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Barros CFD, Guarnieri LDO, Mansk LMZ, Secio-Silva A, Emrich F, Ferreira M, Silva WND, Peliciari-Garcia RA, Pereira GS, Bargi-Souza P. The memory impairment by hypothyroidism in mice is dependent on time-of-day and sex. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114595. [PMID: 37482305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is an endocrine-metabolic disorder, and as such it compromises a wide range of physiological functions. Memory deficits and, the most recently described, circadian rhythm disruption are among the impairments caused by thyroid dysfunctions. However, although highly likely, there is no evidence connecting these two effects of hypothyroidism. Here, we hypothesized the time-of-day interferes with the memory deficit caused by hypothyroidism. C57BL/6 J mice from both sexes were subjected to novel object recognition (NOR) task during the rest and active phases, corresponding to ZT 2-4 and 14-16, respectively (ZT: Zeitgeber time; ZT 0: lights on at 07:00 am). First, we showed that neither sex nor ZT altered object recognition memory (ORM) in euthyroid mice. Next, animals were divided into control (euthyroid) and hypothyroid [induced with methimazole (0.01%) and perchlorate (0.1%) treatment in the drinking water for 21 days] groups. Under euthyroid conditions, male and female mice recognized the novel object regardless of the time-of-day. However, hypothyroidism impaired ORM at rest phase (ZT 2-4) in both sexes. Surprisingly, in the active phase (ZT 14-16), the hypothyroid males performed the NOR, though a longer time to execute the task was required. In contrast, female hypothyroid mice showed a greater impairment in ORM. Our results suggest that hypothyroidism may disrupt the circadian rhythm in brain areas related to mnemonic processes since in euthyroid condition ORM is not affected by the time-of-day. Furthermore, our findings in an animal model indicate a pronounced deleterious effect of hypothyroidism in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Fonseca de Barros
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Leonardo de Oliveira Guarnieri
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Centro de Tecnologia e Pesquisa em Magneto Ressonância, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lara Monteiro Zanetti Mansk
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ayla Secio-Silva
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Emrich
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maíza Ferreira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Walison Nunes da Silva
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Antonio Peliciari-Garcia
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Setor de Morfofisiologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Grace Schenatto Pereira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Paula Bargi-Souza
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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Luongo C, De Stefano MA, Ambrosio R, Volpe F, Porcelli T, Golia V, Bellevicine C, Troncone G, Masone S, Damiano V, Matano E, Klain M, Schlumberger M, Salvatore D. Type 2 Deiodinase Thr92Ala Polymorphism and Aging Are Associated with a Decreased Pituitary Sensitivity to Thyroid Hormone. Thyroid 2023; 33:294-300. [PMID: 36680751 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2022.0472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: The DIO2 Thr92Ala polymorphism (rs225014), which occurs in about 15-30% of Caucasian people, determines a less efficient type 2 deiodinase (D2) enzyme. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of DIO2 Thr92Ala polymorphism on the serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels in thyroidectomized patients with hypothyroidism and to evaluate whether TSH levels and aging could be related, at pituitary level, to D2 activity. Methods: This prospective study was performed on 145 thyroid cancer patients, treated with total thyroidectomy, and undergoing radioiodine treatment after 3 weeks of levothyroxine (LT4) withdrawal. A mouse model has been used to determine D2 protein and mRNA levels in pituitary during aging. Results: Genetic analysis identified DIO2 Thr92Ala polymorphism in 56% of participants: 64/145 (44%) patients were homozygous wild type (WT) (Thr/Thr), 64 (44%) heterozygous (Thr/Ala), and 17 (12%) homozygous mutant (Ala/Ala). A significant negative relationship was observed between aging and the rise in serum TSH levels during LT4 withdrawal. However, this negative correlation found in WT was reduced in heterozygous and lost in mutant homozygous patients (Thr/Thr r = -0.45, p = 0.0002, 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.63 to -0.23; Ala/Thr r = -0.39, p = 0.0012, CI -0.60 to -0.67; and Ala/Ala r = -0.30, p = 0.2347; CI -0.70 to 0.20). Accordingly, when we compared the TSH measured in each patient to its theoretical value predicted from age, the TSH did not reach its putative target in 47% of WT patients, in 70% of Ala/Thr, and 76% of Ala/Ala carrying patients (p = 0.0036). This difference was lost in individuals older than 60 years, suggesting a decline of D2 associated with aging. The hypothesis that the pituitary D2 decreases with age was confirmed by the evidence that D2 mRNA and protein levels were lower in pituitary from old versus young mice. Conclusion: An age-related decline in TSH production in response to hypothyroidism was correlated with decreased D2 levels in pituitary. The presence of DIO2 homozygous Ala/Ala polymorphism was associated with a reduced level of TSH secretion in response to hypothyroidism, indicating a decreased pituitary sensitivity to serum thyroxine variation (Institutional Research Ethics board approval number no. 433/21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Luongo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Ambrosio
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Synlab, SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Fabio Volpe
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Tommaso Porcelli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Golia
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Bellevicine
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Masone
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Damiano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Elide Matano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Klain
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martin Schlumberger
- Department of Endocrine Oncology, Gustave Roussy and University Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy
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3
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Ogawa-Wong A, Carmody C, Le K, Marschner RA, Larsen PR, Zavacki AM, Wajner SM. Modulation of Deiodinase Types 2 and 3 during Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070612. [PMID: 35888735 PMCID: PMC9323706 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The muscle stem-cell niche comprises numerous cell types, which coordinate the regeneration process after injury. Thyroid hormones are one of the main factors that regulate genes linked to skeletal muscle. In this way, deiodinase types 2 and 3 are responsible for the fine-tuning regulation of the local T3 amount. Although their expression and activity have already been identified during muscle regeneration, it is of utmost importance to identify the cell type and temporal pattern of expression after injury to thoroughly comprehend their therapeutic potential. Here, we confirmed the expression of Dio2 and Dio3 in the whole tibialis anterior muscle. We identified, on a single-cell basis, that Dio2 is present in paired box 7 (PAX7)-positive cells starting from day 5 after injury. Dio2 is present in platelet derived growth factor subunit A (PDGFA)-expressing fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells between days 7 and 14 after injury. Dio3 is detected in myogenic differentiation (MYOD)-positive stem cells and in macrophages immediately post injury and thereafter. Interestingly, Dio2 and Dio3 RNA do not appear to be present in the same type of cell throughout the process. These results provide further insight into previously unseen aspects of the crosstalk and synchronized regulation of T3 in injured muscle mediated by deiodinases. The set of findings described here further define the role of deiodinases in muscle repair, shedding light on potential new forms of treatment for sarcopenia and other muscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Ogawa-Wong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.O.-W.); (C.C.); (K.L.); (P.R.L.); (A.M.Z.)
| | - Colleen Carmody
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.O.-W.); (C.C.); (K.L.); (P.R.L.); (A.M.Z.)
| | - Katherine Le
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.O.-W.); (C.C.); (K.L.); (P.R.L.); (A.M.Z.)
| | - Rafael Aguiar Marschner
- Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 9000335, Brazil;
| | - P. Reed Larsen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.O.-W.); (C.C.); (K.L.); (P.R.L.); (A.M.Z.)
| | - Ann Marie Zavacki
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.O.-W.); (C.C.); (K.L.); (P.R.L.); (A.M.Z.)
| | - Simone Magagnin Wajner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (A.O.-W.); (C.C.); (K.L.); (P.R.L.); (A.M.Z.)
- Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 9000335, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
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De Stefano MA, Ambrosio R, Porcelli T, Orlandino G, Salvatore D, Luongo C. Thyroid Hormone Action in Muscle Atrophy. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110730. [PMID: 34822388 PMCID: PMC8625289 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a condition associated with various physiological and pathophysiological conditions, such as denervation, cachexia, and fasting. It is characterized by an altered protein turnover in which the rate of protein degradation exceeds the rate of protein synthesis, leading to substantial muscle mass loss and weakness. Muscle protein breakdown reflects the activation of multiple proteolytic mechanisms, including lysosomal degradation, apoptosis, and ubiquitin-proteasome. Thyroid hormone (TH) plays a key role in these conditions. Indeed, skeletal muscle is among the principal TH target tissue, where TH regulates proliferation, metabolism, differentiation, homeostasis, and growth. In physiological conditions, TH stimulates both protein synthesis and degradation, and an alteration in TH levels is often responsible for a specific myopathy. Intracellular TH concentrations are modulated in skeletal muscle by a family of enzymes named deiodinases; in particular, in muscle, deiodinases type 2 (D2) and type 3 (D3) are both present. D2 activates the prohormone T4 into the active form triiodothyronine (T3), whereas D3 inactivates both T4 and T3 by the removal of an inner ring iodine. Here we will review the present knowledge of TH action in skeletal muscle atrophy, in particular, on the molecular mechanisms presiding over the control of intracellular T3 concentration in wasting muscle conditions. Finally, we will discuss the possibility of exploiting the modulation of deiodinases as a possible therapeutic approach to treat muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angela De Stefano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Raffaele Ambrosio
- Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, SDN, 80143 Naples, Italy;
| | - Tommaso Porcelli
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | | | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (C.L.)
| | - Cristina Luongo
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (C.L.)
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5
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Emery JM, Ortiz RM. Mitofusin 2: A link between mitochondrial function and substrate metabolism? Mitochondrion 2021; 61:125-137. [PMID: 34536562 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are dynamic, interactive organelles that connect cellular signaling and whole-cell homeostasis. This "mitochatting" allows the cell to receive information about the mitochondria's condition before accommodating energy demands. Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2), an outer mitochondrial membrane fusion protein specializes in mediating mitochondrial homeostasis. Early studies defined the biological significance of Mfn2, while latter studies highlighted its role in substrate metabolism. However, determining Mfn2 potential to contribute to energy homeostasis needs study. This review summarizes current literature on mitochondrial metabolic processes, dynamics, and evidence of interactions among Mfn2 and regulatory processes that may link Mfn2's role in maintaining mitochondrial function and substrate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna M Emery
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, United States.
| | - Rudy M Ortiz
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, United States
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6
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Abstract
Deiodinases modify the biological activity of thyroid hormone (TH) molecules, ie, they may activate thyroxine (T4) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), or they may inactivate T3 to 3,3'-diiodo-L-thyronine (T2) or T4 to reverse triiodothyronine (rT3). Although evidence of deiodination of T4 to T3 has been available since the 1950s, objective evidence of TH metabolism was not established until the 1970s. The modern paradigm considers that the deiodinases not only play a role in the homeostasis of circulating T3, but they also provide dynamic control of TH signaling: cells that express the activating type 2 deiodinase (D2) have enhanced TH signaling due to intracellular build-up of T3; the opposite is seen in cells that express type 3 deiodinase (D3), the inactivating deiodinase. D2 and D3 are expressed in metabolically relevant tissues such as brown adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver, and their roles have been investigated using cell, animal, and human models. During development, D2 and D3 expression customize for each tissue/organ the timing and intensity of TH signaling. In adult cells, D2 is induced by cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and its expression is invariably associated with enhanced T3 signaling, expression of PGC1 and accelerated energy expenditure. In contrast, D3 expression is induced by hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1a), dampening T3 signaling and the metabolic rate. The coordinated expression of these enzymes adjusts TH signaling in a time- and tissue-specific fashion, affecting metabolic pathways in health and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Russo
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Federico Salas-Lucia
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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7
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An X, Ogawa-Wong A, Carmody C, Ambrosio R, Cicatiello AG, Luongo C, Salvatore D, Handy DE, Larsen PR, Wajner SM, Dentice M, Zavacki AM. A Type 2 Deiodinase-Dependent Increase in Vegfa Mediates Myoblast-Endothelial Cell Crosstalk During Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Thyroid 2021; 31:115-127. [PMID: 32787533 PMCID: PMC7840309 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background: The type 2 deiodinase (DIO2) converts thyroxine to 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3), modulating intracellular T3. An increase in DIO2 within muscle stem cells during skeletal muscle regeneration leads to T3-dependent potentiation of differentiation. The muscle stem cell niche comprises numerous cell types, which coordinate the regeneration process. For example, muscle stem cells provide secretory signals stimulating endothelial cell-mediated vascular repair, and, in turn, endothelial cells promote muscle stem differentiation. We hypothesized that Dio2 loss in muscle stem cells directly impairs muscle stem cell-endothelial cell communication, leading to downstream disruption of endothelial cell function. Methods: We assessed the production of proangiogenic factors in differentiated C2C12 cells and in a C2C12 cell line without Dio2 (D2KO C2C12) by real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Conditioned medium (CM) was collected daily in parallel to evaluate its effects on human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation, migration and chemotaxis, and vascular network formation. The effects of T3-treatment on vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegfa) mRNA expression in C2C12 cells and mouse muscle were assessed. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) identified thyroid hormone receptor (TR) binding to the Vegfa gene. Using mice with a targeted disruption of Dio2 (D2KO mice), we determined endothelial cell number by immunohistochemistry/flow cytometry and evaluated related gene expression in both uninjured and injured skeletal muscle. Results: In differentiated D2KO C2C12 cells, Vegfa expression was 46% of wildtype (WT) C2C12 cells, while secreted VEGF was 45%. D2KO C2C12 CM exhibited significantly less proangiogenic effects on HUVECs. In vitro and in vivo T3 treatment of C2C12 cells and WT mice, and ChIP using antibodies against TRα, indicated that Vegfa is a direct genomic T3 target. In uninjured D2KO soleus muscle, Vegfa expression was decreased by 28% compared with WT mice, while endothelial cell numbers were decreased by 48%. Seven days after skeletal muscle injury, D2KO mice had 36% fewer endothelial cells, coinciding with an 83% decrease in Vegfa expression in fluorescence-activated cell sorting purified muscle stem cells. Conclusion:Dio2 loss in the muscle stem cell impairs muscle stem cell-endothelial cell crosstalk via changes in the T3-responsive gene Vegfa, leading to downstream impairment of endothelial cell function both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing An
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Department of Endocrinology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ashley Ogawa-Wong
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Colleen Carmody
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Cristina Luongo
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Naples, Italy
| | - Diane E. Handy
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P. Reed Larsen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Simone Magagnin Wajner
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery and University of Naples “Federico II,” Naples, Italy
| | - Ann Marie Zavacki
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Transthyretin Maintains Muscle Homeostasis Through the Novel Shuttle Pathway of Thyroid Hormones During Myoblast Differentiation. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121565. [PMID: 31817149 PMCID: PMC6952784 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle, the largest part of the total body mass, influences energy and protein metabolism as well as maintaining homeostasis. Herein, we demonstrate that during murine muscle satellite cell and myoblast differentiation, transthyretin (TTR) can exocytose via exosomes and enter cells as TTR- thyroxine (T4) complex, which consecutively induces the intracellular triiodothyronine (T3) level, followed by T3 secretion out of the cell through the exosomes. The decrease in T3 with the TTR level in 26-week-old mouse muscle, compared to that in 16-week-old muscle, suggests an association of TTR with old muscle. Subsequent studies, including microarray analysis, demonstrated that T3-regulated genes, such as FNDC5 (Fibronectin type III domain containing 5, irisin) and RXRγ (Retinoid X receptor gamma), are influenced by TTR knockdown, implying that thyroid hormones and TTR coordinate with each other with respect to muscle growth and development. These results suggest that, in addition to utilizing T4, skeletal muscle also distributes generated T3 to other tissues and has a vital role in sensing the intracellular T4 level. Furthermore, the results of TTR function with T4 in differentiation will be highly useful in the strategic development of novel therapeutics related to muscle homeostasis and regeneration.
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9
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Bianco AC, Dumitrescu A, Gereben B, Ribeiro MO, Fonseca TL, Fernandes GW, Bocco BMLC. Paradigms of Dynamic Control of Thyroid Hormone Signaling. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:1000-1047. [PMID: 31033998 PMCID: PMC6596318 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) molecules enter cells via membrane transporters and, depending on the cell type, can be activated (i.e., T4 to T3 conversion) or inactivated (i.e., T3 to 3,3'-diiodo-l-thyronine or T4 to reverse T3 conversion). These reactions are catalyzed by the deiodinases. The biologically active hormone, T3, eventually binds to intracellular TH receptors (TRs), TRα and TRβ, and initiate TH signaling, that is, regulation of target genes and other metabolic pathways. At least three families of transmembrane transporters, MCT, OATP, and LAT, facilitate the entry of TH into cells, which follow the gradient of free hormone between the extracellular fluid and the cytoplasm. Inactivation or marked downregulation of TH transporters can dampen TH signaling. At the same time, dynamic modifications in the expression or activity of TRs and transcriptional coregulators can affect positively or negatively the intensity of TH signaling. However, the deiodinases are the element that provides greatest amplitude in dynamic control of TH signaling. Cells that express the activating deiodinase DIO2 can rapidly enhance TH signaling due to intracellular buildup of T3. In contrast, TH signaling is dampened in cells that express the inactivating deiodinase DIO3. This explains how THs can regulate pathways in development, metabolism, and growth, despite rather stable levels in the circulation. As a consequence, TH signaling is unique for each cell (tissue or organ), depending on circulating TH levels and on the exclusive blend of transporters, deiodinases, and TRs present in each cell. In this review we explore the key mechanisms underlying customization of TH signaling during development, in health and in disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Bianco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Alexandra Dumitrescu
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Balázs Gereben
- Department of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Developmental Disorders Program, Center of Biologic Sciences and Health, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Barbara M L C Bocco
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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10
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Abstract
The deiodinase family of enzymes mediates the activation and inactivation of thyroid hormone. The role of these enzymes in the regulation of the systemic concentrations of thyroid hormone is well established and underpins the treatment of common thyroid diseases. Interest in this field has increased in the past 10 years as the deiodinases became implicated in tissue development and homeostasis, as well as in the pathogenesis of a wide range of human diseases. Three deiodinases have been identified, namely, types 1, 2 and 3 iodothyronine deiodinases, which differ in their catalytic properties and tissue distribution. Notably, the expression of these enzymes changes during the lifetime of an individual in relation to the different needs of each organ and to ageing. The systemic homeostatic role of deiodinases clearly emerges during changes in serum concentrations of thyroid hormone, as seen in patients with thyroid dysfunction. By contrast, the role of deiodinases at the tissue level allows thyroid hormone signalling to be finely tuned within a given cell in a precise time-space window without perturbing serum concentrations of thyroid hormone. This Review maps the overall functional role of the deiodinases and explores challenges and novel opportunities arising from the expanding knowledge of these 'master' components of the thyroid homeostatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Luongo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
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11
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Carmody C, Ogawa-Wong AN, Martin C, Luongo C, Zuidwijk M, Sager B, Petersen T, Roginski Guetter A, Janssen R, Wu EY, Bogaards S, Neumann NM, Hau K, Marsili A, Boelen A, Silva JE, Dentice M, Salvatore D, Wagers AJ, Larsen PR, Simonides WS, Zavacki AM. A Global Loss of Dio2 Leads to Unexpected Changes in Function and Fiber Types of Slow Skeletal Muscle in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1205-1222. [PMID: 30951174 PMCID: PMC6482039 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The type 2 iodothyronine-deiodinase (D2) enzyme converts T4 to T3, and mice deficient in this enzyme [D2 knockout (D2KO) mice] have decreased T3 derived from T4 in skeletal muscle despite normal circulating T3 levels. Because slow skeletal muscle is particularly susceptible to changes in T3 levels, we expected D2 inactivation to result in more pronounced slow-muscle characteristics in the soleus muscle, mirroring hypothyroidism. However, ex vivo studies of D2KO soleus revealed higher rates of twitch contraction and relaxation and reduced resistance to fatigue. Immunostaining of D2KO soleus showed that these properties were associated with changes in muscle fiber type composition, including a marked increase in the number of fast, glycolytic type IIB fibers. D2KO soleus muscle fibers had a larger cross-sectional area, and this correlated with increased myonuclear accretion in myotubes formed from D2KO skeletal muscle precursor cells differentiated in vitro. Consistent with our functional findings, D2KO soleus gene expression was markedly different from that in hypothyroid wild-type (WT) mice. Comparison of gene expression between euthyroid WT and D2KO mice indicated that PGC-1α, a T3-dependent regulator of slow muscle fiber type, was decreased by ∼50% in D2KO soleus. Disruption of Dio2 in the C2C12 myoblast cell line led to a significant decrease in PGC-1α expression and a faster muscle phenotype upon differentiation. These results indicate that D2 loss leads to significant changes in soleus contractile function and fiber type composition that are inconsistent with local hypothyroidism and suggest that reduced levels of PCG-1α may contribute to the observed phenotypical changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cristina Luongo
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- University of Naples “Federico II,” Napoli, Italy
| | - Marian Zuidwijk
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Rob Janssen
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Sylvia Bogaards
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Kaman Hau
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Anita Boelen
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J Enrique Silva
- Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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12
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Bloise FF, Cordeiro A, Ortiga-Carvalho TM. Role of thyroid hormone in skeletal muscle physiology. J Endocrinol 2018; 236:R57-R68. [PMID: 29051191 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) are crucial for development, growth, differentiation, metabolism and thermogenesis. Skeletal muscle (SM) contractile function, myogenesis and bioenergetic metabolism are influenced by TH. These effects depend on the presence of the TH transporters MCT8 and MCT10 in the plasma membrane, the expression of TH receptors (THRA or THRB) and hormone availability, which is determined either by the activation of thyroxine (T4) into triiodothyronine (T3) by type 2 iodothyronine deiodinases (D2) or by the inactivation of T4 into reverse T3 by deiodinases type 3 (D3). SM relaxation and contraction rates depend on T3 regulation of myosin expression and energy supplied by substrate oxidation in the mitochondria. The balance between D2 and D3 expression determines TH intracellular levels and thus influences the proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells, indicating an important role of TH in muscle repair and myogenesis. During critical illness, changes in TH levels and in THR and deiodinase expression negatively affect SM function and repair. This review will discuss the influence of TH action on SM contraction, bioenergetics metabolism, myogenesis and repair in health and illness conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia F Bloise
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas FilhoLaboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Cordeiro
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas FilhoLaboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tania Maria Ortiga-Carvalho
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas FilhoLaboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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13
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Ambrosio R, De Stefano MA, Di Girolamo D, Salvatore D. Thyroid hormone signaling and deiodinase actions in muscle stem/progenitor cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 459:79-83. [PMID: 28630021 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) regulates such crucial biological functions as normal growth, development and metabolism of nearly all vertebrate tissues. In skeletal muscle, TH plays a critical role in regulating the function of satellite cells, the bona fide skeletal muscle stem cells. Deiodinases (D2 and D3) have been found to modulate the expression of various TH target genes in satellite cells. Regulation of the expression and activity of the deiodinases constitutes a cell-autonomous, pre-receptor mechanism that controls crucial steps during the various phases of myogenesis. Here, we review the roles of deiodinases in skeletal muscle stem cells, particularly in muscle homeostasis and upon regeneration. We focus on the role of T3 in stem cell functions and in commitment towards lineage progression. We also discuss how deiodinases might be therapeutically exploited to improve satellite-cell-mediated muscle repair in skeletal muscle disorders or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Ambrosio
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico SDN, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Angela De Stefano
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Di Girolamo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
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14
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Vazquez-Anaya G, Martinez B, Soñanez-Organis JG, Nakano D, Nishiyama A, Ortiz RM. Exogenous thyroxine improves glucose intolerance in insulin-resistant rats. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:501-511. [PMID: 27980001 PMCID: PMC5419047 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are associated with glucose intolerance, calling into question the contribution of thyroid hormones (TH) on glucose regulation. TH analogues and derivatives may be effective treatment options for glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (IR), but their potential glucoregulatory effects during conditions of impaired metabolism are not well described. To assess the effects of thyroxine (T4) on glucose intolerance in a model of insulin resistance, an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) was performed on three groups of rats (n = 8): (1) lean, Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO), (2) obese, Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) and (3) OLETF + T4 (8.0 µg/100 g BM/day × 5 weeks). T4 attenuated glucose intolerance by 15% and decreased IR index (IRI) by 34% in T4-treated OLETF compared to untreated OLETF despite a 31% decrease in muscle Glut4 mRNA expression. T4 increased the mRNA expressions of muscle monocarboxylate transporter 10 (Mct10), deiodinase type 2 (Di2), sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) and uncoupling protein 2 (Ucp2) by 1.8-, 2.2-, 2.7- and 1.4-fold, respectively, compared to OLETF. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and insulin receptor were not significantly altered suggesting that the improvements in glucose intolerance and IR were independent of enhanced insulin-mediated signaling. The results suggest that T4 treatment increased the influx of T4 in skeletal muscle and, with an increase of DI2, increased the availability of the biologically active T3 to upregulate key factors such SIRT1 and UCP2 involved in cellular metabolism and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bridget Martinez
- Department of Molecular & Cellular BiologyUniversity of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - José G Soñanez-Organis
- Division of Science and EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Biological and Agropecuary Sciences, University of Sonora, Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Daisuke Nakano
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Rudy M Ortiz
- Department of Molecular & Cellular BiologyUniversity of California, Merced, California, USA
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15
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Donzelli R, Colligiani D, Kusmic C, Sabatini M, Lorenzini L, Accorroni A, Nannipieri M, Saba A, Iervasi G, Zucchi R. Effect of Hypothyroidism and Hyperthyroidism on Tissue Thyroid Hormone Concentrations in Rat. Eur Thyroid J 2016; 5:27-34. [PMID: 27099836 PMCID: PMC4836127 DOI: 10.1159/000443523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The present study was aimed at determining the effects of experimental hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on tissue thyroid hormones by a mass spectrometry-based technique. METHODS Rats were subjected to propylthiouracil treatment or administration of exogenous triiodothyronine (T3) or thyroxine (T4). Tissue T3 and T4 were measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in the heart, liver, kidney, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, and brain. RESULTS Baseline tissue T3 and T4 concentrations ranged from 0.2 to 20 pmol ∙ g(-1) and from 3 to 125 pmol ∙ g(-1), respectively, with the highest values in the liver and kidney, and the lowest values in the adipose tissue. The T3/T4 ratio (expressed as a percentage) was in the 7-20% range in all tissues except the brain, where it averaged 75%. In hypothyroidism, tissue T3 was more severely reduced than serum free T3, averaging 1-6% of the baseline versus 30% of the baseline. The extent of tissue T3 reduction, expressed as percentage of the baseline, was not homogeneous (p < 0.001), with liver = kidney > brain > heart > adipose tissue. The tissue T3/T4 ratio significantly increased in all organs except the kidney, averaging 330% in the brain and 50-90% in the other tissues. By contrast, exogenous T3 and T4 administration produced similar increases in serum free T3 and in tissue T3, and the relative changes were not significantly different between different tissues. CONCLUSIONS While the response to increased thyroid hormones availability was similar in all tissues, decreased thyroid hormone availability induced compensatory responses, leading to a significant mismatch between changes in serum and in specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daria Colligiani
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Alice Accorroni
- Departments of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Riccardo Zucchi
- Departments of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Riccardo Zucchi, MD, PhD, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, via Roma 55, IT-56126 Pisa (Italy), E-Mail
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16
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Seko D, Ogawa S, Li TS, Taimura A, Ono Y. μ-Crystallin controls muscle function through thyroid hormone action. FASEB J 2015; 30:1733-40. [PMID: 26718889 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-280933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
μ-Crystallin (Crym), a thyroid hormone-binding protein, is abnormally up-regulated in the muscles of patients with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, a dominantly inherited progressive myopathy. However, the physiologic function of Crym in skeletal muscle remains to be elucidated. In this study, Crym was preferentially expressed in skeletal muscle throughout the body. Crym-knockout mice exhibited a significant hypertrophy of fast-twitch glycolytic type IIb fibers, causing an increase in grip strength and high intensity running ability in Crym-null mice. Genetic inactivation of Crym or blockade of Crym by siRNA-mediated knockdown up-regulated the gene expression of fast-glycolytic contractile fibers in satellite cell-derived myotubes in vitro These alterations in Crym-inactivated muscle were rescued by inhibition of thyroid hormone, even though Crym is a positive regulator of thyroid hormone action in nonmuscle cells. The results demonstrated that Crym is a crucial regulator of muscle plasticity, controlling metabolic and contractile properties of myofibers, and thus the selective inactivation of Crym may be a potential therapeutic target for muscle-wasting diseases, such as muscular dystrophies and age-related sarcopenia.-Seko, D., Ogawa, S., Li, T.-S., Taimura, A., Ono, Y. μ-Crystallin controls muscle function through thyroid hormone action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Seko
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and Institute of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shizuka Ogawa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and
| | - Tao-Sheng Li
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and
| | - Akihiro Taimura
- Institute of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ono
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, and
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17
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Werneck-de-Castro JP, Fonseca TL, Ignacio DL, Fernandes GW, Andrade-Feraud CM, Lartey LJ, Ribeiro MB, Ribeiro MO, Gereben B, Bianco AC. Thyroid Hormone Signaling in Male Mouse Skeletal Muscle Is Largely Independent of D2 in Myocytes. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3842-52. [PMID: 26214036 PMCID: PMC4588812 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The type 2 deiodinase (D2) activates the prohormone T4 to T3. D2 is expressed in skeletal muscle (SKM), and its global inactivation (GLOB-D2KO mice) reportedly leads to skeletal muscle hypothyroidism and impaired differentiation. Here floxed Dio2 mice were crossed with mice expressing Cre-recombinase under the myosin light chain 1f (cre-MLC) to disrupt D2 expression in the late developmental stages of skeletal myocytes (SKM-D2KO). This led to a loss of approximately 50% in D2 activity in neonatal and adult SKM-D2KO skeletal muscle and about 75% in isolated SKM-D2KO myocytes. To test the impact of Dio2 disruption, we measured soleus T3 content and found it to be normal. We also looked at the expression of T3-responsive genes in skeletal muscle, ie, myosin heavy chain I, α-actin, myosin light chain, tropomyosin, and serca 1 and 2, which was preserved in neonatal SKM-D2KO hindlimb muscles, at a time that coincides with a peak of D2 activity in control animals. In adult soleus the baseline level of D2 activity was about 6-fold lower, and in the SKM-D2KO soleus, the expression of only one of five T3-responsive genes was reduced. Despite this, adult SKM-D2KO animals performed indistinguishably from controls on a treadmill test, running for approximately 16 minutes and reached a speed of about 23 m/min; muscle strength was about 0.3 mN/m·g body weight in SKM-D2KO and control ankle muscles. In conclusion, there are multiple sources of D2 in the mouse SKM, and its role is limited in postnatal skeletal muscle fibers.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression
- Iodide Peroxidase/genetics
- Iodide Peroxidase/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Strength/genetics
- Muscle Strength/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Physical Conditioning, Animal/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
- Thyroxine/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Triiodothyronine/metabolism
- Tropomyosin/genetics
- Iodothyronine Deiodinase Type II
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao P Werneck-de-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana L Fonseca
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele L Ignacio
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo W Fernandes
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina M Andrade-Feraud
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lattoya J Lartey
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo B Ribeiro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam O Ribeiro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Balazs Gereben
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio C Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., T.L.F., G.W.F., A.C.B.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago Illinois 60612; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., C.M.A.F., L.J.L., M.B.R.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33101-6960; Biophysics Institute and School of Physical Education and Sports (J.P.W.d.C., D.L.I., M.B.R.), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-901 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Developmental Disorders Program (M.O.R.), Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, 01302 Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Endocrine Neurobiology (B.G.), Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, H-1083 Hungary; and Translational Medicine (G.W.F.), Federal University of Sao Paulo, 01302-907 Sao Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Sodium selenite supplementation does not fully restore oxidative stress-induced deiodinase dysfunction: Implications for the nonthyroidal illness syndrome. Redox Biol 2015; 6:436-445. [PMID: 26402162 PMCID: PMC4588414 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) is marked by low T3 and high reverse T3 levels. The physiopathology is poorly understood but involves oxidative stress-induced disruption of the iodothyronine deiodinases, which activate or inactivate thyroid hormones. Selenium, an essential trace element, exerts antioxidant function mainly through the thioredoxin reductase (TRx) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) redox-regulating systems. We evaluated the effect of sodium selenite on IL6-induced disruption on deiodinase function. Cell lines expressing endogenous deiodinases type 1(D1), 2(D2) or 3(D3) (HepG2, MSTO, and MCF-7 cells, respectively) were used in an intact cell model that mimics the deiodination process under physiological conditions of substrate and cofactor, in the presence or not of IL6, with or without selenite. Deiodinase activity was quantified by the amount of iodine-125 in the medium (D1 and D2) or by ion-exchange chromatography (D3). Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring reactive species (RS), carbonyl content as well as enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses. Results: IL6 induced ROS and carbonyl content in all 3 cell lines (all P<0.001). Increased ROS was paralleled by D1 and D2-decreased T3-production (P<0.01) and increased D3-catalyzed T3-inactivation (P<0.001). Selenite decreases the IL6-induced ROS and carbonyl content, while enhances Gpx and Trx activities. Nevertheless, it failed on restoring D1 or D2 function and only attenuates D3 activation (P<0.05). In conclusion, although sodium selenite reduces IL6-induced redox imbalance it does not fully repair deiodinase function. These results shed light on NTIS physiopathology and might explain why low T3 levels are unaffected by selenium supplementation in sick patients. IL6 induced oxidative stress impairs deiodinase function in critically ill patients. Selenite induces the antioxidant defense through the enzymatic TRx and GPx pathways. Selenite attenuates redox imbalance but it does not restore deiodinase activities. Intracellular cysteine levels are critical to proper deiodinases function.
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Bank JHH, Kemmling J, Rijntjes E, Wirth EK, Herwig A. Thyroid hormone status affects expression of daily torpor and gene transcription in Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Horm Behav 2015; 75:120-9. [PMID: 26435475 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) play a key role in regulation of seasonal as well as acute changes in metabolism. Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) adapt to winter by multiple changes in behaviour and physiology including spontaneous daily torpor, a state of hypometabolism and hypothermia. We investigated effects of systemic TH administration and ablation on the torpor behaviour in Djungarian hamsters adapted to short photoperiod. Hyperthyroidism was induced by giving T4 or T3 and hypothyroidism by giving methimazole (MMI) and sodium perchlorate via drinking water. T3 treatment increased water, food intake and body mass, whereas MMI had the opposite effect. Continuous recording of body temperature revealed that low T3 serum concentrations increased torpor incidence, lowered Tb and duration, whereas high T3 serum concentrations inhibited torpor expression. Gene expression of deiodinases (dio) and uncoupling proteins (ucp) were analysed by qPCR in hypothalamus, brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle. Expression of dio2, the enzyme generating T3 by deiodination of T4, and ucps, involved in thermoregulation, indicated a tissue specific response to treatment. Torpor per se decreased dio2 expression irrespective of treatment or tissue, suggesting low intracellular T3 concentrations during torpor. Down regulation of ucp1 and ucp3 during torpor might be a factor for the inhibition of BAT thermogenesis. Hypothalamic gene expression of neuropeptide Y, propopiomelanocortin and somatostatin, involved in feeding behaviour and energy balance, were not affected by treatment. Taken together our data indicate a strong effect of thyroid hormones on torpor, suggesting that lowered intracellular T3 concentrations in peripheral tissues promote torpor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H H Bank
- Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Kemmling
- Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eddy Rijntjes
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva K Wirth
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Herwig
- Biozentrum Grindel und Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
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Alvarez‐Salas E, Alcántara‐Alonso V, Matamoros‐Trejo G, Vargas MA, Morales‐Mulia M, Gortari P. Mediobasal hypothalamic and adenohypophyseal TRH‐degrading enzyme (PPII) is down‐regulated by zinc deficiency. Int J Dev Neurosci 2015; 46:115-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alvarez‐Salas
- Department of Neurosciences ResearchNational Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente MuñizMexico
- ISSSTE School of Dietetics and NutritionMexico
| | - Viridiana Alcántara‐Alonso
- Department of Neurosciences ResearchNational Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente MuñizMexico
- ISSSTE School of Dietetics and NutritionMexico
| | - Gilberto Matamoros‐Trejo
- Department of Neurosciences ResearchNational Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente MuñizMexico
| | - Miguel Angel Vargas
- Instituto de BiotecnologíaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCuernavacaMor 62271Mexico
| | - Marcela Morales‐Mulia
- Department of Neurosciences ResearchNational Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente MuñizMexico
| | - Patricia Gortari
- Department of Neurosciences ResearchNational Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente MuñizMexico
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de Vries EM, Fliers E, Boelen A. The molecular basis of the non-thyroidal illness syndrome. J Endocrinol 2015; 225:R67-81. [PMID: 25972358 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The 'sick euthyroid syndrome' or 'non-thyroidal illness syndrome' (NTIS) occurs in a large proportion of hospitalized patients and comprises a variety of alterations in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis that are observed during illness. One of the hallmarks of NTIS is decreased thyroid hormone (TH) serum concentrations, often viewed as an adaptive mechanism to save energy. Downregulation of hypophysiotropic TRH neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and of TSH production in the pituitary gland points to disturbed negative feedback regulation during illness. In addition to these alterations in the central component of the HPT axis, changes in TH metabolism occur in a variety of TH target tissues during NTIS, dependent on the timing, nature and severity of the illness. Cytokines, released during illness, are known to affect a variety of genes involved in TH metabolism and are therefore considered a major determinant of NTIS. The availability of in vivo and in vitro models for NTIS has elucidated part of the mechanisms involved in the sometimes paradoxical changes in the HPT axis and TH responsive tissues. However, the pathogenesis of NTIS is still incompletely understood. This review focusses on the molecular mechanisms involved in the tissue changes in TH metabolism and discusses the gaps that still require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmely M de Vries
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Boelen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Xia SF, Duan XM, Hao LY, Li LT, Cheng XR, Xie ZX, Qiao Y, Li LR, Tang X, Shi YH, Le GW. Role of thyroid hormone homeostasis in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant mice fed a high-fat diet. Metabolism 2015; 64:566-79. [PMID: 25669855 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact mechanism for different propensities to obesity when consuming a high-fat diet (HFD) is largely unknown. Thyroid hormone (TH) is an important modulator of energy homeostasis and body weight. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to find the potential mechanisms of TH in the development of obesity-prone (OP) and obesity-resistant (OR) mice after short-term and long-term HFD feeding. METHODS C57Bl/6 male mice were randomly divided into two groups: a low-fat diet (LFD) group and an HFD group. In the 7th week, HFD-fed mice were classified as OP or OR according to upper and lower tertiles of body weight. Half of the mice were sacrificed at this time point and the remaining mice were kept on feeding and sacrificed in the 27th week. Indirect calorimetry was performed. At harvest, serum was used for ELISA assays and oxidative stress biomarkers determination. Tissues were dissected for deiodinases activity and relative mRNA expression determination, as well as antioxidant capacity evaluation. RESULTS In the 7th week, OP mice showed a significant body weight gain, decreased energy expenditure (EE), normal circulating TH levels, and activated HPT axis, whereas OR mice had normal body weight and maintained T(3) levels only through enhancing hepatic D1 activity. In the 27th week, OR mice gained more body weight than LFD mice accompanied by an activation of HPT axis and decreased hepatic deiodination. Genes involved in TH production were down-regulated in OP mice and up-regulated in OR mice. Changes in deiodinases activity and thyroid function were related with redox status in specific tissues. Furthermore, OP mice had more serious hepatic steatosis than OR mice, with up-regulation of T(3) target genes (e.g. Srebp1c, Acc1, Fasn) involved in lipid synthesis and down-regulation of Pgc1α, Cyp7a1 and Cpt1α. CONCLUSIONS HPT axis function and deiodinases activity might be involved in different propensities to obesity and the ability of OR mice to resist obesity was limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li-Yue Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li-Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhen-Xing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yi Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li-Rong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xue Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong-Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Guo-Wei Le
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.
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Luongo C, Martin C, Vella K, Marsili A, Ambrosio R, Dentice M, Harney JW, Salvatore D, Zavacki AM, Larsen PR. The selective loss of the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase in mouse thyrotrophs increases basal TSH but blunts the thyrotropin response to hypothyroidism. Endocrinology 2015; 156:745-54. [PMID: 25456070 PMCID: PMC4298316 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) is essential for feedback regulation of TSH by T4. We genetically inactivated in vivo D2 in thyrotrophs using a mouse model of Cga-driven cre recombinase. Pituitary D2 activity was reduced 90% in the Cga-cre D2 knockout (KO) mice compared with control Dio2(fl/fl) mice. There was no growth or reproductive phenotype. Basal TSH levels were increased 1.5- to 1.8-fold, but serum T4 and T3 were not different from the controls in adult mice. In hypothyroid adult mice, suppression of TSH by T4, but not T3, was impaired. Despite mild basal TSH elevation, the TSH increase in response to hypothyroidism was 4-fold reduced in the Cga-cre D2KO compared with control mice despite an identical level of pituitary TSH α- and β-subunit mRNAs. In neonatal Cga-cre D2KO mice, TSH was also 2-fold higher than in the controls, but serum T4 was elevated. Despite a constant TSH, serum T4 increased 2-3-fold between postnatal day (P) 5 and P15 in both genotypes. The pituitary, but not cerebrocortical, D2 activity was markedly elevated in P5 mice decreasing towards adult levels by P17. In conclusion, a congenital severe reduction of thyrotroph D2 causes a major impairment of the TSH response to hypothyroidism. This would be deleterious to the compensatory adaptation of the thyroid gland to iodine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Luongo
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine (C.L., C.M., A.M., J.W.H., A.M.Z., P.R.L.), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism (K.V.), Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Fondazione Studio di Diagnostica Nucleare "SDN" (R.A.), 80142 Naples, Italy; and Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery (M.D., D.S.), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Louzada RA, Santos MCS, Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque JPA, Rangel IF, Ferreira ACF, Galina A, Werneck-de-Castro JPS, Carvalho DP. Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase is upregulated in rat slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscle during cold exposure. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E1020-9. [PMID: 25294216 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00637.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During cold acclimation, shivering is progressively replaced by nonshivering thermogenesis. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle are relevant for nonshivering thermogenesis, which depends largely on thyroid hormone. Since the skeletal muscle fibers progressively adapt to cold exposure through poorly defined mechanisms, our intent was to determine whether skeletal muscle type 2 deiodinase (D2) induction could be implicated in the long-term skeletal muscle cold acclimation. We demonstrate that in the red oxidative soleus muscle, D2 activity increased 2.3-fold after 3 days at 4°C together with the brown adipose tissue D2 activity, which increased 10-fold. Soleus muscle and BAT D2 activities returned to the control levels after 10 days of cold exposure, when an increase of 2.8-fold in D2 activity was detected in white glycolytic gastrocnemius but not in red oxidative gastrocnemius fibers. Propranolol did not prevent muscle D2 induction, but it impaired the decrease of D2 in BAT and soleus after 10 days at 4°C. Cold exposure is accompanied by increased oxygen consumption, UCP3, and PGC-1α genes expression in skeletal muscles, which were partialy prevented by propranolol in soleus and gastrocnemius. Serum total and free T3 is increased during cold exposure in rats, even after 10 days, when BAT D2 is already normalized, suggesting that skeletal muscle D2 activity contributes significantly to circulating T3 under this adaptive condition. In conclusion, cold exposure is accompanied by concerted changes in the metabolism of BAT and oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscles that are paralleled by type 2 deiodinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruy A Louzada
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Biociências e Atividade Física - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Maria C S Santos
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João Paulo A Cavalcanti-de-Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Biociências e Atividade Física - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and Laboratório de Fisiologia Mitocondrial e Bioenergética, Instituto de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Igor F Rangel
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Biociências e Atividade Física - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Andrea C F Ferreira
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonio Galina
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Mitocondrial e Bioenergética, Instituto de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Joao Pedro S Werneck-de-Castro
- Laboratório de Biologia do Exercício, Escola de Educação Física e Desportos, Departamento de Biociências e Atividade Física - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and
| | - Denise P Carvalho
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;
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Moncayo R, Moncayo H. The WOMED model of benign thyroid disease: Acquired magnesium deficiency due to physical and psychological stressors relates to dysfunction of oxidative phosphorylation. BBA CLINICAL 2014; 3:44-64. [PMID: 26675817 PMCID: PMC4661500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to discern whether a relation between biochemical parameters, sonography and musculoskeletal data exists in cases of hyperthyroidism and whether they are modifiable through supplementation with selenomethionine and magnesium citrate as well as by acupuncture and manual medicine methods. RESULTS A direct correlation between whole blood selenium and serum magnesium was found in subjects without thyroid disease and in menopausal women while it was reversed in cases of thyroid diseases as well as in patients with depression, infection, and in infertile women. Vascularization indices were elevated in cases of newly diagnosed benign thyroid diseases. Musculoskeletal changes i.e. lateral tension and idiopathic moving toes, as well as situations of physical and psychological stress and minor trauma and infection led to an increase of vascularization. Magnesium levels correlated negatively with these two conditions. The supplementation brought a reduction of the vascularization indices and reduced the incidence of idiopathic moving toes. Treatment of lateral tension required manual medicine methods and acupuncture (gastrocnemius). A small subgroup of patients showed a further reduction of hyper-vascularization after receiving coenzyme Q10. CONCLUSIONS We interpret the elevated thyroid vascularization and low magnesium levels as signs of an inflammatory process related to the musculoskeletal changes. Improvement of thyroid function and morphology can be achieved after correcting the influence of stressors together with the supplementation regime. We hypothesize that the central biochemical event in thyroid disease is that of an acquired, altered mitochondrial function due to deficiency of magnesium, selenium, and coenzyme Q10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Moncayo
- WOMED, Karl-Kapferer-Strasse 5, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helga Moncayo
- WOMED, Karl-Kapferer-Strasse 5, AT-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Nagao H, Sasaki M, Imazu T, Takahashi K, Aoki H, Minato K. Effects of triiodothyronine on turnover rate and metabolizing enzymes for thyroxine in thyroidectomized rats. Life Sci 2014; 116:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Rolim ALR, Lindsey SC, Kunii IS, Crispim F, Moisés RCMS, Maciel RMB, Dias-da-Silva MR. The insulin-sensitivity sulphonylurea receptor variant is associated with thyrotoxic paralysis. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 53:295-301. [PMID: 25143473 DOI: 10.1530/jme-14-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Thyrotoxicosis is the most common cause of the acquired flaccid muscle paralysis in adults called thyrotoxic periodic paralysis (TPP) and is characterised by transient hypokalaemia and hypophosphataemia under high thyroid hormone levels that is frequently precipitated by carbohydrate load. The sulphonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1 (ABCC8)) is an essential regulatory subunit of the β-cell ATP-sensitive K(+) channel that controls insulin secretion after feeding. Additionally, the SUR1 Ala1369Ser variant appears to be associated with insulin sensitivity. We examined the ABCC8 gene at the single nucleotide level using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis to determine its allelic variant frequency and calculated the frequency of the Ala1369Ser C-allele variant in a cohort of 36 Brazilian TPP patients in comparison with 32 controls presenting with thyrotoxicosis without paralysis (TWP). We verified that the frequency of the alanine 1369 C-allele was significantly higher in TPP patients than in TWP patients (61.1 vs 34.4%, odds ratio (OR)=3.42, P=0.039) and was significantly more common than the minor allele frequency observed in the general population from the 1000 Genomes database (61.1 vs 29.0%, OR=4.87, P<0.005). Additionally, the C-allele frequency was similar between TWP patients and the general population (34.4 vs 29%, OR=1.42, P=0.325). We have demonstrated that SUR1 alanine 1369 variant is associated with allelic susceptibility to TPP. We suggest that the hyperinsulinaemia that is observed in TPP may be linked to the ATP-sensitive K(+)/SUR1 alanine variant and, therefore, contribute to the major feedforward precipitating factors in the pathophysiology of TPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza R Rolim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Susan C Lindsey
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ilda S Kunii
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Crispim
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Célia M S Moisés
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rui M B Maciel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Magnus R Dias-da-Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational EndocrinologyDepartment of Medicine, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua Pedro de Toledo, 669, 11° andar, 04039-032 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Bárez-López S, Bosch-García D, Gómez-Andrés D, Pulido-Valdeolivas I, Montero-Pedrazuela A, Obregon MJ, Guadaño-Ferraz A. Abnormal motor phenotype at adult stages in mice lacking type 2 deiodinase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103857. [PMID: 25083788 PMCID: PMC4118963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid hormones have a key role in both the developing and adult central nervous system and skeletal muscle. The thyroid gland produces mainly thyroxine (T4) but the intracellular concentrations of 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3; the transcriptionally active hormone) in the central nervous system and skeletal muscle are modulated by the activity of type 2 deiodinase (D2). To date no neurological syndrome has been associated with mutations in the DIO2 gene and previous studies in young and juvenile D2-knockout mice (D2KO) did not find gross neurological alterations, possibly due to compensatory mechanisms. Aim This study aims to analyze the motor phenotype of 3-and-6-month-old D2KO mice to evaluate the role of D2 on the motor system at adult stages in which compensatory mechanisms could have failed. Results Motor abilities were explored by validated tests. In the footprint test, D2KO showed an altered global gait pattern (mice walked slower, with shorter strides and with a hindlimb wider base of support than wild-type mice). No differences were detected in the balance beam test. However, a reduced latency to fall was found in the rotarod, coat-hanger and four limb hanging wire tests indicating impairment on coordination and prehensile reflex and a reduction of muscle strength. In histological analyses of cerebellum and skeletal muscle, D2KO mice did not present gross structural abnormalities. Thyroid hormones levels and deiodinases activities were also determined. In D2KO mice, despite euthyroid T3 and high T4 plasma levels, T3 levels were significantly reduced in cerebral cortex (48% reduction) and skeletal muscle (33% reduction), but not in the cerebellum where other deiodinase (type 1) is expressed. Conclusions The motor alterations observed in D2KO mice indicate an important role for D2 in T3 availability to maintain motor function and muscle strength. Our results suggest a possible implication of D2 in motor disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Bárez-López
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Bosch-García
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Gómez-Andrés
- Trastornos del Desarrollo y Maduración Neurológica, IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Pulido-Valdeolivas
- Trastornos del Desarrollo y Maduración Neurológica, IdiPAZ, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Anatomía, Histología y Neurociencia, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montero-Pedrazuela
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Obregon
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guadaño-Ferraz
- Department of Endocrine and Nervous System Pathophysiology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
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Yao X, Hou S, Zhang D, Xia H, Wang YC, Jiang J, Yin H, Ying H. Regulation of fatty acid composition and lipid storage by thyroid hormone in mouse liver. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:38. [PMID: 25105012 PMCID: PMC4124172 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid hormones (THs) are potent hormones modulating liver lipid homeostasis. The perturbation of lipid homeostasis is a hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a very common liver disorder. It was reported that NAFLD patients were associated with higher incidence of hypothyroidism. However, whether abnormal thyroid function contributes to the pathogenesis of NAFLD remains unclear. Results We used in vivo models to investigate the influence of hypothyroidism and TH on hepatic lipid homeostasis. We did not observe hepatic triglyceride accumulation in the liver of hypothyroid mice, although the liver was enlarged. We then characterized the hepatic fatty acid composition with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in mice under different thyroid states. We found that hypothyroidism decreased saturated fatty acid (SFA) content while TH treatment restored the level of SFA. In agreement with this finding, we observed that the expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and fatty acid synthase, the rate-limit enzymes for de novo lipogenesis (DNL), decreased in hypothyroid mice while increased after TH treatment. We also found that the ratio of C18:1n-9/C18:0 and C16:1n-7/C16:0 was decreased by TH treatment, suggesting the activity of stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 was suppressed. This finding indicated that TH is able to suppress triglyceride accumulation by reducing fatty acid desaturation. Additionally, we found that hepatic glycogen content was substantially influenced by TH status, which was associated with glycogen synthase expression. The increased glycogen storage might explain the enlarged liver we observed in hypothyroid mice. Conclusions Taken together, our study here suggested that hypothyroidism in mice might not lead to the development of NAFLD although the liver became enlarged. However, disturbed TH levels led to altered hepatic fatty acid composition and glycogen accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Clinical Research Center of Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Sarina Hou
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Clinical Research Center of Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hongfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Clinical Research Center of Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Wang
- Clinical Research Center of Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Department of Nutrition, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jingjing Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Ying
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Clinical Research Center of Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
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Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is required for normal development as well as regulating metabolism in the adult. The thyroid hormone receptor (TR) isoforms, α and β, are differentially expressed in tissues and have distinct roles in TH signaling. Local activation of thyroxine (T4), to the active form, triiodothyronine (T3), by 5'-deiodinase type 2 (D2) is a key mechanism of TH regulation of metabolism. D2 is expressed in the hypothalamus, white fat, brown adipose tissue (BAT), and skeletal muscle and is required for adaptive thermogenesis. The thyroid gland is regulated by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). In addition to TRH/TSH regulation by TH feedback, there is central modulation by nutritional signals, such as leptin, as well as peptides regulating appetite. The nutrient status of the cell provides feedback on TH signaling pathways through epigentic modification of histones. Integration of TH signaling with the adrenergic nervous system occurs peripherally, in liver, white fat, and BAT, but also centrally, in the hypothalamus. TR regulates cholesterol and carbohydrate metabolism through direct actions on gene expression as well as cross-talk with other nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), liver X receptor (LXR), and bile acid signaling pathways. TH modulates hepatic insulin sensitivity, especially important for the suppression of hepatic gluconeogenesis. The role of TH in regulating metabolic pathways has led to several new therapeutic targets for metabolic disorders. Understanding the mechanisms and interactions of the various TH signaling pathways in metabolism will improve our likelihood of identifying effective and selective targets.
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Salvatore D, Simonides WS, Dentice M, Zavacki AM, Larsen PR. Thyroid hormones and skeletal muscle--new insights and potential implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2014; 10:206-14. [PMID: 24322650 PMCID: PMC4037849 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2013.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone signalling regulates crucial biological functions, including energy expenditure, thermogenesis, development and growth. The skeletal muscle is a major target of thyroid hormone signalling. The type 2 and 3 iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO2 and DIO3, respectively) have been identified in skeletal muscle. DIO2 expression is tightly regulated and catalyses outer-ring monodeiodination of the secreted prohormone tetraiodothyronine (T4) to generate the active hormone tri-iodothyronine (T3). T3 can remain in the myocyte to signal through nuclear receptors or exit the cell to mix with the extracellular pool. By contrast, DIO3 inactivates T3 through removal of an inner-ring iodine. Regulation of the expression and activity of deiodinases constitutes a cell-autonomous, pre-receptor mechanism for controlling the intracellular concentration of T3. This local control of T3 activity is crucial during the various phases of myogenesis. Here, we review the roles of T3 in skeletal muscle development and homeostasis, with a focus on the emerging local deiodinase-mediated control of T3 signalling. Moreover, we discuss these novel findings in the context of both muscle homeostasis and pathology, and examine how skeletal muscle deiodinase activity might be therapeutically harnessed to improve satellite-cell-mediated muscle repair in patients with skeletal muscle disorders, muscle atrophy or injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Salvatore
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples 'Federico II', Building 1, 1st floor, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Warner S Simonides
- Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Centre, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Monica Dentice
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples 'Federico II', Building 1, 1st floor, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ann Marie Zavacki
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM room 641, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - P Reed Larsen
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, HIM room 641, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Dora JM, Wajner SM, Costa JD, Pinto Ribeiro RV, Leiria LB, Lopes MG, Vitali da Silva A, Crispim D, Maia AL. Type 2 deiodinase Thr92Ala polymorphism is associated with disrupted placental activity but not with dysglycemia or adverse gestational outcomes: a genetic association study. Fertil Steril 2014; 101:833-9. [PMID: 24355051 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study whether the D2 Thr92Ala polymorphism-a genetic marker that is associated with reduced thyroid type 2 deiodinase (D2) activity, increased insulin resistance, and risk for type 2 diabetes-is associated with disrupted placental D2 activity and with glycemic control and gestational outcomes. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Tertiary hospital in Brazil. PATIENT(S) Consecutive singleton-pregnancy patients, 18-45 years old. INTERVENTION(S) Clinical examination and genotyping of the D2 Thr92Ala polymorphism, with placental samples collected and assayed for D2 mRNA and activity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Glucose homeostasis and gestational outcomes. RESULT(S) A total of 294 patients were included in the study. The clinical and laboratory characteristics were similar among the D2 genotypes. No differences were observed in D2 placental mRNA levels, but D2 activity was decreased in patients with the Ala92Ala genotype (0.35 ± 0.15 vs. 1.96 ± 1.02 fmol/mg/min.). Newborn serum thyroid-stimulating hormone levels (TSHneo) did not differ according to maternal D2 Thr92Ala genotype. Also, maternal glucose control, insulin resistance evaluated by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), and gestational outcomes did not differ across D2 genotypes. CONCLUSION(S) The D2 Ala92Ala genotype is associated with reduced placental D2 activity but is not associated with dysglycemia, increased insulin resistance, or worse gestational outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Dora
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Simone M Wajner
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliano Dalla Costa
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Vanin Pinto Ribeiro
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Barbosa Leiria
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariah G Lopes
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Aline Vitali da Silva
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daisy Crispim
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza Maia
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Toft Kristensen T, Larsen J, Pedersen PL, Feldthusen AD, Ellervik C, Jelstrup S, Kvetny J. Persistent cellular metabolic changes after hemithyroidectomy for benign euthyroid goiter. Eur Thyroid J 2014; 3:10-6. [PMID: 24847460 PMCID: PMC4005256 DOI: 10.1159/000357943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The significance of perturbations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormones within the laboratory reference ranges after hemithyroidectomy is unknown. Our aim was to examine changes in TSH and thyroid hormones after hemithyroidectomy for benign euthyroid goiter, focusing on tissue response by examining the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and basal oxygen consumption (V˙O2). MATERIALS AND METHODS In a prospective study on 28 patients and controls, we examined serum TSH and thyroid hormones before hemithyroidectomy and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after hemithyroidectomy for benign euthyroid goiter. In the hemithyroidectomy group, flow cytometry was used to measure the MMP of tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM)- and MitoTracker Green (MTG)-stained PBMCs, and V˙O2 was measured by an Oxycon Pro apparatus. RESULTS One year after hemithyroidectomy, TSH had increased from a median of 0.97 mIU/l (interquartile range, IQR: 0.69-1.50 mIU/l) to 2.10 mIU/l (IQR: 1.90-3.00 mIU/l; p < 0.001); free thyroxine (fT4) had decreased from a median of 16.0 pmol/l (IQR: 14.9-17.0 pmol/l) to 14.8 pmol/l (IQR: 14.1-16.4 pmol/l; p = 0.009), whereas total triiodothyronine variations did not differ from those in controls. Concomitantly, the MMP of TMRM- and MTG-stained PBMCs was increased by 58% (p < 0.001) and 22% (p = 0.008), respectively. V˙O2 was increased by 14% (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Hemithyroidectomy for benign euthyroid goiter induced persistently increased TSH and decreased fT4, sustained mitochondrial hyperpolarization and increased V˙O2. Our results demonstrate a decrease after hemithyroidectomy of the metabolic state to which the individual is adapted, with persistent cellular metabolic changes in a hemithyroidectomized patient group which is normally considered clinically and biochemically euthyroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Toft Kristensen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Køge Hospital, Region Zealand, Køge, Denmark
- *Tina Toft Kristensen, Tornbyvej 10, DK-4600 Køge (Denmark), E-Mail
| | - Jacob Larsen
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Næstved Hospital, Region Zealand, Næstved, Denmark
| | | | - Anne-Dorthe Feldthusen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Næstved Hospital, Region Zealand, Næstved, Denmark
| | - Christina Ellervik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Næstved Hospital, Region Zealand, Næstved, Denmark
| | - Søren Jelstrup
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Køge Hospital, Region Zealand, Køge, Denmark
| | - Jan Kvetny
- Department of Internal Medicine, Næstved Hospital, Region Zealand, Næstved, Denmark
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Drigo RA, Fonseca TL, Werneck-de-Castro JPS, Bianco AC. Role of the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) in the control of thyroid hormone signaling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2013; 1830:3956-64. [PMID: 22967761 PMCID: PMC4979226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone signaling is critical for development, growth and metabolic control in vertebrates. Although serum concentration of thyroid hormone is remarkable stable, deiodinases modulate thyroid hormone signaling on a time- and cell-specific fashion by controlling the activation and inactivation of thyroid hormone. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW This review covers the recent advances in D2 biology, a member of the iodothyronine deiodinase family, thioredoxin fold-containing selenoenzymes that modify thyroid hormone signaling in a time- and cell-specific manner. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS D2-catalyzed T3 production increases thyroid hormone signaling whereas blocking D2 activity or disruption of the Dio2 gene leads to a state of localized hypothyroidism. D2 expression is regulated by different developmental, metabolic or environmental cues such as the hedgehog pathway, the adrenergic- and the TGR5-activated cAMP pathway, by xenobiotic molecules such as flavonols and by stress in the endoplasmic reticulum, which specifically reduces de novo synthesis of D2 via an eIF2a-mediated mechanism. Thus, D2 plays a central role in important physiological processes such as determining T3 content in developing tissues and in the adult brain, and promoting adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue. Notably, D2 is critical in the T4-mediated negative feed-back at the pituitary and hypothalamic levels, whereby T4 inhibits TSH and TRH expression, respectively. Notably, ubiquitination is a major step in the control of D2 activity, whereby T4 binding to and/or T4 catalysis triggers D2 inactivation by ubiquitination that is mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligases WSB-1 and/or TEB4. Ubiquitinated D2 can be either targeted to proteasomal degradation or reactivated by deubiquitination, a process that is mediated by the deubiquitinases USP20/33 and is important in adaptive thermogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Here we review the recent advances in the understanding of D2 biology focusing on the mechanisms that regulate its expression and their biological significance in metabolically relevant tissues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Thyroid hormone signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Arrojo Drigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Tatiana L. Fonseca
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joao Pedro Saar Werneck-de-Castro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Instituto de Biofisica Carlos Chagas, Brazil
- Escola de Educacao Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Bianco
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Miller BT, Ueta CB, Lau V, Jacomino KG, Wasserman LM, Kim BW. Statins and downstream inhibitors of the isoprenylation pathway increase type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase activity. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4039-48. [PMID: 22719054 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The type 2 iodothyronine selenodeiodinase (D2) is a critical determinant of local thyroid signaling, converting T(4) to the active form T(3) at the cytoplasmic face of the endoplasmic reticulum, thus supplying the nucleus with T(3) without immediately affecting circulating thyroid hormone levels. Although inhibitors of the cholesterol synthesis/isoprenylation pathway, such as hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) have been to shown to down-regulate selenoproteins via interruption of normal selenocysteine incorporation, little is known about the effect of statins on D2. Here, we report that statins and prenyl transferase inhibitors actually increase D2 activity in cells with endogenous D2 expression. Although we confirmed that lovastatin (LVS) decreases the activity of transiently expressed D2 in HEK-293 cells, the prenyl transferase inhibitors increase activity in this system as well. LVS treatment increases endogenous Dio2 mRNA in MSTO-211H cells but does not alter transiently expressed Dio2 mRNA in HEK-293 cells. The prenyl transferase inhibitors do not increase Dio2 mRNA in either system, indicating that a posttranscriptional mechanism must exist. Cotreatment with LVS or the prenyl transferase inhibitors with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 did not lead to additive increases in D2 activity, indirectly implicating the ubiquitin-proteasomal system in the mechanism. Finally, C57BL/6J mice treated with LVS or farnesyl transferase inhibitor-277 for 24 h exhibited increased D2 activity in their brown adipose tissue. These data indicate that statins and downstream inhibitors of the isoprenylation pathway may increase thyroid signaling via stimulation of D2 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Miller
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33136, USA
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Dentice M, Marsili A, Zavacki A, Larsen PR, Salvatore D. The deiodinases and the control of intracellular thyroid hormone signaling during cellular differentiation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:3937-45. [PMID: 22634734 PMCID: PMC3670672 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Thyroid hormone influences gene expression in virtually all vertebrates. Its action is initiated by the activation of T4 to T3, an outer ring deiodination reaction that is catalyzed by the type 1 or the type 2 iodothyronine selenodeiodinases (D1 or D2). Inactivation of T4 and T3 occurs via inner ring deiodination catalyzed by the type 3 iodothyronine selenodeiodinases (D3). The T4 concentration is generally quite stable in human plasma, with T3 levels also remaining constant. Deiodinase actions are tightly regulated in both pre- and post-natal life when they are required to make local adjustments of intracellular T3 concentrations in a precise spatio- and temporal manner. Although all the signals governing the dynamic expression of deiodinases in specific cell types are not known, many important regulatory factors have been deciphered. Scope of review This review provides striking examples from the recent literature illustrating how the expression of D2 and D3 is finely tuned during maturation of different organs, and how their action play a critical role in different settings to control intracellular T3 availability. Major conclusions Emerging evidence indicates that in various cell contexts, D2 and D3 are expressed in a dynamic balance, in which the expression of one enzyme is coordinately regulated with that of the other to tightly control intracellular T3 levels commensurate with cell requirements at that time. General significance Deiodinases control TH action in a precise spatio-temporal fashion thereby providing a novel mechanism for the local paracrine and autocrine regulation of TH action. This remarkable tissue-specific regulation of intracellular thyroid status remains hidden due to the maintenance of constant circulating TH concentrations by the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Thyroid hormone signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Dentice
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
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Schlenker EH. Effects of hypothyroidism on the respiratory system and control of breathing: Human studies and animal models. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 181:123-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn H Schlenker
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark St., Vermillion, SD 57069, United States.
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Larsen PR, Zavacki AM. The role of the iodothyronine deiodinases in the physiology and pathophysiology of thyroid hormone action. Eur Thyroid J 2012; 1:232-242. [PMID: 23750337 PMCID: PMC3673746 DOI: 10.1159/000343922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroxine (T4) is a prohormone and must be activated to 3,5,3' triodothyronine (T3) by either the type 1 (D1) or 2 (D2) selenodeiodinase. A third deiodinase (D3) inactivates T3 or T4 by removal of an inner ring iodine. These reactions require both a deiodinase enzyme and a cofactor, probably a thiol, to reduce the oxidized selenolyl group in the active center of each deiodinase. Thus, deiodination rates depend on both the enzyme and cofactor. The source of most of the circulating T3 is D1-mediated, while D2 provides nuclear receptor-bound hormone. Using sensitive and specific assays, it has become apparent that both D2 and D3 are widespread throughout vertebrate tissues. The complex interactions between the activating D2 and the inactivating D3 in tissues expressing these two enzymes determine the intracellular T3 concentration. This provides enormous flexibility for both developmental and tissue regeneration processes, allowing exquisite control of intracellular T3 concentrations. The endogenous factors regulating the activity of these enzymes, such as the hedgehog proteins, FoxO3, or the wnt/β catenin pathway together with the actions of thyroid hormone transporters, direct adjustments of nuclear receptor bound T3 which in turn can control the balance between cellular proliferation and differentiation. Their actions provide dynamic flexibility to what appears on the surface to be a very static hormonal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Reed Larsen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, Mass., USA
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Huang MP, Rodgers KA, O'Mara R, Mehta M, Abuzahra HS, Tannenbaum AD, Persons K, Holick MF, Safer JD. The thyroid hormone degrading type 3 deiodinase is the primary deiodinase active in murine epidermis. Thyroid 2011; 21:1263-8. [PMID: 21936673 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many tissues express thyroid hormone metabolizing deiodinases that both activate and inactivate thyroid hormones through conversion processes. Many believe that the primary role of thyroid hormone deiodinases is the activation of the prohormone thyroxine (T(4)) to the active hormone triiodothyronine because athyreotic humans can be treated with T(4) alone. In our hands a nonspecific deiodinase inhibitor (iopanoic acid [IOP]) decreased cutaneous cell proliferation in vitro, so we hypothesized that topical IOP would inhibit epidermal proliferation in vivo. METHODS IOP was applied topically to mice. Treatments were applied daily for 1 week. Skin biopsies were either stained for 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine or flash-frozen to assay for deiodinase activity. RESULTS Topical IOP resulted in a dose-dependent increase in epidermal proliferation. Assay revealed significant inactivating type 3 deiodinase (Dio3) activity in the epidermis but little or no activating (Dio1 or Dio2) activity. Dio3 activity was decreased 44%±21% in epidermis from mice treated with low-dose IOP and 80%±4% in epidermis from mice treated with high-dose IOP (p<0.001). CONCLUSION We hypothesize that keratinocytes express Dio3 in vivo to maintain cutaneous health and prevent the skin from becoming hyperproliferative. Our data support the developing recognition that the primary role of thyroid hormone deiodinases in some tissues may be the degradation of thyroid hormone to protect the tissue against thyrotoxicosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max P Huang
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA
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Marsili A, Tang D, Harney JW, Singh P, Zavacki AM, Dentice M, Salvatore D, Larsen PR. Type II iodothyronine deiodinase provides intracellular 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine to normal and regenerating mouse skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E818-24. [PMID: 21771965 PMCID: PMC3214000 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00292.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The FoxO3-dependent increase in type II deiodinase (D2), which converts the prohormone thyroxine (T(4)) to 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T(3)), is required for normal mouse skeletal muscle differentiation and regeneration. This implies a requirement for an increase in D2-generated intracellular T(3) under these conditions, which has not been directly demonstrated despite the presence of D2 activity in skeletal muscle. We directly show that D2-mediated T(4)-to-T(3) conversion increases during differentiation in C(2)C(12) myoblast and primary cultures of mouse neonatal skeletal muscle precursor cells, and that blockade of D2 eliminates this. In adult mice given (125)I-T(4) and (131)I-T(3), the intracellular (125)I-T(3)/(131)I-T(3) ratio is significantly higher than in serum in both the D2-expressing cerebral cortex and the skeletal muscle of wild-type, but not D2KO, mice. In D1-expressing liver and kidney, the (125)I-T(3)/(131)I-T(3) ratio does not differ from that in serum. Hypothyroidism increases D2 activity, and in agreement with this, the difference in (125)I-T(3)/(131)I-T(3) ratio is increased further in hypothyroid wild-type mice but not altered in the D2KO. Notably, in wild-type but not in D2KO mice, the muscle production of (125)I-T(3) is doubled after skeletal muscle injury. Thus, D2-mediated T(4)-to-T(3) conversion generates significant intracellular T(3) in normal mouse skeletal muscle, with the increased T(3) required for muscle regeneration being provided by increased D2 synthesis, not by T(3) from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marsili
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Marsili A, Sanchez E, Singru P, Harney JW, Zavacki AM, Lechan RM, Larsen PR. Thyroxine-induced expression of pyroglutamyl peptidase II and inhibition of TSH release precedes suppression of TRH mRNA and requires type 2 deiodinase. J Endocrinol 2011; 211:73-8. [PMID: 21788297 PMCID: PMC3558748 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of TSH release from the hypothyroid thyrotrophs is one of the most rapid effects of 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (T(3)) or thyroxine (T(4)). It is initiated within an hour, precedes the decrease in TSHβ mRNA inhibition and is blocked by inhibitors of mRNA or protein synthesis. TSH elevation in primary hypothyroidism requires both the loss of feedback inhibition by thyroid hormone in the thyrotrophs and the positive effects of TRH. Another event in this feedback regulation may be the thyroid hormone-mediated induction of the TRH-inactivating pyroglutamyl peptidase II (PPII) in the hypothalamic tanycytes. This study compared the chronology of the acute effects of T(3) or T(4) on TSH suppression, TRH mRNA in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and the induction of tanycyte PPII. In wild-type mice, T(3) or T(4) caused a 50% decrease in serum TSH in hypothyroid mice by 5 h. There was no change in TRH mRNA in PVN over this interval, but there was a significant increase in PPII mRNA in the tanycytes. In mice with genetic inactivation of the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase, T(3) decreased serum TSH and increased PPII mRNA levels, while T(4)-treatment was ineffective. We conclude that the rapid suppression of TSH in the hypothyroid mouse by T(3) occurs prior to a decrease in TRH mRNA though TRH inactivation may be occurring in the median eminence through the rapid induction of tanycyte PPII. The effect of T(4), but not T(3), requires the type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marsili
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's, Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Edith Sanchez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Praful Singru
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - John W. Harney
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's, Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann Marie Zavacki
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's, Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald M. Lechan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - P. Reed Larsen
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's, Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Ramadan W, Marsili A, Larsen PR, Zavacki AM, Silva JE. Type-2 iodothyronine 5'deiodinase (D2) in skeletal muscle of C57Bl/6 mice. II. Evidence for a role of D2 in the hypermetabolism of thyroid hormone receptor alpha-deficient mice. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3093-102. [PMID: 21652727 PMCID: PMC3138235 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mice with ablation of the Thra gene have cold intolerance due to an as yet undefined defect in the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) uncoupling protein (UCP). They develop an alternate form of facultative thermogenesis, activated at temperatures below thermoneutrality and associated with hypermetabolism and reduced sensitivity to diet-induced obesity. A consistent finding in Thra-0/0 mice is increased type-2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) mRNA in skeletal muscle and other tissues. With an improved assay to measure D2 activity, we show here that this enzyme activity is increased in proportion to the mRNA and as a function of the ambient cold. The activation is mediated by the sympathetic nervous system in Thra-0/0, as it is in wild-type genotype mice, but the sympathetic nervous system effect is greater in Thra-0/0 mice. Using D2-ablated mice (Dio2-/-), we reported elsewhere and show here that, in spite of sharing a severe deficiency in BAT thermogenesis with Thra-0/0 and UCP1-knockout mice, they do not have an increase in oxygen consumption, and they gain more weight than wild-type controls when fed a high-fat diet. UCP3 mRNA is highly responsive to thyroid hormone, and it is increased in Thra-0/0 mice, particularly when fed high-fat diets. We show here that muscle UCP3 mRNA in hypothyroid Thra-0/0 mice is responsive to small dose-short regimens of T(4), indicating a role for locally, D2-generated T(3). Lastly, we show that bile acids stimulate not only BAT but also muscle D2 activity, and this is associated with stimulation of muscle UCP3 mRNA expression provided T(4) is present. These observations strongly support the concept that enhanced D2 activity in Thra-0/0 plays a critical role in their alternate form of facultative thermogenesis, stimulating increased fat oxidation by increasing local T(3) generation in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ramadan
- Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Springfield, Massachusetts 01199, USA
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Ramadan W, Marsili A, Huang S, Larsen PR, Silva JE. Type-2 iodothyronine 5'deiodinase in skeletal muscle of C57BL/6 mice. I. Identity, subcellular localization, and characterization. Endocrinology 2011; 152:3082-92. [PMID: 21628384 PMCID: PMC3138240 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
RT-PCR shows that mouse skeletal muscle contains type-2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) mRNA. However, the D2 activity has been hard to measure. Except for newborn mice, muscle homogenates have no detectable activity. However, we have reported D2 activity in mouse muscle microsomes. As the mRNA, activity is higher in slow- than in fast-twitch muscle. We addressed here the major problems in measuring D2 activity in muscle by: homogenizing muscle in high salt to improve yield of membranous structures; separating postmitochondrial supernatant between 38 and 50% sucrose, to eliminate lighter membranes lacking D2; washing these with 0.1 M Na(2)CO(3) to eliminate additional contaminating proteins; pretreating all buffers with Chelex, to eliminate catalytic metals; and eliminating the EDTA from the assay, as this can bind iron that enhances dithiothreitol oxidation and promotes peroxidation reactions. Maximum velocity of T(3) generation by postgradient microsomes from red muscles was approximately 1100 fmol/(h · mg) protein with a Michaelis-Menten constant for T(4) of 1.5 nM. D2-specific activity of Na(2)CO(3)-washed microsomes was 6-10 times higher. The enrichment in D2 activity increased in parallel with the capacity of microsomes to load (sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase) and bind Ca(2+) (calsequestrin), indicating that D2 resides in the inner sarcoplasmic reticulum, close to the nuclei. The presence of D3 in the sarcolemma suggests that the most of D2-generated T(3) acts locally. Estimates from maximum velocity, Michaelis-Menten constant, and muscle T(4) content suggest that mouse red, type-1, aerobic mouse muscle fibers can generate physiologically relevant amounts of T(3) and, further, that muscle D2 plays an important role in thyroid hormone-dependent muscle thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ramadan
- Baystate Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Springfield, Massachusetts 01199, USA
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Marsili A, Aguayo-Mazzucato C, Chen T, Kumar A, Chung M, Lunsford EP, Harney JW, Van-Tran T, Gianetti E, Ramadan W, Chou C, Bonner-Weir S, Larsen PR, Silva JE, Zavacki AM. Mice with a targeted deletion of the type 2 deiodinase are insulin resistant and susceptible to diet induced obesity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20832. [PMID: 21698184 PMCID: PMC3116839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) converts the pro-hormone thyroxine into T3 within target tissues. D2 is essential for a full thermogenic response of brown adipose tissue (BAT), and mice with a disrupted Dio2 gene (D2KO) have an impaired response to cold. BAT is also activated by overfeeding. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS After 6-weeks of HFD feeding D2KO mice gained 5.6% more body weight and had 28% more adipose tissue. Oxygen consumption (V0(2)) was not different between genotypes, but D2KO mice had an increased respiratory exchange ratio (RER), suggesting preferential use of carbohydrates. Consistent with this, serum free fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate were lower in D2KO mice on a HFD, while hepatic triglycerides were increased and glycogen content decreased. Neither genotype showed glucose intolerance, but D2KO mice had significantly higher insulin levels during GTT independent of diet. Accordingly, during ITT testing D2KO mice had a significantly reduced glucose uptake, consistent with insulin resistance. Gene expression levels in liver, muscle, and brown and white adipose tissue showed no differences that could account for the increased weight gain in D2KO mice. However, D2KO mice have higher PEPCK mRNA in liver suggesting increased gluconeogenesis, which could also contribute to their apparent insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that the loss of the Dio2 gene has significant metabolic consequences. D2KO mice gain more weight on a HFD, suggesting a role for D2 in protection from diet-induced obesity. Further, D2KO mice appear to have a greater reliance on carbohydrates as a fuel source, and limited ability to mobilize and to burn fat. This results in increased fat storage in adipose tissue, hepatic steatosis, and depletion of liver glycogen in spite of increased gluconeogenesis. D2KO mice are also less responsive to insulin, independent of diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marsili
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cristina Aguayo-Mazzucato
- Section on Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ting Chen
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aditi Kumar
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mirra Chung
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elaine P. Lunsford
- Longwood Small Animal Imaging Facility, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - John W. Harney
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thuy Van-Tran
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elena Gianetti
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Waile Ramadan
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Cyril Chou
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Susan Bonner-Weir
- Section on Islet Transplantation and Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philip Reed Larsen
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jorge Enrique Silva
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ann Marie Zavacki
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Marsili A, Zavacki AM, Harney JW, Larsen PR. Physiological role and regulation of iodothyronine deiodinases: a 2011 update. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:395-407. [PMID: 21427525 PMCID: PMC3687787 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
T4 is a prohormone secreted by the thyroid. T4 has a long half life in circulation and it is tightly regulated to remain constant in a variety of circumstances. However, the availability of iodothyronine selenodeiodinases allow both the initiation or the cessation of thyroid hormone action and can result in surprisingly acute changes in the intracellular concentration of the active hormone T3, in a tissue- specific and chronologically-determined fashion, in spite of the constant circulating levels of the prohormone. This fine-tuning of thyroid hormone signaling is becoming widely appreciated in the context of situations where the rapid modifications in intracellular T3 concentrations are necessary for developmental changes or tissue repair. Given the increasing availability of genetic models of deiodinase deficiency, new insights into the role of these important enzymes are being recognized. In this review, we have incorporated new information regarding the special role played by these enzymes into our current knowledge of thyroid physiology, emphasizing the clinical significance of these new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marsili
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann Marie Zavacki
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John W. Harney
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - P. Reed Larsen
- Thyroid Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Wajner SM, Goemann IM, Bueno AL, Larsen PR, Maia AL. IL-6 promotes nonthyroidal illness syndrome by blocking thyroxine activation while promoting thyroid hormone inactivation in human cells. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:1834-45. [PMID: 21540553 DOI: 10.1172/jci44678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) is a state of low serum 3,5,3' triiodothyronine (T₃) that occurs in chronically ill patients; the degree of reduction in T₃ is associated with overall prognosis and survival. Iodthyronine deiodinases are enzymes that catalyze iodine removal from thyroid hormones; type I and II deiodinase (D1 and D2, respectively) convert the prohormone thyroxine T₄ to active T₃, whereas the type III enzyme (D3) inactivates T₄ and T₃. Increased production of cytokines, including IL-6, is a hallmark of the acute phase of NTIS, but the role of cytokines in altered thyroid hormone metabolism is poorly understood. Here, we measured the effect of IL-6 on both endogenous cofactor-mediated and dithiothreitol-stimulated (DTT-stimulated) cell sonicate deiodinase activities in human cell lines. Active T₃ generation by D1 and D2 in intact cells was suppressed by IL-6, despite an increase in sonicate deiodinases (and mRNAs). N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), an antioxidant that restores intracellular glutathione (GSH) concentrations, prevented the IL-6-induced inhibitory effect on D1- and D2-mediated T₃ production, which suggests that IL-6 might function by depleting an intracellular thiol cofactor, perhaps GSH. In contrast, IL-6 stimulated endogenous D3-mediated inactivation of T₃. Taken together, these results identify a single pathway by which IL-6-induced oxidative stress can reduce D1- and D2-mediated T₄-to-T₃ conversion as well as increasing D3-mediated T₃ (and T₄) inactivation, thus mimicking events during illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Magagnin Wajner
- Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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