoplasmic. Sequencing chromatin-bound RNA greatly increased the sensitivity for detecting lowly expressed lncRNAs and enabled us to discover and localize hundreds of novel regulated liver lncRNAs, including lncRNAs showing sex-biased expression or responsiveness to TCPOBOP a xenobiotic agonist ligand of constitutive androstane receptor (Nr1i3). CONCLUSIONS Integration of our findings with prior studies and lncRNA annotations identified candidate regulatory lncRNAs for a variety of hepatic functions based on gene co-localization within topologically associating domains or transcription divergent or antisense to PCGs associated with pathways linked to hepatic physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine N Goldfarb
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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14
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Yi M, Negishi M, Lee SJ. Estrogen Sulfotransferase (SULT1E1): Its Molecular Regulation, Polymorphisms, and Clinical Perspectives. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11030194. [PMID: 33799763 PMCID: PMC8001535 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11030194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1) is a phase II enzyme that sulfates estrogens to inactivate them and regulate their homeostasis. This enzyme is also involved in the sulfation of thyroid hormones and several marketed medicines. Though the profound action of SULT1E1 in molecular/pathological biology has been extensively studied, its genetic variants and functional studies have been comparatively rarely studied. Genetic variants of this gene are associated with some diseases, especially sex-hormone-related cancers. Comprehending the role and polymorphisms of SULT1E1 is crucial to developing and integrating its clinical relevance; therefore, this study gathered and reviewed various literature studies to outline several aspects of the function, molecular regulation, and polymorphisms of SULT1E1.
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Affiliation(s)
- MyeongJin Yi
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (M.Y.); (M.N.)
| | - Masahiko Negishi
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA; (M.Y.); (M.N.)
| | - Su-Jun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center, Inje University College of Medicine, Inje University, Bokji-ro 75, Busanjin-gu, Busan 47392, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-51-890-8665
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15
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Plummer S, Beaumont B, Elcombe M, Wallace S, Wright J, Mcinnes EF, Currie RA, Cowie D. Species differences in phenobarbital-mediated UGT gene induction in rat and human liver microtissues. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:155-161. [PMID: 33473352 PMCID: PMC7803626 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Species differences in UGT induction could mediate thyroid cancer susceptibility. The effect of CAR activators on rat thyroid carcinogenesis could be partly explained by differential induction of Ugt 2b17. Human UGT changes would likely contribute less to species differences in T4 metabolism than rat UGT changes.
Species differences in hepatic metabolism of thyroxine (T4) by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyl transferase (UGT) and susceptibility to thyroid hormone imbalance could underlie differences in thyroid carcinogenesis caused by hepatic enzyme inducers in rats and humans. To investigate this hypothesis we examined profiles of hepatic UGT induction by the prototypical CAR activator phenobarbital (PB) in rat and human liver 3D microtissues. The rationale for this approach was that 3D microtissues would generate data more relevant to humans. Rat and human liver 3D microtissues were exposed to PB over a range of concentrations (500 u M - 2000 u M) and times (24−96 hr). Microarray and proteomics analyses were performed on parallel samples to generate integrated differentially expressed gene (DEG) datasets. Bioinformatics analysis of DEG data, including CAR response element (CRE) sequence analysis of UGT promoters, was used to assess species differences in UGT induction relative to CAR-mediated transactivation potential. A higher proportion of human UGT promoters were found to contain consensus CREs compared to the rat homologs. UGTs 1a6, 2b17 and 2b37 were upregulated by PB in rat liver 3D microtissues, but unaltered in human liver 3D microtissues. By contrast, human UGTs 1A8, 1A10 and 2B10 showed higher levels of induction (RNA and /or protein) compared to the rat homologs. There was general concordance between the presence of CREs and the induction of UGT RNA. As UGT1A and 2B isoforms metabolise T4, these results suggest that differences in UGT induction could contribute to differential susceptibility to CAR-mediated thyroid carcinogenesis in rats and humans.
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Dong X, Wu W, Yao S, Li H, Li Z, Zhang L, Jiang J, Xu J, Zhang F. PM 2.5 disrupts thyroid hormone homeostasis through activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and induction of hepatic transthyretin in female rats 2.5. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111720. [PMID: 33396051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a ubiquitous environmental pollutant, has been indicated to affect thyroid hormone (TH) homeostasis in women, but the detailed mechanism behind this effect remains unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the roles of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and hepatic transthyretin in the thyroid-disrupting effects of PM2.5. Sprague Dawley rats were treated with PM2.5 (0, 15 and 30 mg/kg) by passive pulmonary inhalation for 49 days; and recovery experimental group rats were dosed with PM2.5 (30 mg/kg) for 35 days, and no treatment was done during the subsequent 14 days. PM2.5 was handled twice a day by passive pulmonary inhalation throughout the study. After treatment, pathological changes were analyzed by performing haemotoxylin and eosin staining, measuring levels of THs and urine iodine (UI) in serum, plasma, and urine samples using enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay, and expression of proteins in the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, and liver tissues of rats were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The levels of oxidative stress factors, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (Gpx), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in female rats' plasma were also evaluated by ELISA. The results of these analyses revealed that PM2.5 treatment induced pathologic changes in rat thyroid and liver characterized by increased follicular cavity size and decreased amounts of follicular epithelial cells and fat vacuoles, respectively. Serum levels of triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and thyroid stimulating hormone were significantly decreased, plasma NF-κB level was increased and plasma redox state was unbalanced (enhanced ROS, MDA and Gpx levels; reduced SOD activities) in female rats treated with PM2.5 (P < 0.05). PM2.5 treatment suppressed the biosynthesis and biotransformation of THs by increasing sodium iodide symporter, thyroid transcription factor 1, thyroid transcription factor 2, and paired box 8 protein expression levels (P < 0.05). Additionally, thyroid stimulating hormone receptor and thyroid peroxidase levels were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Both thyrotropin releasing hormone receptor and thyroid stimulating hormone beta levels were enhanced (P < 0.05). Moreover, transport of THs was inhibited due to reduced protein expression of hepatic transthyretin upon treatment with PM2.5. In summary, PM2.5 treatment could perturb TH homeostasis by affecting TH biosynthesis, biotransformation, and transport, affecting TH receptor levels, and inducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Activation of the HPT axis and altered hepatic transthyretin levels therefore appear to play a crucial role in PM2.5-induced thyroid dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Dong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China 453003.
| | - Weidong Wu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China 453003.
| | - Sanqiao Yao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China 453003.
| | - Haibin Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China 453003.
| | - Zhichun Li
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China 453003.
| | - Li Zhang
- Center for Bioinformatics and Statistical Health Research, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China 453003.
| | - Jing Jiang
- Experimental Teaching Center of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China 453003.
| | - Jie Xu
- Experimental Teaching Center of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China 453003.
| | - Fengquan Zhang
- Experimental Teaching Center of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan Province, China 453003.
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17
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A review of species differences in the control of, and response to, chemical-induced thyroid hormone perturbations leading to thyroid cancer. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:807-836. [PMID: 33398420 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02961-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises the current state of knowledge regarding the physiology and control of production of thyroid hormones, the effects of chemicals in perturbing their synthesis and release that result in thyroid cancer. It does not consider the potential neurodevelopmental consequences of low thyroid hormones. There are a number of known molecular initiating events (MIEs) that affect thyroid hormone synthesis in mammals and many chemicals are able to activate multiple MIEs simultaneously. AOP analysis of chemical-induced thyroid cancer in rodents has defined the key events that predispose to the development of rodent cancer and many of these will operate in humans under appropriate conditions, if they were exposed to high enough concentrations of the affecting chemicals. There are conditions however that, at the very least, would indicate significant quantitative differences in the sensitivity of humans to these effects, with rodents being considerably more sensitive to thyroid effects by virtue of differences in the biology, transport and control of thyroid hormones in these species as opposed to humans where turnover is appreciably lower and where serum transport of T4/T3 is different to that operating in rodents. There is heated debate around claimed qualitative differences between the rodent and human thyroid physiology, and significant reservations, both scientific and regulatory, still exist in terms of the potential neurodevelopmental consequences of low thyroid hormone levels at critical windows of time. In contrast, the situation for the chemical induction of thyroid cancer, through effects on thyroid hormone production and release, is less ambiguous with both theoretical, and actual data, showing clear dose-related thresholds for the key events predisposing to chemically induced thyroid cancer in rodents. In addition, qualitative differences in transport, and quantitative differences in half life, catabolism and turnover of thyroid hormones, exist that would not operate under normal situations in humans.
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18
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Chen Y, Zhang W, Chen J, Wang N, Chen C, Wang Y, Wan H, Chen B, Lu Y. Association of Phthalate Exposure with Thyroid Function and Thyroid Homeostasis Parameters in Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:4027380. [PMID: 34746318 PMCID: PMC8566079 DOI: 10.1155/2021/4027380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Phthalates, which are recognized environmental endocrine-disrupting chemicals, are associated with thyroid hormone disruption. We aimed to evaluate the relationship of phthalate metabolites with thyroid function and thyroid homeostasis parameters in type 2 diabetes and to explore whether thyroid autoimmunity status and metformin, the most common antidiabetic drug, may influence such associations. METHODS Concurrent urine and blood samples were collected from 639 participants with type 2 diabetes in the METAL (Environmental Pollutant Exposure and Metabolic Diseases in Shanghai) study. We measured urinary concentrations of thirteen phthalate metabolites along with serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total T4 and T3, free T4 (FT4) and T3 (FT3), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb). Four parameters of thyroid homeostasis, including the sum activity of step-up deiodinases (SPINA-GD), thyroid secretory capacity (SPINA-GT), Jostel's TSH index (TSHI), and thyrotroph thyroid hormone resistance index (TTSI), were also calculated. RESULTS Among all participants, after full adjustment, multivariable regression analysis showed that some urine phthalate metabolites were negatively associated with TSH, TSHI, and TTSI levels and positively associated with FT3, T3, SPINA-GD, and SPINA-GT levels. None of the urine phthalate metabolites exhibited a significant association with thyroid autoimmunity. The associations of phthalate metabolites with thyroid function and thyroid homeostasis parameters differed based on thyroid autoantibody and metformin treatment status. CONCLUSIONS Urinary phthalate metabolites may be associated with thyroid function and thyroid homeostasis parameters among participants with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, our present study suggested that thyroid autoantibody status and metformin treatment status are potential mediators of such associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - JingSi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningjian Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chi Chen
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuying Wang
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Wan
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingli Lu
- Institute and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Oliviero F, Lukowicz C, Boussadia B, Forner-Piquer I, Pascussi JM, Marchi N, Mselli-Lakhal L. Constitutive Androstane Receptor: A Peripheral and a Neurovascular Stress or Environmental Sensor. Cells 2020; 9:E2426. [PMID: 33171992 PMCID: PMC7694609 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic nuclear receptors (NR) are intracellular players involved in an increasing number of physiological processes. Examined and characterized in peripheral organs where they govern metabolic, transport and detoxification mechanisms, accumulating data suggest a functional expression of specific NR at the neurovascular unit (NVU). Here, we focus on the Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR), expressed in detoxifying organs such as the liver, intestines and kidneys. By direct and indirect activation, CAR is implicated in hepatic detoxification of xenobiotics, environmental contaminants, and endogenous molecules (bilirubin, bile acids). Importantly, CAR participates in physiological stress adaptation responses, hormonal and energy homeostasis due to glucose and lipid sensing. We next analyze the emerging evidence supporting a role of CAR in NVU cells including the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a key vascular interface regulating communications between the brain and the periphery. We address the emerging concept of how CAR may regulate specific P450 cytochromes at the NVU and the associated relevance to brain diseases. A clear understanding of how CAR engages during pathological conditions could enable new mechanistic, and perhaps pharmacological, entry-points within a peripheral-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Oliviero
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (F.O.); (C.L.)
| | - Céline Lukowicz
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (F.O.); (C.L.)
| | - Badreddine Boussadia
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Isabel Forner-Piquer
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Jean-Marc Pascussi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Nicola Marchi
- Cerebrovascular and Glia Research, Institute of Functional Genomics (UMR 5203 CNRS–U 1191 INSERM, University of Montpellier), 34094 Montpellier, France; (B.B.); (I.F.-P.); (J.-M.P.)
| | - Laila Mselli-Lakhal
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, 31027 Toulouse, France; (F.O.); (C.L.)
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20
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Küblbeck J, Niskanen J, Honkakoski P. Metabolism-Disrupting Chemicals and the Constitutive Androstane Receptor CAR. Cells 2020; 9:E2306. [PMID: 33076503 PMCID: PMC7602645 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR; NR1I3) has emerged as a master activator of drug- and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and transporters that govern the clearance of both exogenous and endogenous small molecules. Recent studies indicate that CAR participates, together with other nuclear receptors (NRs) and transcription factors, in regulation of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, hepatocyte communication, proliferation and toxicity, and liver tumor development in rodents. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) constitute a wide range of persistent organic compounds that have been associated with aberrations of hormone-dependent physiological processes. Their adverse health effects include metabolic alterations such as diabetes, obesity, and fatty liver disease in animal models and humans exposed to EDCs. As numerous xenobiotics can activate CAR, its role in EDC-elicited adverse metabolic effects has gained much interest. Here, we review the key features and mechanisms of CAR as a xenobiotic-sensing receptor, species differences and selectivity of CAR ligands, contribution of CAR to regulation hepatic metabolism, and evidence for CAR-dependent EDC action therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Küblbeck
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Jonna Niskanen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Campus Box 7569, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7569, USA
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21
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Strupp C, Quesnot N, Weber-Parmentier C, Richert L, Bomann WH, Singh P. Weight of Evidence and Human Relevance Evaluation of the Benfluralin Mode of Action in Rats (Part II): Thyroid carcinogenesis. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 117:104736. [PMID: 32798613 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Benfluralin is an herbicide of the dinitroaniline class used to control grasses and weeds. In a 2 year dietary study in rats, benfluralin increased incidences of thyroid follicular adenoma and carcinoma at high dietary concentrations (≥2500 ppm). The benfluralin toxicology database suggests the mode of action (MOA) is initiated by induction of liver metabolizing enzymes, particularly thyroid hormone specific UGTs, a major pathway for T4 clearance in rats. As reported with phenobarbital, this effect triggers negative feedback regulation, increasing thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) release into circulating blood. When sustained over time, this leads to thyroid changes such as follicular hypertrophy, hyperplasia and thyroid follicular tumors with chronic exposures. The described MOA was previously established in rat studies with various chemical activators of xenobiotic receptors in the liver. It is generally considered as non-relevant in humans, due to differences between humans and rats in T4 turnover and susceptibility to this carcinogenic MOA. A structured methodology based on the IPCS/MOA/Human Relevance framework was used in the evaluation of available benfluralin data, and the conclusion was determined that the carcinogenic potential of benfluralin in the thyroid is not relevant in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Strupp
- Gowan, Highlands House, Basingstoke Road, Spencers Wood Reading, Berkshire, RG7 1NT, United Kingdom.
| | - Nicolas Quesnot
- Charles River Laboratories Evreux, 27005, Evreux Cedex, France.
| | | | | | - Werner H Bomann
- ToxConsult®, 9393 W 110th Street, 51 Corporate Woods, Suite 500, Overland Park, KS, 66210, USA.
| | - Pramila Singh
- Charles River Laboratories Evreux, 27005, Evreux Cedex, France.
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22
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Dimorphic metabolic and endocrine disorders in mice lacking the constitutive androstane receptor. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20169. [PMID: 31882815 PMCID: PMC6934754 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases such as obesity, type II diabetes and hepatic steatosis are a public health concern in developed countries. The metabolic risk is gender‐dependent. The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), which is at the crossroads between energy metabolism and endocrinology, has recently emerged as a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this study we sought to determine its role in the dimorphic regulation of energy homeostasis. We tracked male and female WT and CAR deficient (CAR−/−) mice for over a year. During aging, CAR−/− male mice developed hypercortisism, obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin insensitivity, dyslipidemia and hepatic steatosis. Remarkably, the latter modifications were absent, or minor, in female CAR−/− mice. When ovariectomized, CAR−/− female mice developed identical patterns of metabolic disorders as observed in male mice. These results highlight the importance of steroid hormones in the regulation of energy metabolism by CAR. They unveil a sexually dimorphic role of CAR in the maintenance of endocrine and metabolic homeostasis underscoring the importance of considering sex in treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Hwang M, Lee Y, Choi K, Park C. Urinary 3-phenoxybenzoic acid levels and the association with thyroid hormones in adults: Korean National Environmental Health Survey 2012-2014. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133920. [PMID: 31446285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Owing to insecticidal activity at low doses with relatively low toxicity in humans, synthetic pyrethroids have been used widely for pest control in agricultural and domestic settings. Pyrethroids are suspected for potential endocrine disruption. However, the thyroid disrupting effects of pyrethroids, particularly in humans, is relatively underexplored. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to report 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA) concentrations in urine, and assess its association with serum thyroid hormone (TH) levels in a representative adult population of Korea. METHODS Data obtained from representative Korean adults recruited in the Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2nd round, 2012-2014) were analyzed. Urinary 3-PBA levels were associated with serum thyroxine (T4), total triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels among the Korean adult population. RESULTS Urinary 3-PBA levels among Korean adults were >3 times higher than those reported in Canada and the United States. Urinary 3-PBA levels showed negative association with serum T4, and this pattern was not changed after stratification by sex. For T3, the association varied by sex and exposure levels. Male demonstrated the same inverse association between urinary 3-PBA and T3, but female did not show such association. Among adults in the lower half of urinary 3-PBA levels, the association with T3 was significant, while that among the remainder was marginal. The association with T4 remained significant on sensitivity analysis, after controlling for other urinary chemicals. CONCLUSION Urinary 3-PBA levels in the general Korean adult population were found to be generally higher than those of other countries, and were associated with decreased TH levels. Considering the importance of THs, the public health implications of pyrethroid insecticide exposure warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonyoung Hwang
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Youngmee Lee
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Choonghee Park
- Environmental Health Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon, South Korea.
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24
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Yamaguchi T, Maeda M, Ogata K, Abe J, Utsumi T, Kimura K. The effects on the endocrine system under hepatotoxicity induction by phenobarbital and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in intact juvenile male rats. J Toxicol Sci 2019; 44:459-469. [PMID: 31270302 DOI: 10.2131/jts.44.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Phenobarbital (PB) and Di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), an anti-epileptic drug and a plasticizer used in flexible polyvinylchloride formulations, respectively, are well-known typical hepatotoxicants. This study investigated the effects of PB (100 mg/kg/day) or DEHP (500 mg/kg/day) on the endocrine system in intact juvenile/peripubertal male rats exposed for 31 days beginning on postnatal day 23. Slight hormone level changes, histopathological changes in thyroid gland or induction of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase in liver were observed in both the PB and DEHP groups. One of the assumed mechanisms inducing thyroid effects is predictable to be secondary changes based on the enhancement in thyroid hormone metabolism via the induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes. No reproductive system-related changes in organ weights, histopathology, and sexual maturation were observed in both groups. Lower testosterone level was observed in the PB group. CYP2B and CYP3A, which are involved in testosterone metabolism, were induced in liver of the PB group. There was no change of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in testis of both groups. Lower testosterone level in the PB-treated male rats was attributed to an indirect, hepatotoxicity-associated effect on the reproductive system and not to direct effects on testis such as the antiandrogenic activity and the inhibition of steroidogenesis. These results did not indicate that PB or DEHP exposure affects the endocrine system directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Yamaguchi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.,Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University
| | - Minoru Maeda
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Keiko Ogata
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Jun Abe
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Toru Utsumi
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd
| | - Koji Kimura
- Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University
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25
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Fujino C, Watanabe Y, Sanoh S, Hattori S, Nakajima H, Uramaru N, Kojima H, Yoshinari K, Ohta S, Kitamura S. Comparative study of the effect of 17 parabens on PXR-, CAR- and PPARα-mediated transcriptional activation. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 133:110792. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Kanno Y, Zhao S, Yamashita N, Saito N, Ujiie A, Iijima R, Kikawa N, Nemoto K, Inouye Y. Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Regulator 1, CCAR1, Regulates Enhancer-Dependent Nuclear Receptor CAR Transactivation. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 95:120-126. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.114272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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27
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Chen F, Coslo DM, Chen T, Zhang L, Tian Y, Smith PB, Patterson AD, Omiecinski CJ. Metabolomic Approaches Reveal the Role of CAR in Energy Metabolism. J Proteome Res 2018; 18:239-251. [PMID: 30336042 PMCID: PMC6805043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The constitutive androstane receptor
(CAR; NR1I3) contributes important
regulatory roles in biotransformation, xenobiotic transport function,
energy metabolism and lipid homeostasis. In this investigation, global
serum and liver tissue metabolomes were assessed analytically in wild
type and CAR-null transgenic mice using NMR, GC–MS and UPLC–MS/MS-based
metabolomics. Significantly, CAR activation increased serum levels
of fatty acids, lactate, ketone bodies and tricarboxylic acid cycle
products, whereas levels of phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, amino
acids and liver glucose were decreased following short-term activation
of CAR. Mechanistically, quantitative mRNA analysis demonstrated significantly
decreased expression of key gluconeogenic pathways, and increased
expression of glucose utilization pathways, changes likely resulting
from down-regulation of the hepatic glucose sensor and bidirectional
transporter, Glut2. Short-term CAR activation also
resulted in enhanced fatty acid synthesis and impaired β-oxidation.
In summary, CAR contributes an expansive role regulating energy metabolism,
significantly impacting glucose and monocarboxylic acid utilization,
fatty acid metabolism and lipid homeostasis, through receptor-mediated
regulation of several genes in multiple associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengming Chen
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.,Department of Pathology , Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center , Hershey , Pennsylvania 17033 , United States
| | - Denise M Coslo
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Tao Chen
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Limin Zhang
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States.,CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics , Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Yuan Tian
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Philip B Smith
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
| | - Curtis J Omiecinski
- Center for Molecular Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , Pennsylvania 16802 , United States
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28
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Bartsch R, Brinkmann B, Jahnke G, Laube B, Lohmann R, Michaelsen S, Neumann I, Greim H. Human relevance of follicular thyroid tumors in rodents caused by non-genotoxic substances. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 98:199-208. [PMID: 30076866 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stimulation of the thyroid gland of rodents by TSH leads to thyroid follicular hyperplasia and subsequently to thyroid follicular adenomas and carcinomas. However, the interpretations of rodent thyroid tumors are contradictory. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) concluded that findings with drugs that lead to increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in rats are not relevant to humans, whereas the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) concluded that chemicals that produce rodent thyroid tumors may pose a carcinogenic hazard for humans although the thyroid of rodents appears to be more sensitive to a carcinogenic stimulus than that of humans. Meanwhile, based on the CLP Criteria of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), rodent thyroid tumors caused by the induction of uridine-diphosphate-glucuronosyl transferases (UDGT) were assessed as not relevant to humans. To clarify these discrepant positions, the function and regulation of the thyroid gland are described and the types of thyroid tumors and the causes of their development in humans and animals are examined. Based on these data and the evidence that so far, except radiation, no chemical is known to increase the incidence of thyroid tumors in humans, it is concluded that rodent thyroid tumors resulting from continuous stimulation of the thyroid gland by increased TSH levels are not relevant to humans. Consequently, compounds that induce such tumors do not warrant classification as carcinogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruediger Bartsch
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Britta Brinkmann
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jahnke
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Britta Laube
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ruth Lohmann
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sandra Michaelsen
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ingrid Neumann
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Helmut Greim
- Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
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29
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Mackowiak B, Hodge J, Stern S, Wang H. The Roles of Xenobiotic Receptors: Beyond Chemical Disposition. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1361-1371. [PMID: 29759961 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, the ability of the xenobiotic receptors to coordinate an array of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli has been extensively characterized and well documented. The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR) are the xenobiotic receptors that have received the most attention since they regulate the expression of numerous proteins important to drug metabolism and clearance and formulate a central defensive mechanism to protect the body against xenobiotic challenges. However, accumulating evidence has shown that these xenobiotic sensors also control many cellular processes outside of their traditional realms of xenobiotic metabolism and disposition, including physiologic and/or pathophysiologic responses in energy homeostasis, cell proliferation, inflammation, tissue injury and repair, immune response, and cancer development. This review will highlight recent advances in studying the noncanonical functions of xenobiotic receptors with a particular focus placed on the roles of CAR and PXR in energy homeostasis and cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Mackowiak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jessica Hodge
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sydney Stern
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hongbing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland
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30
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Hakkola J, Bernasconi C, Coecke S, Richert L, Andersson TB, Pelkonen O. Cytochrome P450 Induction and Xeno-Sensing Receptors Pregnane X Receptor, Constitutive Androstane Receptor, Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α at the Crossroads of Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Hakkola
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
| | | | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission Joint Research Centre; EURL ECVAM; Ispra Italy
| | | | - Tommy B. Andersson
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics; Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases; IMED Biotech Unit; AstraZeneca; Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Section of Pharmacogenetics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Olavi Pelkonen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu; University of Oulu; Oulu Finland
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31
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Li J, Tao Y, Chen S, Li H, Chen P, Wei MZ, Wang H, Li K, Mazzeo M, Duan Y. A flexible plasma-treated silver-nanowire electrode for organic light-emitting devices. Sci Rep 2017; 159:1-8. [PMID: 29184113 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Silver nanowires (AgNWs) are a promising candidate to replace indium tin oxide (ITO) as transparent electrode material. However, the loose contact at the junction of the AgNWs and residual surfactant polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) increase the sheet resistance of the AgNWs. In this paper, an argon (Ar) plasma treatment method is applied to pristine AgNWs to remove the PVP layer and enhance the contact between AgNWs. By adjusting the processing time, we obtained AgNWs with a sheet resistance of 7.2Ω/□ and a transmittance of 78% at 550 nm. To reduce the surface roughness of the AgNWs, a peel-off process was used to transfer the AgNWs to a flexible NOA63 substrate. Then, an OLED was fabricated with the plasma-treated AgNWs electrode as anode. The highest brightness (27000 cd/m2) and current efficiency (11.8 cd/A) was achieved with a 30 nm thick light emitting layer of tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum doped with 1% 10-(2-benzothiazolyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-1H,5 H,11H-(1)-benzopyropyrano(6,7-8-I,j)quinolizin-11-one. Compared to thermal annealing, the plasma-treated AgNW film has a lower sheet resistance, a shorter processing time, and a better hole-injection. Our results indicate that plasma treatment is an effective and efficient method to enhance the conductivity of AgNW films, and the plasma-treated AgNW electrode is suitable to manufacture flexible organic optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Shufen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu Nation Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Huiying Li
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Ping Chen
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Wei
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012, China
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu Nation Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hu Wang
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Marco Mazzeo
- Istituto di Nanotecnologia, CNR-Nanotec, c/o Campus Ecotekne via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100, Italy
| | - Yu Duan
- State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Jilin, 130012, China.
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Jiangsu Nation Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Sharma RP, Schuhmacher M, Kumar V. Review on crosstalk and common mechanisms of endocrine disruptors: Scaffolding to improve PBPK/PD model of EDC mixture. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 99:1-14. [PMID: 27697394 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs) are environment chemicals that cause harmful effects through multiple mechanisms, interfering with hormone system resulting in alteration of homeostasis, reproduction and developmental effect. Many of these EDCs have concurrent exposure with crosstalk and common mechanisms which may lead to dynamic interactions. To carry out risk assessment of EDCs' mixture, it is important to know the detailed toxic pathway, crosstalk of receptor and other factors like critical window of exposure. In this review, we summarize the major mechanism of actions of EDCs with the different/same target organs interfering with the same/different class of hormone by altering their synthesis, metabolism, binding and cellular action. To show the impact of EDCs on life stage development, a case study on female fertility affecting germ cell is illustrated. Based on this summarized discussion, major groups of EDCs are classified based on their target organ, mode of action and potential risk. Finally, a conceptual model of pharmacodynamic interaction is proposed to integrate the crosstalk and common mechanisms that modulate estrogen into the predictive mixture dosimetry model with dynamic interaction of mixture. This review will provide new insight for EDCs' risk assessment and can be used to develop next generation PBPK/PD models for EDCs' mixture analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Prasad Sharma
- Center of Environmental Food and Toxicological Technology (TecnATox), Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Center of Environmental Food and Toxicological Technology (TecnATox), Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Center of Environmental Food and Toxicological Technology (TecnATox), Departament d'Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
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Di2-ethylhexyl phthalate disrupts thyroid hormone homeostasis through activating the Ras/Akt/TRHr pathway and inducing hepatic enzymes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40153. [PMID: 28065941 PMCID: PMC5220292 DOI: 10.1038/srep40153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), as a widespread environmental pollutant and an endocrine disruptor, can disturb the homeostasis of thyroid hormones (THs). In order to elucidate roles of the MAPK and PI3K/Akt pathways and hepatic enzymes in thyroid-disrupting effects of DEHP, Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with DEHP by gavage for 30 consecutive days; Nthy-ori 3-1 cells were treated with DEHP with NAC, k-Ras siRNA or inhibitors (U0126 and wortmannin). Results showed that DEHP led to histopathologic changes in rat thyroid and liver, such as the decrease in thyroid follicular cavity diameter, hepatocyte edema. Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) were reduced. DEHP caused ROS production, oxidative stress and k-Ras upregulation, thereby activating the ERK and Akt pathways in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, TRH receptor (TRHr) level was elevated after the activation of the Akt pathway and was downregulated after the inhibition of the Akt pathway. However, TRHr was not modulated by the ERK pathway. Additionally, hepatic enzymes, including Ugt1a1, CYP2b1, Sult1e1, and Sult2b1, were significantly induced after DEHP exposure. Taken together, DEHP can perturb TH homeostasis and reduce TH levels. The activated Ras/Akt/TRHr pathway and induced hepatic enzymes play vital roles in thyroid-disrupting effects of DEHP.
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Blanco-Muñoz J, Lacasaña M, López-Flores I, Rodríguez-Barranco M, González-Alzaga B, Bassol S, Cebrian ME, López-Carrillo L, Aguilar-Garduño C. Association between organochlorine pesticide exposure and thyroid hormones in floriculture workers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 150:357-363. [PMID: 27344267 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that exposure to DDT may be related to changes in thyroid hormone levels in animals and humans, even though results across studies are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to assess the association between exposure to p,p'-DDE (a stable metabolite of DDT) and serum levels of thyroid hormones in floriculture workers. A longitudinal study was conducted on 136 male subjects from the States of Mexico and Morelos, Mexico, who were occupationally exposed to pesticides, during agricultural periods of high (rainy season) and low (dry season) levels of pesticide application. Using a structured questionnaire, a survey was carried out on socio-demographic characteristics, anthropometry, clinical history, alcohol and tobacco consumption, residential chemical exposure, and occupational history. Blood and urine samples were collected to determine serum levels of TSH, total T3, total T4, and p,p'-DDE, and metabolites of organophosphate pesticides (OP), respectively. The analysis of the associations between p,p'-DDE levels and thyroid hormone profile adjusting by potential confounding variables including urinary OP metabolites was carried out using multivariate generalized estimating equation (GEE) models. Our results showed that the geometric means of p,p'-DDE levels were 6.17 ng/ml and 4.71 ng/ml in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. We observed positive associations between the serum levels of p,p'-DDE and those of total T3 (β=0.01, 95% CI: -0.009, 0.03), and total T4 (β=0.08, 95% CI:0.03, 0.14) and negative but no significant changes in TSH in male floricultural workers, supporting the hypothesis that acts as thyroid disruptor in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Blanco-Muñoz
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (National Institute of Public Health), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Marina Lacasaña
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (Andalusian School of Public Health), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada López-Flores
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Departamento de Genética. Universidad de Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (Andalusian School of Public Health), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Beatriz González-Alzaga
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (Andalusian School of Public Health), Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain
| | - Susana Bassol
- Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Mariano E Cebrian
- Departamento de Toxicología. Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México D.F., Mexico
| | - Lizbeth López-Carrillo
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (National Institute of Public Health), Cuernavaca, Mexico
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Yueh MF, Tukey RH. Triclosan: A Widespread Environmental Toxicant with Many Biological Effects. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 56:251-72. [PMID: 26738475 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent that has been added to personal care products, including hand soaps and cosmetics, and impregnated in numerous different materials ranging from athletic clothing to food packaging. The constant disposal of TCS into the sewage system is creating a major environmental and public health hazard. Owing to its chemical properties of bioaccumulation and resistance to degradation, TCS is widely detected in various environmental compartments in concentrations ranging from nanograms to micrograms per liter. Epidemiology studies indicate that significant levels of TCS are detected in body fluids in all human age groups. We document here the emerging evidence--from in vitro and in vivo animal studies and environmental toxicology studies--demonstrating that TCS exerts adverse effects on different biological systems through various modes of action. Considering the fact that humans are simultaneously exposed to TCS and many TCS-like chemicals, we speculate that TCS-induced adverse effects may be relevant to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Fei Yueh
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093; ,
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Chai SC, Cherian MT, Wang YM, Chen T. Small-molecule modulators of PXR and CAR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1859:1141-1154. [PMID: 26921498 PMCID: PMC4975625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Two nuclear receptors, the pregnane X receptor (PXR) and the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), participate in the xenobiotic detoxification system by regulating the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in order to degrade and excrete foreign chemicals or endogenous metabolites. This review aims to expand the perceived relevance of PXR and CAR beyond their established role as master xenosensors to disease-oriented areas, emphasizing their modulation by small molecules. Structural studies of these receptors have provided much-needed insight into the nature of their binding promiscuity and the important elements that lead to ligand binding. Reports of species- and isoform-selective activation highlight the need for further scrutiny when extrapolating from animal data to humans, as animal models are at the forefront of early drug discovery. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Xenobiotic nuclear receptors: New Tricks for An Old Dog, edited by Dr. Wen Xie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio C Chai
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, 262 Danny Thomas Place, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Milu T Cherian
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, 262 Danny Thomas Place, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yue-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, 262 Danny Thomas Place, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, 262 Danny Thomas Place, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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Wegner S, Browne P, Dix D. Identifying reference chemicals for thyroid bioactivity screening. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:402-413. [PMID: 27589887 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reference chemicals were selected based on thyroid bioactivity in 'Tier 1' screening assays used by the U.S. EPA's Endocrine Disruptor Screening Program. Active reference chemicals had significant effects on thyroid-responsive endpoints in the amphibian metamorphosis assay, and the male and female pubertal rat assays. In the absence of thyroid weight or histopathological effects, additional published studies providing mechanistic data on thyroid activity were required for active chemicals. Inactive reference chemicals had no significant effects on thyroid-responsive endpoints in Tier 1 assays, or in amphibian or rodent studies from several online databases. The 34 reference chemicals (29 active and five inactive) will be useful for performance-based validation of alternative, high throughput screening assays for thyroid bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Wegner
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, United States.
| | - Patience Browne
- Office of Science Coordination and Policy (OSCP), Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., United States
| | - David Dix
- Office of Science Coordination and Policy (OSCP), Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention, U.S. EPA, Washington, D.C., United States
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Lietzow J, Golchert J, Homuth G, Völker U, Jonas W, Köhrle J. 3,5-T2 alters murine genes relevant for xenobiotic, steroid, and thyroid hormone metabolism. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:311-23. [PMID: 26903510 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous thyroid hormone (TH) metabolite 3,5-diiodo-l-thyronine (3,5-T2) acts as a metabolically active substance affecting whole-body energy metabolism and hepatic lipid handling in a desirable manner. Considering possible adverse effects regarding thyromimetic action of 3,5-T2 treatment in rodents, the current literature remains largely controversial. To obtain further insights into molecular mechanisms and to identify novel target genes of 3,5-T2 in liver, we performed a microarray-based liver tissue transcriptome analysis of male lean and diet-induced obese euthyroid mice treated for 4 weeks with a dose of 2.5 µg/g bw 3,5-T2 Our results revealed that 3,5-T2 modulates the expression of genes encoding Phase I and Phase II enzymes as well as Phase III transporters, which play central roles in metabolism and detoxification of xenobiotics. Additionally, 3,5-T2 changes the expression of TH responsive genes, suggesting a thyromimetic action of 3,5-T2 in mouse liver. Interestingly, 3,5-T2 in obese but not in lean mice influences the expression of genes relevant for cholesterol and steroid biosynthesis, suggesting a novel role of 3,5-T2 in steroid metabolism of obese mice. We concluded that treatment with 3,5-T2 in lean and diet-induced obese male mice alters the expression of genes encoding hepatic xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes that play a substantial role in catabolism and inactivation of xenobiotics and TH and are also involved in hepatic steroid and lipid metabolism. The administration of this high dose of 3,5-T2 might exert adverse hepatic effects. Accordingly, the conceivable use of 3,5-T2 as pharmacological hypolipidemic agent should be considered with caution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julika Lietzow
- Institut für Experimentelle EndokrinologieCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Golchert
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional GenomicsDepartment of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional GenomicsDepartment of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional GenomicsDepartment of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Wenke Jonas
- Department of Experimental DiabetologyGerman Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Experimentelle EndokrinologieCharité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Astapova I. Role of co-regulators in metabolic and transcriptional actions of thyroid hormone. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 56:73-97. [PMID: 26673411 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) controls a wide range of physiological processes through TH receptor (TR) isoforms. Classically, TRs are proposed to function as tri-iodothyronine (T3)-dependent transcription factors: on positively regulated target genes, unliganded TRs mediate transcriptional repression through recruitment of co-repressor complexes, while T3 binding leads to dismissal of co-repressors and recruitment of co-activators to activate transcription. Co-repressors and co-activators were proposed to play opposite roles in the regulation of negative T3 target genes and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, but exact mechanisms of the negative regulation by TH have remained elusive. Important insights into the roles of co-repressors and co-activators in different physiological processes have been obtained using animal models with disrupted co-regulator function. At the same time, recent studies interrogating genome-wide TR binding have generated compelling new data regarding effects of T3, local chromatin structure, and specific response element configuration on TR recruitment and function leading to the proposal of new models of transcriptional regulation by TRs. This review discusses data obtained in various mouse models with manipulated function of nuclear receptor co-repressor (NCoR or NCOR1) and silencing mediator of retinoic acid receptor and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT or NCOR2), and family of steroid receptor co-activators (SRCs also known as NCOAs) in the context of TH action, as well as insights into the function of co-regulators that may emerge from the genome-wide TR recruitment analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Astapova
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and MetabolismBeth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Zhang XJ, Shi Z, Lyv JX, He X, Englert NA, Zhang SY. Pyrene is a Novel Constitutive Androstane Receptor (CAR) Activator and Causes Hepatotoxicity by CAR. Toxicol Sci 2015; 147:436-45. [PMID: 26160115 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of ubiquitous persistent environmental pollutants which are primarily formed from the incomplete combustion of organic materials. Many potential sources of human exposure to PAHs exist, including daily exposures from the ambient environment or occupational settings. PAHs have been found to cause harmful effects on human health. Here, we evaluated the adverse effects of pyrene, a common PAH, on the liver. The present study demonstrates that pyrene is able to activate mouse constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). CAR protein, as measured by Western blot analysis, was observed to translocate into the nucleus from the cytoplasm in mouse liver after exposure to pyrene. Utilizing CAR null mice, we identified that CAR mediates pyrene-induced hepatotoxicity. Increased relative liver weight, hepatocellular hypertrophy, and elevated serum alanine aminotransferase levels were found in wild-type but not CAR null mice after orally administered pyrene. We further show that pyrene induced the expression of mouse liver metabolism enzymes including CYP2B10, CYP3A11, GSTm1, GSTm3, and SULT1A1, and caused hepatic glutathione depletion in wild-type but not CAR null mice. Moreover, by luciferase reporter assay and quantitative real-time PCR analysis, pyrene was found to be a potential inducer of CYP2B6 expression via activation of human CAR in HepG2 cells and human primary hepatocytes. Our observations suggest that pyrene is a novel CAR activator and that CAR is essential for mediating pyrene-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jie Zhang
- *Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China and
| | - Zhe Shi
- *Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China and
| | - Jing-Xi Lyv
- *Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China and
| | - Xuyan He
- *Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China and
| | - Neal A Englert
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Shu-Yun Zhang
- *Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Environmental Science and Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, People's Republic of China and
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Droździk A, Wajda A, Łapczuk J, Laszczyńska M. Expression and functional regulation of the nuclear receptors AHR, PXR, and CAR, and the transcription factor Nrf2 in rat parotid gland. Eur J Oral Sci 2015; 122:259-64. [PMID: 25039373 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors and transcription factors regulate the functions of many genes involved in cellular physiology and pathology (e.g. tumorigenesis and autoimmune diseases). The present study was performed to define the expression and the regulation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the rat parotid gland. Constitutive expression, as well as expression after stimulation with specific inducers for AhR [2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzylo-p-dioxin (TCDD)], Nrf2(oltipraz), PXR (dexamethasone), and CAR (phenobarbital), was evaluated using the quantitative PCR. Cellular localization of the nuclear receptors and the transcription factor was visualized by immunohistochemical staining. The study revealed constitutive expression of AhR as well as Nrf2, and their induction by TCDD andoltipraz, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed constitutive, predominantly cytoplasmic, expression of the AhR receptor, especially in interlobular striated duct cells, with nuclear shift upon exposure to TCDD. Inducible expression of Nfr2 was found mainly in the cytoplasm of intralobular striated duct cells. Constitutive expression of PXR and CAR was not found. Bearing in mind the involvement of AhR and Nrf2 in the regulation of many genes, it seems that these factors may play also a role in salivary gland physiology and pathology.
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Cherian MT, Chai SC, Chen T. Small-molecule modulators of the constitutive androstane receptor. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1099-114. [PMID: 25979168 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1043887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) induces drug-metabolizing enzymes for xenobiotic metabolism. AREAS COVERED This review covers recent advances in elucidating the biological functions of CAR and its modulation by a growing number of agonists and inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION Extrapolation of animal CAR function to that of humans should be carefully scrutinized, particularly when rodents are used in evaluating the metabolic profile and carcinogenic properties of clinical drugs and environmental chemicals. Continuous efforts are needed to discover novel CAR inhibitors, with extensive understanding of their inhibitory mechanism, species selectivity, and discriminating power against other xenobiotic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milu T Cherian
- Postdoctoral fellow, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics , 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105 , USA
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Mizukawa H, Nomiyama K, Kunisue T, Watanabe MX, Subramanian A, Iwata H, Ishizuka M, Tanabe S. Organohalogens and their hydroxylated metabolites in the blood of pigs from an open waste dumping site in south India: association with hepatic cytochrome P450. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 138:255-263. [PMID: 25743931 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and their hydroxylated metabolites (OH-PCBs and OH-PBDEs) were measured in the blood of Eurasian wild pigs (Sus scrofa) from a municipal waste open dumping site (DS) and a reference site (RS) in South India. We showed that contamination with OH-PCBs was higher in female pigs from the DS than in all other adult pigs. The highest OH-PCB concentrations were found in piglets from the DS. Moreover, the hepatic expression levels of CYP1A and CYP2B were higher in piglets than in their dam, implying metabolism of PCBs by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. The OH-PCB congener profiles differed according to sex and collection sites, possibly because of variations in the expression levels of phase I and phase II enzymes among individual pigs, differences in the exposure sources, and maternal transfer of parent PCBs. The hepatic CYP1A expression levels were positively correlated with the blood concentrations of 4OH-CB107, 4OH-CB162, and 4OH-CB187, implying CYP1A-dependent formation of these OH-PCBs in the pig liver. We found no significant correlations between the blood concentrations of OH-PCBs and thyroid hormones (THs); however, the thyroxin (T4) levels were lower in pigs from the DS than in pigs from the RS. Our limited dataset suggest that induced CYP enzymes accelerate the metabolism of xenobiotics and endogenous molecules in pigs. Thus, besides parental compounds, the risk of hydroxylated metabolites entering wildlife and humans living in and around municipal open waste dumping sites should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazuki Mizukawa
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Kei Nomiyama
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kunisue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Michio X Watanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Annamalai Subramanian
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hisato Iwata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18, Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Tanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Fukumasu H, Cordeiro YG, Rochetti AL, Barra CN, Sámora TS, Strefezzi RF, Dagli MLZ. Expression of NR1I3 in mouse lung tumors induced by the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 48:240-4. [PMID: 25714878 PMCID: PMC4381944 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20144210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3 (NR1I3) is reported to be a possible
novel therapeutic target for some cancers, including lung, brain and hematopoietic
tumors. Here, we characterized expression of NR1I3 in a mouse model of lung
carcinogenesis induced by 4-(methylnitrosamino)-4-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), the
most potent tobacco carcinogen. Lung tumors were collected from mice treated with NNK
(400 mg/kg) and euthanized after 52 weeks. Benign and malignant lesions were
formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded for histology and immunohistochemistry, with
samples snap-frozen for mRNA analysis. Immunohistochemically, we found that most
macrophages and type I and II pneumocytes expressed NR1I3, whereas fibroblasts and
endothelial cells were NR1I3−. Compared with benign lesions, malignant
lesions had less NR1I3+ tumor cells. Gene expression analysis also showed
an inverse correlation between NR1I3 mRNA expression and tumor size
(P=0.0061), suggesting that bigger tumors expressed less NR1I3
transcripts, in accordance with our immunohistochemical NR1I3 tests. Our results
indicate that NR1I3 expression decreased during progression of malignant lung tumors
induced by NNK in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fukumasu
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departmento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Y G Cordeiro
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departmento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - A L Rochetti
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departmento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - C N Barra
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departmento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - T S Sámora
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departmento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - R F Strefezzi
- Laboratório de Oncologia Comparada e Translacional, Departmento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - M L Z Dagli
- Laboratório de Oncologia Experimental e Comparada, Departmento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Deciphering the roles of the constitutive androstane receptor in energy metabolism. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:62-70. [PMID: 25500869 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is initially defined as a xenobiotic nuclear receptor that protects the liver from injury. Detoxification of damaging chemicals is achieved by CAR-mediated induction of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. More recent research has implicated CAR in energy metabolism, suggesting a therapeutic potential for CAR in metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which CAR regulates energy metabolism will allow us to take advantage of its effectiveness while avoiding its side effects. This review summarizes the current progress on the regulation of CAR nuclear translocation, upstream modulators of CAR activity, and the crosstalk between CAR and other transcriptional factors, with the aim of elucidating how CAR regulates glucose and lipid metabolism.
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de Vries EM, Eggels L, van Beeren HC, Ackermans MT, Kalsbeek A, Fliers E, Boelen A. Fasting-induced changes in hepatic thyroid hormone metabolism in male rats are independent of autonomic nervous input to the liver. Endocrinology 2014; 155:5033-41. [PMID: 25243858 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During fasting, profound changes in the regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis occur in order to save energy and limit catabolism. In this setting, serum T3 and T4 are decreased without an appropriate TSH and TRH response reflecting central down-regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Hepatic thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism is also affected by fasting, because type 3 deiodinase (D3) is increased, which is mediated by serum leptin concentrations. A recent study showed that fasting-induced changes in liver TH sulfotransferases (Sults) and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (Ugts) depend on a functional melanocortin system in the hypothalamus. However, the pathways connecting the hypothalamus and the liver that induce these changes are currently unknown. In the present study, we investigated in rats whether the fasting-induced changes in hepatic TH metabolism are regulated by the autonomic nervous system. We selectively cut either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic input to the liver. Serum and liver TH concentrations, deiodinase expression, and activity and Sult and Ugt expression were measured in rats that had been fasted for 36 hours or were fed ad libitum. Fasting decreased serum T3 and T4 concentrations, whereas intrahepatic TH concentrations remained unchanged. D3 expression and activity increased, as was the expression of constitutive androstane receptor, Sult1b1, and Ugt1a1, whereas liver D1 was unaffected. Neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic denervation affected the fasting-induced alterations. We conclude that fasting-induced changes in liver TH metabolism are not regulated via the hepatic autonomic input in a major way and more likely reflect a direct effect of humoral factors on the hepatocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M de Vries
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (E.M.d.V., L.E., H.C.B., A.K., E.F., A.B.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ The Netherlands; Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms (A.K.), Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, 1105BA The Netherlands; and Department of Clinical Chemistry (M.T.A.), Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ The Netherlands
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47
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Rouquié D, Tinwell H, Blanck O, Schorsch F, Geter D, Wason S, Bars R. Thyroid tumor formation in the male mouse induced by fluopyram is mediated by activation of hepatic CAR/PXR nuclear receptors. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 70:673-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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48
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Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), 2 closely related and liver-enriched members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a nonnuclear receptor transcription factor (TF), are major receptors/TFs regulating the expression of genes for the clearance and detoxification of xenobiotics. They are hence defined as "xenobiotic receptors". Recent studies have demonstrated that PXR, CAR and AhR also regulate the expression of key proteins involved in endobiotic responses such as the metabolic homeostasis of lipids, glucose, and bile acid, and inflammatory processes. It is suggested that the functions of PXR, CAR and AhR may be closely implicated in the pathogeneses of metabolic vascular diseases, such as hyperlipidemia, atherogenesis, and hypertension. Therefore, manipulation of the activities of these receptors may provide novel strategies for the treatment of vascular diseases. Here, we review the pathophysiological roles of PXR, CAR and AhR in the vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiao
- Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University
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49
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Yang H, Wang H. Signaling control of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). Protein Cell 2014; 5:113-23. [PMID: 24474196 PMCID: PMC3956974 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-013-0013-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) plays a crucial role in the regulation of drug metabolism, energy homeostasis, and cancer development through modulating the transcription of its numerous target genes. Different from prototypical nuclear receptors, CAR can be activated by either direct ligand binding or ligand-independent (indirect) mechanisms both initiated with nuclear translocation of CAR from the cytoplasm. In comparison to the well-defined ligand-based activation, indirect activation of CAR appears to be exclusively involved in the nuclear translocation through mechanisms yet to be fully understood. Accumulating evidence reveals that without activation, CAR forms a protein complex in the cytoplasm where it can be functionally affected by multiple signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss recent progresses in our understanding of the signaling regulation of CAR nuclear accumulation and activation. We expect that this review will also provide greater insight into the similarity and difference between the mechanisms of direct vs. indirect human CAR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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50
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Kanno Y, Tanuma N, Yatsu T, Li W, Koike K, Inouye Y. Nigramide J is a novel potent inverse agonist of the human constitutive androstane receptor. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2014; 2:2. [PMID: 25505573 PMCID: PMC4186399 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) is very important for drug development and for understanding pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. We screened by mammalian one hybrid assay among natural compounds to discover novel ligands of human constitutive androstane receptor (hCAR). hCAR transcriptional activity was measured by luciferase assay and mRNA levels of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 in HepTR-hCAR cells and human primary hepatocytes were measured by real-time RT-PCR. Nigramide J (NJ) whose efficacy is comparable to those of hitherto known inverse agonists such as clotrimazole, PK11195, and ethinylestradiol. NJ is a naturally occurring cyclohexane-type amide alkaloid that was isolated from the roots of Piper nigrum. The suppressive effect of NJ on the CAR-dependent transcriptional activity was found to be species specific, in the descending order of hCAR, rat CAR, and mouse CAR. The unliganded hCAR-dependent transactivation of reporter and endogenous genes was suppressed by NJ at concentrations higher than 5 μmol/L. The ligand-binding cavity of hCAR was shared by NJ and CITCO, because they were competitive in the binding to hCAR. NJ interfered with the interaction of hCAR with coactivator SRC-1, but not with its interaction with the corepressor NCoR1. Furthermore, NJ is agonist of human pregnane X receptor (hPXR). NJ is a dual ligand of hCAR and hPXR, being an agonist of hPXR and an inverse agonist of hCAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Kanno
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Tanuma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Yatsu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Koike
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshio Inouye
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba, 274-8510, Japan
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