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Dzubanova M, Benova A, Ferencakova M, Coupeau R, Tencerova M. Nutrition and Bone Marrow Adiposity in Relation to Bone Health. Physiol Res 2024; 73:S107-S138. [PMID: 38752771 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone remodeling is energetically demanding process. Energy coming from nutrients present in the diet contributes to function of different cell type including osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts in bone marrow participating in bone homeostasis. With aging, obesity and osteoporosis the function of key building blocks, bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), changes towards higher accumulation of bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) and decreased bone mass, which is affected by diet and sex dimorphism. Men and women have unique nutritional needs based on physiological and hormonal changes across the life span. However, the exact molecular mechanisms behind these pathophysiological conditions in bone are not well-known. In this review, we focus on bone and BMAT physiology in men and women and how this approach has been taken by animal studies. Furthermore, we discuss the different diet interventions and impact on bone and BMAT in respect to sex differences. We also discuss the future perspective on precision nutrition with a consideration of sex-based differences which could bring better understanding of the diet intervention in bone health and weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dzubanova
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology of Bone, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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Suen PK, Zheng L, Yang QQ, Mak WS, Pak WY, Mo KY, Chan ML, Liu QQ, Qin L, Sun SSM. Lysine-rich rice partially enhanced the growth and development of skeletal system with better skeletal microarchitecture in young rats. Nutr Res 2024; 121:67-81. [PMID: 38043437 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Rice is the primary staple food for half of the world's population but is low in lysine content. Previously, we developed transgenic rice with enhanced free lysine content in rice seeds (lysine-rich rice), which was shown safe for consumption and improved the growth in rats. However, the effects of lysine-rich rice on skeletal growth and development remained unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that lysine-rich rice improved skeletal growth and development in weaning rats. Male weaning Sprague-Dawley rats received lysine-rich rice (HFL) diet, wild-type rice (WT) diet, or wild-type rice with various contents of lysine supplementation diet for 70 days. Bone microarchitectures were examined by microcomputed tomography, bone strength was investigated by mechanical test, and dynamics of bone growth were examined by histomorphometric analysis. In addition, we explored the molecular mechanism of lysine and skeletal growth through biochemical testing of growth hormone, bone turnover marker, and amino acid content of rat serum analysis, as well as in a cell culture system. Results indicated that the HFL diet improved rats' bone growth, strength, and microarchitecture compared with the WT diet group. In addition, the HFL diet increased the serum essential amino acids, growth hormone (insulin-like growth factor-1), and bone formation marker concentrations. The cell culture model showed that lysine deficiency reduced insulin-like growth factor-1 and Osterix expression, Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling, and matrix mineralization, and inhibited osteoblast differentiation associated with bone growth. Our findings showed that lysine-rich rice improved skeletal growth and development in weaning rats. A further increase of rice lysine content is highly desirable to fully optimize bone growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Kit Suen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute of Plant Molecular Biology and Agriculture Biotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lizhen Zheng
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology and Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Center for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Qing-Qing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; China Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wan Sheung Mak
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wan Yu Pak
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kit Ying Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Man-Ling Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qiao-Quan Liu
- China Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory of Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology and Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Samuel Sai-Ming Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Institute of Plant Molecular Biology and Agriculture Biotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Enhancing Orthopedic Surgery and Treatment Using Artificial Intelligence and Its Application in Health and Dietary Welfare. J FOOD QUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7734650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The current decade has seen an increased usage of high-end digital technologies like machine learning in the field of health care services which enable in supporting and performing different functions with less or no human interventions. The application of machine learning tools in the orthopedic area is gaining more popularity as it can support in analyzing the issues in a more comprehensive manner, provide accurate data, support in forecasting the pattern. It enables offering critical information for taking quick decisions by the medical practitioners in order to enhance the health and dietary care service delivery. The ML tools can support in collecting patient centric data related to orthopedic surgery and also estimate the postoperative complications, level of treatment modalities to be provided, and guide the medical practitioners in taking effective clinical device decisions. The ML approach also supports in providing prediction methods of implementing the ortho surgical outcomes. Furthermore, it can also guide in making better treatment procedures, forecast the patterns, and stream the health care management services for better patient recovery. This study implements a quantitative research approach which will support in sourcing the data from the respondents who are currently working as medical practitioners, orthopedic experts, and radiologists who use ML-based models in making critical decisions related to orthopedic surgery. The researchers chose nearly 149 respondents, and the information was analysed using the IBM SPSS package for gaining critical interpretation. The major analyses cover descriptive analysis, regression analysis, and analysis of variances.
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Fournier C, Karagounis LG, Sacco SM, Horcajada MN, Decaens T, Offord EA, Bouzakri K, Ammann P. Impact of moderate dietary protein restriction on glucose homeostasis in a model of oestrogen deficiency. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 102:108952. [PMID: 35122999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The need to consume adequate dietary protein to preserve physical function during ageing is well recognized. However, the effect of protein intakes on glucose metabolism is still intensively debated. During age-related oestrogen withdrawal at the time of the menopause, it is known that glucose homeostasis may be impaired but the influence of dietary protein levels in this context is unknown. The aim of the present study is to elucidate the individual and interactive effects of oestrogen deficiency and suboptimal protein intake on glucose homeostasis in a preclinical model involving ovariectomy (OVX) and a 13-week period of a moderately reduced protein intake in 7-month-old ageing rats. To investigate mechanisms of action acting via the pancreas-liver-muscle axis, fasting circulating levels of insulin, glucagon, IGF-1, FGF21 and glycemia were measured. The hepatic lipid infiltration and the protein expression of GLUT4 in the gastrocnemius were analyzed. The gene expression of some hepatokines, myokines and lipid storage/oxidation related transcription factors were quantified in the liver and the gastrocnemius. We show that, regardless of the oestrogen status, moderate dietary protein restriction increases fasting glycaemia without modifying insulinemia, body weight gain and composition. This fasting hyperglycaemia is associated with oestrogen status-specific metabolic alterations in the muscle and liver. In oestrogen-replete (SHAM) rats, GLUT4 was down-regulated in skeletal muscle while in oestrogen-deficient (OVX) rats, hepatic stress-associated hyperglucagonaemia and high serum FGF21 were observed. These findings highlight the importance of meeting dietary protein needs to avoid disturbances in glucose homeostasis in ageing female rats with or without oestrogen withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Fournier
- Service of Bone Diseases, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France.
| | - Leonidas G Karagounis
- Nestlé Health Science, Translation Research, Epalinges, Switzerland; Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandra M Sacco
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Noelle Horcajada
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Decaens
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France; Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000 Grenoble, France; Service d'hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, CHU Grenoble Alpes, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Elizabeth A Offord
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A., 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karim Bouzakri
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland; UMR DIATHEC, EA 7294, Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Patrick Ammann
- Service of Bone Diseases, Department of Rehabilitation and Geriatrics, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
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Warren D, Soule L, Taylor K, Skinner RC, Ku KM, Matak K, Benedito VA, Tou JC. Protein quality and safety evaluation of sarcoplasmic protein derived from silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) using a rat model. J Food Sci 2020; 85:2544-2553. [PMID: 32632919 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Consisting of 25 to 30% of protein in carp, water-soluble sarcoplasmic proteins lost in wash water, have been recovered and freeze-dried into a protein-rich powder. Study objectives were to evaluate protein quality and safety of a silver carp sarcoplasm derived protein powder (CSP) compared to commercial protein supplements, casein, and whey. In vivo protein quality assessment of CSP showed a lower (P < 0.05) protein digestibility corrected amino acid score compared to the commercial protein sources. Despite greater (P < 0.05) fecal amino acid excretion in casein-fed rats, there were no significant differences in liver and muscle amino acid profiles. All low (10% kcal) protein diets supported growth with the normal range. However, whey protein supplementation resulted in greater (P < 0.05) adiposity. CSP, casein, or whey-fed rats showed no differences in major organ weights, renal damage biomarkers, or bone indices. Collectively, results indicated CSP was safe with protein quality comparable to casein. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: As much as 40 percent of protein in fish can be lost due to sarcoplasmic protein solubilization in processing wash water. Silver carp sarcoplasm protein powder may have similar commercial potential as a sustainable and nutritious alternative to whey and casein proteins. This project aimed to verify the protein quality and safety of this economical protein source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Warren
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, U.S.A
| | - Lynsey Soule
- Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, U.S.A
| | - Kathryn Taylor
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, U.S.A
| | - R Chris Skinner
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, U.S.A
| | - Kang Mo Ku
- Department of Horticulture, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kristen Matak
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, U.S.A
| | - Vagner A Benedito
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, U.S.A
| | - Janet C Tou
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, U.S.A
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Cho JA, Baek SY, Cheong SH, Kim MR. Spirulina Enhances Bone Modeling in Growing Male Rats by Regulating Growth-Related Hormones. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041187. [PMID: 32344533 PMCID: PMC7231069 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, growth hormone deficiency in children has been treated with hormone therapy despite the possible significant side effects. Therefore, it was deemed beneficial to develop functional foods or dietary supplements for safely improving children's growth. Spirulina platensis is known for its high antioxidant, anti-aging, anti-cancer, and immunity-enhancing properties, as well as its high digestibility and high protein content, but little has been reported about its influence on bone development in children with a normal supply of protein. In this study, we evaluated the effects of spirulina on the bone metabolism and antioxidant profiles of three-week-old growing male rats. The animals were divided into four groups (n = 17 per group) and were fed AIN93G diets with 0% (control), 30% (SP30), 50% (SP50), and 70% (SP70) of casein protein replaced by spirulina, respectively, for seven weeks. We observed that spirulina enhanced bone growth and bone strength by stimulating parathyroid hormone and growth hormone activities, as well its increased antioxidant activity. These results indicate that spirulina provides a suitable dietary supplement and alternative protein source with antioxidant benefits for growth improvement in early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ah Cho
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.A.C.); (S.Y.B.)
| | - Seong Yeon Baek
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.A.C.); (S.Y.B.)
| | - Sun Hee Cheong
- Department of Marine Bio Food Science, College of Fisheries and Ocean Science, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, Korea;
| | - Mee Ree Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, 99, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.A.C.); (S.Y.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-821-6837
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7
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Hill CM, Qualls-Creekmore E, Berthoud HR, Soto P, Yu S, McDougal DH, Münzberg H, Morrison CD. FGF21 and the Physiological Regulation of Macronutrient Preference. Endocrinology 2020; 161:5734531. [PMID: 32047920 PMCID: PMC7053867 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ability to respond to variations in nutritional status depends on regulatory systems that monitor nutrient intake and adaptively alter metabolism and feeding behavior during nutrient restriction. There is ample evidence that the restriction of water, sodium, or energy intake triggers adaptive responses that conserve existing nutrient stores and promote the ingestion of the missing nutrient, and that these homeostatic responses are mediated, at least in part, by nutritionally regulated hormones acting within the brain. This review highlights recent research that suggests that the metabolic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) acts on the brain to homeostatically alter macronutrient preference. Circulating FGF21 levels are robustly increased by diets that are high in carbohydrate but low in protein, and exogenous FGF21 treatment reduces the consumption of sweet foods and alcohol while alternatively increasing the consumption of protein. In addition, while control mice adaptively shift macronutrient preference and increase protein intake in response to dietary protein restriction, mice that lack either FGF21 or FGF21 signaling in the brain fail to exhibit this homeostatic response. FGF21 therefore mediates a unique physiological niche, coordinating adaptive shifts in macronutrient preference that serve to maintain protein intake in the face of dietary protein restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Soto
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Sangho Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
| | | | | | - Christopher D Morrison
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA
- Correspondence: Christopher D. Morrison, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808. E-mail:
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Chanpaisaeng K, Reyes Fernandez PC, Fleet JC. Dietary calcium intake and genetics have site-specific effects on peak trabecular bone mass and microarchitecture in male mice. Bone 2019; 125:46-53. [PMID: 31078711 PMCID: PMC6604851 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trabecular bone (Tb) is used for rapid exchange of calcium (Ca) in times of physiologic need and the site-specific characteristics of Tb may explain why certain sites are more vulnerable to osteoporosis. We hypothesized that peak trabecular bone mass (PTBM) and Tb microarchitecture are differentially regulated by dietary Ca intake, genetics, or Gene-by-Diet (GxD) interactions at the distal femur and the fifth lumbar (L5) vertebra. Male mice from 62 genetically distinct lines were fed basal (0.5%) or low (0.25%) Ca diets from 4 to 12 wks of age. Afterwards, the right femur and L5 vertebra were removed and trabecular bone was analyzed by μCT. In mice fed the basal diet, bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), and connectivity density (Conn.D) were significantly higher in the L5 vertebra than femur. Femur Tb had a weaker, more rod-like structure than the L5 vertebrae while mice fed the low Ca diet developed rod-like structures at both sites. Dietary Ca restriction also caused a greater relative reduction of Tb.N and Conn.D in the femur than L5 vertebra, i.e. it was more harmful to the integrity of Tb microarchitecture in femur. Genetics was a major determinant of Tb at both sites, e.g. heritability of BV/TV on the basal diet = 0.65 (femur) and 0.68 (L5 vertebra). However, while GxD interactions altered the impact of dietary Ca restriction on Tb parameters at both sites, the effect was not uniform, e.g. some lines had site-specific responses to Ca restriction. The significance of our work is that there are site-specific effects of dietary Ca restriction and genetics that work independently and interactively to influence the attainment of PTBM and Tb microarchitecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krittikan Chanpaisaeng
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, USA; Interdepartmental Graduate Nutrition Program (INP), Purdue University, USA
| | - Perla C Reyes Fernandez
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, USA; Interdepartmental Graduate Nutrition Program (INP), Purdue University, USA
| | - James C Fleet
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, USA; Interdepartmental Graduate Nutrition Program (INP), Purdue University, USA.
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Bär L, Stournaras C, Lang F, Föller M. Regulation of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in health and disease. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1879-1900. [PMID: 31199502 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is mainly produced in the bone and, upon secretion, forms a complex with a FGF receptor and coreceptor αKlotho. FGF23 can exert several endocrine functions, such as inhibiting renal phosphate reabsorption and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production. Moreover, it has paracrine activities on several cell types, including neutrophils and hepatocytes. Klotho and Fgf23 deficiencies result in pathologies otherwise encountered in age-associated diseases, mainly as a result of hyperphosphataemia-dependent calcification. FGF23 levels are also perturbed in the plasma of patients with several disorders, including kidney or cardiovascular diseases. Here, we review mechanisms controlling FGF23 production and discuss how FGF23 regulation is perturbed in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmilla Bär
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christos Stournaras
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Florian Lang
- Institute of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Michael Föller
- Institute of Physiology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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10
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Hill CM, Berthoud HR, Münzberg H, Morrison CD. Homeostatic sensing of dietary protein restriction: A case for FGF21. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 51:125-131. [PMID: 29890191 PMCID: PMC6175661 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Restriction of dietary protein intake increases food intake and energy expenditure, reduces growth, and alters amino acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism. While these responses suggest that animals 'sense' variations in amino acid consumption, the basic physiological mechanism mediating the adaptive response to protein restriction has been largely undescribed. In this review we make the case that the liver-derived metabolic hormone FGF21 is the key signal which communicates and coordinates the homeostatic response to dietary protein restriction. Support for this model centers on the evidence that FGF21 is induced by the restriction of dietary protein or amino acid intake and is required for adaptive changes in metabolism and behavior. FGF21 occupies a unique endocrine niche, being induced when energy intake is adequate but protein and carbohydrate are imbalanced. Collectively, the evidence thus suggests that FGF21 is the first known endocrine signal of dietary protein restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristal M Hill
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States
| | | | - Heike Münzberg
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, United States
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Fournier C, Rizzoli R, Bouzakri K, Ammann P. Selective protein depletion impairs bone growth and causes liver fatty infiltration in female rats: prevention by Spirulina alga. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:3365-3376. [PMID: 27341811 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3666-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic protein malnutrition leads to child mortality in developing countries. Spirulina alga (Spi), being rich in protein and growing easily, is a good candidate as supplementation. We showed that Spi completely prevents bone growth retardation and liver disturbances observed in young rats fed a low protein diet. This supports Spi as a useful source of vegetable protein to fight against protein malnutrition. INTRODUCTION Chronic malnutrition is a main factor of child mortality in developing countries. A low protein diet impairs whole-body growth and leads to fatty liver in growing rats. Spi has great potential as a supplementation as it has a 60 % protein content and all essential amino acids. However, its specific impact on bone growth and the related secretion of hepatokines have not yet been studied. METHODS To address this question, 6-week-old female rats were fed isocaloric diets containing 10 % casein, 5 % casein, or 5 % casein + 5 % protein from Spi during 9 weeks. Changes in tibia geometry, microarchitecture, BMC, BMD, and biomechanical properties were analyzed. Serum IGF-I, FGF21, follistatin, and activin A were assessed as well as their hepatic gene expressions in addition to those of Sirt1, Ghr, and Igf1r. Hepatic fat content was also assessed. RESULTS A low protein diet altered bone geometry and reduced proximal tibia BMD and trabecular bone volume. In addition, it increased hepatic fat content and led to hepatic GH resistance by decreasing serum IGF-I and increasing serum FGF21 without altering serum activin A and follistatin. Spi prevented low protein diet-induced bone, hepatic, and hormonal changes, and even led to higher biomechanical properties and lower hepatic fat content in association with specific InhbA and Follistatin expression changes vs. the 10 % casein group. CONCLUSIONS Altogether our results demonstrate the preventive impact of Spi on bone growth delay and hepatic GH resistance in conditions of isocaloric dietary protein deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fournier
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 4, CH1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R Rizzoli
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 4, CH1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - K Bouzakri
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - P Ammann
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 4, CH1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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12
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Fajol A, Chen H, Umbach AT, Quarles LD, Lang F, Föller M. Enhanced FGF23 production in mice expressing PI3K-insensitive GSK3 is normalized by β-blocker treatment. FASEB J 2015; 30:994-1001. [PMID: 26527066 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-279943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 is a ubiquitously expressed kinase inhibited by insulin-dependent Akt/PKB/SGK. Mice expressing Akt/PKB/SGK-resistant GSK3α/GSK3β (gsk3(KI)) exhibit enhanced sympathetic nervous activity and phosphaturia with decreased bone density. Hormones participating in phosphate homeostasis include fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23, a bone-derived hormone that inhibits 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3; calcitriol) formation and phosphate reabsorption in the kidney and counteracts vascular calcification and aging. FGF23 secretion is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. We studied the role of GSK3-controlled sympathetic activity in FGF23 production and phosphate metabolism. Serum FGF23, 1,25(OH)2D3, and urinary vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) were measured by ELISA, and serum and urinary phosphate and calcium were measured by photometry in gsk3(KI) and gsk3(WT) mice, before and after 1 wk of oral treatment with the β-blocker propranolol. Urinary VMA excretion, serum FGF23, and renal phosphate and calcium excretion were significantly higher, and serum 1,25(OH)2D3 and phosphate concentrations were lower in gsk3(KI) mice than in gsk3(WT) mice. Propranolol treatment decreased serum FGF23 and loss of renal calcium and phosphate and increased serum phosphate concentration in gsk3(KI) mice. We conclude that Akt/PKB/SGK-sensitive GSK3 inhibition participates in the regulation of FGF23 release, 1,25(OH)2D3 formation, and thus mineral metabolism, by controlling the activity of the sympathetic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Fajol
- *Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Hong Chen
- *Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Anja T Umbach
- *Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - L Darryl Quarles
- *Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- *Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Michael Föller
- *Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Division of Nephrology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA; and Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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