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Zhou S, Li Y, Zhang Z, Yuan Y. An insight into the TAM system in Alzheimer's disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109791. [PMID: 36738678 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The TAM receptors may help delay the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is the most common neurodegenerative disease associated with human aging. The TAM receptors, derived from the first letter of its three constituents -Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk, are associated with immune responses, cellular differentiation and migration, and clearance of apoptotic cells and debris, with the two canonical ligands, Growth Arrest Specific 6 (Gas6) and ProS1. Several kinds of research have indicated the participation of the TAM system in AD pathology. Also, the TAMs regulate multiple features of microglia, the significant sensors of disorder in the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we describe the biology of the TAM receptors and ligands in the CNS. Then, we discuss the relationship between the TAM system and AD, specially focusing on its functional expression in the microglia. Finally, we also summarize some agents that could interfere with the TAM signaling pathways and discuss potential difficulties and strategies for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yanyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Zhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Yuhe Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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2
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Abstract
Tyro3, Axl and Mertk are members of the TAM family of tyrosine kinase receptors. TAMs are activated by two structurally homologous ligands GAS6 and PROS1. TAM receptors and ligands are widely distributed and often co-expressed in the same cells allowing diverse functions across many systems including the immune, reproductive, vascular, and the developing as well as adult nervous systems. This review will focus specifically on TAM signaling in the nervous system, highlighting the essential roles this pathway fulfills in maintaining cell survival and homeostasis, cellular functions such as phagocytosis, immunity and tissue repair. Dysfunctional TAM signaling can cause complications in development, disruptions in homeostasis which can rouse autoimmunity, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The development of therapeutics modulating TAM activities in the nervous system has great prospects, however, foremost we need a complete understanding of TAM signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Burstyn-Cohen
- Institute for Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Arielle Hochberg
- Institute for Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, The Hebrew University-Hadassah, Jerusalem, Israel
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3
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Zaman A, Bivona TG. Targeting AXL in NSCLC. LUNG CANCER (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2021; 12:67-79. [PMID: 34408519 PMCID: PMC8364399 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s305484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
State-of-the-art cancer precision medicine approaches involve targeted inactivation of chemically and immunologically addressable vulnerabilities that often yield impressive initial anti-tumor responses in patients. Nonetheless, these responses are overshadowed by therapy resistance that follows. AXL, a receptor tyrosine kinase with bona fide oncogenic capacity, has been associated with the emergence of resistance in an array of cancers with varying pathophysiology and cellular origins, including in non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Here in this review, we summarize AXL biology during normal homeostasis, oncogenic development and therapy resistance with a focus on NSCLC. In the context of NSCLC therapy resistance, we delineate AXL's role in mediating resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) deployed against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) as well as other notable oncogenes and to chemotherapeutics. We also discuss the current understanding of AXL's role in mediating cell-biological variables that function as important modifiers of therapy resistance such as epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), the tumor microenvironment and tumor heterogeneity. We also catalog and discuss a set of effective pharmacologic tools that are emerging to strategically perturb AXL mediated resistance programs in NSCLC. Finally, we enumerate ongoing and future exciting precision medicine approaches targeting AXL as well as challenges in this regard. We highlight that a holistic understanding of AXL biology in NSCLC may allow us to predict and improve targeted therapeutic strategies, such as through polytherapy approaches, potentially against a broad spectrum of NSCLC sub-types to forestall tumor evolution and drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubhishek Zaman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Trever G Bivona
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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Xie S, Zhang H, Liang Z, Yang X, Cao R. AXL, an Important Host Factor for DENV and ZIKV Replication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:575346. [PMID: 33954117 PMCID: PMC8092360 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.575346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses, as critically important pathogens, are still major public health problems all over the world. For instance, the evolution of ZIKV led to large-scale outbreaks in the Yap island in 2007. DENV was considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the 10 threats to global health in 2019. Enveloped viruses hijack a variety of host factors to complete its replication cycle. Phosphatidylserine (PS) receptor, AXL, is considered to be a candidate receptor for flavivirus invasion. In this review, we discuss the molecular structure of ZIKV and DENV, and how they interact with AXL to successfully invade host cells. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of flavivirus-AXL interaction will provide crucial insights into the virus infection process and the development of anti-flavivirus therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengda Xie
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiru Zhang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenjie Liang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xingmiao Yang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruibing Cao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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5
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Dagamajalu S, Rex DAB, Palollathil A, Shetty R, Bhat G, Cheung LWT, Prasad TSK. A pathway map of AXL receptor-mediated signaling network. J Cell Commun Signal 2020; 15:143-148. [PMID: 32829427 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-020-00580-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shobha Dagamajalu
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India.
| | - D A B Rex
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Akhina Palollathil
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Rohan Shetty
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Guruprasad Bhat
- Department of Medical Oncology, Yenepoya Medical College, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India
| | - Lydia W T Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - T S Keshava Prasad
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, 575018, India.
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Shen L, Lei S, Zhang B, Li S, Huang L, Czachor A, Breitzig M, Gao Y, Huang M, Mo X, Zheng Q, Sun H, Wang F. Skipping of exon 10 in Axl pre-mRNA regulated by PTBP1 mediates invasion and metastasis process of liver cancer cells. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:5719-5735. [PMID: 32483414 PMCID: PMC7255001 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Axl gene is known to encode for a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the metastasis process of cancer. In this study, we investigated the underlying molecular mechanism of Axl alternative splicing. Methods: The expression levels of PTBP1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues were obtained from TCGA samples and cell lines. The effect of Axl-L, Axl-S, and PTBP1 on cell growth, migration, invasion tumor formation, and metastasis of liver cancer cells were measured by cell proliferation, wound-healing, invasion, xenograft tumor formation, and metastasis. Interaction between PTBP1 and Axl was explored using cross-link immunoprecipitation, RNA pull-down assays and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. Results: Knockdown of the PTBP1 and exon 10 skipping isoform of Axl (Axl-S), led to impaired invasion and metastasis in hepatoma cells. Immunoprecipitation results indicated that Axl-S protein binds more robustly with Gas6 ligand than Axl-L (exon 10 including) and is more capable of promoting phosphorylation of ERK and AKT proteins. Furthermore, cross-link immunoprecipitation and RNA-pulldown assays revealed that PTBP1 binds to the polypyrimidine sequence(TCCTCTCTGTCCTTTCTTC) on Axl-Intron 9. MS2-GFP-IP experiments demonstrated that PTBP1 competes with U2AF2 for binding to the aforementioned polypyrimidine sequence, thereby inhibiting alternative splicing and ultimately promoting Axl-S production. Conclusion: Our results highlight the biological significance of Axl-S and PTBP1 in tumor metastasis, and show that PTBP1 affects the invasion and metastasis of hepatoma cells by modulating the alternative splicing of Axl exon 10.
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Du W, Brekken RA. Does Axl have potential as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:955-966. [PMID: 30244621 PMCID: PMC6292430 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1527315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Metastasis, therapy resistance, and immunosuppression are dominant characteristics of pancreatic tumors. Strategies that enhance the efficacy of standard of care and/or immune therapy are likely the most efficient route to improve overall survival in this disease. Areas covered: Axl, a member of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, MerTK) family of receptor tyrosine kinases, is involved in cell plasticity, chemoresistance, immune suppression, and metastasis in various cancers, including pancreatic cancer. This review provides an overview of Axl and its function in normal conditions, summarizes the regulation and function of Axl in cancer, and highlights the contribution of Axl to pancreatic cancer as well as its potential as a therapeutic target. Expert opinion: Axl is an attractive therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer because it contributes to many of the roadblocks that hamper therapeutic efficacy. Clinical evidence supporting Axl inhibition in pancreatic cancer is currently limited; however, multiple clinical trials have been initiated or are in the planning phase to test the effect of inhibiting Axl in conjunction with standard therapy in pancreatic cancer patients. We anticipate that these studies will provide robust validation of Axl as a therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
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Wei J, Sun H, Zhang A, Wu X, Li Y, Liu J, Duan Y, Xiao F, Wang H, Lv M, Wang L, Wu C. A novel AXL chimeric antigen receptor endows T cells with anti-tumor effects against triple negative breast cancers. Cell Immunol 2018; 331:49-58. [PMID: 29935762 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Identifying targets for chimeric antigen receptor-modulated T lymphocyte (CAR-T) therapy against solid tumors is an urgent problem to solve. In this study, we showed for the first time that the receptor tyrosine kinase, AXL, is overexpressed in various tumor cell lines and patient tumor tissues including triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines and patient samples, making AXL a potent novel target for cancer therapy, specifically for TNBC treatment. We also engineered T cells with a CAR consisting of a novel single-chain variable fragment against AXL and revealed its antigen-specific cytotoxicity and ability to release cytokines in a TNBC cell line and other AXL-positive tumors in vitro. Furthermore, AXL-CAR-T cells displayed a significant anti-tumor effect and in vivo persistence in a TNBC xenograft model. Taken together, our findings indicate that AXL-CAR-T cells can represent a promising therapeutic strategy against TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Huiyan Sun
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Aimei Zhang
- Pathology Department Weifang Heart Hospital, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Xuejie Wu
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- College of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi 710000, PR China
| | - Yanting Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Fengjun Xiao
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - Ming Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China; School of Nursing, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China.
| | - Chutse Wu
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, PR China.
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9
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Shen Y, Chen X, He J, Liao D, Zu X. Axl inhibitors as novel cancer therapeutic agents. Life Sci 2018; 198:99-111. [PMID: 29496493 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression and activation of Axl receptor tyrosine kinase have been widely accepted to promote cell proliferation, chemotherapy resistance, invasion, and metastasis in several human cancers, such as lung, breast, and pancreatic cancers. Axl, a member of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, Mer) family, and its inhibitors can specifically break the kinase signaling nodes, allowing advanced patients to regain drug sensitivity with improved therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, the research on Axl is promising and it is worthy of further investigations. In this review, we present an update on the Axl inhibitors and provide new insights into their latent application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Shen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xiguang Chen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Spine Surgery, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Duanfang Liao
- Division of Stem Cell Regulation and Application, Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Bulk Herbs of Hunan Province, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan, PR China
| | - Xuyu Zu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
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10
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Gutiérrez ML, Corchete LA, Sarasquete ME, Del Mar Abad M, Bengoechea O, Fermiñán E, Anduaga MF, Del Carmen S, Iglesias M, Esteban C, Angoso M, Alcazar JA, García J, Orfao A, Muñoz-Bellvís L, Sayagués JM. Prognostic impact of a novel gene expression profile classifier for the discrimination between metastatic and non-metastatic primary colorectal cancer tumors. Oncotarget 2017; 8:107685-107700. [PMID: 29296198 PMCID: PMC5746100 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances have been achieved in the genetic characterization of sporadic colorectal cancer (sCRC), the precise genetic events leading to the development of distant metastasis remain poorly understood. Thus, accurate prediction of metastatic disease in newly-diagnosed sCRC patients remains a challenge. Here, we evaluated the specific genes and molecular pathways associated with the invasive potential of colorectal tumor cells, through the assessment of the gene expression profile (GEP) of coding and non-coding genes in metastatic (MTX) vs. non-metastatic (non-MTX) primary sCRC tumors followed for >5 years. Overall, MTX tumors showed up-regulation of genes associated with tumor progression and metastatic potential while non-MTX cases displayed GEP associated with higher cell proliferation, activation of DNA repair and anti-tumoral immune/inflammatory responses. Based on only 19 genes a specific GEP that classifies sCRC tumors into two MTX-like and non-MTX-like molecular subgroups was defined which shows an independent prognostic impact on patient overall survival, particularly when it is combined with the lymph node status at diagnosis. In summary, we show an association between the global GEP of primary sCRC cells and their metastatic potential and defined a GEP-based classifier that provides the basis for further prognostic stratification of sCRC patients who are at risk of distant metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Laura Gutiérrez
- Cytometry Service-NUCLEUS, Cancer Research Center, IBMCC-CSIC/USAL, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium-CIBER-CIBERONC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Antonio Corchete
- Cancer Research Center and Service of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Eugenia Sarasquete
- Cancer Research Center and Service of Hematology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Del Mar Abad
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Oscar Bengoechea
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Encarna Fermiñán
- Genomics Unit, Cancer Research Center, IBMCC-CSIC/USAL, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Fernanda Anduaga
- Service of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sofía Del Carmen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuel Iglesias
- Service of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carmen Esteban
- Service of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Angoso
- Service of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Alcazar
- Service of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jacinto García
- Service of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Cytometry Service-NUCLEUS, Cancer Research Center, IBMCC-CSIC/USAL, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium-CIBER-CIBERONC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Muñoz-Bellvís
- Service of General and Gastrointestinal Surgery, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José María Sayagués
- Cytometry Service-NUCLEUS, Cancer Research Center, IBMCC-CSIC/USAL, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca, Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium-CIBER-CIBERONC, Salamanca, Spain
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11
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Sato M, Shibata Y, Inoue S, Igarashi A, Tokairin Y, Yamauchi K, Kimura T, Nemoto T, Sato K, Nakano H, Abe S, Nishiwaki M, Kobayashi M, Yang S, Minegishi Y, Furuyama K, Kubota I. MafB enhances efferocytosis in RAW264.7 macrophages by regulating Axl expression. Immunobiology 2017; 223:94-100. [PMID: 29030012 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor MafB is involved in cellular differentiation and phagocytosis in macrophages. Macrophages phagocytose apoptotic cells in vivo; this process, which is known as efferocytosis, requires Axl receptor tyrosine kinase (Axl) activity. However, the association between MafB and efferocytosis, as well as that between MafB and Axl, in macrophages is unknown. We hypothesized that MafB modulates macrophage efferocytosis by regulating Axl expression. Fluorescent-labeled apoptotic thymocytes were added to RAW264.7-MafB-shRNA and control cells, and the proportion of phagocytosis-positivey fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. In addition, Axl mRNA and protein were quantified by real-time PCR and western blotting in each group. RAW264.7-MafB-shRNA cells were transfected with a plasmid expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Axl or a control empty plasmid expressing only GFP. The capacity for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells was assessed in GFP-positive cells gated based on fluorescence intensity. In RAW264.7-MafB-shRNA cells, capacity for phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes was significantly reduced compared with that of control cells, as determined by fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry. Axl mRNA and protein expression was significantly reduced in RAW264.7-MafB-shRNA cells relative to control cells. Furthermore, the capacity of RAW264.7-MafB-shRNA cells, transfected with an Axl-expressing plasmid, for phagocytosis of apoptotic thymocytes was significantly greater than that of cells transfected with the control plasmid. Collectively, the present findings indicate that MafB enhances efferocytosis by regulating Axl expression in RAW264.7 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Sato
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoko Shibata
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan.
| | - Sumito Inoue
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Akira Igarashi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yoshikane Tokairin
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamauchi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kimura
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takako Nemoto
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kento Sato
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakano
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Shuichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Michiko Nishiwaki
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Maki Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Sujeong Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Minegishi
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Kodai Furuyama
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Isao Kubota
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Nephrology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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12
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Antony J, Huang RYJ. AXL-Driven EMT State as a Targetable Conduit in Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3725-3732. [PMID: 28667075 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) AXL has been intrinsically linked to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and promoting cell survival, anoikis resistance, invasion, and metastasis in several cancers. AXL signaling has been shown to directly affect the mesenchymal state and confer it with aggressive phenotype and drug resistance. Recently, the EMT gradient has also been shown to rewire the kinase signaling nodes that facilitate AXL-RTK cross-talk, protracted signaling, converging on ERK, and PI3K axes. The molecular mechanisms underplaying the regulation between the kinome and EMT require further elucidation to define targetable conduits. Therapeutically, as AXL inhibition has shown EMT reversal and resensitization to other tyrosine kinase inhibitors, mitotic inhibitors, and platinum-based therapy, there is a need to stratify patients based on AXL dependence. This review elucidates the role of AXL in EMT-mediated oncogenesis and highlights the reciprocal control between AXL signaling and the EMT state. In addition, we review the potential in inhibiting AXL for the development of different therapeutic strategies and inhibitors. Cancer Res; 77(14); 3725-32. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Antony
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruby Yun-Ju Huang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, National University Health System, Singapore.,Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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13
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Travers T, Shao H, Joughin BA, Lauffenburger DA, Wells A, Camacho CJ. Tandem phosphorylation within an intrinsically disordered region regulates ACTN4 function. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra51. [PMID: 26012634 PMCID: PMC4522051 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaa1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylated residues occur preferentially in the intrinsically disordered regions of eukaryotic proteins. In the disordered amino-terminal region of human α-actinin-4 (ACTN4), Tyr(4) and Tyr(31) are phosphorylated in cells stimulated with epidermal growth factor (EGF), and a mutant with phosphorylation-mimicking mutations of both tyrosines exhibits reduced interaction with actin in vitro. Cleavage of ACTN4 by m-calpain, a protease that in motile cells is predominantly activated at the rear, removes the Tyr(4) site. We found that introducing a phosphomimetic mutation at only Tyr(31) was sufficient to inhibit the interaction with actin in vitro. However, molecular dynamics simulations predicted that Tyr(31) is mostly buried and that phosphorylation of Tyr(4) would increase the solvent exposure and thus kinase accessibility of Tyr(31). In fibroblast cells, EGF stimulation increased tyrosine phosphorylation of a mutant form of ACTN4 with a phosphorylation-mimicking residue at Tyr(4), whereas a truncated mutant representing the product of m-calpain cleavage exhibited EGF-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation at a background amount similar to that observed for a double phosphomimetic mutant of Tyr(4) and Tyr(31). We also found that inhibition of the receptor tyrosine kinases of the TAM family, such as AXL, blocked EGF-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of ACTN4. Mathematical modeling predicted that the kinetics of phosphorylation at Tyr(31) can be dictated by the kinase affinity for Tyr(4). This study suggests that tandem-site phosphorylation within intrinsically disordered regions provides a mechanism for a site to function as a switch to reveal a nearby function-regulating site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Travers
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Hanshuang Shao
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Brian A Joughin
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Alan Wells
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Carlos J Camacho
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Musumeci G, Castorina S, Castrogiovanni P, Loreto C, Leonardi R, Aiello FC, Magro G, Imbesi R. A journey through the pituitary gland: Development, structure and function, with emphasis on embryo-foetal and later development. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:355-66. [PMID: 25858531 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gland and the hypothalamus are morphologically and functionally associated in the endocrine and neuroendocrine control of other endocrine glands. They therefore play a key role in a number of regulatory feedback processes that co-ordinate the whole endocrine system. Here we review the neuroendocrine system, from the discoveries that led to its identification to some recently clarified embryological, functional, and morphological aspects. In particular we review the pituitary gland and the main notions related to its development, organization, cell differentiation, and vascularization. Given the crucial importance of the factors controlling neuroendocrine system development to understand parvocellular neuron function and the aetiology of the congenital disorders related to hypothalamic-pituitary axis dysfunction, we also provide an overview of the molecular and genetic studies that have advanced our knowledge in the field. Through the action of the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland is involved in the control of a broad range of key aspects of our lives: the review focuses on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, particularly GnRH, whose abnormal secretion is associated with clinical conditions involving delayed or absent puberty and reproductive dysfunction.
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15
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Eller-Borges R, Batista WL, da Costa PE, Tokikawa R, Curcio MF, Strumillo ST, Sartori A, Moraes MS, de Oliveira GA, Taha MO, Fonseca FV, Stern A, Monteiro HP. Ras, Rac1, and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling in nitric oxide induced endothelial cell migration. Nitric Oxide 2015; 47:40-51. [PMID: 25819133 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The small GTP-binding proteins Ras and Rac1 are molecular switches exchanging GDP for GTP and converting external signals in response to a variety of stimuli. Ras and Rac1 play an important role in cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell migration. Rac1 is directly involved in the reorganization and changes in the cytoskeleton during cell motility. Nitric oxide (NO) stimulates the Ras - ERK1/2 MAP kinases signaling pathway and is involved in the interaction between Ras and the phosphatidyl-inositol-3 Kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway and cell migration. This study utilizes bradykinin (BK), which promotes endogenous production of NO, in an investigation of the role of NO in the activation of Rac1 in rabbit aortic endothelial cells (RAEC). NO-derived from BK stimulation of RAEC and incubation of the cells with the s-nitrosothiol S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) activated Rac1. NO-derived from BK stimulation promoted RAEC migration over a period of 12 h. The use of RAEC permanently transfected with the dominant negative mutant of Ras (Ras(N17)) or with the non-nitrosatable mutant of Ras (Ras(C118S)); and the use of specific inhibitors of: Ras, PI3K, and Rac1 resulted in inhibition of NO-mediated Rac1 activation. BK-stimulated s-nitrosylation of Ras in RAEC mediates Rac1 activation and cell migration. Inhibition of NO-mediated Rac1 activation resulted in inhibition of endothelial cell migration. In conclusion, the NO indirect activation of Rac1 involves the direct participation of Ras and PI3K in the migration of endothelial cells stimulated with BK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Eller-Borges
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Batista
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Campus Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo E da Costa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rita Tokikawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marli F Curcio
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Scheilla T Strumillo
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano Sartori
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Miriam S Moraes
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Graciele A de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Murched O Taha
- Department of Surgery, Escola Paulista de Medicina/Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio V Fonseca
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Transformative Molecular Medicine, Case Western University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Arnold Stern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
| | - Hugo P Monteiro
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapy-CTCMOL, Escola Paulista de Medicina /Universidade Federal de São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Axl phosphorylates Elmo scaffold proteins to promote Rac activation and cell invasion. Mol Cell Biol 2015; 35:76-87. [PMID: 25332238 PMCID: PMC4295393 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00764-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase Axl contributes to cell migration and invasion. Expression of Axl correlates with metastatic progression in cancer patients, yet the specific signaling events promoting invasion downstream of Axl are poorly defined. Herein, we report Elmo scaffolds to be direct substrates and binding partners of Axl. Elmo proteins are established to interact with Dock family guanine nucleotide exchange factors to control Rac-mediated cytoskeletal dynamics. Proteomics and mutagenesis studies reveal that Axl phosphorylates Elmo1/2 on a conserved carboxyl-terminal tyrosine residue. Upon Gas6-dependent activation of Axl, endogenous Elmo2 becomes phosphorylated on Tyr-713 and enters into a physical complex with Axl in breast cancer cells. Interfering with Elmo2 expression prevented Gas6-induced Rac1 activation in breast cancer cells. Similarly to blocking of Axl, Elmo2 knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of Dock1 abolishes breast cancer cell invasion. Interestingly, Axl or Elmo2 knockdown diminishes breast cancer cell proliferation. Rescue of Elmo2 knockdown cells with the wild-type protein but not with Elmo2 harboring Tyr-713-Phe mutations restores cell invasion and cell proliferation. These results define a new mechanism by which Axl promotes cell proliferation and invasion and identifies inhibition of the Elmo-Dock pathway as a potential therapeutic target to stop Axl-induced metastases.
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17
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Johansson G, Peng PC, Huang PY, Chien HF, Hua KT, Kuo ML, Chen CT, Lee MJ. Soluble AXL: a possible circulating biomarker for neurofibromatosis type 1 related tumor burden. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115916. [PMID: 25551830 PMCID: PMC4281253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is the most common tumor predisposition disorder affecting 1/3500 worldwide. Patients are at risk of developing benign (neurofibromas) and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST). The AXL receptor tyrosine kinase has been implicated in several kinds of cancers, but so far no studies have investigated the role of AXL in NF1 related tumorigenesis. Recently, the soluble fraction from the extracellular domain of AXL (sAXL) has been found in human plasma, and its level was correlated to poor prognosis in patients with renal cancer. Compared to normal human Schwann cells, a significantly high expression level of AXL was found in three of the four MPNST cell lines and two of the three primary MPNST tissues. Similarly, the level of sAXL in conditioned media corresponded to the protein and mRNA levels of AXL in the MPNST cell lines. Furthermore, in two different human MPNST xenograft models, the human sAXL could be detected in the mouse plasma. Its level was proportionate to the size of the xenograft tumors, while no human sAXL was detect prior to the formation of the tumors. Treatment with a newly developed photodynamic therapy, prevented further tumor growth and resulted in drastically reduced the levels of sAXL compared to that of the control group. Finally, the level of sAXL was significantly increased in patients with plexiform tumors compared to patients with only dermal neurofibromas, further supporting the role of sAXL as a marker for NF1 related tumor burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Johansson
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Chun Peng
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Po-Yuan Huang
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiung-Fei Chien
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tai Hua
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Liang Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemical Science, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Tin Chen
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ming-Jen Lee
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Genetics National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Abstract
The control of cellular growth and proliferation is key to the maintenance of homeostasis. Survival, proliferation, and arrest are regulated, in part, by Growth Arrest Specific 6 (Gas6) through binding to members of the TAM receptor tyrosine kinase family. Activation of the TAM receptors leads to downstream signaling through common kinases, but the exact mechanism within each cellular context varies and remains to be completely elucidated. Deregulation of the TAM family, due to its central role in mediating cellular proliferation, has been implicated in multiple diseases. Axl was cloned as the first TAM receptor in a search for genes involved in the progression of chronic to acute-phase leukemia, and has since been established as playing a critical role in the progression of cancer. The oncogenic nature of Axl is demonstrated through its activation of signaling pathways involved in proliferation, migration, inhibition of apoptosis, and therapeutic resistance. Despite its recent discovery, significant progress has been made in the development of effective clinical therapeutics targeting Axl. In order to accurately define the role of Axl in normal and diseased processes, it must be analyzed in a cell type-specific context.
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Feneyrolles C, Spenlinhauer A, Guiet L, Fauvel B, Daydé-Cazals B, Warnault P, Chevé G, Yasri A. Axl kinase as a key target for oncology: focus on small molecule inhibitors. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 13:2141-8. [PMID: 25139999 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are transmembrane receptors that regulate signal transduction in cells. As a member of the TAM (Tyro-3, Axl, Mer) RTK subfamily, Axl regulates key processes such as cell growth, migration, aggregation, and apoptosis through several pathways. Its overexpression/overactivation has been underlined in several conditions, especially cancers, and in both chemotherapy and targeted therapy sensitivity loss. In this review, we propose to highlight the therapeutic implication of Axl, starting with the pathways it regulates, validating its interest as a therapeutic target, and defining the tools available to develop strategies for its inhibition. We especially focus on small molecule inhibitors, their structure, inhibition profile, and development stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Léa Guiet
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Aziz Yasri
- OriBase Pharma, Cap Gamma, Montpellier, France
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20
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Kuo FC, Hung YJ, Shieh YS, Hsieh CH, Hsiao FC, Lee CH. The levels of plasma growth arrest-specific protein 6 is associated with insulin sensitivity and inflammation in women. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2014; 103:304-9. [PMID: 24468100 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Vitamin K-dependent growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) and its receptors of the TAM (TYRO-3/Axl/Mer) family are ubiquitously expressed in immune, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems. They play pivotal roles of regulating tissue homeostasis via anti-inflammatory effects. Recent studies show that the Gas6/TAM system is involved in glucose tolerance-related metabolic disorders. Our aim was to investigate the link between Gas6 protein, insulin sensitivity and inflammatory cytokines in men and women. METHODS A total of 278 adults (126 men and 152 women) were recruited in this study. Plasma Gas6 concentration and various biochemical, proinflammatory and endothelial markers were measured. Insulin sensitivity was estimated by homeostasis model assessment. RESULTS Waist, fasting and 2h post-load glucose, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) were significantly lower in women than in men. Age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and highly-sensitive C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher in women than in men. Plasma Gas6 levels were negatively correlated with waist (r = -0.187, P = 0.022), HOMA-IR (r = -0.171, P=0.035), interleukin 6 (r = -0.362, P < 0.001), and E-selectin (r = -0.216, P = 0.008), while they were positively correlated with insulin sensitivity (QUICKI) (r = 0.168, P = 0.039) in women, but not in men. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that TNF-α was independently correlated with plasma Gas6 levels in both the sexes (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Plasma Gas6 is associated with obesity, insulin sensitivity, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction in women and may be a general marker of inflammatory conditions in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Chih Kuo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shing Shieh
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Oral Diagnosis and Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hsun Hsieh
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fone-Ching Hsiao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsing Lee
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.
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21
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Huang JS, Cho CY, Hong CC, Yan MD, Hsieh MC, Lay JD, Lai GM, Cheng AL, Chuang SE. Oxidative stress enhances Axl-mediated cell migration through an Akt1/Rac1-dependent mechanism. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 65:1246-1256. [PMID: 24064382 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Persistent oxidative stress is common in cancer cells because of abnormal generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and has been associated with malignant phenotypes, such as chemotherapy resistance and metastasis. Both overexpression of Axl and abnormal ROS elevation have been linked to cell transformation and increased cell migration. However, the relationship between Axl and ROS in malignant cell migration has not been previously evaluated. Using an in vitro human lung cancer model, we examined the redox state of lung adenocarcinoma cell lines of low metastatic (CL1-0) and high metastatic (CL1-5) potentials. Here we report that Axl activation elicits ROS accumulation through the oxidase-coupled small GTPase Rac1. We also observed that oxidative stress could activate Axl phosphorylation to synergistically enhance cell migration. Further, Axl signaling activated by H2O2 treatment results in enhancement of cell migration via a PI3K/Akt-dependent pathway. The kinase activity of Axl is required for the Axl-mediated cell migration and prolongs the half-life of phospho-Akt under oxidative stress. Finally, downregulation of Akt1, but not Akt2, by RNAi in Axl-overexpressing cells inhibits the amount of activated Rac1 and the ability to migrate induced by H2O2 treatment. Together, these results show that a novel Axl-signaling cascade induced by H2O2 treatment triggers cell migration through the PI3K/Akt1/Rac1 pathway. Elucidation of redox regulation in Axl-related malignant migration may provide new molecular insights into the mechanisms underlying tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhy-Shrian Huang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China; Center of Excellence for Cancer Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yu Cho
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Chen Hong
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-De Yan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mao-Chih Hsieh
- Center of Excellence for Cancer Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jong-Ding Lay
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, National Taichung Nursing College, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Gi-Ming Lai
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China; Center of Excellence for Cancer Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ann-Lii Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China; Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shuang-En Chuang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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22
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Pierce AM, Keating AK. TAM receptor tyrosine kinases: expression, disease and oncogenesis in the central nervous system. Brain Res 2013; 1542:206-20. [PMID: 24184575 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are cell surface proteins that tightly regulate a variety of downstream intra-cellular processes; ligand-receptor interactions result in cascades of signaling events leading to growth, proliferation, differentiation and migration. There are 58 described RTKs, which are further categorized into 20 different RTK families. When dysregulated or overexpressed, these RTKs are implicated in disordered growth, development, and oncogenesis. The TAM family of RTKs, consisting of Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK, is prominently expressed during the development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). Aberrant expression and dysregulated activation of TAM family members has been demonstrated in a variety of CNS-related disorders and diseases, including the most common but least treatable brain cancer in children and adults: glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Pierce
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, P18-4105, MS 8302 Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Amy K Keating
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, P18-4105, MS 8302 Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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23
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Petersen SL, Intlekofer KA, Moura-Conlon PJ, Brewer DN, Del Pino Sans J, Lopez JA. Nonclassical progesterone signalling molecules in the nervous system. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:991-1001. [PMID: 23763432 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Progesterone (P4) regulates a wide range of cognitive, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune and neuroprotective functions. Therefore, it is not surprising that this ovarian hormone acts through multiple receptors. Ever since the 1980s, studies investigating the neural effects of P4 have focused mainly on genomic and nongenomic actions of the classical progestin receptor (PGR). More recently, two groups of nonclassical P4 signalling molecules have been identified: (i) the class II progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family, which includes PAQR 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, also called membrane progestin receptor α (mPRα; PAQR7), mPRβ (PAQR8), mPRγ (PAQR5), mPRδ (PAQR6) and mPRε (PAQR9), and (ii) the b5-like haeme/steroid-binding protein family, which includes progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (Pgrmc1), Pgrmc2, neudesin and neuferricin. In this review, we describe the structures, neuroanatomical localisation and signalling mechanisms of these molecules. We also discuss gonadotrophin-releasing hormone regulation as an example of a physiological function regulated by multiple progesterone receptors but through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Petersen
- Veterinary and Animal Sciences Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
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24
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Abstract
The TAM receptors--Tyro3, Axl, and Mer--comprise a unique family of receptor tyrosine kinases, in that as a group they play no essential role in embryonic development. Instead, they function as homeostatic regulators in adult tissues and organ systems that are subject to continuous challenge and renewal throughout life. Their regulatory roles are prominent in the mature immune, reproductive, hematopoietic, vascular, and nervous systems. The TAMs and their ligands--Gas6 and Protein S--are essential for the efficient phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and membranes in these tissues; and in the immune system, they act as pleiotropic inhibitors of the innate inflammatory response to pathogens. Deficiencies in TAM signaling are thought to contribute to chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in humans, and aberrantly elevated TAM signaling is strongly associated with cancer progression, metastasis, and resistance to targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Lemke
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis Laboratory, The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
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25
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Salian-Mehta S, Xu M, Wierman ME. AXL and MET crosstalk to promote gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal cell migration and survival. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 374:92-100. [PMID: 23648337 PMCID: PMC3690482 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The membrane tyrosine kinase receptors, AXL and MET, are implicated in GnRH neuron migration and/or survival. We hypothesized that the receptors with their ligands, GAS6 and HGF, respectively may cross-talk in GnRH neuronal function. In NLT GnRH neuronal cells, MET co-immunoprecipitated with AXL, although HGF or GAS6 did not transphosphorylate AXL or MET, respectively. Co-expression of a kinase dead AXL blocked HGF activation of MET and indirectly AKT and p38MAPK. Silencing of AXL decreased HGF's ability to phosphorylate MET and activate AXL's downstream effectors, p38MAPK and AKT. HGF/MET signaling modulated neuron migration dependent and independent of AXL co-expression and p38MAPK. Conversely, AXL's control of GnRH neuronal survival was dependent on HGF/MET signaling. Together, these data support that the importance of membrane tyrosine kinase receptor crosstalk to regulate neuronal cell-specific developmental functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Salian-Mehta
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Mei Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Margaret E. Wierman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045
- Research Service VAMC, Denver, CO 80220
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Margaret E. Wierman, Endocrinology MS8106, University of Colorado Denver,12801 East 17th Ave, RC1 South, Aurora, CO 80045, USA, Tel: 303-724-3952; Fax: 303-724-3920;
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26
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Hu Y, Poopalasundaram S, Graham A, Bouloux PM. GnRH neuronal migration and olfactory bulb neurite outgrowth are dependent on FGF receptor 1 signaling, specifically via the PI3K p110α isoform in chick embryo. Endocrinology 2013; 154:388-99. [PMID: 23150492 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signaling is essential for both olfactory bulb (OB) morphogenesis and the specification, migration, and maturation of the GnRH-secreting neurons. Disruption of FGF signaling contributes to Kallmann syndrome characterized by both anosmia and sexual immaturity. However, several unanswered questions remain as to which specific FGF receptor (FGFR)-1 signaling pathways are necessary for OB and GnRH neuronal development. Here, using pharmacological phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) isoform-specific inhibitors, we demonstrate a central role for the PI3K p110α isoform as a downstream effector of FGFR1 signaling for both GnRH neuronal migration and OB development. We show that signaling via the PI3K p110α isoform is required for GnRH neuronal migration in explant cultures of embryonic day (E) 4 chick olfactory placodes. We also show that in ovo administration of LY294002, a global PI3K inhibitor as well as an inhibitor to the PI3K p110α isoform into the olfactory placode of E3 chick embryo impairs GnRH neuronal migration toward the forebrain. In contrast, in ovo PI3K inhibitor treatment produced no obvious defects on primary olfactory sensory neuron axonal targeting and bundle formation. We also demonstrate that anosmin-1 and FGF2 induced neuronal migration of immortalized human embryonic GnRH neuroblast cells (FNC-B4-hTERT) is mediated by modulating FGFR1 signaling via the PI3K p110α isoform, specifically through phosphorylation of the PI3K downstream effectors, Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3β. Finally, we show that neurite outgrowth and elongation of OB neurons in E10 chick OB explants are also dependent on the PI3K p110α isoform downstream of FGFR1. This study provides mechanistic insight into the etiology of Kallmann syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youli Hu
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University College London Medical School, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.
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Vaughan CA, Singh S, Windle B, Yeudall WA, Frum R, Grossman SR, Deb SP, Deb S. Gain-of-Function Activity of Mutant p53 in Lung Cancer through Up-Regulation of Receptor Protein Tyrosine Kinase Axl. Genes Cancer 2012; 3:491-502. [PMID: 23264849 DOI: 10.1177/1947601912462719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 mutations are present in up to 70% of lung cancer. Cancer cells with p53 mutations, in general, grow more aggressively than those with wild-type p53 or no p53. Expression of tumor-derived mutant p53 in cells leads to up-regulated expression of genes that may affect cell growth and oncogenesis. In our study of this aggressive phenotype, we have investigated the receptor protein tyrosine kinase Axl, which is up-regulated by p53 mutants at both RNA and protein levels in H1299 lung cancer cells expressing mutants p53-R175H, -R273H, and -D281G. Knockdown of endogenous mutant p53 levels in human lung cancer cells H1048 (p53-R273C) and H1437 (p53-R267P) led to a reduction in the level of Axl as well. This effect on Axl expression is refractory to the mutations at positions 22 and 23 of p53, suggesting that p53's transactivation domain may not play a critical role in the up-regulation of Axl gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays carried out with acetylated histone antibodies demonstrated induced histone acetylation on the Axl promoter region by mutant p53. Direct mutant p53 nucleation on the Axl promoter was demonstrated by ChIP assays using antibodies against p53. The Axl promoter has a p53/p63 binding site, which however is not required for mutant p53-mediated transactivation. Knockdown of Axl by Axl-specific RNAi caused a reduction of gain-of-function (GOF) activities, reducing the cell growth rate and motility rate in lung cancer cells expressing mutant p53. This indicates that for lung cancer cell lines with mutant p53, GOF activities are mediated in part through Axl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Vaughan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Mer or Axl receptor tyrosine kinase inhibition promotes apoptosis, blocks growth and enhances chemosensitivity of human non-small cell lung cancer. Oncogene 2012; 32:3420-31. [PMID: 22890323 PMCID: PMC3502700 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a prevalent and devastating disease that claims more lives than breast, prostate, colon, and pancreatic cancers combined. Current research suggests that standard chemotherapy regimens have been optimized to maximal efficiency. Promising new treatment strategies involve novel agents targeting molecular aberrations present in subsets of NSCLC. We evaluated 88 human NSCLC tumors of diverse histology and identified Mer and Axl as receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) overexpressed in 69% and 93%, respectively, of tumors relative to surrounding normal lung tissue. Mer and Axl were also frequently overexpressed and activated in NSCLC cell lines. Ligand-dependent Mer or Axl activation stimulated MAPK, AKT, and FAK signaling pathways indicating roles for these RTKs in multiple oncogenic processes. In addition, we identified a novel pro-survival pathway—involving AKT, CREB, Bcl-xL, survivin, and Bcl-2—downstream of Mer, which is differentially modulated by Axl signaling. We demonstrated that shRNA knockdown of Mer or Axl significantly reduced NSCLC colony formation and growth of subcutaneous xenografts in nude mice. Mer or Axl knockdown also improved in vitro NSCLC sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents by promoting apoptosis. When comparing the effects of Mer and Axl knockdown, Mer inhibition exhibited more complete blockade of tumor growth while Axl knockdown more robustly improved chemosensitivity. These results indicate that Mer and Axl play complementary and overlapping roles in NSCLC and suggest that treatment strategies targeting both RTKs may be more effective than singly-targeted agents. Our findings validate Mer and Axl as potential therapeutic targets in NSCLC and provide justification for development of novel therapeutic compounds that selectively inhibit Mer and/or Axl.
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Laurance S, Lemarié CA, Blostein MD. Growth arrest-specific gene 6 (gas6) and vascular hemostasis. Adv Nutr 2012; 3:196-203. [PMID: 22516727 PMCID: PMC3648720 DOI: 10.3945/an.111.001826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas6 (growth arrest-specific 6) belongs structurally to the family of plasma vitamin K-dependent proteins. Gas6 has a high structural homology with the natural anticoagulant protein S, sharing the same modular composition. Interestingly, despite the presence of a γ-carboxyglutamic acid domain in its structure, no role in the coagulation cascade has been identified for gas6. Gas6 has been shown to be involved in vascular homeostasis and more precisely is involved in proliferation, apoptosis, efferocytosis, leukocyte migration, and sequestration and platelet aggregation. It is also involved in the activation of different cell types, from platelets to endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Thus, it has been shown to play a role in several pathophysiological processes such as atherosclerosis, cancer, and thrombosis. Interestingly, studies using gas6 null mice highlighted that gas6 may represent a novel potential target for anticoagulant therapy, because these animals are protected from lethal venous thromboembolism without excessive bleeding. However, the mechanism in thrombus occurrence remains to be further explored. In the present review, we will focus on the role of gas6 in innate immunity, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, and cancer-related events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mark D. Blostein
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, and,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Verma A, Warner SL, Vankayalapati H, Bearss DJ, Sharma S. Targeting Axl and Mer kinases in cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:1763-73. [PMID: 21933973 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) are cell-surface transmembrane receptors that contain regulated kinase activity within their cytoplasmic domain and play an important role in signal transduction in both normal and malignant cells. The mammalian TAM RTK family includes 3 closely related members: Tyro-3, Axl, and Mer. Overexpression or ectopic expression of the TAM receptors has been detected in a wide array of human cancers. Growth arrest-specific gene 6 has been identified as the major ligand for these TAM RTKs, and its binding to the receptors has been shown to promote proliferation and survival of cancer cells in vitro. Abnormal expression and activation of Axl or Mer can provide a survival advantage for certain cancer cells. Inhibition of Axl and Mer may enhance the sensitivity of cancer cells to cytotoxic agents and would potentially be a therapeutic strategy to target cancer cells. This review elucidates the role of Axl and Mer in normal cellular function and their role in oncogenesis. In addition, we review the potential to inhibit these RTKs for the development of therapeutic targets in treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Verma
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Primary Children's Medical Center, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Brindley MA, Hunt CL, Kondratowicz AS, Bowman J, Sinn PL, McCray PB, Quinn K, Weller ML, Chiorini JA, Maury W. Tyrosine kinase receptor Axl enhances entry of Zaire ebolavirus without direct interactions with the viral glycoprotein. Virology 2011; 415:83-94. [PMID: 21529875 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In a bioinformatics-based screen for cellular genes that enhance Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV) transduction, AXL mRNA expression strongly correlated with ZEBOV infection. A series of cell lines and primary cells were identified that require Axl for optimal ZEBOV entry. Using one of these cell lines, we identified ZEBOV entry events that are Axl-dependent. Interactions between ZEBOV-GP and the Axl ectodomain were not detected in immunoprecipitations and reduction of surface-expressed Axl by RNAi did not alter ZEBOV-GP binding, providing evidence that Axl does not serve as a receptor for the virus. However, RNAi knock down of Axl reduced ZEBOV pseudovirion internalization and α-Axl antisera inhibited pseudovirion fusion with cellular membranes. Consistent with the importance of Axl for ZEBOV transduction, Axl transiently co-localized on the surface of cells with ZEBOV virus particles and was internalized during virion transduction. In total, these findings indicate that endosomal uptake of filoviruses is facilitated by Axl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda A Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Groebe K, Hayess K, Klemm-Manns M, Schwall G, Wozny W, Steemans M, Peters AK, Sastri C, Jaeckel P, Stegmann W, Zengerling H, Schöpf R, Poznanovic S, Stummann TC, Seiler A, Spielmann H, Schrattenholz A. Protein Biomarkers for in Vitro Testing of Embryotoxicity. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5727-38. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100514e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karlfried Groebe
- ProteoSys AG, Carl-Zeiss.-Str. 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany, Johnson & Johnson PRD, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutical, 2340 Beerse, Belgium, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) (IHCP, JRC), Via Fermi, 121020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Katrin Hayess
- ProteoSys AG, Carl-Zeiss.-Str. 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany, Johnson & Johnson PRD, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutical, 2340 Beerse, Belgium, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) (IHCP, JRC), Via Fermi, 121020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Martina Klemm-Manns
- ProteoSys AG, Carl-Zeiss.-Str. 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany, Johnson & Johnson PRD, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutical, 2340 Beerse, Belgium, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) (IHCP, JRC), Via Fermi, 121020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Gerhard Schwall
- ProteoSys AG, Carl-Zeiss.-Str. 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany, Johnson & Johnson PRD, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutical, 2340 Beerse, Belgium, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) (IHCP, JRC), Via Fermi, 121020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Woijciech Wozny
- ProteoSys AG, Carl-Zeiss.-Str. 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany, Johnson & Johnson PRD, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutical, 2340 Beerse, Belgium, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) (IHCP, JRC), Via Fermi, 121020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Margino Steemans
- ProteoSys AG, Carl-Zeiss.-Str. 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany, Johnson & Johnson PRD, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutical, 2340 Beerse, Belgium, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) (IHCP, JRC), Via Fermi, 121020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Annelieke K. Peters
- ProteoSys AG, Carl-Zeiss.-Str. 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany, Johnson & Johnson PRD, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutical, 2340 Beerse, Belgium, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) (IHCP, JRC), Via Fermi, 121020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Chaturvedala Sastri
- ProteoSys AG, Carl-Zeiss.-Str. 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany, Johnson & Johnson PRD, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutical, 2340 Beerse, Belgium, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) (IHCP, JRC), Via Fermi, 121020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Petra Jaeckel
- ProteoSys AG, Carl-Zeiss.-Str. 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany, Johnson & Johnson PRD, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutical, 2340 Beerse, Belgium, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) (IHCP, JRC), Via Fermi, 121020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Werner Stegmann
- ProteoSys AG, Carl-Zeiss.-Str. 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany, Johnson & Johnson PRD, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutical, 2340 Beerse, Belgium, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) (IHCP, JRC), Via Fermi, 121020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Helmut Zengerling
- ProteoSys AG, Carl-Zeiss.-Str. 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany, Johnson & Johnson PRD, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutical, 2340 Beerse, Belgium, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) (IHCP, JRC), Via Fermi, 121020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Rainer Schöpf
- ProteoSys AG, Carl-Zeiss.-Str. 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany, Johnson & Johnson PRD, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutical, 2340 Beerse, Belgium, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) (IHCP, JRC), Via Fermi, 121020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Slobodan Poznanovic
- ProteoSys AG, Carl-Zeiss.-Str. 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany, Johnson & Johnson PRD, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutical, 2340 Beerse, Belgium, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) (IHCP, JRC), Via Fermi, 121020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Tina C. Stummann
- ProteoSys AG, Carl-Zeiss.-Str. 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany, Johnson & Johnson PRD, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutical, 2340 Beerse, Belgium, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) (IHCP, JRC), Via Fermi, 121020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Andrea Seiler
- ProteoSys AG, Carl-Zeiss.-Str. 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany, Johnson & Johnson PRD, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutical, 2340 Beerse, Belgium, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) (IHCP, JRC), Via Fermi, 121020 Ispra, Italy
| | - Horst Spielmann
- ProteoSys AG, Carl-Zeiss.-Str. 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany, Johnson & Johnson PRD, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutical, 2340 Beerse, Belgium, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) (IHCP, JRC), Via Fermi, 121020 Ispra, Italy
| | - André Schrattenholz
- ProteoSys AG, Carl-Zeiss.-Str. 51, D-55129 Mainz, Germany, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Center for Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments - ZEBET Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany, Johnson & Johnson PRD, a division of Janssen Pharmaceutical, 2340 Beerse, Belgium, European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM) (IHCP, JRC), Via Fermi, 121020 Ispra, Italy
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Rankin EB, Fuh KC, Taylor TE, Krieg AJ, Musser M, Yuan J, Wei K, Kuo CJ, Longacre TA, Giaccia AJ. AXL is an essential factor and therapeutic target for metastatic ovarian cancer. Cancer Res 2010; 70:7570-9. [PMID: 20858715 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase AXL is thought to play a role in metastasis; however, the therapeutic efficacy of an AXL-targeting agent remains largely untested in metastatic disease. In this study, we defined AXL as a therapeutic target for metastatic ovarian cancer. AXL is primarily expressed in metastases and advanced-stage human ovarian tumors but not in normal ovarian epithelium. Genetic inhibition of AXL in human metastatic ovarian tumor cells is sufficient to prevent the initiation of metastatic disease in vivo. Mechanistically, inhibition of AXL signaling in animals with metastatic disease results in decreased invasion and matrix metalloproteinase activity. Most importantly, soluble human AXL receptors that imposed a specific blockade of the GAS6/AXL pathway had a profound inhibitory effect on progression of established metastatic ovarian cancer without normal tissue toxicity. These results offer the first genetic validation of GAS6/AXL targeting as an effective strategy for inhibition of metastatic tumor progression in vivo. Furthermore, this study defines the soluble AXL receptor as a therapeutic candidate agent for treatment of metastatic ovarian cancer, for which current therapies are ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn B Rankin
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Center for Clinical Sciences Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5152, USA
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Xu N, Bhagavath B, Kim HG, Halvorson L, Podolsky RS, Chorich LP, Prasad P, Xiong WC, Cameron RS, Layman LC. NELF is a nuclear protein involved in hypothalamic GnRH neuronal migration. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2010; 319:47-55. [PMID: 20025934 PMCID: PMC3437992 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2009] [Revised: 11/15/2009] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nasal embryonic LHRH factor (NELF) has been hypothesized to participate in the migration of GnRH and olfactory neurons into the forebrain, a prerequisite for normal hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in puberty and reproduction. However, the biological functions of NELF, which has no homology to any human protein, remain largely elusive. Although mRNA expression did not differ, NELF protein expression was greater in migratory than postmigratory GnRH neurons. Pituitary Nelf mRNA expression was also observed and increased 3-fold after exogenous GnRH administration. Contrary to a previous report, NELF displayed predominant nuclear localization in GnRH neurons, confirmed by mutagenesis of a putative nuclear localization signal resulting in impaired nuclear expression. NELF knockdown impaired GnRH neuronal migration of NLT cells in vitro. These findings and the identification of two putative zinc fingers suggest that NELF could be a transcription factor. Collectively, our findings implicate NELF as a nuclear protein involved in the developmental function of the reproductive axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xu
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Medicine and Developmental Neurobiology Programs in the Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Neuroscience Program, The Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Becker Building, Los Angeles, CA 90048 (present address)
| | - Balasubramanian Bhagavath
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Women and Infants Hospital, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Medicine and Developmental Neurobiology Programs in the Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Neuroscience Program, The Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Lisa Halvorson
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Dept of Ob/Gyn, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Robert S. Podolsky
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Lynn P. Chorich
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Medicine and Developmental Neurobiology Programs in the Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Neuroscience Program, The Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Puttur Prasad
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Richard S. Cameron
- Developmental Neurobiology Program, The Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912
| | - Lawrence C. Layman
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility, & Genetics, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology; Reproductive Medicine and Developmental Neurobiology Programs in the Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics; Neuroscience Program, The Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912
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Mudduluru G, Vajkoczy P, Allgayer H. Myeloid zinc finger 1 induces migration, invasion, and in vivo metastasis through Axl gene expression in solid cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 8:159-69. [PMID: 20145042 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-09-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF1) is a member of the SCAN domain family transcription factors that form dimers through their highly conserved SCAN motifs. Silencing of MZF1 inhibits cell proliferation, and abnormal expression of MZF1 results in cancer development. However, a potential role of MZF1 in metastasis remains unclear. Axl is a receptor tyrosine kinase and was first identified as a transforming gene in chronic myeloid leukemia. Axl overexpression induces proliferation, migration, and invasion and is highly expressed in different human cancers. In this study, we show that overexpression of MZF1 induces migration and invasion in colorectal (Rko, SW480) and cervical (HeLa) cancer cells. In addition, we show that MZF1 binds to the Axl promoter, transactivates promoter activity, and enhances Axl-mRNA and protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. In vitro, sh-RNA knockdown of Axl reduced MZF1-induced migration and invasion in HeLa and Rko cells (P = 0.05). Additionally, Rko cells overexpressing MZF1 showed increased tumor formation and liver metastasis in the chicken-embryo-metastasis assay in vivo. Furthermore, the expression of MZF1 and Axl was significantly higher in resected colorectal tumors compared with corresponding normal tissues (P = 0.02; P = 0.05), and MZF1 expression was positively correlated with Axl gene expression in tumor tissues (P < 0.01). Taken together, this is the first study to show that MZF1 induces invasion and in vivo metastasis in colorectal and cervical cancer, at least in part by regulating Axl gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giridhar Mudduluru
- Department of Experimental Surgery/Molecular Oncology of Solid Tumors, DKFZ and University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Acosta-Martínez M, Luo J, Elias C, Wolfe A, Levine JE. Male-biased effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron-specific deletion of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit p85alpha on the reproductive axis. Endocrinology 2009; 150:4203-12. [PMID: 19541766 PMCID: PMC2736084 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
GnRH neurosecretion is subject to regulation by insulin, IGF-I, leptin, and other neuroendocrine modulators whose effects may be conveyed by activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-mediated pathways. It is not known, however, whether any of these regulatory actions are exerted directly, via activation of PI3K in GnRH neurons, or whether they are primarily conveyed via effects on afferent circuitries governing GnRH neurosecretion. To investigate the role of PI3K signaling in GnRH neurons, we used conditional gene targeting to ablate expression of the major PI3K regulatory subunit, p85alpha, in GnRH neurons. Combined in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry confirmed reduction of p85alpha mRNA expression in GnRH neurons of GnRH-p85alpha knockout (KO) animals. Females of both genotypes exhibited estrous cyclicity and had comparable serum LH, estradiol-17beta, and FSH levels. In male GnRH-p85alphaKO mice, serum LH, testosterone, and sperm counts were significantly reduced compared with wild type. To investigate the role of the other major regulatory subunit, p85beta, on the direct control of GnRH neuronal function, we generated mice with a GnRH-neuron-specific p85alpha deletion on a global betaKO background. No additional reproductive effects in male or female mice were found, suggesting that p85beta does not substitute p85 activity toward PI3K function in GnRH neurons. Our results suggest that p85alpha, and thus PI3K activity, participates in the control of GnRH neuronal activity in male mice. The sex-specific phenotype in these mice raises the possibility that PI3K activation during early development may establish sex differences in GnRH neuronal function.
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Involvement of headless myosin X in the motility of immortalized gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuronal cells. Cell Biol Int 2009; 33:578-85. [PMID: 19254772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 01/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Myosin X (Myo X), an unconventional myosin with a tail homology 4-band 4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin (MyTH4-FERM) tail, is expressed ubiquitously in various mammalian tissues. In addition to the full-length Myo X (Myo X FL), a headless form is synthesized in the brain. So far, little is known about the function of this motor-less Myo X. In this study, the role of the headless Myo X was investigated in immortalized gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal cells, NLT. NLT cells overexpressing the headless Myo X formed fewer focal adhesions and spread more slowly than the wild-type NLT cells and GFP-expressing NLT cells. In chemomigration assays, the NLT cells overexpressing the headless Myo X migrated shorter distances and had fewer migratory cells compared with the control NLT cells.
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Pierce A, Bliesner B, Xu M, Nielsen-Preiss S, Lemke G, Tobet S, Wierman ME. Axl and Tyro3 modulate female reproduction by influencing gonadotropin-releasing hormone neuron survival and migration. Mol Endocrinol 2008; 22:2481-95. [PMID: 18787040 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
GnRH neurons must undergo a complex and precise pattern of neuronal migration to appropriately target their projections to the median eminence to trigger gonadotropin secretion and thereby control reproduction. Using NLT GnRH cells as a model of early GnRH neuronal development, we identified the potential importance of Axl and Tyro3, members of the TAM (Tyro3, Axl, and Mer) family of receptor tyrosine kinases in GnRH neuronal cell survival and migration. Silencing studies evaluated the role of Tyro3 and Axl in NLT GnRH neuronal cells and suggest that both play a role in Gas6 stimulation of GnRH neuronal survival and migration. Analysis of mice null for both Axl and Tyro3 showed normal onset of vaginal opening but delayed first estrus and persistently abnormal estrous cyclicity compared with wild-type controls. Analysis of GnRH neuronal numbers and positioning in the adult revealed a total loss of 24% of the neuronal network that was more striking (34%) when considered within specific anatomical compartments, with the largest deficit surrounding the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis. Analysis of GnRH neurons during embryogenesis identified a striking loss of immunoreactive cells within the context of the ventral forebrain compartment (36%) and not more rostrally. Studies using caspase 3 cleavage as a marker of apoptosis showed that Axl(-/-), Tyro3(-/-) double-knockout mice had increased cell death in the nose and dorsal forebrain, supporting the underlying mechanism of cell loss. Together these data suggest that Axl and Tyro3 mediate the survival and appropriate targeting of GnRH neurons to the ventral forebrain, thereby contributing to normal reproductive function and cyclicity in the female.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pierce
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Tang FY, Su YC, Chen NC, Hsieh HS, Chen KS. Resveratrol inhibits migration and invasion of human breast-cancer cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:683-91. [PMID: 18398872 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of death from breast cancer. Cell migration and invasion play important roles in neoplastic metastasis. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) stimulates cell migration through activation of PI-3K/Akt signaling pathway. IGF-1 induces the tumorigenicity of many types of cancer cells and is critical for metastatic cell spread in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast-cancer cells. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is a key enzyme in the degradation of extracellular matrices and its expression has been dysregulated in breast cancer invasion and metastasis. Resveratrol exhibited potential anticarcinogenic activities in several studies. However, the inhibitory effects of resveratrol on the expression of MMP-2, migration and invasion of breast-cancer cell have not been demonstrated yet. In the present study, we investigated the anti-invasive mechanism of resveratrol in human breast cancer MDA-MB 435cells. Here, we showed that IGF-1 is a potent stimulant of the migration of ER-negative human breast-cancer cells. Resveratrol could inhibit IGF-1-mediated cell migration of MDA-MB 435 in vitro. The inhibitory effect of resveratrol was mediated in part through the suppression of the activation of PI-3K/Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, IGF-1-mediated expression of MMP-2 was significantly inhibited by resveratrol in concomitance with alteration of cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Yao Tang
- Biomedical Science Laboratory, Department of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Linger RMA, Keating AK, Earp HS, Graham DK. TAM receptor tyrosine kinases: biologic functions, signaling, and potential therapeutic targeting in human cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2008; 100:35-83. [PMID: 18620092 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 533] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tyro-3, Axl, and Mer constitute the TAM family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) characterized by a conserved sequence within the kinase domain and adhesion molecule-like extracellular domains. This small family of RTKs regulates an intriguing mix of processes, including cell proliferation/survival, cell adhesion and migration, blood clot stabilization, and regulation of inflammatory cytokine release. Genetic or experimental alteration of TAM receptor function can contribute to a number of disease states, including coagulopathy, autoimmune disease, retinitis pigmentosa, and cancer. In this chapter, we first provide a comprehensive review of the structure, regulation, biologic functions, and downstream signaling pathways of these receptors. In addition, we discuss recent evidence which suggests a role for TAM receptors in oncogenic mechanisms as family members are overexpressed in a spectrum of human cancers and have prognostic significance in some. Possible strategies for targeted inhibition of the TAM family in the treatment of human cancer are described. Further research will be necessary to evaluate the full clinical implications of TAM family expression and activation in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M A Linger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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Kölsch V, Charest PG, Firtel RA. The regulation of cell motility and chemotaxis by phospholipid signaling. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:551-9. [PMID: 18287584 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.023333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), PTEN and localized phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] play key roles in chemotaxis, regulating cell motility by controlling the actin cytoskeleton in Dictyostelium and mammalian cells. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, produced by PI3K, acts via diverse downstream signaling components, including the GTPase Rac, Arf-GTPases and the kinase Akt (PKB). It has become increasingly apparent, however, that chemotaxis results from an interplay between the PI3K-PTEN pathway and other parallel pathways in Dictyostelium and mammalian cells. In Dictyostelium, the phospholipase PLA2 acts in concert with PI3K to regulate chemotaxis, whereas phospholipase C (PLC) plays a supporting role in modulating PI3K activity. In adenocarcinoma cells, PLC and the actin regulator cofilin seem to provide the direction-sensing machinery, whereas PI3K might regulate motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Kölsch
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, Center for Molecular Genetics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0380, USA
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Bellido-Martín L, de Frutos PG. Vitamin K-dependent actions of Gas6. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2008; 78:185-209. [PMID: 18374195 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(07)00009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gas6 (growth arrest-specific gene 6) is the last addition to the family of plasma vitamin K-dependent proteins. Gas6 was cloned and characterized in 1993 and found to be similar to the plasma anticoagulant protein S. Soon after it was recognized as a growth factor-like molecule, as it interacted with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) of the TAM family; Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK. Since then, the role of Gas6, protein S, and the TAM receptors has been found to be important in inflammation, hemostasis, and cancer, making this system an interesting target in biomedicine. Gas6 employs a unique mechanism of action, interacting through its vitamin K-dependent Gla module with phosphatidylserine-containing membranes and through its carboxy-terminal LG domains with the TAM membrane receptors. The fact that these proteins are affected by anti-vitamin K therapy is discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lola Bellido-Martín
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institute for Biomedical Research of Barcelona, IIBB-CSIC-IDIBAPS, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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