1
|
Buonfiglio F, Ponto KA, Pfeiffer N, Kahaly GJ, Gericke A. Redox mechanisms in autoimmune thyroid eye disease. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103534. [PMID: 38527685 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2024.103534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune condition affecting the orbit and the eye with its adnexa, often occurring as an extrathyroidal complication of Graves' disease (GD). Orbital inflammatory infiltration and the stimulation of orbital fibroblasts, triggering de novo adipogenesis, an overproduction of hyaluronan, myofibroblast differentiation, and eventual tissue fibrosis are hallmarks of the disease. Notably, several redox signaling pathways have been shown to intensify inflammation and to promote adipogenesis, myofibroblast differentiation, and fibrogenesis by upregulating potent cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β. While existing treatment options can manage symptoms and potentially halt disease progression, they come with drawbacks such as relapses, side effects, and chronic adverse effects on the optic nerve. Currently, several studies shed light on the pathogenetic contributions of emerging factors within immunological cascades and chronic oxidative stress. This review article provides an overview on the latest advancements in understanding the pathophysiology of TED, with a special focus of the interplay between oxidative stress, immunological mechanisms and environmental factors. Furthermore, cutting-edge therapeutic approaches targeting redox mechanisms will be presented and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buonfiglio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Katharina A Ponto
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - George J Kahaly
- Medicine I (GJK), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg- University, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Adrian Gericke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tran TTT, Nguyen THN, Dauvilliers Y, Liblau R, Nguyen XH. Absence of specific autoantibodies in patients with narcolepsy type 1 as indicated by an unbiased random peptide-displayed phage screening. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297625. [PMID: 38442093 PMCID: PMC10914298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is an enigmatic sleep disorder characterized by the selective loss of neurons producing orexin (also named hypocretin) in the lateral hypothalamus. Although NT1 is believed to be an autoimmune disease, the orexinergic neuron-specific antigens targeted by the pathogenic immune response remain elusive. In this study, we evaluated the differential binding capacity of various peptides to serum immunoglobin G from patients with NT1 and other hypersomnolence complaints (OHCs). These peptides were selected using an unbiased phage display technology or based on their significant presence in the serum of NT1 patients as identified from previous studies. Although the subtractive biopanning strategy successfully enriched phage clones with high reactivity against NT1 serum IgG, the 101 randomly selected individual phage clones could not differentiate the sera from NT1 and OHC. Compared to the OHC control group, serum from several NT1 patients exhibited increased reactivity to the 12-mer peptides derived from TRBV7, BCL-6, NRXN1, RXRG, HCRT, and RTN4 proteins, although not statistically significant. Collectively, employing both unbiased and targeted methodologies, we were unable to detect the presence of specific autoantibodies in our NT1 patient cohort. This further supports the hypothesis that the autoimmune response in NT1 patients likely stems primarily from T cell-mediated immunity rather than humoral immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Tuyet Trinh Tran
- Department of Biobank, Hi-Tech Center and Vinmec-VinUni Institute of Immunology, Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Hong Nhung Nguyen
- Department of Biobank, Hi-Tech Center and Vinmec-VinUni Institute of Immunology, Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yves Dauvilliers
- Department of Neurology, Sleep-Wake Disorder Center, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Roland Liblau
- Department of Inflammatory Diseases of the Central Nervous System: Mechanisms and Therapies, Toulouse Institute for Infection and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Xuan-Hung Nguyen
- Department of Biobank, Hi-Tech Center and Vinmec-VinUni Institute of Immunology, Vinmec Healthcare system, Hanoi, Vietnam
- College of Health Sciences, VinUnivesity, Hanoi, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Byeon HJ, Ko J, Kikkawa DO, Yoon JS. Preoperative Risk Factors for Proptosis Recurrence After Rehabilitative Orbital Decompression in Graves' Orbitopathy Patients. Am J Ophthalmol 2024; 258:110-118. [PMID: 37544496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2023.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rehabilitative orbital decompression treats disfiguring exophthalmos in patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO). This study aimed to identify risk factors associated with the postoperative recurrence of proptosis after orbital decompression. DESIGN Retrospective, case-control study. METHODS This retrospective review included patients with GO who underwent rehabilitative orbital decompression for disfiguring proptosis in an inactive state with a low clinical activity score (0-2) between January 2017 and December 2020 by a single surgeon. Exophthalmos was measured using a Hertel exophthalmometer, and recurrence was defined as an increase of 2 mm or more after decompression during the follow-up period. The association between preoperative variables and proptosis recurrence was analyzed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Of the total 217 patients, 11 (5.1%) developed recurrence of proptosis during the follow-up period (range, 3-30; mean, 15.6 months). Univariate logistic regression analysis identified thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibody (TRAb) and thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) as significant factors for recurrence, with age, sex, smoking, disease duration, orbital radiotherapy, and total thyroidectomy history being nonsignificant. TRAb remained significant in a multivariate logistic regression analysis (odds ratio, 1.06; P = .014). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0.86 with a sensitivity of 90.9% and specificity of 82.0% at a TRAb level of 7.96 IU/L. CONCLUSION Preoperative TRAb and TSI are valuable markers to predict proptosis recurrence after orbital decompression. These results may help surgeons to decide the optimal timing for orbital decompression to lessen the risk of postoperative recurrence of proptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Ju Byeon
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.J.B., J.K., J.S.Y.)
| | - JaeSang Ko
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.J.B., J.K., J.S.Y.)
| | - Don O Kikkawa
- Division of Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA (D.O.K.)
| | - Jin Sook Yoon
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (H.J.B., J.K., J.S.Y.).
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Latif R, Davies TF, Mezei M. Functional Water Channels Within the TSH Receptor: A New Paradigm for TSH Action With Disease Implications. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad146. [PMID: 37767722 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) transmembrane domain (TMD) is found in the plasma membrane and consists of lipids and water molecules. To understand the role of TSHR-associated water molecules, we used molecular dynamic simulations of the TMD and identified a network of putative receptor-associated transmembrane water channels. This result was confirmed with extended simulations of the full-length TSHR with and without TSH ligand binding. While the transport time observed in the simulations via the TSHR protein was slower than via the lipid bilayer itself, we found that significantly more water traversed via the TSHR than via the lipid bilayer, which more than doubled with the binding of TSH. Using rat thyroid cells (FRTL-5) and a calcein fluorescence technique, we measured cell volumes after blockade of aquaporins 1 and 4, the major thyroid cell water transporters. TSH showed a dose-dependent ability to influence water transport, and similar effects were observed with stimulating TSHR autoantibodies. Small molecule TSHR agonists, which are allosteric activators of the TMD, also enhanced water transport, illustrating the role of the TMD in this phenomenon. Furthermore, the water channel pathway was also mapped across 2 activation motifs within the TSHR TMD, suggesting how water movement may influence activation of the receptor. In pathophysiological conditions such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism where TSH concentrations are highly variable, this action of TSH may greatly influence water movement in thyroid cells and many other extrathyroidal sites where the TSHR is expressed, thus affecting normal cellular function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Thyroid Research Unit, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Thyroid Research Unit, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Mihaly Mezei
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sui F, Chen P, Feng C, Yang Q, Zhang S, Ji M, Wang Y, Guan H, Xing M, Hou P. A Feedback Loop Involving Exosomal miR-146a and NG2 to Propel the Development and Progression of Hypothyroidism. Thyroid 2023; 33:1064-1077. [PMID: 37416988 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) plays a central role in maintaining thyroid function and TSHR impairment causes hypothyroidism, which is often associated with metabolic disarrangement. The most common type of hypothyroidism is autoimmune disease-related and the mechanism, particularly with respect to the role of microRNAs (miRNAs), has not been delineated. Methods: Serum from 30 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) and 30 healthy individuals were collected and exosomal miR-146a (exo-miR-146a) was examined, followed by extensive mechanistic investigation using various molecular and cellular experimental approaches and genetic-knockout mouse models. Results: Our clinical investigation showed that exo-miR-146a was systemically elevated in the serum of patients with SCH (p = 0.04) compared with healthy individuals, prompting us to investigate the biological effects of miR-146a in cells. We found that miR-146a could target and down-regulate neuron-glial antigen 2 (Ng2), with consequent down-regulation of TSHR. We next generated a thyroid-specific Ng2 knockout (Thy-Ng2-/-) mouse model and found a significant down-regulation of TSHR in Thy-Ng2-/- mice, accompanied by the development of hypothyroidism and metabolic disorders. We further found that a decrease in NG2 resulted in decreased receptor tyrosine kinase-linked downstream signaling and down-regulation of c-Myc, consequently resulting in up-regulation of miR-142 and miR-146a in thyroid cells. Up-regulated miR-142 targeted the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of TSHR messenger RNA (mRNA) and post-transcriptionally down-regulated TSHR, explaining the development of hypothyroidism above. Local up-regulation of miR-146a in thyroid cells augments the earlier cited processes initiated by systemically elevated miR-146a, thereby forming a feedback loop to propel the development and progression of hypothyroidism. Conclusions: This study has uncovered a self-augmenting molecular loop initiated by elevated exo-miR-146a to suppress TSHR through targeting and down-regulating NG2, thereby initiating and propelling the development and progression of hypothyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Sui
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Pu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Chao Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Shaoqiang Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Meiju Ji
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yinan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haixia Guan
- Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhao Xing
- Thyroid Research Institute, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Peng Hou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Latif R, Morshed SA, McCann C, Davies TF. Thyroid Stem Cell Speciation-a Major Role for PKC. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad067. [PMID: 37120783 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Instructive signals that delineate the formation of thyroid follicles by thyrotropin (TSH) in stem cells are complex. Here, we have examined the role of protein kinase C (PKC) by using a unique Gαq/11 biased small molecule (MSq1) to develop thyroid progenitor cells. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) were differentiated into anterior endoderm cells and treated with either TSH or MSq1 in the presence or absence of PKC inhibitors. The transcriptional and translational response of key thyroid markers-sodium iodide symporter (NIS), thyroglobulin (TG), and thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) as well as potential signaling molecules-were then analyzed. The data confirmed that MSq1 is a potent Gαq/11 activator with a major increase in Gαq/11 signaling when compared to TSH. MSq1 activation resulted in an increase in thyroid-specific genes, demonstrating that enhanced PKC signaling was able to induce their expression. The specificity of the PKC signals over the protein kinase A (PKA) pathway in regulating thyroid gene expression was shown by using a specific PKC enzyme inhibitor. The data revealed that TG and NIS expression were suppressed in the presence of the PKC inhibition but, in contrast, were not influenced by PKA inhibition. This indicated that PKC activation was the dominant pathway in the inductive process for thyroid hormone production. Furthermore, by examining PKC isoforms we found that PKCξ was the predominant form in the ES cells that mediated the effects. Since PKCξ can lead to activation of transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase (pTAK1), and its downstream effector nuclear factor κB (NFκB) complex, this demonstrated the involvement of the TAK1/NFκB pathway in thyroid speciation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Syed A Morshed
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Colin McCann
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10468, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Alhubaish ES, Alibrahim NT, Mansour AA. The Clinical Implications of Anti-thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies in Graves’ Disease in Basrah. Cureus 2023; 15:e36778. [PMID: 37123800 PMCID: PMC10133893 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease, with thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAbs) being the most important cause in the pathogenesis. The aim of this study is to assess the clinical significance of anti-TPO Abs in GD. Methods A retrospective study was conducted at the Faiha specialized Diabetes, Endocrine, and Metabolism Center (FDEMC) in Basrah during the period between December 2021 and December 2022. A total of 141 patients with GD were involved in this study, and of them, 97 (68.8%) were women. They were divided into two groups: patients with positive and negative anti-TPO Abs groups. Results Positive anti-TPO Abs were seen in 83 patients (58.9%) with GD. Pretreatment-free thyroxine level (ng/dL) was higher in the anti-TPO Abs positive GD patients than in those with negative antibodies (3.7±0.2 versus 3.0±0.2 with a p=0.021). Similarly, higher TRAb titers (IU/ml) at baseline were also seen in patients with positive anti-TPO Abs (9.8±0.7 versus 6.8±0.8) with a p=0.008. Giraffe appearance on thyroid ultrasound was more common in the group with positive anti-TPO Abs as compared to patients with negative anti-TPO Abs: 20 (87.0%) versus 3 (13.0%) with a p=0.005. A higher anti-TPO Abs titer (IU/mL) was associated with a baseline TRAb level of more than 6.4 IU/mL, and giraffe appearance on thyroid ultrasound (206.5±20.0 p-value<0.0001 and 228.0±35.3 p value=0.007, respectively). Conclusion A positive anti-TPO Abs in GD is associated with a high TRAb titer and free T4 level at baseline, as well as a giraffe appearance on thyroid ultrasound.
Collapse
|
8
|
Shpakov AO. Allosteric Regulation of G-Protein-Coupled Receptors: From Diversity of Molecular Mechanisms to Multiple Allosteric Sites and Their Ligands. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6187. [PMID: 37047169 PMCID: PMC10094638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric regulation is critical for the functioning of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their signaling pathways. Endogenous allosteric regulators of GPCRs are simple ions, various biomolecules, and protein components of GPCR signaling (G proteins and β-arrestins). The stability and functional activity of GPCR complexes is also due to multicenter allosteric interactions between protomers. The complexity of allosteric effects caused by numerous regulators differing in structure, availability, and mechanisms of action predetermines the multiplicity and different topology of allosteric sites in GPCRs. These sites can be localized in extracellular loops; inside the transmembrane tunnel and in its upper and lower vestibules; in cytoplasmic loops; and on the outer, membrane-contacting surface of the transmembrane domain. They are involved in the regulation of basal and orthosteric agonist-stimulated receptor activity, biased agonism, GPCR-complex formation, and endocytosis. They are targets for a large number of synthetic allosteric regulators and modulators, including those constructed using molecular docking. The review is devoted to the principles and mechanisms of GPCRs allosteric regulation, the multiplicity of allosteric sites and their topology, and the endogenous and synthetic allosteric regulators, including autoantibodies and pepducins. The allosteric regulation of chemokine receptors, proteinase-activated receptors, thyroid-stimulating and luteinizing hormone receptors, and beta-adrenergic receptors are described in more detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander O Shpakov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Morshed S, Latif R, Davies TF. Signal responses to neutral TSH receptor antibody - A cycle of damage in the pathophysiology of Graves' disease. J Autoimmun 2023; 136:103012. [PMID: 36898184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graves' disease is associated with TSH receptor (TSHR) antibodies of variable bioactivity including "neutral" antibodies (N-TSHR-Ab) that bind to the hinge region of the TSHR ectodomain. We have previously found that such antibodies induced thyroid cell apoptosis via excessive mitochondrial and ER stress with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the detailed mechanisms by which excess ROS was induced remained unclear. OBJECTIVES To determine how ROS is induced by N-TSHR-monoclonal antibodies (mAb, MC1) mediated signaling and to measure stress in polyorganelles. METHODS Total ROS and mitochondrial ROS was measured by fluorometry of live rat thyrocytes. Live-cell imaging of labelled organelles was carried out using red or green fluorescent dyes. Proteins were detected by Li-Cor Western immunoblots and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Endocytosis of N-TSHR-mAb induced ROS, disturbed vesicular trafficking, damaged organelles and failed to induce lysosomal degradation and autophagy. We found that the endocytosis triggered signaling cascades involving Gα13 and PKC-δ leading to intrinsic thyroid cell apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These studies define the mechanism of ROS induction in thyroid cells following the endocytosis of N-TSHR-Ab/TSHR complexes. We suggest that a viscous cycle of stress initiated by cellular ROS and induced by N-TSHR-mAbs may orchestrate overt intra-thyroidal, retro-orbital, and intra-dermal inflammatory autoimmune reactions in patients with Graves' disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Morshed
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J, Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J, Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J, Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Olivo PD. Bioassays for thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 37:101744. [PMID: 36828714 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2023.101744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bioassays using animal models were essential tools in the discovery of thyrotropin and in enhancing our understanding of the physiology of the pituitary-thyroid axis. These same bioassays were also instrumental in the discovery of autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor (TSH-R-Ab) and in identifying their role in the pathophysiology of Graves' disease. The development of cell-based bioassays led to further advances in our knowledge of the functional activity of TSH-R-Ab and to the discovery that TSH-R-Ab can be either thyroid-stimulating or thyroid blocking, and that they occur in other types of autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) besides Graves' disease. More recently, TSH-R-Ab bioassays have been advanced from research tools to clinical laboratory tests. Whereas TSH-R-Ab can be measured with competitive-binding immunoassays, these assays do not provide information on the functional activity of TSH-R-Ab. Bioassays, in contrast, can differentiate between the stimulatory or blocking activity of TSH-R-Ab which provides clinically useful information that can inform the management of patients with AITD. The clinical use of TSH-R-Ab bioassays, however, has been limited to-date by their inherent complexity and long turn-around-time. Recent advances in biosensors have been applied to the development of TSH-R-Ab bioassays that are rapid and simple to perform. We now are entering an era in which bioassays for TSH-R-Ab can be measured routinely by virtually any clinical laboratory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Olivo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
A retrospective study of clinical features and prognosis of patients with Graves' disease and ophthalmopathy. Nucl Med Commun 2023; 44:137-141. [PMID: 36630217 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To retrospectively investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with Graves' disease (GD) accompanied by ophthalmopathy (GO) and the prognosis of single 131I therapy. METHODS In total, 665 patientswith Graves' disease were enrolled in this study, including 115 patients with GO and 550 patients without GO. On the one hand, the clinical characteristics of the two groups were recorded. On the other hand, the prognosis after more than 6 months of 131I therapy was divided into three groups: recovered, hypothyroidism and unhealed. RESULTS Compared with GD-alone patients, GD patients with GO were younger, had a higher thyrotrophin receptor antibody (TRAb), heavier thyroid mass and higher dose of single 131I therapy (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, patients were younger in the clinical active score ≥3 group and had higher FT4 level in the mild GO group (all P < 0.05). Among these, age and TRAb were independent risk factors for GO in GD patients (P < 0.05). When age was <52.5 years and TRAb was >24.01 IU/L, GD patients were more likely to develop GO (P < 0.001). After at least 6 months of single 131I therapy, compared with GD-alone patients, the prognosis was poor in GD patients with GO (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Young GD patients with heavy thyroid mass and high TRAb are more likely to have GO. Younger GO patients are more likely to be active stage and the level of thyroid function was inversely correlated with the severity of GO. When the age and TRAb have exceeded the cutoff value, we should pay more attention to the occurrence of GO and shorten the follow-up interval appropriately. Patients with GD combined with GO have a poor prognosis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Fan Y, Xiong Y, Wang X, Chen J, Fang D, Huang J, Yuan G. Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-encapsulated iodine-131 nanoparticles fabricated with rhTSH induce apoptosis and immobilization of thyroid cancer cells. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1030105. [PMID: 36776316 PMCID: PMC9911809 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1030105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aggressive thyroid carcinoma (ATC) usually loses radioiodine avidity to iodine-131 (131I) due to the downregulation of sodium/iodide symporter (NIS). The expression of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is more persistent than NIS and the administration of recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone (rhTSH) promotes de novo NIS synthesis. Hence, exploring methods integrating 131I with rhTSH might be a feasible therapeutic strategy for selective delivery of 131I into thyroid cancer to fortify the effect of radioiodine ablation. Methods The 131I, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and rhTSH were used to synthesize of the 131I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles. The characteristics of the 131I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles was determined using a light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), autoradiography and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. The diameter of the 131I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles was measured with a Mastersizer 3000, and the encapsulation efficiency (EF) of 131I in 131I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles and the radioactivity of a single nanoparticle were determined. Then, the mouse tumor xenograft model was established, and the biodistribution and effect of 131I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles on apoptosis of thyroid cance cells were investigated in vivo. Thereafter, the role of 131I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles in cell viability using cell counting kit-8 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays. Subsequently, the underlying mechanism of 131I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles in reducing cell viability was assessed using immunostaining, boyden invasion assays and phalloidin staining. Results Our results showed that the method of developing nanoparticles-encapsulated 131I using poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and modified with rhTSH (131I-PLGA-rhTSH), was a feasible avenue for the integration of 131I and rhTSH. Meanwhile, the encapsulation efficiency (EF) of 131I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles was approximately 60%, and the radioactivity of a single nanoparticle was about 1.1×10-2 Bq. Meanwhile, the 131I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles were selectively delivered into, gradually enriched and slowly downregulated in xenograft tumor after the administration of 131I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles through tail vein in mouse tumor xenograft model. Thereafter, the tumor weight was significantly reduced after the administration of 131I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles. Subsequently, the application of 131I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles facilitated apoptosis and attenuated immobilization via inhibiting F-actin assembling of FTC-133 cells. Conclusion The present study develops a suitable approach integrating 131I and rhTSH, and this strategy is a feasible regimen enhancing the effect of radioiodine ablation for the treatment of thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongzeng Fan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yalan Xiong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Danzhou Fang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gengbiao Yuan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Gengbiao Yuan,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim TH, Lee MY, Jin SM, Lee SH. The association between serum concentration of thyroid hormones and thyroid cancer: a cohort study. Endocr Relat Cancer 2022; 29:635-644. [PMID: 36053903 DOI: 10.1530/erc-22-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The impact of serum thyroid hormone levels on thyroid cancer risk is unclear. Some studies reported that elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is associated with higher risk for incidence of thyroid cancer, but other studies reported no relationship. We conducted a large cohort study in 164,596 South Korean men and women who were free of thyroid cancer at baseline and underwent health examination with hormone levels of thyroid function. A parametric proportional hazard model was used to evaluate the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI. During 2,277,749.78 person-years of follow-up, 1280 incident thyroid cancers were identified (men = 593, women = 687). Among men, the multivariable-adjusted HR (95% CI) for thyroid cancer comparing low levels of TSH with normal levels of TSH was 2.95 (1.67-5.23), whereas the corresponding HR (95% CI) in women was 1.5 (0.88-2.55). High levels of free T4 and free T3 were also associated with incident thyroid cancer in both men and women. In clinical implication, overt hyperthyroidism is associated with thyroid cancer in both men and women. Within the euthyroid range, the highest tertile of TSH was associated with a lower risk of thyroid cancer than the lowest TSH tertile and the highest FT4 tertile was associated with a higher risk of thyroid cancer than the lowest FT4 tertile in both men and women. Our finding indicates that low levels of TSH and high levels of FT4, even within the normal range, were associated with an increased risk of incident thyroid cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hwan Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Yeon Lee
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of R&D Management, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Jin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Hyuk Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fokina EF, Shpakov AO. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor: the Role in the Development of Thyroid Pathology and Its Correction. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022050143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
One of the key elements responsible for the thyroid response
to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is the TSH receptor (TSHR),
which belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. Binding
of TSH or stimulatory autoantibodies to the TSHR extracellular domain
triggers multiple signaling pathways in target cells that are mediated
through various types of G proteins and β-arrestins. Inhibitory
autoantibodies, in contrast, suppress TSHR activity, inducing hypothyroid states.
Activating mutations lead to constitutively active TSHR forms and
can trigger cancer. Therefore, the TSHR is one of the key targets
for the regulation of thyroid function and thyroid status, as well
as correction of diseases caused by changes in TSHR activity (autoimmune
hyper- and hypothyroidism, Graves’ ophthalmopathy, thyroid cancer).
TSH preparations are extremely rarely used in medicine due to their
immunogenicity and severe side effects. Most promising is the development
of low-molecular allosteric TSHR regulators with an activity of
full and inverse agonists and neutral antagonists, which are able
to penetrate into the allosteric site located in the TSHR transmembrane
domain and specifically bind to it, thus controlling the ability
of the receptor to interact with G proteins and β-arrestins. Allosteric
regulators do not affect the binding of TSH and autoantibodies to
the receptor, which enables mild and selective regulation of thyroid function,
while avoiding critical changes in TSH and thyroid hormone levels.
The present review addresses the current state of the problem of
regulating TSHR activity, including the possibility of using ligands
of its allosteric sites.
Collapse
|
15
|
Girnita L, Smith TJ, Janssen JAMJL. It Takes Two to Tango: IGF-I and TSH Receptors in Thyroid Eye Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:S1-S12. [PMID: 35167695 PMCID: PMC9359450 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a complex autoimmune disease process. Orbital fibroblasts represent the central orbital immune target. Involvement of the TSH receptor (TSHR) in TED is not fully understood. IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) is overexpressed in several cell types in TED, including fibrocytes and orbital fibroblasts. IGF-IR may form a physical and functional complex with TSHR. OBJECTIVE Review literature relevant to autoantibody generation in TED and whether these induce orbital fibroblast responses directly through TSHR, IGF-IR, or both. EVIDENCE IGF-IR has traditionally been considered a typical tyrosine kinase receptor in which tyrosine residues become phosphorylated following IGF-I binding. Evidence has emerged that IGF-IR possesses kinase-independent activities and can be considered a functional receptor tyrosine kinase/G-protein-coupled receptor hybrid, using the G-protein receptor kinase/β-arrestin system. Teprotumumab, a monoclonal IGF-IR antibody, effectively reduces TED disease activity, proptosis, and diplopia. In addition, the drug attenuates in vitro actions of both IGF-I and TSH in fibrocytes and orbital fibroblasts, including induction of proinflammatory cytokines by TSH and TED IgGs. CONCLUSIONS Although teprotumumab has been proven effective and relatively safe in the treatment of TED, many questions remain pertaining to IGF-IR, its relationship with TSHR, and how the drug might be disrupting these receptor protein/protein interactions. Here, we propose 4 possible IGF-IR activation models that could underlie clinical responses to teprotumumab observed in patients with TED. Teprotumumab is associated with several adverse events, including hyperglycemia and hearing abnormalities. Underpinning mechanisms of these are being investigated. Patients undergoing treatment with drug must be monitored for these and managed with best medical practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Girnita
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, BioClinicum, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Terry J Smith
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Joseph A M J L Janssen
- Correspondence: Joseph A.M.J.L. Janssen, MD, PhD, Erasmus Medical Centre, Erasmus MC, Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Giannone M, Dalla Costa M, Sabbadin C, Garelli S, Salvà M, Masiero S, Plebani M, Faggian D, Gallo N, Presotto F, Bertazza L, Nacamulli D, Censi S, Mian C, Betterle C. TSH-receptor autoantibodies in patients with chronic thyroiditis and hypothyroidism. Clin Chem Lab Med 2022; 60:1020-1030. [PMID: 35511904 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2022-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The reported prevalence of TSH-receptor (TSHR) autoantibodies (TRAb) in patients with chronic thyroiditis (CT) range from 0 to 48%. The objective was to study the prevalence of TRAb in patients with CT and hypothyroidism and to correlate it with gender, age, thyroid dimensions, TSH levels, and autoimmune diseases. METHODS The study comprised 245 patients with CT and hypothyroidism (median age 42 years, 193 females, 52 males) and 123 Italian healthy subjects matched for sex and age as controls. TRAb were tested with ELISA using a >2.5 IU/L cut off for positivity. TSHR blocking (TBAb) and TSHR stimulating autoantibodies (TSAb) were measured in 12 TRAb-positive patients using bioassays with Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing wild-type or R255D-mutated TSHR. RESULTS TRAb positivity was found in 32/245 (13.1%) patients and significantly correlated (p<0.05) with TSH levels. TRAb positivity was significantly higher in males vs. females (p=0.034), in females 16-45 years of age vs. >45 years of age (p<0.05) and in patients with reduced vs. normal/increased thyroid dimensions (p<0.05). Linear regression analysis showed a correlation between TRAb concentrations with age (p<0.05) and TRAb concentrations with TSH (p<0.01). In bioassay with TSHR-R255D all 12 patients tested were TBAb-positive while 33% were also TSAb-positive suggesting the presence of a mixture of TRAbs with different biological activities in some patients. CONCLUSIONS TRAb have been found in patients with CT and hypothyroidism. A mixture of TBAb and TSAb was found in some patients and this may contribute to the pathogenesis of thyroid dysfunction during the course of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Giannone
- Gynecological Clinic, Dipartimento di Salute della Donna e del Bambino, Università Padova, Padova, Italy.,Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Miriam Dalla Costa
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Sabbadin
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Garelli
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Medicine, Ospedale dell'Angelo, Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Monica Salvà
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Masiero
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- Unit of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Diego Faggian
- Unit of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Gallo
- Unit of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Presotto
- Department of Medicine, Ospedale dell'Angelo, Mestre-Venezia, Italy
| | - Loris Bertazza
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Nacamulli
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Simona Censi
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Caterina Mian
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Corrado Betterle
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Morshed SA, Ma R, Latif R, Davies TF. Mechanisms in Graves Eye Disease: Apoptosis as the End Point of Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptor Inhibition. Thyroid 2022; 32:429-439. [PMID: 34927457 PMCID: PMC9048181 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background: Graves' eye disease, also called Graves' orbitopathy (GO), is a potentially debilitating autoimmune disease associated with retro-orbital inflammation and tissue expansion, involving both fibroblasts and adipocytes, resulting in periorbital edema, worsening proptosis, and muscle dysfunction with diplopia and may ultimately threaten sight. Accumulating evidence has indicated that autoantibodies to the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), which induce the hyperthyroidism of Graves' disease, also help mediate the pathogenesis of the eye disease in susceptible individuals through TSHR expression on retro-orbital cells. Since it has long been known that the effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and thyrotropin are additive, recent clinical trials with a human monoclonal IGF-1 receptor blocking antibody (teprotumumab; IGF-1R-B-monoclonal antibody [mAb]) have demonstrated its ability to induce significant reductions in proptosis, diplopia, and clinical activity scores in patients with GO. However, the molecular mechanisms by which such an antibody achieves this result is unclear. Methods: We have used Li-Cor In-Cell Western, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry to define levels of different proteins in mouse and human fibroblast cells. Proteomic array was also used to define pathway signaling molecules. Using CCK-8 and BrdU cell proliferation ELISA, we have analyzed proliferative response of these cells to different antibodies. Results: We now show that a stimulating TSHR antibody was able to induce phosphorylation of the IGF-1R and initiate both TSHR and IGF-1R signaling in mouse and human fibroblasts. IGF-1R-B-mAb (1H7) inhibited all major IGF-1R signaling cascades and also reduced TSHR signaling. This resulted in the antibody-induced suppression of autophagy as shown by inhibition of multiple autophagy-related proteins (Beclin1, LC3a, LC3b, p62, and ULK1) and the induction of cell death by apoptosis as evidenced by activation of cleaved caspase 3, FADD, and caspase 8. Furthermore, this IGF-1R-blocking mAb suppressed serum-induced perkin and pink mitophagic proteins. Conclusions: Our observations clearly indicated that stimulating TSHR antibodies were able to enhance IGF-1R activity and contribute to retro-orbital cellular proliferation and inflammation. In contrast, an IGF-1R-B-mAb was capable of suppressing IGF-1R signaling leading to retro-orbital fibroblast/adipocyte death through the cell-extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. This is likely the major mechanism involved in proptosis reduction in patients with Graves' eye disease treated by IGF-1R inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed A. Morshed
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Address correspondence to: Syed A. Morshed, MD, PhD, Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1055, 1 Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Risheng Ma
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Terry F. Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu Y, Yang H, Liang C, Huang X, Deng X, Luo Z. Expression of functional thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor in microglia. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2021; 83:40-45. [PMID: 34896340 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present study was to clarify the expression of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) in microglial cells, and to explore its function. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of TSHR in microglia was determined by Western blot, immunocytofluorescence and double immunohistofluorescence. Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) production was measured after thyrotropin receptor stimulating antibody (TSAb) treatment. RESULTS Results showed that TSHR protein was expressed and mainly located in the mouse microglia membrane. Moreover, TSAb stimulated cAMP production in mouse microglia (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the presence of TSHR in microglial cells. Brain TSHR was able to respond specifically to TSAb stimulation, suggesting that TSHR expression is functional. As microglia are innate immune cells that maintain environmental stability in the central nervous system and play a key role in many neuroimmune diseases, expression of functional TSHR in microglia has important pathophysiological implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfeng Liang
- Department of Blood transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujun Deng
- Department of Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zuojie Luo
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Decker P, Moulinet T, Pontille F, Cravat M, De Carvalho Bittencourt M, Jaussaud R. An updated review of anti-Ro52 (TRIM21) antibodies impact in connective tissue diseases clinical management. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 21:103013. [PMID: 34896652 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.103013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Ro52 (or anti-TRIM21) antibodies are part of the family of anti-Ro/SSA antibodies, historically markers of Sjögren syndrome and systemic lupus erythematosus. Anti-Ro52 antibodies represent one the most frequently encountered autoantibodies in patients with connective tissue disease (primary Sjögren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis and idiopathic inflammatory myopathies). Because of their lack of specificity and detection in patients with non-autoimmune disorders, the usefulness of anti-Ro52 testing in connective tissue diseases is still matter of debate among clinicians and immunologists. Autoantibodies are mainly diagnostic markers for autoimmune diseases but some of them can also be directly involved in the generation of tissue damage. Over the past decade several authors reported associations of anti-Ro52 antibodies with some clinical features - especially interstitial lung disease - and survival in patients with connective tissue diseases. There is also a growing evidence of the role of anti-Ro52 antibodies in the pathogenesis of connective tissue diseases. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the clinical associations of anti-Ro52 antibodies in the different connective tissue diseases and the recent advances on their potential role in the inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Decker
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Regional Competence Center for Systemic and Autoimmune Rare Diseases, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
| | - T Moulinet
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Regional Competence Center for Systemic and Autoimmune Rare Diseases, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR7365, IMoPA, Lorraine University, CNRS, Nancy, France
| | - F Pontille
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Regional Competence Center for Systemic and Autoimmune Rare Diseases, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - M Cravat
- Laboratory of Immunology, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR7365, IMoPA, Lorraine University, CNRS, Nancy, France
| | - M De Carvalho Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France; UMR7365, IMoPA, Lorraine University, CNRS, Nancy, France
| | - R Jaussaud
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Regional Competence Center for Systemic and Autoimmune Rare Diseases, Nancy University Hospital, Lorraine University, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rescue of thyroid cells from antibody induced cell death via induction of autophagy. J Autoimmun 2021; 126:102746. [PMID: 34801870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Graves' disease (GD) is associated with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (TSHR) antibodies of variable bioactivity. We have previously characterized "neutral" TSHR antibodies (N-TSHR-Abs) that bind to the hinge region of the TSHR ectodomain. We showed that an N-TSHR monoclonal antibody (mAb) failed to induce any G proteins to sustain survival signaling and lead to excessive stress and apoptosis. Furthermore, the addition of TSH, or the antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC), rescued N-TSHR-mAb-induced apoptotic death. However, the detailed mechanisms of this rescue remained unclear. METHODS Autophagy is activated in response to diverse stress related stimuli so we have, therefore, studied the autophagy response in rat thyroid cells (FRTL-5) during N-TSHR-mAb induced thyrocyte stress and apoptosis using the In Cell Western technique for quantitation along with immunocytochemistry. RESULTS Under starvation conditions with N-TSHR-mAb the addition of TSH or NAC prevented thyroid cell death by enhancing autophagy. This was evidenced by elevated levels of autophagy related proteins including beclin 1, LC3A, LC3B, ULK1, p62, and also activated pink and perkin mitophagy related proteins. The phenomenon was further confirmed by image analyses using Cyto-ID and Mito-ID autophagy detection systems. We also found that either TSH or NAC enhanced PKA, Akt, mTORC, AMPK, Sirtuins, PGC1α, NRF-2, mitofusin-2, TFAM and catalase in the N-TSHR-mAb stressed cells. Thus TSH or NAC restored cell survival signaling which reduced cell stress and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis. The N-TSHR-mAb also activated cytochrome-C, Bax, caspase-9, caspase-3A, and had less effect on FADD or caspase-8 indicating activation of the intrinsic pathway for apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicated that TSH or antioxidant can rescue thyroid cells from N-TSHR-mAb induced apoptosis via enhanced autophagy. These observations signify that N-TSHR-mAb in GD under low TSH conditions caused by the hyperthyroidism could be detrimental for thyrocyte survival which would be another factor able to precipitate ongoing autoinflammation.
Collapse
|
21
|
Agarwal S, Koh KH, Tardi NJ, Chen C, Dande RR, WerneckdeCastro JP, Sudhini YR, Luongo C, Salvatore D, Samelko B, Altintas MM, Mangos S, Bianco A, Reiser J. Deiodinase-3 is a thyrostat to regulate podocyte homeostasis. EBioMedicine 2021; 72:103617. [PMID: 34649077 PMCID: PMC8517284 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is associated with kidney podocyte injury and may occur as part of thyroid autoimmunity such as Graves' disease. Therefore, the present study was designed to ascertain if and how podocytes respond to and regulate the input of biologically active thyroid hormone (TH), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3); and also to decipher the pathophysiological role of type 3 deiodinase (D3), a membrane-bound selenoenzyme that inactivates TH, in kidney disease. METHODS To study D3 function in healthy and injured (PAN, puromycin aminonucleoside and LPS, Lipopolysaccharide-mediated) podocytes, immunofluorescence, qPCR and podocyte-specific D3 knockout mouse were used. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), co-immunoprecipitation and Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA) were used for the interaction studies. FINDINGS Healthy podocytes expressed D3 as the predominant deiodinase isoform. Upon podocyte injury, levels of Dio3 transcript and D3 protein were dramatically reduced both in vitro and in the LPS mouse model of podocyte damage. D3 was no longer directed to the cell membrane, it accumulated in the Golgi and nucleus instead. Further, depleting D3 from the mouse podocytes resulted in foot process effacement and proteinuria. Treatment of mouse podocytes with T3 phenocopied the absence of D3 and elicited activation of αvβ3 integrin signaling, which led to podocyte injury. We also confirmed presence of an active thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R) on mouse podocytes, engagement and activation of which resulted in podocyte injury. INTERPRETATION The study provided a mechanistic insight into how D3-αvβ3 integrin interaction can minimize T3-dependent integrin activation, illustrating how D3 could act as a renoprotective thyrostat in podocytes. Further, injury caused by binding of TSH-R with TSH-R antibody, as found in patients with Graves' disease, explained a plausible link between thyroid disorder and NS. FUNDING This work was supported by American Thyroid Association (ATA-2018-050.R1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivangi Agarwal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Kwi Hye Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Nicholas J Tardi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Chuang Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612
| | | | | | | | - Cristina Luongo
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Beata Samelko
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612
| | | | - Steve Mangos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Antonio Bianco
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Jochen Reiser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University, Chicago, IL 60612.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Besic N, Vidergar-Kralj B, Zaletel K, Grasic-Kuhar C. Graves disease and metastatic hormonal-active Hürthle cell thyroid cancer: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26384. [PMID: 34160415 PMCID: PMC8238273 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE A hormone-active metastatic Hürthle cell thyroid carcinoma (HCTC) and Graves disease (GD) present a therapeutic challenge and is rarely reported. PATIENT CONCERNS We present a 64-year-old male patient, who had dyspnea and left hip pain lasting 4 months. He had clinical signs of hyperthyroidism and a tumor measuring 9 cm in diameter of the left thyroid lobe, metastatic neck lymph node and metastases in the lungs, mediastinum, and bones. DIAGNOSIS Laboratory findings confirmed hyperthyroidism and GD. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy and cytological investigation revealed metastases of HCTC in the skull and in the 8th right rib. A CT examination showed a thyroid tumor, metastatic neck lymph node, metastases in the lungs, mediastinum and in the 8th right rib measuring 20 × 5.6 × 4.5 cm, in the left acetabulum measuring 9 × 9 × 3 cm and parietooccipitally in the skull measuring 5 × 4 × 2 cm. Histology after total thyroidectomy and resection of the 8th right rib confirmed metastatic HCTC. INTERVENTIONS The region of the left hip had been irradiated with concomitant doxorubicin 20 mg once weekly. When hyperthyroidism was controlled with thiamazole, a total thyroidectomy was performed. Persistent T3 hyperthyroidism, most likely caused by TSH-R-stimulated T3 production in large metastasis in the 8th right rib, was eliminated by rib resection. Thereafter, the patient was treated with 3 radioactive iodine-131 (RAI) therapies (cumulative dose of 515 mCi). Unfortunately, the tumor rapidly progressed after treatment with RAI and progressed 10 months after therapy with sorafenib. OUTCOMES Despite treatment, the disease rapidly progressed and patient died due to distant metastases. He survived for 28 months from diagnosis. LESSONS Simultaneous hormone-active HCTC and GD is extremely rare and prognosis is dismal. Concomitant external beam radiotherapy and doxorubicin chemotherapy, followed by RAI therapy, prevented the growth of a large metastasis in the left hip in our patient. However, a large metastasis in the 8th right rib presented an unresolved problem. Treatment with rib resection and RAI did not prevent tumor recurrence. External beam radiotherapy and sorafenib treatment failed to prevent tumor growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Besic
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana
- Faculty of Medicine Ljubljana
| | | | - Katja Zaletel
- Faculty of Medicine Ljubljana
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Clinical Center Ljubljana
| | - Cvetka Grasic-Kuhar
- Faculty of Medicine Ljubljana
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Tong M, Ding J, Huang B, Chen J, Wei X, Li Z, Shu J, Hu Z, Jiang X, Sheng H. Evaluation of the application of TSH receptor stimulating autoantibodies and the optimization of detection strategy in Graves' disease. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 521:34-39. [PMID: 34144042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the use of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI) assay to optimize the detection strategy for Graves' disease. METHODS Five hundred and forty-four well characterized serum samples from the Clinical Laboratory of Shanghai Tongren Hospital were collected from August 2019 to April 2020. The serum samples were obtained from 52 untreated GD patients, 155 treated GD patients, 83 patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis, 70 patients with thyroid nodules, 83 patients with thyroid cancer, and 101 healthy subjects. All samples were evaluated by both TSI assay and TSH receptor autoantibodies (TRAb) assay. Moreover, 23 patients without a distinct thyroid disease diagnosis at the first visit were monitored for 6 months to make a final diagnosis. RESULTS The clinical sensitivity of the TSI and TRAb assays was 98.10% and 94.20% respectively, while the clinical specificity was 92.30% and 96.70% respectively. ROC plot analysis based on sera of UT-GD (newly diagnosed GD patients) revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.974 for the TSI assay. The best cutoff value was 0.58 IU/l (98.0% of sensitivity, 92.8% of specificity). The AUC for the TRAb assay was 0.961. Furthermore, combining TSI and TRAb results, the area under the curve was 0.981. In a pilot study of 23 patients with an uncertain initial diagnosis, the follow-up results showed the clinical diagnosis of 22 out of 23 cases were resolved in agreement with the results obtained by the TSI assay, and one case matched the result obtained by TRAb assay. CONCLUSION The TSI assay presents very promising analytical characteristics and could be adopted in clinical practice to improve GD diagnosis. The TSI assay might be better than TRAb assay in initial differential diagnosis of GD from other thyroid diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minghong Tong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Zhijiangxi Community Health Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Biao Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Xin Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiming Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Shu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Wuxi Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Huiming Sheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Tong Ren Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Verma R, Choi D, Chen AJ, Harrington CA, Wilson DJ, Grossniklaus HE, Dailey RA, Ng J, Steele EA, Planck SR, Korn BS, Kikkawa D, Czyz CN, Foster JA, Kazim M, Harris GJ, Edward DP, Al-Hussain H, Maktabi AMY, Alabiad C, Garcia A, Rosenbaum JT. Enrichment of IGF-1R and PPARγ signalling pathways in orbital inflammatory diseases: steps toward understanding pathogenesis. Br J Ophthalmol 2021; 106:1012-1017. [PMID: 33637620 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-318330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orbital inflammatory disease (OID) encompasses a wide range of pathology including thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), sarcoidosis and non-specific orbital inflammation (NSOI), accounting for up to 6% of orbital diseases. Understanding the underlying pathophysiology of OID can improve diagnosis and help target therapy. AIMS To test the hypothesis that shared signalling pathways are activated in different forms of OID. METHODS In this secondary analysis, pathway analysis was performed on the previously reported differentially expressed genes from orbital adipose tissue using patients with OID and healthy controls who were characterised by microarray. For the original publications, tissue specimens were collected from oculoplastic surgeons at 10 international centres representing four countries (USA, Canada, Australia and Saudi Arabia). Diagnoses were independently confirmed by two masked ocular pathologists (DJW, HEG). Gene expression profiling analysis was performed at the Oregon Health & Science University. Eighty-three participants were included: 25 with TAO, 6 with orbital GPA, 7 with orbital sarcoidosis, 25 with NSOI and 20 healthy controls. RESULTS Among the 83 subjects (mean (SD) age, 52.8 (18.3) years; 70% (n=58) female), those with OID demonstrated perturbation of the downstream gene expressions of the IGF-1R (MAPK/RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), adipocytokine and AMPK signalling pathways compared with healthy controls. Specifically, GPA samples differed from controls in gene expression within the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R, PI3K-Akt (p=0.001), RAS (p=0.005)), PPARγ (p=0.002), adipocytokine (p=0.004) or AMPK (p=<0.001) pathways. TAO, sarcoidosis and NSOI samples were also found to have statistically significant differential gene expression in these pathways. CONCLUSIONS Although OID includes a heterogenous group of pathologies, TAO, GPA, sarcoidosis and NSOI share enrichment of common gene signalling pathways, namely IGF-1R, PPARγ, adipocytokine and AMPK. Pathway analyses of gene expression suggest that other forms of orbital inflammation in addition to TAO may benefit from blockade of IGF-1R signalling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Verma
- Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Dongseok Choi
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA.,OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Graduate School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Allison J Chen
- Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California San Diego- Shiley Eye Institute and Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Christina A Harrington
- Integrated Genomics Laboratory, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David J Wilson
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Roger A Dailey
- Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - John Ng
- Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Eric A Steele
- Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Stephen R Planck
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Bobby S Korn
- Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California San Diego- Shiley Eye Institute and Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Don Kikkawa
- Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of California San Diego- Shiley Eye Institute and Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Craig N Czyz
- Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ohio Health, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jill A Foster
- Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The Ohio State University, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ophthalmic Surgeons and Consultants of Ohio, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael Kazim
- Edward S Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gerald J Harris
- Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Deepak P Edward
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haila Al-Hussain
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azza M Y Maktabi
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chris Alabiad
- Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami Health System Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Armando Garcia
- Oculofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Miami Health System Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - James T Rosenbaum
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University Casey Eye Institute, Portland, Oregon, USA .,Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Devers Eye Institute, Legacy Health System, Portland, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Geysels RC, Peyret V, Martín M, Nazar M, Reale C, Bernal Barquero CE, Miranda L, Martí MA, Vito P, Masini-Repiso AM, Nicola JP. The Transcription Factor NF-κB Mediates Thyrotropin-Stimulated Expression of Thyroid Differentiation Markers. Thyroid 2021; 31:299-314. [PMID: 32935630 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: The nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) transcription factor is a key regulator of cell survival, proliferation, and gene expression. Although activation of NF-κB signaling in thyroid follicular cells after thyrotropin (TSH) receptor (TSHR) engagement has been reported, the downstream signaling leading to NF-κB activation remains unexplored. Here, we sought to elucidate the mechanisms that regulate NF-κB signaling activation in response to TSH stimulation. Methods: Fisher rat-derived thyroid cell lines and primary cultures of NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO)-deficient mice thyrocytes were used as models. Signaling pathways leading to the activation of NF-κB were investigated by using chemical inhibitors and phospho-specific antibodies. Luciferase reporter gene assays and site-directed mutagenesis were used to monitor NF-κB-dependent gene transcriptional activity and the expression of thyroid differentiation markers was assessed by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) was carried out to investigate NF-κB subunit p65 DNA binding, and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene knockdown approaches were used for studying gene function. Results: Using thyroid cell lines, we observed that TSH treatment leads to protein kinase C (PKC)-mediated canonical NF-κB p65 subunit nuclear expression. Moreover, TSH stimulation phosphorylated the kinase TAK-1, and its knockdown abolished TSH-induced NF-κB transcriptional activity. TSH induced the transcriptional activity of the NF-κB subunit p65 in a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation at Ser-276. In addition, p65 phosphorylation at Ser-276 induced acetyl transferase p300 recruitment, leading to its acetylation on Lys-310 and thereby enhancing its transcriptional activity. Evaluation of the role played by NF-κB in thyroid physiology demonstrated that the canonical NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7082 reduced TSH-induced expression of thyroid differentiation markers. The involvement of NF-κB signaling in thyroid physiology was confirmed by assessing the TSH-induced gene expression in primary cultures of NEMO-deficient mice thyrocytes. ChIP and the knockdown experiments revealed that p65 is a nuclear effector of TSH actions, inducing the transcripcional expression of thyroid differentiation markers. Conclusions: Taken together, our results point to NF-κB being a pivotal mediator in the TSH-induced thyroid follicular cell differentiation, a relevant finding with potential physiological and pathophysiological implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Celeste Geysels
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Victoria Peyret
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Mariano Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Magalí Nazar
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carla Reale
- Biogem Consortium, Ariano Irpino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Carlos Eduardo Bernal Barquero
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Lucas Miranda
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Adrián Martí
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pasquale Vito
- Biogem Consortium, Ariano Irpino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie, Università degli Studi del Sannio, Benevento, Italy
| | - Ana María Masini-Repiso
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Juan Pablo Nicola
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBICI-CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway comprises two activating ligands (IGF-I and IGF-II), two cell-surface receptors (IGF-IR and IGF-IIR), six IGF binding proteins (IGFBP) and nine IGFBP related proteins. IGF-I and the IGF-IR share substantial structural and functional similarities to those of insulin and its receptor. IGF-I plays important regulatory roles in the development, growth, and function of many human tissues. Its pathway intersects with those mediating the actions of many cytokines, growth factors and hormones. Among these, IGFs impact the thyroid and the hormones that it generates. Further, thyroid hormones and thyrotropin (TSH) can influence the biological effects of growth hormone and IGF-I on target tissues. The consequences of this two-way interplay can be far-reaching on many metabolic and immunologic processes. Specifically, IGF-I supports normal function, volume and hormone synthesis of the thyroid gland. Some of these effects are mediated through enhancement of sensitivity to the actions of TSH while others may be independent of pituitary function. IGF-I also participates in pathological conditions of the thyroid, including benign enlargement and tumorigenesis, such as those occurring in acromegaly. With regard to Graves' disease (GD) and the periocular process frequently associated with it, namely thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), IGF-IR has been found overexpressed in orbital connective tissues, T and B cells in GD and TAO. Autoantibodies of the IgG class are generated in patients with GD that bind to IGF-IR and initiate the signaling from the TSHR/IGF-IR physical and functional protein complex. Further, inhibition of IGF-IR with monoclonal antibody inhibitors can attenuate signaling from either TSHR or IGF-IR. Based on those findings, the development of teprotumumab, a β-arrestin biased agonist as a therapeutic has resulted in the first medication approved by the US FDA for the treatment of TAO. Teprotumumab is now in wide clinical use in North America.
Collapse
|
27
|
Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation-Induced Immunoglobulin Production: Significance on Autoimmunity. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121875. [PMID: 33260824 PMCID: PMC7760294 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) mainly persists in B cells, which differentiate into antibody-producing cells, and thus, EBV has been implicated in autoimmune diseases. We aimed to describe the EBV reactivation and its relevance to autoimmune disease, focusing on Graves’ disease, which is an autoimmune hyperthyroidism caused by thyrotropin receptor antibodies. Circulating autoreactive B cells that have evaded from the selection have difficulties differentiating to produce antibodies. However, once EBV infects such B cells and reactivates, the B cells may become plasma cells and produce autoantibody. We herein proposed an EBV reactivation-induced Ig production system, which is a distinct pathway from the antibody production system through germinal centers and bone marrow and has the following characteristics: 1. IgM dominance, 2. ubiquitous Ig production, and 3. the rescue of autoreactive B cells, which skews Ig production toward autoantigens. IgM autoantibodies induced by EBV reactivation may activate the classical complement pathway and injure healthy tissue, which supply autoantigens for the production of affinity-matured IgG autoantibodies. Antibodies induced by EBV reactivation may play important roles in the development and exacerbation of autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kwon H, Moon BI. Prognosis of papillary thyroid cancer in patients with Graves' disease: a propensity score-matched analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2020; 18:266. [PMID: 33050937 PMCID: PMC7557089 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-020-02044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with Graves’ disease (GD) are at a 2.5 times higher risk of developing thyroid cancer than the general population. Previous studies reported conflicting results about the prognosis of thyroid cancer concomitant with GD. This study aimed to investigate the effect of GD to the recurrence rates of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Methods We reviewed 3628 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for PTC at the Ewha Womans University Medical Center from January 2006 to June 2014. Of those, 114 patients had non-occult PTC with concomitant GD. To reduce potential confounding effects and selection bias, we conducted 1:5 propensity score matching and analyzed the recurrence-free survival. Results Thyroid cancer in patients with GD showed lower rate of lymphatic invasion (1.8% vs. 6.7%; p = 0.037), microscopic resection margin involvement (0.9% vs. 5.8%; p = 0.024), and lymph node metastasis (29.8% vs. 37.3%; p = 0.001) than in patients without GD, respectively. During the median follow-up of 94.1 months, recurrence occurred in one patient (0.9%) with GD. After propensity score matching for adjusting clinicopathological features, 5-year recurrence-free survival was comparable between patients with GD and euthyroid patients (100% vs. 98.4%, p = 0.572). Both tumor size [hazard ratio (HR) 1.585, p < 0.001] and lymph node metastasis (HR for N1a 3.067, p = 0.024; HR for N1b 15.65, p < 0.001) were predictive factors for recurrence-free survival, while GD was not associated with the recurrence. Conclusions Our data suggest that GD does not affect the prognosis of PTC. Thyroid cancer in patients with GD is not more aggressive than in euthyroid patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyungju Kwon
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-Gu, Seoul, 07985, South Korea.
| | - Byung-In Moon
- Department of Surgery, Ewha Womans University Medical Center, 1071 Anyangcheon-ro, Yangcheon-Gu, Seoul, 07985, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
The Molecular Function and Clinical Role of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor in Cancer Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071730. [PMID: 32698392 PMCID: PMC7407617 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and its cognate receptor (TSHR) are of crucial importance for thyrocytes to proliferate and exert their functions. Although TSHR is predominantly expressed in thyrocytes, several studies have revealed that functional TSHR can also be detected in many extra-thyroid tissues, such as primary ovarian and hepatic tissues as well as their corresponding malignancies. Recent advances in cancer biology further raise the possibility of utilizing TSH and/or TSHR as a therapeutic target or as an informative index to predict treatment responses in cancer patients. The TSH/TSHR cascade has been considered a pivotal modulator for carcinogenesis and/or tumor progression in these cancers. TSHR belongs to a sub-group of family A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which activate a bundle of well-defined signaling transduction pathways to enhance cell renewal in response to external stimuli. In this review, recent findings regarding the molecular basis of TSH/TSHR functions in either thyroid or extra-thyroid tissues and the potential of directly targeting TSHR as an anticancer strategy are summarized and discussed.
Collapse
|
30
|
More Y, Khalil AB, Mustafa H, Gupte M, Al-Abbadi M, Elamin D, Aziz L, Basha SI. Incidental Thyroid cancer in patients undergoing surgery for hyperthyroidism. Am J Otolaryngol 2020; 41:102187. [PMID: 31757411 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
31
|
Jang D, Morgan SJ, Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J, Banga JP, Neumann S, Gershengorn MC. Thyrotropin, but Not Thyroid-Stimulating Antibodies, Induces Biphasic Regulation of Gene Expression in Human Thyrocytes. Thyroid 2020; 30:270-276. [PMID: 31805824 PMCID: PMC7047096 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Background: Thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAbs) activate TSH receptor (TSHR) signaling by binding to its extracellular domain. TSHR signaling has been studied extensively in animal thyrocytes and in engineered cell lines, and differences in signaling have been observed in different cell systems. We, therefore, decided to characterize and compare TSHR signaling mediated by TSH and monoclonal TSAbs in human thyrocytes in primary culture. Methods: We used quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to measure mRNA levels of thyroid-specific genes thyroglobulin (TG), thyroperoxidase (TPO), iodothyronine deiodinase type 2 (DIO2), sodium-iodide symporter (NIS), and TSHR after stimulation by TSH or two monoclonal TSAbs, KSAb1 and M22. We also compared secreted TG protein after TSHR activation by TSH and TSAbs using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TSHR cell surface expression was determined using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Results: We found that TSH at low doses increases and at high doses (>1 mU/mL) decreases levels of gene expression for TSHR, TG, TPO, NIS, and DIO2. The biphasic effect of TSH on signaling was not caused by downregulation of cell surface TSHRs. This bell-shaped biphasic dose-response curve has been termed an inverted U-shaped dose-response curve (IUDRC). An IUDRC was also found for TSH-induced regulation of TG secretion. In contrast, KSAb1- and M22-induced regulation of TSHR, TG, TPO, NIS, and DIO2 gene expression, and secreted TG followed a monotonic dose-response curve that plateaus at high doses of activating antibody. Conclusions: Our data demonstrate that the physiological activation of TSHRs by TSH in primary cultures of human thyrocytes is characterized by a regulatory mechanism that may inhibit thyrocyte overstimulation. In contrast, TSAbs do not exhibit biphasic regulation. Although KSAb1 and M22 may not be representative of all TSAbs found in patients with Graves' disease, we suggest that persistent robust stimulation of TSHRs by TSAbs, unrelieved by a decrease at high TSAb levels, fosters chronic stimulation of thyrocytes in Graves' hyperthyroidism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daesong Jang
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sarah J. Morgan
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joanna Klubo-Gwiezdzinska
- Metabolic Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - J. Paul Banga
- Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susanne Neumann
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marvin C. Gershengorn
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Woeller CF, Roztocil E, Hammond C, Feldon SE. TSHR Signaling Stimulates Proliferation Through PI3K/Akt and Induction of miR-146a and miR-155 in Thyroid Eye Disease Orbital Fibroblasts. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 60:4336-4345. [PMID: 31622470 PMCID: PMC6798326 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the molecular pathways that drive thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR)–induced cellular proliferation in orbital fibroblasts (OFs) from thyroid eye disease (TED) patients. Methods Orbital fibroblasts from TED and non-TED patients were treated with TSH and changes in gene expression and proliferation were measured. To determine the role of TSHR, TSHR-specific siRNA was used to deplete TSHR levels. Proliferation was measured by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. PI3K/Akt activation was analyzed by Western blot. The PI3K inhibitor LY294002 was used to investigate PI3K/Akt signaling in OF proliferation. Expression of TSHR, inflammatory cytokines, proliferation related genes and miR-146a and miR-155 were measured by qPCR. Results Orbital fibroblasts from TED patients proliferate significantly more than non-TED OFs in response to TSH. TSH-induced proliferation was dependent upon TSHR expression and required the PI3K/Akt signaling cascade. TSHR activation stimulated miR-146a and miR-155 expression. TED OFs produced significantly more miR-146a and miR-155 than non-TED OFs. MiR-146a and miR-155 targets, ZNRF3 and PTEN, which both limit cell proliferation, were decreased in TSH treated OFs. Conclusions These data reveal that TSHR signaling in TED OFs stimulates proliferation directly through PI3K/Akt signaling and indirectly through induction of miR-146a and miR-155. MiR-146a and miR-155 enhance TED OF proliferation by reducing expression of target genes that normally block cell proliferation. TSHR-dependent expression of miR-146a and miR-155 may explain part of the fibroproliferative pathology observed in TED.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collynn F Woeller
- Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Elisa Roztocil
- Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Christine Hammond
- Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Steven E Feldon
- Flaum Eye Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Latif R, Morshed SA, Ma R, Tokat B, Mezei M, Davies TF. A Gq Biased Small Molecule Active at the TSH Receptor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:372. [PMID: 32676053 PMCID: PMC7333667 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) can lead to G protein and non-G protein initiated signals. By virtue of its structural property, the TSH receptor (TSHR) has a unique ability to engage different G proteins making it highly amenable to selective signaling. In this study, we describe the identification and characterization of a novel small molecule agonist to the TSHR which induces primary engagement with Gαq/11. To identify allosteric modulators inducing selective signaling of the TSHR we used a transcriptional-based luciferase assay system with CHO-TSHR cells stably expressing response elements (CRE, NFAT, SRF, or SRE) that were capable of measuring signals emanating from the coupling of Gαs , Gαq/11, Gβγ, and Gα12/13, respectively. Using this system, TSH activated Gαs , Gαq/11, and Gα12/13 but not Gβγ. On screening a library of 50K molecules at 0.1,1.0 and 10 μM, we identified a novel Gq/11 agonist (named MSq1) which activated Gq/11 mediated NFAT-luciferase >4 fold above baseline and had an EC50= 8.3 × 10-9 M with only minor induction of Gαs and cAMP. Furthermore, MSq1 is chemically and structurally distinct from any of the previously reported TSHR agonist molecules. Docking studies using a TSHR transmembrane domain (TMD) model indicated that MSq1 had contact points on helices H1, H2, H3, and H7 in the hydrophobic pocket of the TMD and also with the extracellular loops. On co-treatment with TSH, MSq1 suppressed TSH-induced proliferation of thyrocytes in a dose-dependent manner but lacked the intrinsic ability to influence basal thyrocyte proliferation. This unexpected inhibitory property of MSq1 could be blocked in the presence of a PKC inhibitor resulting in derepressing TSH induced protein kinase A (PKA) signals and resulting in the induction of proliferation. Thus, the inhibitory effect of MSq1 on proliferation resided in its capacity to overtly activate protein kinase C (PKC) which in turn suppressed the proliferative signal induced by activation of the predomiant cAMP-PKA pathway of the TSHR. Treatment of rat thyroid cells (FRTL5) with MSq1 did not show any upregulation of gene expression of the key thyroid specific markers such as thyroglobulin(Tg), thyroid peroxidase (Tpo), sodium iodide symporter (Nis), and the TSH receptor (Tshr) further suggesting lack of involvement of MSq1 and Gαq/11 activation with cellular differentation. In summary, we identified and characterized a novel Gαq/11 agonist molecule acting at the TSHR and which showed a marked anti-proliferative ability. Hence, Gq biased activation of the TSHR is capable of ameliorating the proliferative signals from its orthosteric ligand and may offer a therapeutic option for thyroid growth modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Rauf Latif
| | - Syed A. Morshed
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Risheng Ma
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Bengu Tokat
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mihaly Mezei
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Terry F. Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kim JJ, Jeong SH, Kim B, Kim D, Jeong SH. Analytical and clinical performance of newly developed immunoassay for detecting thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin, the Immulite TSI assay. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2019; 79:443-448. [DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2019.1658216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ju Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Ho Jeong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungkwang Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hoon Jeong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mekraksakit P, Rattanawong P, Karnchanasorn R, Kanitsoraphan C, Leelaviwat N, Poonsombudlert K, Kewcharoen J, Dejhansathit S, Samoa R. PROGNOSIS OF DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CARCINOMA IN PATIENTS WITH GRAVES DISEASE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. Endocr Pract 2019; 25:1323-1337. [PMID: 31412224 DOI: 10.4158/ep-2019-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: It is still controversial whether differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) in patients with Graves disease (GD) can be more aggressive than non-Graves DTC. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the association between GD and prognosis in patients with DTC. Methods: We comprehensively searched the databases of MEDLINE and EMBASE from inception to March 2019. We included published studies that compared the risk of mortality and prognosis between DTC patients with GD and those with non-GD. Data from each study were combined using the random-effects model. Results: Twenty-five studies from February 1988 to May 2018 were included (987 DTC patients with GD and 2,064 non-Graves DTC patients). The DTC patients with GD had a significantly higher risk of associated multifocality/multicentricity (odds ratio, 1.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 2.02; I2, 6.5%; P = .381) and distant metastasis at the time of cancer diagnosis (odds ratio, 2.19; 95% confidence interval, 1.08 to 4.47; I2, 0.0%; P = .497), but this was not associated with DTC-related mortality and recurrence/persistence during follow-up. Conclusion: Our meta-analysis demonstrates a statistically significant increased risk of multifocality/multicentricity and distant metastasis at the time of cancer diagnosis in DTC patients with GD than those without GD. Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; DTC = differentiated thyroid carcinoma; GD = Graves disease; LN = lymph node; OR = odds ratio; PTC = papillary thyroid carcinoma; TC = thyroid carcinoma; TSAb = thyroid-stimulating antibody; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Collapse
|
36
|
Morshed SA, Ma R, Latif R, Davies TF. Cleavage Region Thyrotropin Receptor Antibodies Influence Thyroid Cell Survival In Vivo. Thyroid 2019; 29:993-1002. [PMID: 31025602 PMCID: PMC6648196 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Graves' disease is associated with thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) antibodies of variable bioactivity. Recently, antibodies have been characterized that bind to the cleavage region of the TSHR ectodomain (C-TSHR-Ab), and their ability to induce thyroid cell apoptosis in vitro via excessive cell stress involving multiple organelles was demonstrated. Methods: To investigate the in vivo effects of C-TSHR-Ab, first a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) directed against residues 337 to 356 of the TSHR cleavage region was developed, and then it was injected into mice. Results: These injections caused reduced serum total triiodothyronine and thyroxine and increased TSH levels compared to control mAb-injected mice. The C-TSHR-mAb induced histological evidence of endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial stress, and apoptosis in the thyroid glands. C-TSHR-mAb-mediated apoptosis was associated with cellular infiltrates consisting mostly of macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils, while T- and B-lymphocytes were scarce. In addition, in the treated mouse thyroid tissue, hyper-citrullination of histone H3 was also found. This is known to occur via peptidylarginine deiminase 4 and plays an important role in the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, which are likely to be partly responsible for thyroid infiltration, as seen in many autoimmune diseases. Examination of thyroid tissue from patients with Graves' disease also showed increased stress and some thyrocyte apoptosis compared to normal thyroid tissues. Conclusions: The fact that the C-TSHR-mAb induced accumulation of macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells indicates that innate immunity plays a central role in shaping the adaptive immune response to the TSHR. In addition, this study provides further evidence that the hinge region of the TSHR ectodomain is intimately involved in the immune response in autoimmune thyroid disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed A. Morshed
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
- Address correspondence to: Syed Morshed, MD, PhD, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Box 1055, 1428 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10029
| | - Risheng Ma
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Terry F. Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sun S, Summachiwakij S, Schneck O, Morshed SA, Ma R, Latif R, Davies TF. Antigenic "Hot- Spots" on the TSH Receptor Hinge Region. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 9:765. [PMID: 30666231 PMCID: PMC6330735 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The TSH receptor (TSHR) hinge region was previously considered an inert scaffold connecting the leucine-rich ectodomain to the transmembrane region of the receptor. However, mutation studies have established the hinge region to be an extended hormone-binding site in addition to containing a region which is cleaved thus dividing the receptor intoα | ' (A) and β (B) subunits. Furthermore, we have shown in-vitro that monoclonal antibodies directed to the cleaved part of the hinge region (often termed "neutral" antibodies) can induce thyroid cell apoptosis in the absence of cyclic AMP signaling. The demonstration of neutral antibodies in patients with Graves' disease suggests their potential involvement in disease pathology thus making the hinge a potentially important antigenic target. Here we examine the evolution of the antibody immune response to the entire TSHR hinge region (aa280-410) after intense immunization with full-length TSHR cDNA in a mouse (BALB/c) model in order to examine the immunogenicity of this critical receptor structure. We found that TSHR hinge region antibodies were detected in 95% of the immunized mice. The antibody responses were largely restricted to residues 352-410 covering three major epitopes and not merely confined to the cleaved portion. These data indicated the presence of novel antigenic "hotspots" within the carboxyl terminus of the hinge region and demonstrate that the hinge region of the TSHR contains an immunogenic pocket that is involved in the highly heterogeneous immune response to the TSHR. The presence of such TSHR antibodies suggests that they may play an active role in the immune repertoire marshaled against the TSHR and may influence the Graves' disease phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Department of Medicine, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Song YS, Kim MJ, Sun HJ, Kim HH, Shin HS, Kim YA, Oh BC, Cho SW, Park YJ. Aberrant Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor Signaling Increases VEGF-A and CXCL8 Secretion of Thyroid Cancer Cells, Contributing to Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 25:414-425. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
39
|
Mohyi M, Smith TJ. IGF1 receptor and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T29-T43. [PMID: 29273685 PMCID: PMC6561656 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) is a vexing and poorly understood autoimmune process involving the upper face and tissues surrounding the eyes. In TAO, the orbit can become inflamed and undergo substantial remodeling that is disfiguring and can lead to loss of vision. There are currently no approved medical therapies for TAO, the consequence of its uncertain pathogenic nature. It usually presents as a component of the syndrome known as Graves' disease where loss of immune tolerance to the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) results in the generation of activating antibodies against that protein and hyperthyroidism. The role for TSHR and these antibodies in the development of TAO is considerably less well established. We have reported over the past 2 decades evidence that the insulin-like growth factorI receptor (IGF1R) may also participate in the pathogenesis of TAO. Activating antibodies against IGF1R have been detected in patients with GD. The actions of these antibodies initiate signaling in orbital fibroblasts from patients with the disease. Further, we have identified a functional and physical interaction between TSHR and IGF1R. Importantly, it appears that signaling initiated from either receptor can be attenuated by inhibiting the activity of IGF1R. These findings underpin the rationale for therapeutically targeting IGF1R in active TAO. A recently completed therapeutic trial of teprotumumab, a human IGF1R inhibiting antibody, in patients with moderate to severe, active TAO, indicates the potential effectiveness and safety of the drug. It is possible that other autoimmune diseases might also benefit from this treatment strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Mohyi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Terry J Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual SciencesUniversity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Division of MetabolismEndocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang L, Masetti G, Colucci G, Salvi M, Covelli D, Eckstein A, Kaiser U, Draman MS, Muller I, Ludgate M, Lucini L, Biscarini F. Combining micro-RNA and protein sequencing to detect robust biomarkers for Graves' disease and orbitopathy. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8386. [PMID: 29849043 PMCID: PMC5976672 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Graves’ Disease (GD) is an autoimmune condition in which thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TRAB) mimic thyroid-stimulating hormone function causing hyperthyroidism. 5% of GD patients develop inflammatory Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) characterized by proptosis and attendant sight problems. A major challenge is to identify which GD patients are most likely to develop GO and has relied on TRAB measurement. We screened sera/plasma from 14 GD, 19 GO and 13 healthy controls using high-throughput proteomics and miRNA sequencing (Illumina’s HiSeq2000 and Agilent-6550 Funnel quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry) to identify potential biomarkers for diagnosis or prognosis evaluation. Euclidean distances and differential expression (DE) based on miRNA and protein quantification were analysed by multidimensional scaling (MDS) and multinomial regression respectively. We detected 3025 miRNAs and 1886 proteins and MDS revealed good separation of the 3 groups. Biomarkers were identified by combined DE and Lasso-penalized predictive models; accuracy of predictions was 0.86 (±0:18), and 5 miRNA and 20 proteins were found including Zonulin, Alpha-2 macroglobulin, Beta-2 glycoprotein 1 and Fibronectin. Functional analysis identified relevant metabolic pathways, including hippo signaling, bacterial invasion of epithelial cells and mRNA surveillance. Proteomic and miRNA analyses, combined with robust bioinformatics, identified circulating biomarkers applicable to diagnose GD, predict GO disease status and optimize patient management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff, UK
| | - Giulia Masetti
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff, UK.,Parco Tecnologico Padano, Bioinformatics Unit, Lodi, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Colucci
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Salvi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy
| | - Danila Covelli
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy
| | - Anja Eckstein
- University Hospital Essen/University of Duisburg-Essen, Department of Ophthalmology, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Kaiser
- University Hospital Essen/University of Duisburg-Essen, Department of Ophthalmology, Essen, Germany
| | - Mohd Shazli Draman
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ilaria Muller
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marian Ludgate
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff, UK
| | - Luigi Lucini
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department for Sustainable food process, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Filippo Biscarini
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Division of Infection & Immunity, Cardiff, UK. .,CNR (National Council for Research), Institute of Biology and Biotechnology in Agriculture (IBBA), Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Morshed SA, Ma R, Latif R, Davies TF. Biased signaling by thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor-specific antibodies determines thyrocyte survival in autoimmunity. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/514/eaah4120. [PMID: 29363585 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aah4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is a heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor (GPCR). Autoimmune hyperthyroidism, commonly known as Graves' disease (GD), is caused by stimulating autoantibodies to the TSHR. We previously described TSHR-specific antibodies (TSHR-Abs) in GD that recognize linear epitopes in the cleavage region of the TSHR ectodomain (C-TSHR-Abs) and induce thyroid cell apoptosis instead of stimulating the TSHR. We found that C-TSHR-Abs entered the cell through clathrin-mediated endocytosis but did not trigger endosomal maturation and failed to undergo normal vesicular sorting and trafficking. We found that stimulating TSHR-Abs (S-TSHR-Abs) activated Gαs and, to a lesser extent, Gαq but that C-TSHR-Abs failed to activate any of the G proteins normally activated in response to TSH. Furthermore, specific inhibition of G proteins in the presence of S-TSHR-mAbs or TSH resulted in a similar failure of endosomal maturation as that caused by C-TSHR-mAbs. Hence, whereas S-TSHR-mAbs and TSH contributed to normal vesicular trafficking of TSHR through the activation of major G proteins, the C-TSHR-Abs resulted in GRK2- and β-arrestin-1-dependent biased signaling, which is interpreted as a danger signal by the cell. Our observations suggest that the binding of antibodies to different TSHR epitopes may decrease cell survival. Antibody-induced cell injury and the response to cell death amplify the loss of self-tolerance, which most likely helps to perpetuate GPCR-mediated autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Morshed
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Risheng Ma
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Terry F Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tesselaar MH, Crezee T, Schuurmans I, Gerrits D, Nagarajah J, Boerman OC, van Engen-van Grunsven I, Smit JWA, Netea-Maier RT, Plantinga TS. Digitalislike Compounds Restore hNIS Expression and Iodide Uptake Capacity in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer. J Nucl Med 2017; 59:780-786. [PMID: 29242405 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.117.200675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare malignancy that accounts for 1%-2% of all thyroid cancers. ATC is one of the most aggressive human cancers, with rapid growth, tumor invasion, and development of distant metastases. The median survival is only 5 mo, and the 1-y survival is less than 20%. Moreover, as a result of severe dedifferentiation, including the loss of human sodium iodide symporter (hNIS) expression, radioactive iodide (RAI) therapy is ineffective. Recently, we have demonstrated beneficial effects of autophagy-activating digitalislike compounds (DLCs) on redifferentiation and concomitant restoration of iodide uptake in RAI-refractory papillary and follicular thyroid cancer cell lines. In the current study, the effects of DLCs on differentiation and proliferation of ATC cell lines were investigated. Methods: Autophagy activity was assessed in ATC patient tissues by immunofluorescent staining for the autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3). In addition, the effect of autophagy-activating DLCs on the proliferation, gene expression profile, and iodide uptake capacity of ATC cell lines was studied. Results: Diminished autophagy activity was observed in ATC tissues, and in vitro treatment of ATC cell lines with DLCs robustly restored hNIS and thyroglobulin expression and iodide uptake capacity. In addition, proliferation was strongly reduced by induction of cell cycle arrest and, to some extent, cell death. Mechanistically, reactivation of functional hNIS expression could be attributed to activation of the transcription factors activating transcription factor 3 and protooncogene c-fosConclusion: DLCs could represent a promising adjunctive therapy for restoring iodide avidity within the full spectrum from RAI-refractory dedifferentiated to ATC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marika H Tesselaar
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Crezee
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Imke Schuurmans
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Danny Gerrits
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - James Nagarajah
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Otto C Boerman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and
| | - Ilse van Engen-van Grunsven
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes W A Smit
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Romana T Netea-Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo S Plantinga
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
García IA, Torres Demichelis V, Viale DL, Di Giusto P, Ezhova Y, Polishchuk RS, Sampieri L, Martinez H, Sztul E, Alvarez C. CREB3L1-mediated functional and structural adaptation of the secretory pathway in hormone-stimulated thyroid cells. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:4155-4167. [PMID: 29093023 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.211102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Many secretory cells increase the synthesis and secretion of cargo proteins in response to specific stimuli. How cells couple increased cargo load with a coordinate rise in secretory capacity to ensure efficient transport is not well understood. We used thyroid cells stimulated with thyrotropin (TSH) to demonstrate a coordinate increase in the production of thyroid-specific cargo proteins and ER-Golgi transport factors, and a parallel expansion of the Golgi complex. TSH also increased expression of the CREB3L1 transcription factor, which alone caused amplified transport factor levels and Golgi enlargement. Furthermore, CREB3L1 potentiated the TSH-induced increase in Golgi volume. A dominant-negative CREB3L1 construct hampered the ability of TSH to induce Golgi expansion, implying that this transcription factor contributes to Golgi expansion. Our findings support a model in which CREB3L1 acts as a downstream effector of TSH to regulate the expression of cargo proteins, and simultaneously increases the synthesis of transport factors and the expansion of the Golgi to synchronize the rise in cargo load with the amplified capacity of the secretory pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iris A García
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Vanina Torres Demichelis
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Diego L Viale
- Laboratorio de Neuro y Citogenetica Molecular, Centro de Estudios en Salud y Medio Ambiente, Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnologi-Universidad Nacional de San Martiń-CONICET, Buenos Aires, B1650 WAB, Argentina
| | - Pablo Di Giusto
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Yulia Ezhova
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Roman S Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Campi Flegrei, 34, 80078, Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Luciana Sampieri
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Hernán Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| | - Elizabeth Sztul
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233-2008, USA
| | - Cecilia Alvarez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI-CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5000, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Di Cerbo A, Pezzuto F, Di Cerbo A. Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor 1 affect the severity of Graves' disease. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2017; 2017:17-0061. [PMID: 28620496 PMCID: PMC5467652 DOI: 10.1530/edm-17-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Graves' disease, the most common form of hyperthyroidism in iodine-replete countries, is associated with the presence of immunoglobulins G (IgGs) that are responsible for thyroid growth and hyperfunction. In this article, we report the unusual case of a patient with acromegaly and a severe form of Graves' disease. Here, we address the issue concerning the role of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) in influencing thyroid function. Severity of Graves' disease is exacerbated by coexistent acromegaly and both activity indexes and symptoms and signs of Graves' disease improve after the surgical remission of acromegaly. We also discuss by which signaling pathways GH and IGF1 may play an integrating role in regulating the function of the immune system in Graves' disease and synergize the stimulatory activity of Graves' IgGs. LEARNING POINTS Clinical observations have demonstrated an increased prevalence of euthyroid and hyperthyroid goiters in patients with acromegaly.The coexistence of acromegaly and Graves' disease is a very unusual event, the prevalence being <1%.Previous in vitro studies have showed that IGF1 synergizes the TSH-induced thyroid cell growth-activating pathways independent of TSH/cAMP/PKA cascade.We report the first case of a severe form of Graves' disease associated with acromegaly and show that surgical remission of acromegaly leads to a better control of symptoms of Graves' disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Di Cerbo
- Endocrinology, ‘Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza’, IRCCS, San Giovanni Rotondo, FoggiaItaly
| | - Federica Pezzuto
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Dental School, University ‘G. d’Annunzio’ of Chieti-Pescara, ChietiItaly
| | - Alessandro Di Cerbo
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, Dental School, University ‘G. d’Annunzio’ of Chieti-Pescara, ChietiItaly
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rowe CW, Paul JW, Gedye C, Tolosa JM, Bendinelli C, McGrath S, Smith R. Targeting the TSH receptor in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2017; 24:R191-R202. [PMID: 28351942 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the arena of theranostics have necessitated a re-examining of previously established fields. The existing paradigm of therapeutic thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) targeting in the post-surgical management of differentiated thyroid cancer using levothyroxine and recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is well understood. However, in an era of personalized medicine, and with an increasing awareness of the risk profile of longstanding pharmacological hyperthyroidism, it is imperative clinicians understand the molecular basis and magnitude of benefit for individual patients. Furthermore, TSHR has been recently re-conceived as a selective target for residual metastatic thyroid cancer, with pilot data demonstrating effective targeting of nanoparticles to thyroid cancers using this receptor as a target. This review examines the evidence for TSHR signaling as an oncogenic pathway and assesses the evidence for ongoing TSHR expression in thyroid cancer metastases. Priorities for further research are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Rowe
- Department of EndocrinologyJohn Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNewcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan W Paul
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNewcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Craig Gedye
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNewcastle, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Medical OncologyCalvary Mater Newcastle, Waratah, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and PharmacyUniversity of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Jorge M Tolosa
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNewcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cino Bendinelli
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Department of SurgeryJohn Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Shaun McGrath
- Department of EndocrinologyJohn Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Roger Smith
- Department of EndocrinologyJohn Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNewcastle, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zheng W, Wang R, Tan J, Li N, Meng Z. An improved method for the establishment of a model of Graves' disease in BALB/c mice. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:1471-1478. [PMID: 28259898 PMCID: PMC5365023 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to develop a stable Graves' disease (GD) model in BALB/c mice by immunization and electroporation (EP). A total of 90 mice were divided into experimental (n=50), control (n=20) and blank (n=20) groups. The recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1/thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor 268 was constructed and injected into the bilateral gastrocnemius of experimental group mice at weeks 1, 4, 7 and 10. Equal volumes of saline were injected into the control and blank groups at the same time. The experimental and control groups were subjected to EP at the same time and location to enhance immunization. The levels of total serum thyroxine (T4) and serum TSH were examined by radioimmunoassay and immunoradiometric assay, respectively. The levels of serum thyrotropin receptor N-terminal (TRAb N) and C-terminal (TRAb C) antibodies were assessed by ELISA. Whole body pertechnetate (99mTcO4-) imaging was performed. Mouse weight and thyroid morphology and pathology were analyzed. The GD BALB/c mouse model was successfully established, with a positive rate of 79.17% (38/48). T4 levels increased from baseline levels of 12.05±4.23 to 52.51±23.58 ng/ml by week 12 (P<0.0001). TSH levels decreased from baseline levels of 5.53±2.78 to 1.43±0.89 µIU/ml by week 12 (P<0.0001). TRAb N antibody levels increased from baseline levels of 0.006±0.002 to 0.278±0.106 mIU/ml by week 12 (P<0.0001). TRAb C antibody levels increased from baseline levels of 11.111±2.808 to 46.701±26.436 arbitrary units/ml by week 12 (P<0.0001). At week 21, TSH levels remained reduced compared with pre-immunization levels (P<0.0001). Although T4, and TRAb N and C levels decreased, they remained increased compared with preimmunization levels (P<0.0001, P<0.0001, P=0.001). There were no significant alterations in antibody levels between the control and blank groups. Following four immunizations, the uptake of 99mTcO4- by the thyroid was significantly increased in the experimental group. The mean weight of the experimental mice was significantly reduced compared with the control and blank groups (all P<0.0001). Furthermore, the thyroid glands of the immunized mice were enlarged and exhibited lymphocyte infiltration, fewer colloid nodules and an increased height of epithelial cells. In conclusion, by injecting recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1/TSHR268 and EP, a GD mouse model was successfully established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Renfei Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Jian Tan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zhaowei Meng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Graves' disease (GD) and thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) are thought to result from actions of pathogenic antibodies mediated through the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR). This leads to the unregulated consequences of the antibody-mediated receptor activity in the thyroid and connective tissues of the orbit. Recent studies reveal antibodies that appear to be directed against the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR). Areas covered: In this brief article, I attempt to review the fundamental characteristics of the TSHR, its role in GD and TAO, and its relationship to IGF-IR. Strong evidence supports the concept that the two receptors form a physical and functional complex and that IGF-IR activity is required for some of the down-stream signaling initiated through TSHR. Recently developed small molecules and monoclonal antibodies that block TSHR and IGF-IR signaling are also reviewed in the narrow context of their potential utility as therapeutics in GD and TAO. The Pubmed database was searched from its inception for relevant publications. Expert opinion: Those agents that can interrupt the TSHR and IGF-IR pathways possess the potential for offering more specific and better tolerated treatments of both hyperthyroidism and TAO. This would spare patients exposure to toxic drugs, ionizing radiation and potentially hazardous surgeries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Terry Smith
- a Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Baliram R, Latif R, Zaidi M, Davies TF. Expanding the Role of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone in Skeletal Physiology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:252. [PMID: 29042858 PMCID: PMC5632520 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The dogma that thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) solely regulates the production of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland has hampered research on its wider physiological roles. The action of pituitary TSH on the skeleton has now been well described; in particular, its action on osteoblasts and osteoclasts. It has also been recently discovered that the bone marrow microenvironment acts as an endocrine circuit with bone marrow-resident macrophages capable of producing a novel TSH-β subunit variant (TSH-βv), which may modulate skeletal physiology. Interestingly, the production of this TSH-βv is positively regulated by T3 accentuating such modulation in the presence of thyroid overactivity. Furthermore, a number of small molecule ligands acting as TSH agonists, which allosterically modulate the TSH receptor have been identified and may have similar modulatory influences on bone cells suggesting therapeutic potential. This review summarizes our current understanding of the role of TSH, TSH-β, TSH-βv, and small molecule agonists in bone physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumarie Baliram
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Ramkumarie Baliram,
| | - Rauf Latif
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mone Zaidi
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Terry F. Davies
- Thyroid Research Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and the James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- The Mount Sinai Bone Program, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Affiliation(s)
- Terry J Smith
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School - both in Ann Arbor (T.J.S.); and the Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.H.) and Ophthalmology (T.J.S.), Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| | - Laszlo Hegedüs
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, and the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School - both in Ann Arbor (T.J.S.); and the Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism (L.H.) and Ophthalmology (T.J.S.), Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
|