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Rida R, Kreydiyyeh S. Effect of FTY720P on lipid accumulation in HEPG2 cells. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19716. [PMID: 37953311 PMCID: PMC10641067 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46011-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by an increase in hepatic lipid accumulation due to impaired lipid metabolism. Although a correlation was found between NAFLD and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), the role of the sphingolipid remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate any involvement of S1P in steatosis using its analog FTY720P and HepG2 cells. Lipid accumulation was induced by incubating the cells in a mixture of oleic and palmitic acid, and was quantified using Oil Red O. The involvement of signaling mediators was studied using pharmacological inhibitors and western blot analysis. FTY720P increased lipid accumulation, but this increase wasn't maintained in the presence of inhibitors of S1PR3, Gq, SREBP, mTOR, PI3K, and PPARγ indicating their involvement in the process. The results revealed that FTY720P binds to S1PR3 which activates sequentially Gq, PI3K, and mTOR leading to an increase in SREBP expression and PPARγ activation. It was concluded that in presence of a high level of fatty acids, lipid accumulation is increased in hepatocytes by the exogenously added FTY720P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Rida
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sawsan Kreydiyyeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Jing H, Ding Y, Jiang X, Liu G, Sha Y. RNA-Seq reveals ACTH-induced steroid hormone pathway participating in goat adrenal gland response to castration. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14025. [PMID: 37640763 PMCID: PMC10462686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The content of androgen from adrenal is elevated under castration, and the mechanisms of compensatory secretion of adrenal androgen remain unknown. This study was designed to compare the transcript profiles between adrenals from noncastrated, orchiectomized and immunocastrated Yiling goats. Fifteen goats were randomly divided into three groups: pVAX-asd injection (control) group, pVAX-B2L-(G4S)3-kisspeptin-54-asd immunization (PBK-asd) group, and surgical castration (SC) group. Subsequently, serum was collected every two weeks after the initial immunization for hormone assays. At week 14 after immunization, adrenal glands were collected for transcriptome sequencing and qPCR. Serum testosterone concentration was significantly reduced in PBK-asd and SC group, demonstrating the effectiveness of castration. Both surgical and immunized castration resulted in adrenal hyperplasia, and thickness of adrenal cortex elevated. The specific genes involving castration were enriched in many pathways, including Steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway. The adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which promotes the production of adrenal steroids, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a steroid hormone secreted by adrenal glands, both increased after castration. Further construction of co-expression network for transcription genes and traits (including adrenal weight and cortex thickness, ACTH and DHEA concentration) showed that the trait-related genes were enriched in multiple steroid-related pathways. These results showed that adrenal compensatory hyperplasia and androgen secretion caused by castration may involve in ACTH-induced steroid hormone synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijing Jing
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunping Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiqiong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yiyu Sha
- Laboratory of Sheep and Goat Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
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Zhou Z, Li T, Du R, Liu C, Huang S, Han L, Zhang P, Wang Y, Jiang M. Lamiophlomis rotata attenuates rheumatoid arthritis by regulating sphingolipid and steroid hormone metabolism. Mol Omics 2023; 19:72-83. [PMID: 36416788 DOI: 10.1039/d2mo00247g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic and progressive autoimmune disease. Lamiophlomis rotata (L. rotata) (Benth.) Kudo, an essential medicinal plant in traditional Tibetan medicine, is useful in treating RA. The purpose of this study was to evaluate L. rotata's anti-RA effect and to analyze its serum metabolites and lipids to predict the possible action pathways. Female and male rats were immunized with CFA to induce arthritis. Paw volumes were measured, and arthritis index analysis and histological analysis were performed to check the effects of L. rotata. ELISA was used to measure the levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10) and oxidative stress (MDA, SOD, GSH, and CAT). UPLC/Q-Orbitrap-MS was used to identify untargeted metabolites and lipids in serum. Metabolite validation was performed using UPLC/QQQ-MS. L. rotata application significantly reduced arthritis indices and paw swelling in AIA rats, and diminished inflammation and bone fractures in joint tissues. Sphingolipid (SP) and steroid hormone biosynthesis was found to be closely related to L. rotata's intervention in RA. In addition, our experiments also confirmed that females were more likely than males to develop RA. These findings provide clues and a scientific basis for the mechanism of L. rotata in treating RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhirong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.
| | - Ruijiao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.
| | - Chengjuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.
| | - Shengjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.
| | - Lifeng Han
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yuefei Wang
- Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Miaomiao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai District, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China. .,Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
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4
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Koganti PP, Tu LN, Selvaraj V. Functional metabolite reserves and lipid homeostasis revealed by the MA-10 Leydig cell metabolome. PNAS NEXUS 2022; 1:pgac215. [PMID: 36714831 PMCID: PMC9802464 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgac215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In Leydig cells, intrinsic factors that determine cellular steroidogenic efficiency is of functional interest to decipher and monitor pathophysiology in many contexts. Nevertheless, beyond basic regulation of cholesterol storage and mobilization, systems biology interpretation of the metabolite networks in steroidogenic function is deficient. To reconstruct and describe the different molecular systems regulating steroidogenesis, we profiled the metabolites in resting MA-10 Leydig cells. Our results identified 283-annotated components (82 neutral lipids, 154 membrane lipids, and 47 other metabolites). Neutral lipids were represented by an abundance of triacyglycerols (97.1%), and low levels of cholesterol esters (2.0%). Membrane lipids were represented by an abundance of glycerophospholipids (77.8%), followed by sphingolipids (22.2%). Acylcarnitines, nucleosides, amino acids and their derivatives were the other metabolite classes identified. Among nonlipid metabolites, we recognized substantial reserves of aspartic acid, choline, creatine, betaine, glutamine, homoserine, isoleucine, and pantothenic acid none of which have been previously considered as a requirement in steroidogenic function. Individually limiting use of betaine, choline, or pantothenic acid, during luteinizing hormone-induced steroidogenesis in MA-10 cells resulted in substantial decreases to acute steroidogenic capacity, explained by intermediary metabolite imbalances affecting homeostasis. As such, our dataset represents the current level of baseline characterization and unravels the functional resting state of steroidogenic MA-10 Leydig cells. In identifying metabolite stockpiles and causal mechanisms, these results serve to further comprehend the cellular setup and regulation of steroid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanthi P Koganti
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Lan N Tu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Vimal Selvaraj
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Mousa A, Huynh K, Ellery SJ, Strauss BJ, Joham AE, de Courten B, Meikle PJ, Teede HJ. Novel Lipidomic Signature Associated With Metabolic Risk in Women With and Without Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e1987-e1999. [PMID: 34971378 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Dyslipidemia is a feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and may augment metabolic dysfunction in this population. OBJECTIVE Using comprehensive lipidomic profiling and gold-standard metabolic measures, we examined whether distinct lipid biomarkers were associated with metabolic risk in women with and without PCOS. METHODS Using preexisting data and biobanked samples from 76 women (n = 42 with PCOS), we profiled > 700 lipid species by mass spectrometry. Lipids were compared between women with and without PCOS and correlated with direct measures of adiposity (dual x-ray absorptiometry and computed tomography) and insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp), as well as fasting insulin, HbA1c, and hormonal parameters (luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones; total and free testosterone; sex hormone-binding globulin [SHBG]; and free androgen index [FAI]). Multivariable linear regression was used with correction for multiple testing. RESULTS Despite finding no differences by PCOS status, lysophosphatidylinositol (LPI) species esterified with an 18:0 fatty acid were the strongest lipid species associated with all the metabolic risk factors measured in women with and without PCOS. Across the cohort, higher concentrations of LPI(18:0) and lower concentrations of lipids containing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were associated with higher adiposity, insulin resistance, fasting insulin, HbA1c and FAI, and lower SHBG. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that a distinct lipidomic signature comprising high LPI(18:0) and low DHA-containing lipids are associated with key metabolic risk factors that cluster in PCOS, independent of PCOS status. Prospective studies are needed to corroborate these findings in larger cohorts of women with varying PCOS phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Mousa
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stacey J Ellery
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Boyd J Strauss
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK, Australia
| | - Anju E Joham
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton VIC, Australia
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Helena J Teede
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Spaulding SC, Bollag WB. The role of lipid second messengers in aldosterone synthesis and secretion. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100191. [PMID: 35278411 PMCID: PMC9020094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Second messengers are small rapidly diffusing molecules or ions that relay signals between receptors and effector proteins to produce a physiological effect. Lipid messengers constitute one of the four major classes of second messengers. The hydrolysis of two main classes of lipids, glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids, generate parallel profiles of lipid second messengers: phosphatidic acid (PA), diacylglycerol (DAG), and lysophosphatidic acid versus ceramide, ceramide-1-phosphate, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate, respectively. In this review, we examine the mechanisms by which these lipid second messengers modulate aldosterone production at multiple levels. Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone responsible for maintaining fluid volume, electrolyte balance, and blood pressure homeostasis. Primary aldosteronism is a frequent endocrine cause of secondary hypertension. A thorough understanding of the signaling events regulating aldosterone biosynthesis may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets. The cumulative evidence in this literature emphasizes the critical roles of PA, DAG, and sphingolipid metabolites in aldosterone synthesis and secretion. However, it also highlights the gaps in our knowledge, such as the preference for phospholipase D-generated PA or DAG, as well as the need for further investigation to elucidate the precise mechanisms by which these lipid second messengers regulate optimal aldosterone production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjini C Spaulding
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Research Department, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Lin HM, Mak B, Yeung N, Huynh K, Meikle TG, Mellett NA, Kwan EM, Fettke H, Tran B, Davis ID, Mahon KL, Zhang A, Stockler MR, Briscoe K, Marx G, Crumbaker M, Stricker PD, Du P, Yu J, Jia S, Scheinberg T, Fitzpatrick M, Bonnitcha P, Sullivan DR, Joshua AM, Azad AA, Butler LM, Meikle PJ, Horvath LG. Overcoming enzalutamide resistance in metastatic prostate cancer by targeting sphingosine kinase. EBioMedicine 2021; 72:103625. [PMID: 34656931 PMCID: PMC8526762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intrinsic resistance to androgen receptor signalling inhibitors (ARSI) occurs in 20–30% of men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Ceramide metabolism may have a role in ARSI resistance. Our study's aim is to investigate the association of the ceramide-sphingosine-1-phosphate (ceramide-S1P) signalling axis with ARSI resistance in mCRPC. Methods Lipidomic analysis (∼700 lipids) was performed on plasma collected from 132 men with mCRPC, before commencing enzalutamide or abiraterone. AR gene aberrations in 77 of these men were identified by deep sequencing of circulating tumour DNA. Associations between circulating lipids, radiological progression-free survival (rPFS) and overall survival (OS) were examined by Cox regression. Inhibition of ceramide-S1P signalling with sphingosine kinase (SPHK) inhibitors (PF-543 and ABC294640) on enzalutamide efficacy was investigated with in vitro assays, and transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses of prostate cancer (PC) cell lines (LNCaP, C42B, 22Rv1). Findings Men with elevated circulating ceramide levels had shorter rPFS (HR=2·3, 95% CI=1·5–3·6, p = 0·0004) and shorter OS (HR=2·3, 95% CI=1·4–36, p = 0·0005). The combined presence of an AR aberration with elevated ceramide levels conferred a worse prognosis than the presence of only one or none of these characteristics (median rPFS time = 3·9 vs 8·3 vs 17·7 months; median OS time = 8·9 vs 19·8 vs 34·4 months). SPHK inhibitors enhanced enzalutamide efficacy in PC cell lines. Transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses indicated that enzalutamide combined with SPHK inhibition enhanced PC cell death by SREBP-induced lipotoxicity. Interpretation Ceramide-S1P signalling promotes ARSI resistance, which can be reversed with SPHK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ming Lin
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Blossom Mak
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Chris O' Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicole Yeung
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kevin Huynh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas G Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Edmond M Kwan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heidi Fettke
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Tran
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian D Davis
- Cancer Services, Eastern Health, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia; Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate L Mahon
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia; Chris O' Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alison Zhang
- Chris O' Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martin R Stockler
- Chris O' Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Karen Briscoe
- Mid North Coast Cancer Institute, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gavin Marx
- Sydney Adventist Hospital, Wahroonga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Megan Crumbaker
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia; The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Phillip D Stricker
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pan Du
- Predicine, Inc., Hayward, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Tahlia Scheinberg
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Chris O' Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Paul Bonnitcha
- University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; NSW Health Pathology, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David R Sullivan
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; NSW Health Pathology, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony M Joshua
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia; The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arun A Azad
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School and Freemason's Centre for Male Health and Wellbeing, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa G Horvath
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia; Chris O' Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.
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8
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Pecori Giraldi F, Sesta A, Tapella L, Cassarino MF, Castelli L. Dual effects of 9-cis retinoic acid on ACTH-dependent hyperplastic adrenal tissues. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14315. [PMID: 34253781 PMCID: PMC8275666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoids play a pivotal role in adrenal development and differentiation. Recent clinical trials revealed therapeutic potential of both all-trans and 9-cis retinoic acid in patients with cortisol excess due to a pituitary ACTH-secreting adenoma and indicated that retinoids might act also on the adrenal. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of 9-cis retinoic acid on adrenals from patients with ACTH-dependent Cushing’s syndrome. Adrenal specimens from six patients with Cushing’s disease were incubated with 10 nM–1 µM 9-cis retinoic acid with and without 10 nM ACTH. Cortisol secretion was measured by immunoassay and expression of genes involved in steroidogenesis as well as retinoic acid action were evaluated by real-time RT-PCR. Incubation with 10–100 nM 9-cis retinoic acid increased spontaneous cortisol secretion and expression of STAR and CYP17A. On the other hand, in wells treated with ACTH, 9-cis retinoic acid markedly diminished ACTH receptor upregulation and no stimulatory effect on cortisol secretion or steroidogenic enzyme synthesis was observed. ACTH itself increased ligand-induced retinoic acid receptor expression, possibly enhancing sensitivity to retinoic acid. Our findings indicate that the effect of 9-cis retinoic acid in presence of ACTH is distinct from unchallenged wells and support the hypothesis of a direct adrenal action in patients with Cushing’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pecori Giraldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy. .,Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Via Zucchi 18, 20095, Cusano Milanino, MI, Italy.
| | - Antonella Sesta
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Via Zucchi 18, 20095, Cusano Milanino, MI, Italy
| | - Laura Tapella
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Via Zucchi 18, 20095, Cusano Milanino, MI, Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Cassarino
- Neuroendocrinology Research Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Via Zucchi 18, 20095, Cusano Milanino, MI, Italy
| | - Luigi Castelli
- Ospedale San Carlo, Reparto di Chirurgia, 20037, Paderno Dugnano, MI, Italy
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Khan EA, Zhang X, Hanna EM, Bartosova Z, Yadetie F, Jonassen I, Goksøyr A, Arukwe A. Quantitative transcriptomics, and lipidomics in evaluating ovarian developmental effects in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) caged at a capped marine waste disposal site. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 189:109906. [PMID: 32980003 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a previously capped waste disposal site at Kollevåg (Norway) was selected to study the effects of contaminant leakage on biomarkers associated with Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) reproductive endocrinology and development. Immature cod were caged for 6 weeks at 3 locations, selected to achieve a spatial gradient of contamination, and compared to a reference station. Quantitative transcriptomic, and lipidomic analysis was used to evaluate the effects of the potential complex contaminant mixture on ovarian developmental and endocrine physiology. The number of expressed transcripts, with 0.75 log2-fold differential expression or more, varied among stations and paralleled the severity of contamination. Particularly, significant bioaccumulation of ∑PCB-7, ∑DDTs and ∑PBDEs were observed at station 1, compared to the other station, including the reference station. Respectively 1416, 698 and 719 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), were observed at stations 1, 2 and 3, compared to the reference station, with transcripts belonging to steroid hormone synthesis pathway being significantly upregulation. Transcription factors such as esr2 and ahr2 were increased at all three stations, with highest fold-change at Station 1. MetaCore pathway maps identified affected pathways that are involved in ovarian physiology, where some unique pathways were significantly affected at each station. For the lipidomics, sphingolipid metabolism was particularly affected at station 1, and these effects paralleled the high contaminant burden at this station. Overall, our findings showed a novel and direct association between contaminant burden and ovarian toxicological and endocrine physiological responses in cod caged at the capped Kollevåg waste disposal site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essa A Khan
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Xiaokang Zhang
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, N-5008, Bergen, Norway
| | - Eileen M Hanna
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, N-5008, Bergen, Norway
| | - Zdenka Bartosova
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, NTNU, N-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Fekadu Yadetie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Inge Jonassen
- Computational Biology Unit, Department of Informatics, University of Bergen, N-5008, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), N-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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10
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Maharaj A, Williams J, Bradshaw T, Güran T, Braslavsky D, Casas J, Chan LF, Metherell LA, Prasad R. Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SGPL1) deficiency is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 202:105730. [PMID: 32682944 PMCID: PMC7482430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency in Sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (S1P lyase) is associated with a multi-systemic disorder incorporating primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI), steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome and neurological dysfunction. Accumulation of sphingolipid intermediates, as seen with loss of function mutations in SGPL1, has been implicated in mitochondrial dysregulation, including alterations in mitochondrial membrane potentials and initiation of mitochondrial apoptosis. For the first time, we investigate the impact of S1P lyase deficiency on mitochondrial morphology and function using patient-derived human dermal fibroblasts and CRISPR engineered SGPL1-knockout HeLa cells. Reduced cortisol output in response to progesterone stimulation was observed in two patient dermal fibroblast cell lines. Mass spectrometric analysis of patient dermal fibroblasts revealed significantly elevated levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate, sphingosine, ceramide species and sphingomyelin when compared to control. Total mitochondrial volume was reduced in both S1P lyase deficient patient and HeLa cell lines. Mitochondrial dynamics and parameters of oxidative phosphorylation were altered when compared to matched controls, though differentially across the cell lines. Mitochondrial dysfunction may represent a major event in the pathogenesis of this disease, associated with severity of phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maharaj
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Williams
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - T Bradshaw
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - T Güran
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - D Braslavsky
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. Cesar Bergadá" (CEDIE) - CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños "Ricardo Gutiérrez", Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - J Casas
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, IQAC-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L F Chan
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - L A Metherell
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - R Prasad
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom.
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11
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Werth S, Müller-Fielitz H, Raasch W. Obesity-stimulated aldosterone release is not related to an S1P-dependent mechanism. J Endocrinol 2017; 235:251-265. [PMID: 28970286 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone has been identified as an important factor in obesity-associated hypertension. Here, we investigated whether sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which has previously been linked to obesity, increases aldosterone release. S1P-induced aldosterone release was determined in NCI H295R cells in the presence of S1P receptor (S1PR) antagonists. In vivo release of S1P (100-300 µg/kgbw) was investigated in pithed, lean Sprague Dawley (SD) rats, diet-obese spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHRs), as well as in lean or obese Zucker rats. Aldosterone secretion was increased in NCI H295R cells by S1P, the selective S1PR1 agonist SEW2871 and the selective S1PR2 antagonist JTE013. Treatment with the S1PR1 antagonist W146 or fingolimod and the S1PR1/3 antagonist VPbib2319 decreased baseline and/or S1P-stimulated aldosterone release. Compared to saline-treated SD rats, plasma aldosterone increased by ~50 pg/mL after infusing S1P. Baseline levels of S1P and aldosterone were higher in obese than in lean SHRs. Adrenal S1PR expression did not differ between chow- or CD-fed rats that had the highest S1PR1 and lowest S1PR4 levels. S1P induced a short-lasting increase in plasma aldosterone in obese, but not in lean SHRs. However, 2-ANOVA did not demonstrate any difference between lean and obese rats. S1P-induced aldosterone release was also similar between obese and lean Zucker rats. We conclude that S1P is a local regulator of aldosterone production. S1PR1 agonism induces an increase in aldosterone secretion, while stimulating adrenal S1PR2 receptor suppresses aldosterone production. A significant role of S1P in influencing aldosterone secretion in states of obesity seems unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Werth
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Helge Müller-Fielitz
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- CBBM (Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism)Lübeck, Germany
| | - Walter Raasch
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- CBBM (Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism)Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research)partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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12
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Lee SY, Lee HY, Song JH, Kim GT, Jeon S, Song YJ, Lee JS, Hur JH, Oh HH, Park SY, Shim SM, Yoo HJ, Lee BC, Jiang XC, Choi CS, Park TS. Adipocyte-Specific Deficiency of De Novo Sphingolipid Biosynthesis Leads to Lipodystrophy and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2017; 66:2596-2609. [PMID: 28698261 PMCID: PMC7970771 DOI: 10.2337/db16-1232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids have been implicated in the etiology of chronic metabolic diseases. Here, we investigated whether sphingolipid biosynthesis is associated with the development of adipose tissues and metabolic diseases. SPTLC2, a subunit of serine palmitoyltransferase, was transcriptionally upregulated in the adipose tissues of obese mice and in differentiating adipocytes. Adipocyte-specific SPTLC2-deficient (aSPTLC2 KO) mice had markedly reduced adipose tissue mass. Fatty acids that were destined for the adipose tissue were instead shunted to liver and caused hepatosteatosis. This impaired fat distribution caused systemic insulin resistance and hyperglycemia, indicating severe lipodystrophy. Mechanistically, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) was reduced in the adipose tissues of aSPTLC2 KO mice, and this inhibited adipocyte proliferation and differentiation via the downregulation of S1P receptor 1 and decreased activity of the peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor γ. In addition, downregulation of SREBP (sterol regulatory element-binding protein)-1c prevented adipogenesis of aSPTLC2 KO adipocytes. Collectively, our observations suggest that the tight regulation of de novo sphingolipid biosynthesis and S1P signaling plays an important role in adipogenesis and hepatosteatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yeon Lee
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Hui-Young Lee
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jae-Hwi Song
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Goon-Tae Kim
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Suwon Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Yoo-Jeong Song
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea
| | - Jae Sung Lee
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jang-Ho Hur
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Hee Oh
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Shi-Young Park
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Soon-Mi Shim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo Yoo
- Biomedical Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Cheon Lee
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Xian-Cheng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Cheol Soo Choi
- Korea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
- Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Tae-Sik Park
- Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Sungnam, Korea
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13
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Rodriguez-Cuenca S, Pellegrinelli V, Campbell M, Oresic M, Vidal-Puig A. Sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids - The "ying and yang" of lipotoxicity in metabolic diseases. Prog Lipid Res 2017; 66:14-29. [PMID: 28104532 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sphingolipids in general and ceramides in particular, contribute to pathophysiological mechanisms by modifying signalling and metabolic pathways. Here, we present the available evidence for a bidirectional homeostatic crosstalk between sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids, whose dysregulation contributes to lipotoxicity induced metabolic stress. The initial evidence for this crosstalk originates from simulated models designed to investigate the biophysical properties of sphingolipids in plasma membrane representations. In this review, we reinterpret some of the original findings and conceptualise them as a sort of "ying/yang" interaction model of opposed/complementary forces, which is consistent with the current knowledge of lipid homeostasis and pathophysiology. We also propose that the dysregulation of the balance between sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids results in a lipotoxic insult relevant in the pathophysiology of common metabolic diseases, typically characterised by their increased ceramide/sphingosine pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rodriguez-Cuenca
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK.
| | - V Pellegrinelli
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK
| | - M Campbell
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK
| | - M Oresic
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI -20520 Turku, Finland
| | - A Vidal-Puig
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge. Cambridge, UK; Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
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14
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Janecke AR, Xu R, Steichen-Gersdorf E, Waldegger S, Entenmann A, Giner T, Krainer I, Huber LA, Hess MW, Frishberg Y, Barash H, Tzur S, Schreyer-Shafir N, Sukenik-Halevy R, Zehavi T, Raas-Rothschild A, Mao C, Müller T. Deficiency of the sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase SGPL1 is associated with congenital nephrotic syndrome and congenital adrenal calcifications. Hum Mutat 2017; 38:365-372. [PMID: 28181337 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We identified two unrelated consanguineous families with three children affected by the rare association of congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) diagnosed in the first days of life, of hypogonadism, and of prenatally detected adrenal calcifications, associated with congenital adrenal insufficiency in one case. Using exome sequencing and targeted Sanger sequencing, two homozygous truncating mutations, c.1513C>T (p.Arg505*) and c.934delC (p.Leu312Phefs*30), were identified in SGPL1-encoding sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) lyase 1. SGPL1 catalyzes the irreversible degradation of endogenous and dietary S1P, the final step of sphingolipid catabolism, and of other phosphorylated long-chain bases. S1P is an intracellular and extracellular signaling molecule involved in angiogenesis, vascular maturation, and immunity. The levels of SGPL1 substrates, S1P, and sphingosine were markedly increased in the patients' blood and fibroblasts, as determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Vascular alterations were present in a patient's renal biopsy, in line with changes seen in Sgpl1 knockout mice that are compatible with a developmental defect in vascular maturation. In conclusion, loss of SGPL1 function is associated with CNS, adrenal calcifications, and hypogonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas R Janecke
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Division of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ruijuan Xu
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York.,Stony Brook Cancer Center at State University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York
| | | | - Siegfried Waldegger
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Entenmann
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thomas Giner
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iris Krainer
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas A Huber
- Division of Cell Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael W Hess
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Yaacov Frishberg
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hila Barash
- Institute of Rare Diseases, Institute of Genetics, Sheba Medical center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Shay Tzur
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel.,Genomic Research Department, Emedgene Technologies, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Rivka Sukenik-Halevy
- Genetics Institute, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel.,Sackler school of medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Tania Zehavi
- Department of Pathology, Meir Medical center, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Annick Raas-Rothschild
- Institute of Rare Diseases, Institute of Genetics, Sheba Medical center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler school of medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Cungui Mao
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York.,Stony Brook Cancer Center at State University of New York (SUNY) at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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15
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Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review fundamentals in adrenal gland histophysiology. Key findings regarding the important signaling pathways involved in the regulation of steroidogenesis and adrenal growth are summarized. We illustrate how adrenal gland morphology and function are deeply interconnected in which novel signaling pathways (Wnt, Sonic hedgehog, Notch, β-catenin) or ionic channels are required for their integrity. Emphasis is given to exploring the mechanisms and challenges underlying the regulation of proliferation, growth, and functionality. Also addressed is the fact that while it is now well-accepted that steroidogenesis results from an enzymatic shuttle between mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum, key questions still remain on the various aspects related to cellular uptake and delivery of free cholesterol. The significant progress achieved over the past decade regarding the precise molecular mechanisms by which the two main regulators of adrenal cortex, adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and angiotensin II act on their receptors is reviewed, including structure-activity relationships and their potential applications. Particular attention has been given to crucial second messengers and how various kinases, phosphatases, and cytoskeleton-associated proteins interact to ensure homeostasis and/or meet physiological demands. References to animal studies are also made in an attempt to unravel associated clinical conditions. Many of the aspects addressed in this article still represent a challenge for future studies, their outcome aimed at providing evidence that the adrenal gland, through its steroid hormones, occupies a central position in many situations where homeostasis is disrupted, thus highlighting the relevance of exploring and understanding how this key organ is regulated. © 2014 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 4:889-964, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Gallo-Payet
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, and Centre de Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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16
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Zhang Z, Chen L, Wang H, Ahmad N, Liu X. Inhibition of Plk1 represses androgen signaling pathway in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2142-8. [PMID: 25927139 PMCID: PMC4612397 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1041689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death in males in the United States. Majority of prostate cancers are originally androgen-dependent and sensitive to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT), however, most of them eventually relapse and progress into incurable castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Of note, the activity of androgen receptor (AR) is still required in CRPC stage. The mitotic kinase polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1) is significantly elevated in PCa and its expression correlates with tumor grade. In this study, we assess the effects of Plk1 on AR signaling in both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent PCa cells. We demonstrate that the expression level of Plk1 correlated with tumorigenicity and that inhibition of Plk1 caused reduction of AR expression and AR activity. Furthermore, Plk1 inhibitor BI2536 down-regulated SREBP-dependent expression of enzymes involved in androgen biosynthesis. Of interest, Plk1 level was also reduced when AR activity was inhibited by the antagonist MDV3100. Finally, we show that BI2536 treatment significantly inhibited tumor growth in LNCaP CRPC xenografts. Overall, our data support the concept that Plk1 inhibitor such as BI2536 prevents AR signaling pathway and might have therapeutic potential for CRPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology; China Agricultural University; Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Biochemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Hexiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology; China Agricultural University; Beijing, China
| | - Nihal Ahmad
- Department of Dermatology; University of Wisconsin; Madison, WI USA
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry; Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN USA
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17
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Wang X, Han J, Pan J, Borchers CH. Comprehensive Imaging of Porcine Adrenal Gland Lipids by MALDI-FTMS Using Quercetin as a Matrix. Anal Chem 2013; 86:638-46. [DOI: 10.1021/ac404044k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- University of Victoria - Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver Island Technology Park,
#3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Jun Han
- University of Victoria - Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver Island Technology Park,
#3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Jingxi Pan
- University of Victoria - Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver Island Technology Park,
#3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada
| | - Christoph H. Borchers
- University of Victoria - Genome British Columbia Proteomics Centre, Vancouver Island Technology Park,
#3101-4464 Markham St., Victoria, BC V8Z 7X8, Canada
- Department
of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Petch Building
Room 207, 3800 Finnerty Rd., Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
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18
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Sewer MB, Li D. Regulation of adrenocortical steroid hormone production by RhoA-diaphanous 1 signaling and the cytoskeleton. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 371. [PMID: 23186810 PMCID: PMC3926866 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The production of glucocorticoids and aldosterone in the adrenal cortex is regulated at multiple levels. Biosynthesis of these hormones is initiated when cholesterol, the substrate, enters the inner mitochondrial membrane for conversion to pregnenolone. Unlike most metabolic pathways, the biosynthesis of adrenocortical steroid hormones is unique because some of the enzymes are localized in mitochondria and others in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Although much is known about the factors that control the transcription and activities of the proteins that are required for steroid hormone production, the parameters that govern the exchange of substrates between the ER and mitochondria are less well understood. This short review summarizes studies that have begun to provide insight into the role of the cytoskeleton, mitochondrial transport, and the physical interaction of the ER and mitochondria in the production of adrenocortical steroid hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion B Sewer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0704, USA.
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19
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Cai K, Sewer MB. cAMP-stimulated transcription of DGKθ requires steroidogenic factor 1 and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2121-2132. [PMID: 23610160 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m035634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK)θ is a lipid kinase that phosphorylates diacylglycerol to form phosphatidic acid (PA). We have previously shown that PA is a ligand for the nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) and that cAMP-stimulated expression of SF1 target genes requires DGKθ. In this study, we sought to investigate the role of cAMP signaling in regulating DGKθ gene expression. Real time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis revealed that dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2cAMP) increased the mRNA and protein expression, respectively, of DGKθ in H295R human adrenocortical cells. SF1 and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1) increased the transcriptional activity of a reporter plasmid containing 1.5 kb of the DGKθ promoter fused to the luciferase gene. Mutation of putative cAMP responsive sequences abolished SF1- and SREBP-dependent DGKθ reporter gene activation. Consistent with this finding, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that Bt2cAMP signaling increased the recruitment of SF1 and SREBP1 to the DGKθ promoter. Coimmunoprecipitation assay revealed that SF1 and SREBP1 interact, suggesting that the two transcription factors form a complex on the DGKθ promoter. Finally, silencing SF1 and SREBP1 abolished cAMP-stimulated DGKθ expression. Taken together, we demonstrate that SF1 and SREBP1 activate DGKθ transcription in a cAMP-dependent manner in human adrenocortical cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Cai
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Marion B Sewer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.
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20
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Maqdasy S, Baptissart M, Vega A, Baron S, Lobaccaro JMA, Volle DH. Cholesterol and male fertility: what about orphans and adopted? Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 368:30-46. [PMID: 22766106 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The link between cholesterol homeostasis and male fertility has been clearly suggested in patients who suffer from hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome. This has been confirmed by the generation of several transgenic mouse models or in animals fed with high cholesterol diet. Next to the alteration of the endocrine signaling pathways through steroid receptors (androgen and estrogen receptors); "orphan" and "adopted" nuclear receptors, such as the Liver X Receptors (LXRs), the Proliferating Peroxisomal Activated Receptors (PPARs) or the Liver Receptor Homolog-1 (LRH-1), have been involved in this cross-talk. These transcription factors show distinct expression patterns in the male genital tract, explaining the large panel of phenotypes observed in transgenic male mice and highlighting the importance of lipid homesostasis and the complexity of the molecular pathways involved. Increasing our knowledge of the roles of these nuclear receptors in male germ cell differentiation could help in proposing new approaches to either treat infertile men or define new strategies for contraception.
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21
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Acid ceramidase (ASAH1) represses steroidogenic factor 1-dependent gene transcription in H295R human adrenocortical cells by binding to the receptor. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:4419-31. [PMID: 22927646 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00378-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) signaling increases glucocorticoid production by promoting the interaction of transcription factors and coactivator proteins with the promoter of steroidogenic genes. The nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) is essential for steroidogenic gene transcription. Sphingosine (SPH) is a ligand for SF-1. Moreover, suppression of expression of acid ceramidase (ASAH1), an enzyme that produces SPH, increases the transcription of multiple steroidogenic genes. Given that SF-1 is a nuclear protein, we sought to define the molecular mechanisms by which ASAH1 regulates SF-1 function. We show that ASAH1 is localized in the nuclei of H295R adrenocortical cells and that cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling promotes nuclear sphingolipid metabolism in an ASAH1-dependent manner. ASAH1 suppresses SF-1 activity by directly interacting with the receptor. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that ASAH1 is recruited to the promoter of various SF-1 target genes and that ASAH1 and SF-1 colocalize on the same promoter region of the CYP17A1 and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) genes. Taken together, these results demonstrate that ASAH1 is a novel coregulatory protein that represses SF-1 function by directly binding to the receptor on SF-1 target gene promoters and identify a key role for nuclear lipid metabolism in regulating gene transcription.
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22
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Johnson KJ, Heger NE, Boekelheide K. Of mice and men (and rats): phthalate-induced fetal testis endocrine disruption is species-dependent. Toxicol Sci 2012; 129:235-48. [PMID: 22700540 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For over 15 years, reproductive toxicologists have explored the physiological outcomes and mechanism of fetal phthalate exposure to determine the risk posed to human male reproductive health. This review examines the fetal male reproductive system response to phthalate exposure across species including rat, mouse, and human, with emphasis on the testis. In the rat, in utero phthalate exposure causes male reproductive tract malformations, in large part, by targeting the testis and inhibiting fetal Leydig cell hormone production. Despite mouse phthalate pharmacokinetics being similar to the rat, inhibition of fetal Leydig cell hormone synthesis is not observed in the mouse. The species-specific differences in testicular response following in utero phthalate exposure and the discordant reaction of the rodent fetal testis when exposed to phthalates ex vivo versus in vivo have made determining risk to humans difficult, yet critically important. The recent use of fetal testis xenotransplants to study phthalate toxicity suggests that the human fetal testis responds like the mouse fetal testis; it appears refractory to phthalate-induced inhibition of testosterone production. Although this result is unfulfilling from the perspective of identifying environmental contributions to human reproductive maldevelopment, it has important implications for phthalate risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamin J Johnson
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, USA.
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Lucki NC, Bandyopadhyay S, Wang E, Merrill AH, Sewer MB. Acid ceramidase (ASAH1) is a global regulator of steroidogenic capacity and adrenocortical gene expression. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:228-43. [PMID: 22261821 PMCID: PMC3275158 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In H295R human adrenocortical cells, ACTH rapidly activates ceramide (Cer) and sphingosine (SPH) turnover with a concomitant increase in SPH-1-phosphate secretion. These bioactive lipids modulate adrenocortical steroidogenesis, primarily by acting as second messengers in the protein kinase A/cAMP-dependent pathway. Acid ceramidase (ASAH1) directly regulates the intracellular balance of Cer, SPH, and SPH-1-phosphate by catalyzing the hydrolysis of Cer into SPH. ACTH/cAMP signaling stimulates ASAH1 transcription and activity, supporting a role for this enzyme in glucocorticoid production. Here, the role of ASAH1 in regulating steroidogenic capacity was examined using a tetracycline-inducible ASAH1 short hairpin RNA H295R human adrenocortical stable cell line. We show that ASAH1 suppression increases the transcription of multiple steroidogenic genes, including Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP)17A1, CYP11B1/2, CYP21A2, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, hormone-sensitive lipase, 18-kDa translocator protein, and the melanocortin-2 receptor. Induced gene expression positively correlated with enhanced histone H3 acetylation at target promoters. Repression of ASAH1 expression also induced the expression of members of the nuclear receptor nuclear receptor subfamily 4 (NR4A) family while concomitantly suppressing the expression of dosage-sensitive sex reversal, adrenal hypoplasia critical region, on chromosome X, gene 1. ASAH1 knockdown altered the expression of genes involved in sphingolipid metabolism and changed the cellular amounts of distinct sphingolipid species. Finally, ASAH1 silencing increased basal and cAMP-dependent cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone secretion, establishing ASAH1 as a pivotal regulator of steroidogenic capacity in the human adrenal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C Lucki
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230, USA
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Lucki NC, Li D, Sewer MB. Sphingosine-1-phosphate rapidly increases cortisol biosynthesis and the expression of genes involved in cholesterol uptake and transport in H295R adrenocortical cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:165-75. [PMID: 21864647 PMCID: PMC3508734 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the acute phase of adrenocortical steroidogenesis, adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) activates a cAMP/PKA-signaling pathway that promotes the transport of free cholesterol to the inner mitochondrial membrane. We have previously shown that ACTH rapidly stimulates the metabolism of sphingolipids and the secretion of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in H295R cells. In this study, we examined the effect of S1P on genes involved in the acute phase of steroidogenesis. We show that S1P increases the expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO), low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), and scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI). S1P-induced StAR mRNA expression requires Gα(i) signaling, phospholipase C (PLC), Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CamKII), and ERK1/2 activation. S1P also increases intracellular Ca(2+), the phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) at Ser(563), and cortisol secretion. Collectively, these findings identify multiple roles for S1P in the regulation of glucocorticoid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C. Lucki
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230
| | - Donghui Li
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0704
| | - Marion B. Sewer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0704
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25
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Lubik AA, Gunter JH, Hendy SC, Locke JA, Adomat HH, Thompson V, Herington A, Gleave ME, Pollak M, Nelson CC. Insulin increases de novo steroidogenesis in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2011; 71:5754-64. [PMID: 21747118 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Androgen-dependent pathways regulate maintenance and growth of normal and malignant prostate tissues. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) exploits this dependence and is used to treat metastatic prostate cancer; however, regression initially seen with ADT gives way to development of incurable castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Although ADT generates a therapeutic response, it is also associated with a pattern of metabolic alterations consistent with metabolic syndrome including elevated circulating insulin. Because CRPC cells are capable of synthesizing androgens de novo, we hypothesized that insulin may also influence steroidogenesis in CRPC. In this study, we examined this hypothesis by evaluating the effect of insulin on steroid synthesis in prostate cancer cell lines. Treatment with 10 nmol/L insulin increased mRNA and protein expression of steroidogenesis enzymes and upregulated the insulin receptor substrate insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2). Similarly, insulin treatment upregulated intracellular testosterone levels and secreted androgens, with the concentrations of steroids observed similar to the levels reported in prostate cancer patients. With similar potency to dihydrotestosterone, insulin treatment resulted in increased mRNA expression of prostate-specific antigen. CRPC progression also correlated with increased expression of IRS-2 and insulin receptor in vivo. Taken together, our findings support the hypothesis that the elevated insulin levels associated with therapeutic castration may exacerbate progression of prostate cancer to incurable CRPC in part by enhancing steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy A Lubik
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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26
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Miller WL, Auchus RJ. The molecular biology, biochemistry, and physiology of human steroidogenesis and its disorders. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:81-151. [PMID: 21051590 PMCID: PMC3365799 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1412] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Steroidogenesis entails processes by which cholesterol is converted to biologically active steroid hormones. Whereas most endocrine texts discuss adrenal, ovarian, testicular, placental, and other steroidogenic processes in a gland-specific fashion, steroidogenesis is better understood as a single process that is repeated in each gland with cell-type-specific variations on a single theme. Thus, understanding steroidogenesis is rooted in an understanding of the biochemistry of the various steroidogenic enzymes and cofactors and the genes that encode them. The first and rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis is the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone by a single enzyme, P450scc (CYP11A1), but this enzymatically complex step is subject to multiple regulatory mechanisms, yielding finely tuned quantitative regulation. Qualitative regulation determining the type of steroid to be produced is mediated by many enzymes and cofactors. Steroidogenic enzymes fall into two groups: cytochrome P450 enzymes and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. A cytochrome P450 may be either type 1 (in mitochondria) or type 2 (in endoplasmic reticulum), and a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase may belong to either the aldo-keto reductase or short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase families. The activities of these enzymes are modulated by posttranslational modifications and by cofactors, especially electron-donating redox partners. The elucidation of the precise roles of these various enzymes and cofactors has been greatly facilitated by identifying the genetic bases of rare disorders of steroidogenesis. Some enzymes not principally involved in steroidogenesis may also catalyze extraglandular steroidogenesis, modulating the phenotype expected to result from some mutations. Understanding steroidogenesis is of fundamental importance to understanding disorders of sexual differentiation, reproduction, fertility, hypertension, obesity, and physiological homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Distinguished Professor of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0978, USA.
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Johnson KJ, McDowell EN, Viereck MP, Xia JQ. Species-specific dibutyl phthalate fetal testis endocrine disruption correlates with inhibition of SREBP2-dependent gene expression pathways. Toxicol Sci 2011; 120:460-74. [PMID: 21266533 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal rat phthalate exposure produces a spectrum of male reproductive tract malformations downstream of reduced Leydig cell testosterone production, but the molecular mechanism of phthalate perturbation of Leydig cell function is not well understood. By bioinformatically examining fetal testis expression microarray data sets from susceptible (rat) and resistant (mouse) species after dibutyl phthalate (DBP) exposure, we identified decreased expression of several metabolic pathways in both species. However, lipid metabolism pathways transcriptionally regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) were inhibited in the rat but induced in the mouse, and this differential species response corresponded with repression of the steroidogenic pathway. In rats exposed to 100 or 500 mg/kg DBP from gestational days (GD) 16 to 20, a correlation was observed between GD20 testis steroidogenic inhibition and reductions of testis cholesterol synthesis endpoints including testis total cholesterol levels, Srebf2 gene expression, and cholesterol synthesis pathway gene expression. SREBP2 expression was detected in all fetal rat testis cells but was highest in Leydig cells. Quantification of SREBP2 immunostaining showed that 500 mg/kg DBP exposure significantly reduced SREBP2 expression in rat fetal Leydig cells but not in seminiferous cords. By Western analysis, total rat testis SREBP2 levels were not altered by DBP exposure. Together, these data suggest that phthalate-induced inhibition of fetal testis steroidogenesis is closely associated with reduced activity of several lipid metabolism pathways and SREBP2-dependent cholesterologenesis in Leydig cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamin J Johnson
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware 19803, USA.
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Worgall TS. Sphingolipid Synthetic Pathways are Major Regulators of Lipid Homeostasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 721:139-48. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0650-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lucki NC, Sewer MB. The interplay between bioactive sphingolipids and steroid hormones. Steroids 2010; 75:390-9. [PMID: 20138078 PMCID: PMC2854287 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2010.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones regulate various physiological processes including development, reproduction, and metabolism. These regulatory molecules are synthesized from cholesterol in endocrine organs - such as the adrenal glands and gonads - via a multi-step enzymatic process that is catalyzed by the cytochrome P450 superfamily of monooxygenases and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Steroidogenesis is induced by trophic peptide hormones primarily via the activation of a cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent pathway. However, other signaling molecules, including cytokines and growth factors, control the steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway. More recently, sphingolipids, including ceramide, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and sphingosine, have been found to modulate steroid hormone secretion at multiple levels. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the mechanisms by which sphingolipids regulate steroidogenesis. In addition, we discuss how steroid hormones control sphingolipid metabolism. Finally, we outline evidence supporting the emerging role of bioactive sphingolipids in various nuclear processes and discuss a role for nuclear sphingolipid metabolism in the control of gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C. Lucki
- School of Biology and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, GA 30332
| | - Marion B. Sewer
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0704, La Jolla, CA 92093
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30
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SIVILS JEFFREYC, GONZALEZ IVEN, BAIN LISAJ. Mice lacking Mrp1 have reduced testicular steroid hormone levels and alterations in steroid biosynthetic enzymes. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 167:51-9. [PMID: 20178799 PMCID: PMC2862834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1) is a member of the ABC active transporter family that can transport several steroid hormone conjugates, including 17beta-estradiol glucuronide, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and estrone 3-sulfate. The present study investigated the role that MRP1 plays in maintaining proper hormone levels in the serum and testes. Serum and testicular steroid hormone levels were examined in both wild-type mice and Mrp1 null mice. Serum testosterone levels were reduced 5-fold in mice lacking Mrp1, while testicular androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were significantly reduced by 1.7- to 4.5-fold in Mrp1 knockout mice. Investigating the mechanisms responsible for the reduction in steroid hormones in Mrp1-/- mice revealed no differences in the expression or activity of enzymes that inactivate steroids, the sulfotransferases or glucuronosyltransferases. However, steroid biosynthetic enzyme levels in the testes were altered. Cyp17 protein levels were increased by 1.6-fold, while Cyp17 activity using progesterone as a substrate was also increased by 1.4- to 2.0-fold in mice lacking Mrp1. Additionally, the ratio of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase to 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, and steroidogenic factor 1 to 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were significantly increased in the testes of Mrp1-/- mice. These results indicate that Mrp1-/- mice have lowered steroid hormones levels, and suggests that upregulation of steroid biosynthetic enzymes may be an attempt to maintain proper steroid hormone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- JEFFREY C. SIVILS
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - IVEN GONZALEZ
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - LISA J. BAIN
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
- Address correspondence to: Lisa Bain, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634. Phone: 1-864-656-5050; FAX: 1-864- 656-0435;
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31
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Lloyd-Evans E, Platt FM. Lipids on trial: the search for the offending metabolite in Niemann-Pick type C disease. Traffic 2010; 11:419-28. [PMID: 20059748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01032.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick disease type C is a complex lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in either the NPC1 or NPC2 genes that is characterized at the cellular level by the storage of multiple lipids, defective lysosomal calcium homeostasis and unique trafficking defects. We review the potential role of each of the individual storage lipids in initiating the pathogenic cascade and propose a model of NPC1 and NPC2 function based on the current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK.
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32
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Locke JA, Fazli L, Adomat H, Smyl J, Weins K, Lubik AA, Hales DB, Nelson CC, Gleave ME, Tomlinson Guns ES. A novel communication role for CYP17A1 in the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2009; 69:928-37. [PMID: 19267349 DOI: 10.1002/pros.20940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CYP17A1 is currently a target for total androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer (CaP) patients. After castration, or removal of testicular androgens, CYP17A1 can act as a rate-limiting enzyme in androgen synthesis from cholesterol or other adrenal precursors within the tumor microenvironment ultimately contributing to disease progression. Herein we provide evidence that CYP17A1 could also be a mediator of cell-to-cell communication within the CaP tumor microenvironment. METHODS CYP17A1 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis of human tumor sections and Western blot analysis of CaP patients' serum and exosome isolates. CYP17A1 activity assays were conducted in human serum (and positive control human liver and kidney microsomes) using progesterone as a precursor and an LC-MS endpoint. RESULTS These studies revealed that the expression pattern of CYP17A1 is typical of a secretory protein as it is localized to the luminal pole of the cells in exocrine secretory mode. CYP17A1 is expressed in human serum and in fact is elevated in the serum of CaP patients as compared to healthy controls. Serum CYP17A1 activity could not be confirmed, however, verification of CYP17A1 expression in exosomes suggests a role in cell-to-cell communication within the tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSIONS CYP17A1 is a crucial enzyme for de novo androgen synthesis within the tumor microenvironment after removal of testicular androgens by castration. We provide evidence for a novel role for CYP17A1 in serum and further reiterate the importance of targeting this enzyme in CaP progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Locke
- Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, The Prostate Centre at Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Lucki N, Sewer MB. The cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) regulates the expression of acid ceramidase (ASAH1) in H295R human adrenocortical cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2009; 1791:706-13. [PMID: 19298866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Acid ceramidase (encoded by ASAH1) is a lipid hydrolase that catalyzes the conversion of ceramide (cer) into sphingosine (SPH) and a free fatty acid. Adrenocortical steroidogenesis is regulated by the trophic peptide hormone adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), which induces the expression of steroidogenic genes in the human adrenal cortex primarily via a cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent pathway. ACTH also stimulates sphingolipid metabolism in H295R adrenocortical cells leading to changes in steroidogenic gene expression. Based on our previous data identifying SPH as an antagonist for the nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) and the role of ACTH-stimulated changes in sphingolipid metabolism on steroidogenic gene transcription, the aim of the current study was to determine the role of ACTH signaling in regulating the expression of the ASAH1 gene in H295R cells. We show that activation of the ACTH signaling pathway induces ASAH1 gene expression by stimulating the binding of the cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) to multiple regions of the ASAH1 promoter. CREB binding promotes the recruitment of the coactivators CREB binding protein (CBP) and p300 to the CREB-responsive regions of the promoter. Consistent with transcriptional activation, we show that cAMP signaling increases the trimethylation of Lys 4 on histone H3 (H3K4) along the ASAH1 promoter. Finally, RNA interference (RNAi) experiments demonstrate that CREB is indispensable for cAMP-induced ASAH1 transcription. These data identify the ACTH/cAMP signaling pathway and CREB as transcriptional regulators of the ASAH1 gene in the human adrenal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Lucki
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230, USA
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34
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Sewer MB, Jagarlapudi S. Complex assembly on the human CYP17 promoter. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 300:109-14. [PMID: 19007851 PMCID: PMC2754694 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Optimal steroid hormone biosynthesis occurs via the integration of multiple regulatory processes, one of which entails a coordinate increase in the transcription of all genes required for steroidogenesis. In the human adrenal cortex adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) activates a signaling cascade that promotes the dynamic assembly of protein complexes on the promoters of steroidogenic genes. For CYP17, multiple transcription factors, including steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), GATA-6, and sterol regulatory binding protein 1 (SREBP1), are recruited to the promoter during activated transcription. The ability of these factors to increase CYP17 mRNA expression requires the formation of higher order coregulatory complexes, many of which contain enzymatic activities that post-translationally modify both the transcription factors and histones. We discuss the mechanisms by which transcription factors and coregulatory proteins regulate CYP17 transcription and summarize the role of kinases, phosphatases, acetyltransferases, and histone deacetylases in controlling CYP17 mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion B Sewer
- School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States.
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35
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Niemann-Pick disease type C1 is a sphingosine storage disease that causes deregulation of lysosomal calcium. Nat Med 2008; 14:1247-55. [PMID: 18953351 DOI: 10.1038/nm.1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 646] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) disease is a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the acidic compartment (which we define as the late endosome and the lysosome) protein, NPC1. The function of NPC1 is unknown, but when it is dysfunctional, sphingosine, glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin and cholesterol accumulate. We have found that NPC1-mutant cells have a large reduction in the acidic compartment calcium store compared to wild-type cells. Chelating luminal endocytic calcium in normal cells with high-affinity Rhod-dextran induced an NPC disease cellular phenotype. In a drug-induced NPC disease cellular model, sphingosine storage in the acidic compartment led to calcium depletion in these organelles, which then resulted in cholesterol, sphingomyelin and glycosphingolipid storage in these compartments. Sphingosine storage is therefore an initiating factor in NPC1 disease pathogenesis that causes altered calcium homeostasis, leading to the secondary storage of sphingolipids and cholesterol. This unique calcium phenotype represents a new target for therapeutic intervention, as elevation of cytosolic calcium with curcumin normalized NPC1 disease cellular phenotypes and prolonged survival of the NPC1 mouse.
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36
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Sewer MB, Li D. Regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis by the cytoskeleton. Lipids 2008; 43:1109-15. [PMID: 18726632 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-008-3221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Steroid hormones are synthesized in response to signaling cascades initiated by the trophic peptide hormones derived from the anterior pituitary. The mechanisms by which these peptide hormones regulate steroid hormone production are multifaceted and include controlling the transcription of steroidogenic genes, regulating cholesterol (substrate) uptake and transport, modulating steroidogenic enzyme activity, and controlling electron availability. Cytoskeletal polymers such as microfilaments and microtubules have also been implicated in regulating steroidogenesis. Of note, steroidogenesis is a multi-step process that occurs in two organelles, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the mitochondrion. However, the precise mechanism by which substrates are delivered back and forth between these two organelles is unknown. In this review we will discuss the role of components of the cytoskeleton in conferring optimal steroidogenic potential. Finally, we present data that identifying a novel mechanism by which sphingosine-1-phosphate induces mitochondrial trafficking to promote steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion B Sewer
- School of Biology and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230, USA.
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37
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Abstract
Steroid hormones are essential regulators of a vast number of physiological processes. The biosynthesis of these chemical messengers occurs in specialized steroidogenic tissues via a multi-step process that is catalyzed by members of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of monooxygenases and hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases. Though numerous signaling mediators, including cytokines and growth factors control steroidogenesis, trophic peptide hormones are the primary regulators of steroid hormone production. These peptide hormones activate a cAMP/cAMP-dependent kinase (PKA) signaling pathway, however, studies have shown that crosstalk between multiple signal transduction pathways and signaling molecules modulates optimal steroidogenic capacity. Sphingolipids such as ceramide, sphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, sphingomyelin, and gangliosides have been shown to control the steroid hormone biosynthetic pathway at multiple levels, including regulating steroidogenic gene expression and activity as well as acting as second messengers in signaling cascades. In this review, we provide an overview of recent studies that have investigated the role of sphingolipids in adrenal, gonadal, and neural steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha C Lucki
- School of Biology and Parker H, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230, USA
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38
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Sewer MB, Dammer EB, Jagarlapudi S. Transcriptional regulation of adrenocortical steroidogenic gene expression. Drug Metab Rev 2007; 39:371-88. [PMID: 17786627 DOI: 10.1080/03602530701498828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
By serving as ligands for nuclear and plasma membrane receptors, steroid hormones are key regulators of a diverse array of physiological processes. These hormones are synthesized from cholesterol in tissues such as the adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes, and placenta. Because steroid hormones control the expression of numerous genes, steroidogenic cells utilize multiple mechanisms that ensure tight control of the synthesis of these molecules. This review will give an overview of the molecular mechanisms by which the expression of steroidogenic genes is regulated in the human adrenal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion B Sewer
- School of Biology and Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230, USA.
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Alvarez SE, Milstien S, Spiegel S. Autocrine and paracrine roles of sphingosine-1-phosphate. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2007; 18:300-7. [PMID: 17904858 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite that has been implicated in many biological processes, including cell migration, survival, proliferation, angiogenesis and immune and allergic responses. S1P levels inside cells are regulated tightly by the balance between its synthesis by sphingosine kinases and degradation by S1P lyases and S1P phosphatases. Activation of sphingosine kinase by any of a variety of agonists increases S1P levels, which in turn can function intracellularly as a second messenger or in an autocrine and/or paracrine fashion to activate and signal through S1P receptors present on the surface of the cell. This review summarizes recent findings on the roles of S1P as a mediator of the actions of cytokines, growth factors and hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E Alvarez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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Derebecka-Holysz N, Lehmann TP, Holysz M, Trzeciak WH. SMAD3 inhibits SF-1-dependent activation of the CYP17 promoter in H295R cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 307:65-71. [PMID: 17786540 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450c17, encoded by the CYP17 gene, is a component of 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20 lyase which catalyses 17alpha-hydroxylation of pregnenolone or progesterone, required for glucocorticosteroid and androgen synthesis. It has been reported that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) decreases both basal and cAMP-stimulated levels of CYP17 mRNA, but the mechanism of TGF-beta action on CYP17 expression remains unknown. We investigated an inhibitory effect of TGF-beta on CYP17 expression in H295R cells using constructs containing the CYP17 promoter region fused with the luciferase gene. In the H295R cells, TGF-beta decreased endogenous SF-1 level and inhibited activity of the 300 bp fragment of CYP17 promoter, which was stimulated by coexpression of SF-1. Overexpression of SMAD3 caused an inhibition of SF-1-stimulated CYP17 promoter activity, whereas overexpression of SMAD7 was ineffective. In conclusion, our results suggest that the inhibitory action of TGF-beta on CYP17 transcription involve at least two mechanisms: SMAD3 dependent inactivation of CYP17 promoter activity and repression of SF-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Derebecka-Holysz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University, 6 Swiecickiego St, Poznan, Poland
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Li D, Urs AN, Allegood J, Leon A, Merrill AH, Sewer MB. Cyclic AMP-stimulated interaction between steroidogenic factor 1 and diacylglycerol kinase theta facilitates induction of CYP17. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:6669-85. [PMID: 17664281 PMCID: PMC2099220 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00355-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the human adrenal cortex, adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) activates CYP17 transcription by promoting the binding of the nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor 1 (SF1) (Ad4BP, NR5A1) to the promoter. We recently found that sphingosine is an antagonist for SF1 and inhibits cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent CYP17 gene transcription. The aim of the current study was to identify phospholipids that bind to SF1 and to characterize the mechanism by which ACTH/cAMP regulates the biosynthesis of this molecule(s). Using tandem mass spectrometry, we show that in H295R human adrenocortical cells, SF1 is bound to phosphatidic acid (PA). Activation of the ACTH/cAMP signal transduction cascade rapidly increases nuclear diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) activity and PA production. PA stimulates SF1-dependent transcription of CYP17 reporter plasmids, promotes coactivator recruitment, and induces the mRNA expression of CYP17 and several other steroidogenic genes. Inhibition of DGK activity attenuates the binding of SF1 to the CYP17 promoter, and silencing of DGK-theta expression inhibits cAMP-dependent CYP17 transcription. LXXLL motifs in DGK-theta mediate a direct interaction of SF1 with the kinase and may facilitate binding of PA to the receptor. We conclude that ACTH/cAMP stimulates PA production in the nucleus of H295R cells and that this increase in PA concentrations facilitates CYP17 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Li
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230, USA
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Urs AN, Dammer E, Kelly S, Wang E, Merrill AH, Sewer MB. Steroidogenic factor-1 is a sphingolipid binding protein. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007; 265-266:174-8. [PMID: 17196738 PMCID: PMC1850975 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenic factor (SF1, NR5A1, Ad4BP) is an orphan nuclear receptor that is essential for steroid hormone-biosynthesis and endocrine development. Studies have found that the ability of this receptor to increase target gene expression can be regulated by post-translational modification, subnuclear localization, and protein-protein interactions. Recent crystallographic studies and our mass spectrometric analyses of the endogenous receptor have demonstrated an integral role for ligand-binding in the control of SF1 transactivation activity. Herein, we discuss our findings that sphingosine is an endogenous ligand for SF1. These studies and the structural findings of others have demonstrated that the receptor can bind both sphingolipids and phospholipids. Thus, it is likely that multiple bioactive lipids are ligands for SF1 and that these lipids will differentially act to control SF1 activity in a context-dependent manner. Finally, these findings highlight a central role for bioactive lipids as mediators of trophic hormone-stimulated steroid hormone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti N Urs
- School of Biology and the Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering & Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332-0230, United States
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Urs AN, Dammer E, Sewer MB. Sphingosine regulates the transcription of CYP17 by binding to steroidogenic factor-1. Endocrinology 2006; 147:5249-58. [PMID: 16887917 DOI: 10.1210/en.2006-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Steroidogenic factor (SF1, Ad4BP, NR5A1) is a nuclear receptor that is essential for steroid hormone biosynthesis and endocrine development. Recent crystallographic studies have found that phospholipids are ligands for SF1. In the present study, our aim was to identify endogenous ligands for SF1 and characterize their functional significance in mediating cAMP-dependent transcription of human CYP17. Using tandem mass spectrometry, we show that in H295R adrenocortical cells, SF1 is bound to sphingosine (SPH) and lyso-sphingomyelin (lysoSM) under basal conditions and that cAMP stimulation decreases the amount of SPH and lysoSM bound to the receptor. Silencing both acid and neutral ceramidases using small interfering RNA induces CYP17 mRNA expression, suggesting that SPH acts as an inhibitory ligand. SPH antagonized the ability of cAMP and the coactivator steroid receptor coactivator-1 to increase CYP17 reporter gene activity. These studies demonstrate that SPH is a bonafide endogenous ligand for SF1 and a negative regulator of CYP17 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti N Urs
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, 310 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0230, USA
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