1
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Bako D, Kılavuz S, Yasin Köksoy A, Uzan Tatli Z, Beydogan E. A different approach to cystinosis: ultrasound, doppler, and shear wave elastography findings of thyroid gland. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2023; 18:173. [PMID: 37391835 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-023-02783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While thyroid dysfunction develops in about 50% of untreated children with cystinosis, there is no data about how the sonography of thyroid tissue appears in this disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the sonographic appearance, color doppler findings in this disease and to evaluate how cystine crystal accumulation affect tissue stiffness using shear wave elastography (SWE). METHODS Sixteen children diagnosed with cystinosis and a control group consisting of 34 healthy children were included in this study. B mode ultrasound, color doppler imaging and real-time SWE of thyroid tissue were performed. RESULTS Ultrasound imaging revealed lower echogenicity and diffuse heterogeneous echotexture in 7 of the 16 cystinosis patients. Thyroid gland volumes were lower in cystinosis patients (p 0.005). Doppler ultrasound demonstrated increased flow in 8 patients. On SWE, the thyroid tissue stiffness was established to be lower in patients compared to healthy children (p 0.003). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study evaluating thyroid gland B mode, color doppler ultrasonography, and SWE findings in cystinosis. Our findings indicate that cysteamine treatment still cannot completely prevent the disease infiltration process of thyroid gland. The other important finding-that thyroid tissue stiffness was established to be lower than that of the controls-also demonstrates the ongoing disease infiltration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Bako
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Van Regional Training and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey.
| | - Sebile Kılavuz
- Department of Pediatric Pediatric Metabolism and Nutrition, Van Regional Training and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Adem Yasin Köksoy
- Department of Pediatric Pediatric Nephrology, Van Regional Training and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Uzan Tatli
- Department of Pediatric Pediatric Endocrinology, Zeynep Uzan Tatli, Van Regional Training and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey
| | - Engin Beydogan
- Department of Radiology, Van Regional Training and Research Hospital, Van, Turkey
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2
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De Leo E, Taranta A, Raso R, Polishchuk E, D'Oria V, Pezzullo M, Goffredo BM, Cairoli S, Bellomo F, Battafarano G, Camassei FD, Del Fattore A, Polishchuk R, Emma F, Rega LR. Genistein improves renal disease in a mouse model of nephropathic cystinosis: a comparison study with cysteamine. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:1090-1101. [PMID: 36300303 PMCID: PMC10026248 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteamine is currently the only therapy for nephropathic cystinosis. It significantly improves life expectancy and delays progression to end-stage kidney disease; however, it cannot prevent it. Unfortunately, compliance to therapy is often weak, particularly during adolescence. Therefore, finding better treatments is a priority in the field of cystinosis. Previously, we found that genistein, an isoflavone particularly enriched in soy, can revert part of the cystinotic cellular phenotype that is not sensitive to cysteamine in vitro. To test the effects of genistein in vivo, we fed 2-month-old wild-type and Ctns-/- female mice with either a control diet, a genistein-containing diet or a cysteamine-containing diet for 14 months. Genistein (160 mg/kg/day) did not affect the growth of the mice or hepatic functionality. Compared with untreated mice at 16 months, Ctns-/- mice fed with genistein had lower cystine concentrations in their kidneys, reduced formation of cystine crystals, a smaller number of LAMP1-positive structures and an overall better-preserved parenchymal architecture. Cysteamine (400 mg/kg/day) was efficient in reverting the lysosomal phenotype and in preventing the development of renal lesions. These preclinical data indicate that genistein ameliorates kidney injury resulting from cystinosis with no side effects. Genistein therapy represents a potential treatment to improve the outcome for patients with cystinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester De Leo
- Renal Diseases Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Taranta
- Renal Diseases Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Raso
- Renal Diseases Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Valentina D'Oria
- Research Laboratories, Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pezzullo
- Core Facilities, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Goffredo
- Department of Pediatric Specialties and Liver-Kidney Transplantation, Division of Metabolic Biochemistry and Drug Biology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Cairoli
- Department of Pediatric Specialties and Liver-Kidney Transplantation, Division of Metabolic Biochemistry and Drug Biology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Bellomo
- Renal Diseases Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Battafarano
- Bone Physiopathology Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Del Fattore
- Bone Physiopathology Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Roman Polishchuk
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Emma
- Renal Diseases Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatric Subspecialties, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Rita Rega
- Renal Diseases Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
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3
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Cherqui S. [Cystinosis: From the gene identification to the first gene therapy clinical trial]. Med Sci (Paris) 2023; 39:253-261. [PMID: 36943122 PMCID: PMC10629270 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2023025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive metabolic disease characterized by lysosomal accumulation of cystine in all the cells of the body. Infantile cystinosis begins in infancy by a renal Fanconi syndrome and eventually leads to multi-organ failure, including the kidney, eye, thyroid, muscle, and pancreas, eventually causing premature death in early adulthood. The current treatment is the drug cysteamine that only delays the progression of the disease. We identified the gene involved, CTNS, and showed that the encoded protein, cystinosin, is a proton-driven cystine transporter. We generated a mouse model of cystinosis, the Ctns-/- mice, that recapitulates the main disease complications. The goal was next to develop a gene therapy approach for cystinosis. We used bone marrow stem cells as a vehicle to bring the healthy CTNS gene to tissues, and we showed that wild-type hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation led to abundant tissue integration of bone marrow-derived cells, significant decrease of tissue cystine accumulation and long-term kidney, eye and thyroid preservation. We then developed an autologous transplantation approach of HSPCs modified ex vivo using a lentiviral vector to introduce a functional CTNS cDNA, and showed its efficacy in Ctns-/- mice. We conducted the pharmacology/toxicology studies, developed the manufacturing process using human CD34+ cells, and design the clinical trial. We received Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-clearance to start a phase 1/2 clinical trial for cystinosis in December 2018. Six patients have been treated so far. In this review, we describe the path to go from the gene to a gene therapy approach for cystinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Cherqui
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, États-Unis
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4
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Programmed Cell Death in Cystinosis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040670. [PMID: 35203319 PMCID: PMC8870229 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystinosis is a lethal autosomal recessive disease that has been known clinically for over 100 years. There are now specific treatments including dialysis, renal transplantation and the orphan drug, cysteamine, which greatly improve the duration and quality of patient life, however, the cellular mechanisms responsible for the phenotype are unknown. One cause, programmed cell death, is clearly involved. Study of extant literature via Pubmed on “programmed cell death” and “apoptosis” forms the basis of this review. Most of such studies involved apoptosis. Numerous model systems and affected tissues in cystinosis have shown an increased rate of apoptosis that can be partially reversed with cysteamine. Proposed mechanisms have included changes in protein signaling pathways, autophagy, gene expression programs, and oxidative stress.
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5
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Elmonem MA, Veys KRP, Prencipe G. Nephropathic Cystinosis: Pathogenic Roles of Inflammation and Potential for New Therapies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020190. [PMID: 35053306 PMCID: PMC8773784 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation of several inflammatory pathways has recently been documented in patients and different cellular and animal models of nephropathic cystinosis. Upregulated inflammatory signals interact with many pathogenic aspects of the disease, such as enhanced oxidative stress, abnormal autophagy, inflammatory cell recruitment, enhanced cell death, and tissue fibrosis. Cysteamine, the only approved specific therapy for cystinosis, ameliorates many but not all pathogenic aspects of the disease. In the current review, we summarize the inflammatory mechanisms involved in cystinosis and their potential impact on the disease pathogenesis and progression. We further elaborate on the crosstalk between inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis, and discuss the potential of experimental drugs for suppressing the inflammatory signals in cystinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Elmonem
- Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11628, Egypt
- Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo 11517, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Koenraad R. P. Veys
- Laboratory of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Development & Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Pediatrics, AZ Delta Campus, 8820 Torhout, Belgium
| | - Giusi Prencipe
- Laboratory of Immuno-Rheumatology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy;
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王 欣, 张 碧, 陈 晓, 郭 珍. Cystinosis induced by CTNS gene mutation: a rare disease study. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2021; 23:1276-1281. [PMID: 34911613 PMCID: PMC8690714 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2109042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A boy, aged 1 year and 6 months, was found to have persistent positive urine glucose at the age of 4 months, with polydipsia, polyuria, and growth retardation. Laboratory examinations suggested that the boy had low specific weight urine, anemia, hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic acidosis, glycosuria, acidaminuria, increased fractional excretion of potassium, and decreased tubular reabsorption of phosphate. X-ray examinations of the head, thorax, and right hand showed changes of renal rickets. The slit-lamp examination showed a large number of cystine crystals in the cornea. The genetic testing showed a suspected pathogenic homozygous mutation of the CTNS gene, C.922g>A(p.Gly308Arg). The boy was finally diagnosed with cystinosis. At the beginning of treatment, symptomatic supportive treatment was given to maintain the stability of the internal environment, and cysteamine tartaric acid capsules were used after diagnosis to remove cysteine. This article reported a case of cystinosis caused by CTNS gene mutation and summarized the etiology, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease, which can provide a reference for the early diagnosis, treatment, and subsequent study of the disease.
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7
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Cherqui S. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Gene Therapy for Cystinosis: From Bench-to-Bedside. Cells 2021; 10:3273. [PMID: 34943781 PMCID: PMC8699556 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive metabolic disease that belongs to the family of lysosomal storage disorders. The gene involved is the CTNS gene that encodes cystinosin, a seven-transmembrane domain lysosomal protein, which is a proton-driven cystine transporter. Cystinosis is characterized by the lysosomal accumulation of cystine, a dimer of cysteine, in all the cells of the body leading to multi-organ failure, including the failure of the kidney, eye, thyroid, muscle, and pancreas, and eventually causing premature death in early adulthood. The current treatment is the drug cysteamine, which is onerous and expensive, and only delays the progression of the disease. Employing the mouse model of cystinosis, using Ctns-/- mice, we first showed that the transplantation of syngeneic wild-type murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) led to abundant tissue integration of bone marrow-derived cells, a significant decrease in tissue cystine accumulation, and long-term kidney, eye and thyroid preservation. To translate this result to a potential human therapeutic treatment, given the risks of mortality and morbidity associated with allogeneic HSPC transplantation, we developed an autologous transplantation approach of HSPCs modified ex vivo using a self-inactivated lentiviral vector to introduce a functional version of the CTNS cDNA, pCCL-CTNS, and showed its efficacy in Ctns-/- mice. Based on these promising results, we held a pre-IND meeting with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to carry out the FDA agreed-upon pharmacological and toxicological studies for our therapeutic candidate, manufacturing development, production of the GMP lentiviral vector, design Phase 1/2 of the clinical trial, and filing of an IND application. Our IND was cleared by the FDA on 19 December 2018, to proceed to the clinical trial using CD34+ HSPCs from the G-CSF/plerixafor-mobilized peripheral blood stem cells of patients with cystinosis, modified by ex vivo transduction using the pCCL-CTNS vector (investigational product name: CTNS-RD-04). The clinical trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of CTNS-RD-04 and takes place at the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) and will include up to six patients affected with cystinosis. Following leukapheresis and cell manufacturing, the subjects undergo myeloablation before HSPC infusion. Patients also undergo comprehensive assessments before and after treatment to evaluate the impact of CTNS-RD-04 on the clinical outcomes and cystine and cystine crystal levels in the blood and tissues for 2 years. If successful, this treatment could be a one-time therapy that may eliminate or reduce renal deterioration as well as the long-term complications associated with cystinosis. In this review, we will describe the long path from bench-to-bedside for autologous HSPC gene therapy used to treat cystinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Cherqui
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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8
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Das G, Nanda PM, Kaur A, Kumar R. Bartter syndrome and hypothyroidism masquerading cystinosis in a 3-year-old girl: rare manifestation of a rare disease. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/7/e242954. [PMID: 34312133 PMCID: PMC8314690 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-242954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystinosis is a multisystem disorder with varied presentations secondary to deposition of cystine crystals in different organ systems. Children with cystinosis typically present with renal tubular acidosis and failure to thrive. We report a 3-year-old girl, born to a third-degree consanguineous couple, who presented with failure to thrive and polyuria. Laboratory investigations showed metabolic alkalosis suggestive of a Bartter-like syndrome and acquired hypothyroidism. Although metabolic alkalosis is a rare manifestation of cystinosis, the presence of renal tubular dysfunction and hypothyroidism prompted consideration of a probable diagnosis of cystinosis in the index child. Slit-lamp examination revealed cystine crystals in the cornea and genetic analysis showed a mutation in exon 9 of the CTNS (cystinosin, lysosomal cystine transporter) gene on chromosome 17. We highlight the importance of considering cystinosis as a differential diagnosis for Bartter syndrome and hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargi Das
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Pamali Mahasweta Nanda
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Anupriya Kaur
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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9
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Jamalpoor A, van Gelder CAGH, Yousef Yengej FA, Zaal EA, Berlingerio SP, Veys KR, Pou Casellas C, Voskuil K, Essa K, Ammerlaan CME, Rega LR, van der Welle REN, Lilien MR, Rookmaaker MB, Clevers H, Klumperman J, Levtchenko E, Berkers CR, Verhaar MC, Altelaar M, Masereeuw R, Janssen MJ. Cysteamine-bicalutamide combination therapy corrects proximal tubule phenotype in cystinosis. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13067. [PMID: 34165243 PMCID: PMC8261496 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephropathic cystinosis is a severe monogenic kidney disorder caused by mutations in CTNS, encoding the lysosomal transporter cystinosin, resulting in lysosomal cystine accumulation. The sole treatment, cysteamine, slows down the disease progression, but does not correct the established renal proximal tubulopathy. Here, we developed a new therapeutic strategy by applying omics to expand our knowledge on the complexity of the disease and prioritize drug targets in cystinosis. We identified alpha-ketoglutarate as a potential metabolite to bridge cystinosin loss to autophagy, apoptosis and kidney proximal tubule impairment in cystinosis. This insight combined with a drug screen revealed a bicalutamide-cysteamine combination treatment as a novel dual-target pharmacological approach for the phenotypical correction of cystinotic kidney proximal tubule cells, patient-derived kidney tubuloids and cystinotic zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amer Jamalpoor
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Charlotte AGH van Gelder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics CenterUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Fjodor A Yousef Yengej
- Hubrecht Institute‐Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Esther A Zaal
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Division of Cell Biology, Cancer & MetabolismDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sante P Berlingerio
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and RegenerationUniversity Hospitals Leuven & KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Koenraad R Veys
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and RegenerationUniversity Hospitals Leuven & KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Carla Pou Casellas
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Koen Voskuil
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Khaled Essa
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Carola ME Ammerlaan
- Hubrecht Institute‐Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Laura Rita Rega
- Renal Diseases Research Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research AreaBambino Gesù Children’s HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Reini EN van der Welle
- Section Cell BiologyCenter for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marc R Lilien
- Department of Pediatric NephrologyWilhelmina Children’s HospitalUniversity Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten B Rookmaaker
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute‐Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences and University Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Section Cell BiologyCenter for Molecular MedicineUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and RegenerationUniversity Hospitals Leuven & KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Celia R Berkers
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Division of Cell Biology, Cancer & MetabolismDepartment of Biomolecular Health SciencesFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Marianne C Verhaar
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and ProteomicsBijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical SciencesUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics CenterUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Rosalinde Masereeuw
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Manoe J Janssen
- Division of PharmacologyDepartment of Pharmaceutical SciencesFaculty of ScienceUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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10
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Citterio CE, Rivolta CM, Targovnik HM. Structure and genetic variants of thyroglobulin: Pathophysiological implications. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 528:111227. [PMID: 33689781 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thyroglobulin (TG) plays a main role in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (TH), and, thus, it is involved in a wide range of vital functions throughout the life cycle of all vertebrates. Deficiency of TH production due to TG genetic variants causes congenital hypothyroidism (CH), with devastating consequences such as intellectual disability and impaired growth if untreated. To this day, 229 variations in the human TG gene have been identified while the 3D structure of TG has recently appeared. Although TG deficiency is thought to be of autosomal recessive inheritance, the introduction of massive sequencing platforms led to the identification of a variety of monoallelic TG variants (combined with mutations in other thyroid gene products) opening new questions regarding the possibility of oligogenic inheritance of the disease. In this review we discuss remarkable advances in the understanding of the TG architecture and the pathophysiology of CH associated with TG defects, providing new insights for the management of congenital disorders as well as counseling benefits for families with a history of TG abnormalities. Moreover, we summarize relevant aspects of TH synthesis within TG and offer an updated analysis of animal and cellular models of TG deficiency for pathophysiological studies of thyroid dyshormonogenesis while highlighting perspectives for new investigations. All in all, even though there has been sustained progress in understanding the role of TG in thyroid pathophysiology during the past 50 years, functional characterization of TG variants remains an important area of study for future advancement in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia E Citterio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carina M Rivolta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Targovnik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología, Biotecnología y Genética/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina; CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires. Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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11
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Fedala A, Adjroud O, Abid-Essefi S, Timoumi R. Protective effects of selenium and zinc against potassium dichromate-induced thyroid disruption, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in pregnant Wistar rats. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:22563-22576. [PMID: 33423197 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-12268-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) is an environmental pollutant and an endocrine-disrupting metal. Se and Zn are essential trace elements, known to play a crucial role in thyroid homeostasis. However, there is a lack of data reporting thyrotoxicity during gestation. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of selenium and zinc against potassium dichromate-induced thyrotoxicity in pregnant Wistar rats. Thirty pregnant Wistar rats were divided into control and four treated groups receiving subcutaneously (s.c) on the 3rd day of pregnancy, K2Cr2O7 (10 mg/kg, s.c) alone, or in association with Se (0.3 mg/kg, s.c), ZnCl2 (20 mg/kg, s.c), or both of them simultaneously. The hormonal profile, oxidative stress biomarkers, DNA damage, and histological modifications were evaluated. Our main findings showed that K2Cr2O7 promoted hypothyroidism, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and histological alterations in the thyroid gland. The co-treatment with Se or ZnCl2 has mitigated K2Cr2O7-induced thyrotoxicity in pregnant Wistar rats by exhibiting antioxidant and genoprotective effects. However, the combined co-treatment of both of them was less thyroprotective, and therefore, further investigations on the synergetic interaction of Se and Zn against CrVI toxicity using different doses and exposure routes are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anfal Fedala
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiotoxicology-Biomolecules, Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Department of Biology of Organisms, University of Batna 2, Fesdis, 5000, Batna, Algeria.
| | - Ounassa Adjroud
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiotoxicology-Biomolecules, Faculty of Science of Nature and Life, Department of Biology of Organisms, University of Batna 2, Fesdis, 5000, Batna, Algeria
| | - Salwa Abid-Essefi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Rim Timoumi
- Laboratory for Research on Biologically Compatible Compounds, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Rue Avicenne, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
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12
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Wen G, Eder K, Ringseis R. Resveratrol Alleviates the Inhibitory Effect of Tunicamycin-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress on Expression of Genes Involved in Thyroid Hormone Synthesis in FRTL-5 Thyrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094373. [PMID: 33922129 PMCID: PMC8122728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, ER stress induced by tunicamycin (TM) was reported to inhibit the expression of key genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis, such as sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TG), and their regulators such as thyrotropin receptor (TSHR), thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), thyroid transcription factor-2 (TTF-2) and paired box gene 8 (PAX-8), in FRTL-5 thyrocytes. The present study tested the hypothesis that resveratrol (RSV) alleviates this effect of TM in FRTL-5 cells. While treatment of FRTL-5 cells with TM alone (0.1 µg/mL) for 48 h strongly induced the ER stress-sensitive genes heat shock protein family A member 5 (HSPA5) and DNA damage inducible transcript 3 (DDIT3) and repressed NIS, TPO, TG, TSHR, TTF-1, TTF-2 and PAX-8, combined treatment with TM (0.1 µg/mL) and RSV (10 µM) for 48 h attenuated this effect of TM. In conclusion, RSV alleviates TM-induced ER stress and attenuates the strong impairment of expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis and their regulators in FRTL-5 thyrocytes exposed to TM-induced ER stress. Thus, RSV may be useful for the treatment of specific thyroid disorders, provided that strategies with improved oral bioavailability of RSV are applied.
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13
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Ziros PG, Renaud CO, Chartoumpekis DV, Bongiovanni M, Habeos IG, Liao XH, Refetoff S, Kopp PA, Brix K, Sykiotis GP. Mice Hypomorphic for Keap1, a Negative Regulator of the Nrf2 Antioxidant Response, Show Age-Dependent Diffuse Goiter with Elevated Thyrotropin Levels. Thyroid 2021; 31:23-35. [PMID: 32689903 PMCID: PMC7840308 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2020.0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Familial nontoxic multinodular goiter (MNG) is a rare disease. One of the associated genes is Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), which encodes the main inhibitor of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related transcription factor 2 (Nrf2), a central mediator of antioxidant responses. The association of KEAP1 with familial MNG is based on only two loss-of-function mutations identified in two families, only one of which included proper phenotyping and adequate demonstration of co-segregation of the phenotype and the mutation. There is no experimental evidence from model organisms to support that decreased Keap1 levels can, indeed, cause goiter. This study used mice hypomorphic for Keap1 to test whether decreased Keap1 expression can cause goiter, and to characterize the activation status of Nrf2 in their thyroid. Methods: C57BL/6J Keap1flox/flox (Keap1 knock-down [Keap1KD]) mice were studied at 3 and 12 months of age. Plasma and thyroid glands were harvested for evaluation of thyroid function tests and for gene and protein expression by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting, respectively. Results: Keap1KD mice showed diffuse goiter that began to develop in early adult life and became highly prominent and penetrant with age. The goiter was characterized by a markedly increased size of thyroid follicles, most notably of the colloid compartment, and by absence of thyroid nodules or hyperplasia. Keap1KD mice also showed decreased T4 levels in early adult life that were eventually well compensated over time by increased thyrotropin (TSH) levels. Nrf2 was activated in the thyroid of Keap1KD mice. Despite a known stimulatory effect of Nrf2 on thyroglobulin (Tg) gene transcription and Tg protein abundance, the expression levels were decreased in the thyroid of Keap1KD mice. No clear patterns were observed in the expression profiles of other thyroid hormone synthesis-specific factors, with the exception of Tg-processing and Tg-degrading cathepsins, including an increase in mature forms of cathepsins D, L, and S. Conclusions: Keap1KD mice develop age-dependent diffuse goiter with elevated TSH levels. The precise mechanism accounting for the thyroidal phenotype remains to be elucidated, but it may involve enhanced Tg solubilization and excessive lysosomal Tg degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panos G. Ziros
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cédric O. Renaud
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dionysios V. Chartoumpekis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis G. Habeos
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, and University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Committee on Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter A. Kopp
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Klaudia Brix
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Gerasimos P. Sykiotis
- Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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14
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Huizing M, Gahl WA. Inherited disorders of lysosomal membrane transporters. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183336. [PMID: 32389669 PMCID: PMC7508925 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Disorders caused by defects in lysosomal membrane transporters form a distinct subgroup of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). To date, defects in only 10 lysosomal membrane transporters have been associated with inherited disorders. The clinical presentations of these diseases resemble the phenotypes of other LSDs; they are heterogeneous and often present in children with neurodegenerative manifestations. However, for pathomechanistic and therapeutic studies, lysosomal membrane transport defects should be distinguished from LSDs caused by defective hydrolytic enzymes. The involved proteins differ in function, localization, and lysosomal targeting, and the diseases themselves differ in their stored material and therapeutic approaches. We provide an overview of the small group of disorders of lysosomal membrane transporters, emphasizing discovery, pathomechanism, clinical features, diagnostic methods and therapeutic aspects. We discuss common aspects of lysosomal membrane transporter defects that can provide the basis for preclinical research into these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Huizing
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - William A Gahl
- Human Biochemical Genetics Section, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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15
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Grieco G, Wang T, Delcorte O, Spourquet C, Janssens V, Strickaert A, Gaide Chevronnay HP, Liao XH, Bilanges B, Refetoff S, Vanhaesebroeck B, Maenhaut C, Courtoy PJ, Pierreux CE. Class III PI3K Vps34 Controls Thyroid Hormone Production by Regulating Thyroglobulin Iodination, Lysosomal Proteolysis, and Tissue Homeostasis. Thyroid 2020; 30:133-146. [PMID: 31650902 PMCID: PMC6983755 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: The production of thyroid hormones [triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)] depends on the organization of the thyroid in follicles, which are lined by a monolayer of thyrocytes with strict apicobasal polarity. This polarization supports vectorial transport of thyroglobulin (Tg) for storage into, and recapture from, the colloid. It also allows selective addressing of channels, transporters, ion pumps, and enzymes to their appropriate basolateral [Na+/I- symporter (NIS), SLC26A7, and Na+/K+-ATPase] or apical membrane domain (anoctamin, SLC26A4, DUOX2, DUOXA2, and thyroperoxidase). How these actors of T3/T4 synthesis reach their final destination remains poorly understood. The PI 3-kinase isoform Vps34/PIK3C3 is now recognized as a main component in the general control of vesicular trafficking and of cell homeostasis through the regulation of endosomal trafficking and autophagy. We recently reported that conditional Vps34 inactivation in proximal tubular cells in the kidney prevents normal addressing of apical membrane proteins and causes abortive macroautophagy. Methods:Vps34 was inactivated using a Pax8-driven Cre recombinase system. The impact of Vps34 inactivation in thyrocytes was analyzed by histological, immunolocalization, and messenger RNA expression profiling. Thyroid hormone synthesis was assayed by 125I injection and plasma analysis. Results:Vps34 conditional knockout (Vps34cKO) mice were born at the expected Mendelian ratio and showed normal growth until postnatal day 14 (P14), then stopped growing and died at ∼1 month of age. We therefore analyzed thyroid Vps34cKO at P14. We found that loss of Vps34 in thyrocytes causes (i) disorganization of thyroid parenchyma, with abnormal thyrocyte and follicular shape and reduced PAS+ colloidal spaces; (ii) severe noncompensated hypothyroidism with extremely low T4 levels (0.75 ± 0.62 μg/dL) and huge thyrotropin plasma levels (19,300 ± 10,500 mU/L); (iii) impaired 125I organification at comparable uptake and frequent occurrence of follicles with luminal Tg but nondetectable T4-bearing Tg; (iv) intense signal in thyrocytes for the lysosomal membrane marker, LAMP-1, as well as Tg and the autophagy marker, p62, indicating defective lysosomal proteolysis; and (v) presence of macrophages in the colloidal space. Conclusions: We conclude that Vps34 is crucial for thyroid hormonogenesis, at least by controlling epithelial organization, Tg iodination as well as proteolytic T3/T4 excision in lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Grieco
- Cell Biology Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tongsong Wang
- Cell Biology Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ophélie Delcorte
- Cell Biology Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Spourquet
- Cell Biology Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Virginie Janssens
- Cell Biology Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Strickaert
- Thyroid Cancer Group, Faculty of Medecine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Xiao-Hui Liao
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Benoît Bilanges
- Cell Signalling, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel Refetoff
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- Cell Signalling, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carine Maenhaut
- Thyroid Cancer Group, Faculty of Medecine, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research (IRIBHM), Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre J. Courtoy
- Cell Biology Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe E. Pierreux
- Cell Biology Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Address correspondence to: Christophe E. Pierreux, PhD, Cell Biology Unit, de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 75, Avenue Hippocrate, Brussels B-1200, Belgium
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16
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Hohenfellner K, Rauch F, Ariceta G, Awan A, Bacchetta J, Bergmann C, Bechtold S, Cassidy N, Deschenes G, Elenberg E, Gahl WA, Greil O, Harms E, Herzig N, Hoppe B, Koeppl C, Lewis MA, Levtchenko E, Nesterova G, Santos F, Schlingmann KP, Servais A, Soliman NA, Steidle G, Sweeney C, Treikauskas U, Topaloglu R, Tsygin A, Veys K, v. Vigier R, Zustin J, Haffner D. Management of bone disease in cystinosis: Statement from an international conference. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:1019-1029. [PMID: 31177550 PMCID: PMC7379238 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive storage disease due to impaired transport of cystine out of lysosomes. Since the accumulation of intracellular cystine affects all organs and tissues, the management of cystinosis requires a specialized multidisciplinary team consisting of pediatricians, nephrologists, nutritionists, ophthalmologists, endocrinologists, neurologists' geneticists, and orthopedic surgeons. Treatment with cysteamine can delay or prevent most clinical manifestations of cystinosis, except the renal Fanconi syndrome. Virtually all individuals with classical, nephropathic cystinosis suffer from cystinosis metabolic bone disease (CMBD), related to the renal Fanconi syndrome in infancy and progressive chronic kidney disease (CKD) later in life. Manifestations of CMBD include hypophosphatemic rickets in infancy, and renal osteodystrophy associated with CKD resulting in bone deformities, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, fractures, and short stature. Assessment of CMBD involves monitoring growth, leg deformities, blood levels of phosphate, electrolytes, bicarbonate, calcium, and alkaline phosphatase, periodically obtaining bone radiographs, determining levels of critical hormones and vitamins, such as thyroid hormone, parathyroid hormone, 25(OH) vitamin D, and testosterone in males, and surveillance for nonrenal complications of cystinosis such as myopathy. Treatment includes replacement of urinary losses, cystine depletion with oral cysteamine, vitamin D, hormone replacement, physical therapy, and corrective orthopedic surgery. The recommendations in this article came from an expert meeting on CMBD that took place in Salzburg, Austria, in December 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Rauch
- Shriners Hospital for Children, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Gema Ariceta
- Service of Pediatric NephrologyUniversity Hospital Vall d’ HebronBarcelonaSpain
| | - Atif Awan
- Department of NephrologyChildren's University HospitalDublinIreland
| | - Justine Bacchetta
- Référence Center for Rare Renal DiseasesHôpital Femme‐Mère‐EnfantBronFrance
| | - Carsten Bergmann
- Department of MedicineUniversity Hospital FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Susanne Bechtold
- Division of Pediatric EndocrinologyChildren's Hospital and Polyclinic iSPZ, Dr. v. Haunerschen Kinderspital, University Hospital MunichMunichGermany
| | - Noelle Cassidy
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryChildren's University HospitalDublinIreland
| | - Geroges Deschenes
- Department of Pediatric NephrologyHôpital Robert‐Debré and University of Paris DiderotParisFrance
| | - Ewa Elenberg
- Department of PediatricsBaylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's HospitalHoustonTexas
| | - William A. Gahl
- National Human Genome Research InstituteNational Institutes of Health Undiagnosed Diseases ProgramBethesdaMaryland
| | - Oliver Greil
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional RadiologyKlinikum TraunsteinTraunsteinGermany
| | - Erik Harms
- Children‘s University Hospital MuensterMuensterGermany
| | - Nadine Herzig
- Schoen Clinic Munich HarlachingSpecialist Centre for Paediatric and Neuro‐OrthopaedicsMunichGermany
| | - Bernd Hoppe
- Division of Pediatric NephrologyUniversity Children's HospitalBonnGermany
| | - Christian Koeppl
- Kliniken Südostbayern AG, Sozialpädiatrisches ZentrumTraunsteinGermany
| | - Malcolm A. Lewis
- Department of NephrologyChildren's University HospitalDublinIreland
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatrics & Development and RegenerationUniversity Hospitals Leuven & Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Galina Nesterova
- National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)BethesdaMaryland
| | - Fernando Santos
- Hospital Universitario Central de AsturiasPediatríaOviedoSpain
| | - Karl P. Schlingmann
- Department of General PediatricsUniversity Children's Hospital MünsterMünsterGermany
| | - Aude Servais
- Reference Center of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Nephrology Unit, Hospital Necker Enfants Malades, APHPUniversity Paris DescartesParisFrance
| | - Neveen A. Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation (CPNT), Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of MedicineCairo UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - Guenther Steidle
- Kliniken Südostbayern AG, Sozialpädiatrisches ZentrumTraunsteinGermany
| | - Clodagh Sweeney
- Department of NephrologyChildren's University HospitalDublinIreland
| | - Ulrike Treikauskas
- Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric NephrologyRo‐Med KlinikenRosenheimGermany
| | - Rezan Topaloglu
- Department of Pediatric NephrologyHacettepe University Faculty of MedicineAnkaraTurkey
| | - Alexey Tsygin
- Department of NephrologyNational Medical and Research Center for Children's HealthMoscowRussia
| | - Koenraad Veys
- Department of Pediatrics & Development and RegenerationUniversity Hospitals Leuven & Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Rodo v. Vigier
- Pediatric ClinicWildermeth Children's HospitalBiel‐BienneSwitzerland
| | - Jozef Zustin
- Institute of Osteology and BiomechanicsUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐Eppendorf, University of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Dieter Haffner
- Department of Pediatric Kidney, Liver and Metabolic DiseasesHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
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17
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Lobry T, Miller R, Nevo N, Rocca CJ, Zhang J, Catz SD, Moore F, Thomas L, Pouly D, Bailleux A, Guerrera IC, Gubler MC, Cheung WW, Mak RH, Montier T, Antignac C, Cherqui S. Interaction between galectin-3 and cystinosin uncovers a pathogenic role of inflammation in kidney involvement of cystinosis. Kidney Int 2019; 96:350-362. [PMID: 30928021 PMCID: PMC7269416 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is involved in the pathogenesis of many disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms are often unknown. Here, we test whether cystinosin, the protein involved in cystinosis, is a critical regulator of galectin-3, a member of the β-galactosidase binding protein family, during inflammation. Cystinosis is a lysosomal storage disorder and, despite ubiquitous expression of cystinosin, the kidney is the primary organ impacted by the disease. Cystinosin was found to enhance lysosomal localization and degradation of galectin-3. In Ctns-/- mice, a mouse model of cystinosis, galectin-3 is overexpressed in the kidney. The absence of galectin-3 in cystinotic mice ameliorates pathologic renal function and structure and decreases macrophage/monocyte infiltration in the kidney of the Ctns-/-Gal3-/- mice compared to Ctns-/- mice. These data strongly suggest that galectin-3 mediates inflammation involved in kidney disease progression in cystinosis. Furthermore, galectin-3 was found to interact with the pro-inflammatory cytokine Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1, which stimulates the recruitment of monocytes/macrophages, and proved to be significantly increased in the serum of Ctns-/- mice and also patients with cystinosis. Thus, our findings highlight a new role for cystinosin and galectin-3 interaction in inflammation and provide an additional mechanistic explanation for the kidney disease of cystinosis. This may lead to the identification of new drug targets to delay cystinosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Lobry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; INSERM, U1078, Équipe 'Transfert de gènes et thérapie génique', Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France, and CHRU de Brest, Service de Génétique Moléculaire et d'histocompatibilité, Brest, France
| | - Roy Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nathalie Nevo
- INSERM, U1163, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Celine J Rocca
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jinzhong Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sergio D Catz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Fiona Moore
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lucie Thomas
- INSERM, U1163, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Daniel Pouly
- INSERM, U1163, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Anne Bailleux
- INSERM, U1163, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Ida Chiara Guerrera
- Proteomics Platform 3P5-Necker, Université Paris Descartes-Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24/CNRS UMS3633, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claire Gubler
- INSERM, U1163, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France
| | - Wai W Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert H Mak
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tristan Montier
- INSERM, U1078, Équipe 'Transfert de gènes et thérapie génique', Faculté de Médecine, Brest, France, and CHRU de Brest, Service de Génétique Moléculaire et d'histocompatibilité, Brest, France
| | - Corinne Antignac
- INSERM, U1163, Imagine Institute, Laboratory of Hereditary Kidney Diseases, Paris, France; Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Paris, France; Department of Genetics, Necker Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stephanie Cherqui
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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18
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Stoupa A, Adam F, Kariyawasam D, Strassel C, Gawade S, Szinnai G, Kauskot A, Lasne D, Janke C, Natarajan K, Schmitt A, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschke P, Léger J, Jabot-Hanin F, Tores F, Michel A, Munnich A, Besmond C, Scharfmann R, Lanza F, Borgel D, Polak M, Carré A. TUBB1 mutations cause thyroid dysgenesis associated with abnormal platelet physiology. EMBO Mol Med 2019; 10:emmm.201809569. [PMID: 30446499 PMCID: PMC6284387 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic causes of congenital hypothyroidism due to thyroid dysgenesis (TD) remain largely unknown. We identified three novel TUBB1 gene mutations that co‐segregated with TD in three distinct families leading to 1.1% of TUBB1 mutations in TD study cohort. TUBB1 (Tubulin, Beta 1 Class VI) encodes for a member of the β‐tubulin protein family. TUBB1 gene is expressed in the developing and adult thyroid in humans and mice. All three TUBB1 mutations lead to non‐functional α/β‐tubulin dimers that cannot be incorporated into microtubules. In mice, Tubb1 knock‐out disrupted microtubule integrity by preventing β1‐tubulin incorporation and impaired thyroid migration and thyroid hormone secretion. In addition, TUBB1 mutations caused the formation of macroplatelets and hyperaggregation of human platelets after stimulation by low doses of agonists. Our data highlight unexpected roles for β1‐tubulin in thyroid development and in platelet physiology. Finally, these findings expand the spectrum of the rare paediatric diseases related to mutations in tubulin‐coding genes and provide new insights into the genetic background and mechanisms involved in congenital hypothyroidism and thyroid dysgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Stoupa
- INSERM U1016, Faculté de Médecine, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,IMAGINE Institute Affiliate, Paris, France.,RARE Disorder Center: Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance et du Développement, Paris, France.,Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology and Diabetology Unit, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Adam
- INSERM UMR_S1176, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Dulanjalee Kariyawasam
- RARE Disorder Center: Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance et du Développement, Paris, France.,Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology and Diabetology Unit, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Strassel
- INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sanjay Gawade
- Department of Biomedicine, Pediatric Immunology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabor Szinnai
- Department of Biomedicine, Pediatric Immunology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Kauskot
- INSERM UMR_S1176, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Dominique Lasne
- INSERM UMR_S1176, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Necker Children's Hospital, Biological Hematology Service, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3348, PSL Research University, Orsay, France.,Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Kathiresan Natarajan
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3348, PSL Research University, Orsay, France.,Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Alain Schmitt
- INSERM U1016, Faculté de Médecine, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Christine Bole-Feysot
- Genomic Platform, INSERM UMR 1163, IMAGINE Institute, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Nitschke
- Bioinformatics Platform, IMAGINE Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Juliane Léger
- RARE Disorder Center: Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance et du Développement, Paris, France.,Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1141, DHU Protect, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Jabot-Hanin
- Bioinformatics Platform, IMAGINE Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Tores
- Bioinformatics Platform, IMAGINE Institute, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Anita Michel
- INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Arnold Munnich
- INSERM U1163, IMAGINE Institute, Translational Genetics, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Department of Genetics, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Claude Besmond
- INSERM U1163, IMAGINE Institute, Translational Genetics, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Scharfmann
- INSERM U1016, Faculté de Médecine, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - François Lanza
- INSERM, EFS Grand Est, BPPS UMR-S 1255, FMTS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Delphine Borgel
- INSERM UMR_S1176, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France.,Necker Children's Hospital, Biological Hematology Service, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Michel Polak
- INSERM U1016, Faculté de Médecine, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,IMAGINE Institute Affiliate, Paris, France.,RARE Disorder Center: Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance et du Développement, Paris, France.,Pediatric Endocrinology, Gynecology and Diabetology Unit, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France.,Fédération Parisienne pour le Dépistage et la Prévention des Handicaps de l'Enfant (FPDPHE), Paris, France
| | - Aurore Carré
- INSERM U1016, Faculté de Médecine, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France .,IMAGINE Institute Affiliate, Paris, France.,RARE Disorder Center: Centre des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance et du Développement, Paris, France
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19
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Abstract
In humans, the thyroid hormones T3 and T4 are synthesized in the thyroid gland in a process that crucially involves the iodoglycoprotein thyroglobulin. The overall structure of thyroglobulin is conserved in all vertebrates. Upon thyroglobulin delivery from thyrocytes to the follicular lumen of the thyroid gland via the secretory pathway, multiple tyrosine residues can become iodinated to form mono-iodotyrosine (MIT) and/or di-iodotyrosine (DIT); however, selective tyrosine residues lead to preferential formation of T4 and T3 at distinct sites. T4 formation involves oxidative coupling between two DIT side chains, and de novo T3 formation involves coupling between an MIT donor and a DIT acceptor. Thyroid hormone synthesis is stimulated by TSH activating its receptor (TSHR), which upregulates the activity of many thyroid gene products involved in hormonogenesis. Additionally, TSH regulates post-translational changes in thyroglobulin that selectively enhance its capacity for T3 formation - this process is important in iodide deficiency and in Graves disease. 167 different mutations, many of which are newly discovered, are now known to exist in TG (encoding human thyroglobulin) that can lead to defective thyroid hormone synthesis, resulting in congenital hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia E Citterio
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Héctor M Targovnik
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Departamento de Microbiología, Inmunología y Biotecnología/Cátedra de Genética, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter Arvan
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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20
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Rocca CJ, Cherqui S. Potential use of stem cells as a therapy for cystinosis. Pediatr Nephrol 2019; 34:965-973. [PMID: 29789935 PMCID: PMC6250595 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-018-3974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive metabolic disease that belongs to the family of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). Initial symptoms of cystinosis correspond to the renal Fanconi syndrome. Patients then develop chronic kidney disease and multi-organ failure due to accumulation of cystine in all tissue compartments. LSDs are commonly characterized by a defective activity of lysosomal enzymes. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) transplantation is a treatment option for several LSDs based on the premise that their progeny will integrate in the affected tissues and secrete the functional enzyme, which will be recaptured by the surrounding deficient cells and restore physiological activity. However, in the case of cystinosis, the defective protein is a transmembrane lysosomal protein, cystinosin. Thus, cystinosin cannot be secreted, and yet, we showed that HSPC transplantation can rescue disease phenotype in the mouse model of cystinosis. In this review, we are describing a different mechanism by which HSPC-derived cells provide cystinosin to diseased cells within tissues, and how HSPC transplantation could be an effective one-time treatment to treat cystinosis but also other LSDs associated with a lysosomal transmembrane protein dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine J Rocca
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0734, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0734, USA
| | - Stephanie Cherqui
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0734, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0734, USA.
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21
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Li P, Liu L, Zhou G, Tian Z, Luo C, Xia T, Chen J, Niu Q, Dong L, Zhao Q, Wang A, Zhang S. Perigestational exposure to low doses of PBDE-47 induces excessive ER stress, defective autophagy and the resultant apoptosis contributing to maternal thyroid toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:363-371. [PMID: 30029115 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardant 2,2',4,4'‑tetrabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-47) is known to induce developmental neurotoxicity by disturbing thyroid hormones (THs). Evidence shows that maternal THs are crucial for brain development and growth of fetuses and infants. However, little is known about the effects of PBDE-47 on maternal thyroid status and its mode of action. Here, using female Sprague-Dawley rats orally exposed to low doses of PBDE-47 (0.1, 1.0, 10 mg/kg/day) from pre-pregnancy until weaning of offspring to mimic human exposure, we show that perigestational exposure to PBDE-47 elevated serum triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels in mother rats. This is accompanied by disrupted thyroid follicle structure including expanded follicles, hyperplastic epithelial cells and shed cell remnants filled in the exhausted follicular lumen. Mechanistically, PBDE-47 enhanced apoptosis in thyroid tissue, as demonstrated by Caspase-3 activation, PARP cleavage and DNA fragmentation. Further study identified that PBDE-47 upregulated the levels of GRP78, ATF4, active Caspase-12 and CHOP, suggesting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response activation. Moreover, PBDE-47 reduced the levels of LC3-II, an autophagy marker protein essential for the autophagosomes formation, while increased the autophagy substrate p62 accumulation, indicating autophagy defect. Importantly, the colocalization of apoptotic cells with CHOP, a key mediator of ER stress-induced apoptosis, or p62, uncovered the contribution of excessive ER stress and defective autophagy to apoptosis. Collectively, our results suggest that excessive ER stress, defective autophagy and the resultant apoptosis are implicated in maternal thyroid injury following perigestational PBDE-47 exposure, which offers insight into a better understanding of PBDE-47-induced maternal thyroid toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Luming Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Guoyu Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Tian
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Tao Xia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qiang Niu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Lixin Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Aiguo Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
| | - Shun Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.
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22
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Wen G, Ringseis R, Eder K. Endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibits expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis and their key transcriptional regulators in FRTL-5 thyrocytes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187561. [PMID: 29095946 PMCID: PMC5667865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is characterized by the accumulation of misfolded proteins due to an impairment of ER quality control pathways leading to the activation of a defense system, called unfolded protein response (UPR). While thyrocytes are supposed to be highly susceptible to environmental conditions that cause ER stress due to the synthesis of large amounts of secretory proteins required for thyroid hormone synthesis, systematic investigations on the effect of ER stress on expression of key genes of thyroid hormone synthesis and their transcriptional regulators are lacking. Since the aim of the ER stress-induced UPR is to restore ER homeostasis and to facilitate cell survival through transient shutdown of ribosomal protein translation, we hypothesized that the expression of genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis and their transcriptional regulators, all of which are not essential for cell survival, are down-regulated in thyrocytes during ER stress, while sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs) are activated during ER stress in thyrocytes. Treatment of FRTL-5 thyrocytes with the ER stress inducer tunicamycin (TM) dose-dependently increased the mRNA and/or protein levels of known UPR target genes, stimulated phosphorylation of the ER stress sensor protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) and of the PERK target protein eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) and caused splicing of the ER stress-sensitive transcription factor X-box binding protein (XBP-1) (P < 0.05). The mRNA levels and/or protein levels of genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis, sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (TG), their transcriptional regulators and thyrotropin (TSH) receptor and the uptake of Na125I were reduced at the highest concentration of TM tested (0.1 μg/mL; P < 0.05). Proteolytic activation of the SREBP-1c pathway was not observed in FRTL-5 cells treated with TM, whereas TM reduced proteolytic activation of the SREBP-2 pathway at 0.1 μg TM/mL (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the expression of key genes involved in thyroid hormone synthesis and their critical regulators and of the TSH receptor as well as the uptake of iodide is attenuated in thyrocytes during mild ER stress. Down-regulation of NIS, TPO and TG during ER stress is likely the consequence of impaired TSH/TSHR signaling in concert with reduced expression of critical transcriptional regulators of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaiping Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
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23
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Veys KR, D'Hauwers KW, van Dongen AJCM, Janssen MC, Besouw MTP, Goossens E, van den Heuvel LP, Wetzels AAMM, Levtchenko EN. First Successful Conception Induced by a Male Cystinosis Patient. JIMD Rep 2017; 38:1-6. [PMID: 28405942 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2017_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystinosis is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease characterized by multi-organ cystine accumulation, leading to renal failure and extra-renal organ dysfunction. Azoospermia of unknown origin is the main cause of infertility in all male cystinosis patients. Although spermatogenesis has shown to be intact at the testicular level in some patients, no male cystinosis patient has been reported yet to have successfully induced conception.We present the first successful conception ever reported, induced by a 27-year-old male renal transplant infantile nephropathic cystinosis patient through percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) followed by intracytoplasmatic sperm injection (ICSI). After 36 weeks and 6 days of an uncomplicated pregnancy, a dichorial diamniotic (DCDA) twin was born with an appropriate weight for gestational age and in an apparently healthy status. Moreover, we demonstrate that the sperm of epididymal origin in selected male cystinosis patients can be viable for inducing successful conception.Our observation opens a new perspective in life for many male cystinosis patients whom nowadays have become adults, by showing that despite azoospermia fathering a child can be realized. In addition, our findings raise questions about the possibility of sperm cryopreservation at a young age in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koenraad R Veys
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Growth and Regeneration, Unit of Organ Systems, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Kathleen W D'Hauwers
- Department of Urology, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 15, 6562 EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Angelique J C M van Dongen
- Department of Gynaecology, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 15, 6562 EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirian C Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Unit of Metabolic Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 15, 6562 EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine T P Besouw
- Department of Growth and Regeneration, Unit of Organ Systems, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ellen Goossens
- Department of Reproduction, Biology of the Testis, Genetics and Regenerative Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lambert P van den Heuvel
- Department of Growth and Regeneration, Unit of Organ Systems, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alex A M M Wetzels
- Department of Fertility, Radboud University Medical Center, Philips van Leydenlaan 15, 6562 EX, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elena N Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University Hospitals Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Growth and Regeneration, Unit of Organ Systems, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the past few decades, cystinosis, a rare lysosomal storage disorder, has evolved into a treatable metabolic disease. The increasing understanding of its pathophysiology has made cystinosis a prototype disease, delivering new insights into several fundamental biochemical and cellular processes. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the latest advances in the pathogenetic, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of cystinosis. SUMMARY The development of alternative therapeutic monitoring strategies and new systemic and ocular cysteamine formulations might improve outcome of cystinosis patients in the near future. With the dawn of stem cell based therapy and new emerging gene-editing technologies, novel tools have become available in the search for a cure for cystinosis.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Development and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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26
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Elmonem MA, Khalil R, Khodaparast L, Khodaparast L, Arcolino FO, Morgan J, Pastore A, Tylzanowski P, Ny A, Lowe M, de Witte PA, Baelde HJ, van den Heuvel LP, Levtchenko E. Cystinosis (ctns) zebrafish mutant shows pronephric glomerular and tubular dysfunction. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42583. [PMID: 28198397 PMCID: PMC5309805 DOI: 10.1038/srep42583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human ubiquitous protein cystinosin is responsible for transporting the disulphide amino acid cystine from the lysosomal compartment into the cytosol. In humans, Pathogenic mutations of CTNS lead to defective cystinosin function, intralysosomal cystine accumulation and the development of cystinosis. Kidneys are initially affected with generalized proximal tubular dysfunction (renal Fanconi syndrome), then the disease rapidly affects glomeruli and progresses towards end stage renal failure and multiple organ dysfunction. Animal models of cystinosis are limited, with only a Ctns knockout mouse reported, showing cystine accumulation and late signs of tubular dysfunction but lacking the glomerular phenotype. We established and characterized a mutant zebrafish model with a homozygous nonsense mutation (c.706 C > T; p.Q236X) in exon 8 of ctns. Cystinotic mutant larvae showed cystine accumulation, delayed development, and signs of pronephric glomerular and tubular dysfunction mimicking the early phenotype of human cystinotic patients. Furthermore, cystinotic larvae showed a significantly increased rate of apoptosis that could be ameliorated with cysteamine, the human cystine depleting therapy. Our data demonstrate that, ctns gene is essential for zebrafish pronephric podocyte and proximal tubular function and that the ctns-mutant can be used for studying the disease pathogenic mechanisms and for testing novel therapies for cystinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Elmonem
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology &Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ramzi Khalil
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Ladan Khodaparast
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Switch Laboratory, VIB, University Hospitals Leuven KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Laleh Khodaparast
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Switch Laboratory, VIB, University Hospitals Leuven KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fanny O Arcolino
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology &Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joseph Morgan
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Pastore
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Metabolomics, Children's Hospital and Research Institute "Bambino Gesù" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Przemko Tylzanowski
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Laboratory for Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Centre, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Annelii Ny
- Laboratory for Molecular Bio-discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martin Lowe
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Peter A de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Bio-discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hans J Baelde
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Lambertus P van den Heuvel
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology &Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology &Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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27
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Cherqui S, Courtoy PJ. The renal Fanconi syndrome in cystinosis: pathogenic insights and therapeutic perspectives. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 13:115-131. [PMID: 27990015 DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive metabolic disease that belongs to the family of lysosomal storage disorders. It is caused by a defect in the lysosomal cystine transporter, cystinosin, which results in an accumulation of cystine in all organs. Despite the ubiquitous expression of cystinosin, a renal Fanconi syndrome is often the first manifestation of cystinosis, usually presenting within the first year of life and characterized by the early and severe dysfunction of proximal tubule cells, highlighting the unique vulnerability of this cell type. The current therapy for cystinosis, cysteamine, facilitates lysosomal cystine clearance and greatly delays progression to kidney failure but is unable to correct the Fanconi syndrome. This Review summarizes decades of studies that have fostered a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the renal Fanconi syndrome associated with cystinosis. These studies have unraveled some of the early molecular changes that occur before the onset of tubular atrophy and identified a role for cystinosin beyond cystine transport, in endolysosomal trafficking and proteolysis, lysosomal clearance, autophagy and the regulation of energy balance. These studies have also led to the identification of new potential therapeutic targets and here, we outline the potential role of stem cell therapy for cystinosis and provide insights into the mechanism of haematopoietic stem cell-mediated kidney protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Cherqui
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0734, La Jolla, California 92093-0734, USA
| | - Pierre J Courtoy
- Cell biology, de Duve Institute and Université catholique de Louvain, UCL-Brussels, 75 Avenue Hippocrate, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Ahn MB, Kim SE, Cho WK, Jung MH, Suh BK. Endocrine complications during and after adolescence in a patient with cystinosis. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2016; 21:174-178. [PMID: 27777912 PMCID: PMC5073166 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2016.21.3.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystinosis is a rare disease characterized by abnormal lysosomal cystine accumulation of cystine due to impaired lysosomal transport. We previously reported the first case of cystinosis in Korea in a 12-year-old boy with short stature, general weakness, and photophobia. The diagnosis was confirmed based on ophthalmic findings and biochemical analyses (serum leukocyte cystine measurement). Major endocrine manifestations at diagnosis included hypothyroidism, growth retardation, and hypogonadism. Despite oral cysteamine administration and renal replacement therapy, multiple complications including both endocrine and nonendocrine disorders developed during and after adolescence. In this report, we review the presenting features and factors related to the long-term complications in a patient with cystinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Bae Ahn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Kyoung Cho
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Ho Jung
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Kyu Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Elmonem MA, Veys KR, Soliman NA, van Dyck M, van den Heuvel LP, Levtchenko E. Cystinosis: a review. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:47. [PMID: 27102039 PMCID: PMC4841061 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystinosis is the most common hereditary cause of renal Fanconi syndrome in children. It is an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the CTNS gene encoding for the carrier protein cystinosin, transporting cystine out of the lysosomal compartment. Defective cystinosin function leads to intra-lysosomal cystine accumulation in all body cells and organs. The kidneys are initially affected during the first year of life through proximal tubular damage followed by progressive glomerular damage and end stage renal failure during mid-childhood if not treated. Other affected organs include eyes, thyroid, pancreas, gonads, muscles and CNS. Leucocyte cystine assay is the cornerstone for both diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of the disease. Several lines of treatment are available for cystinosis including the cystine depleting agent cysteamine, renal replacement therapy, hormonal therapy and others; however, no curative treatment is yet available. In the current review we will discuss the most important clinical features of the disease, advantages and disadvantages of the current diagnostic and therapeutic options and the main topics of future research in cystinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Elmonem
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven & KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49-3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Clinical and Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Koenraad R Veys
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven & KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Neveen A Soliman
- Department of Pediatrics, Center of Pediatric Nephrology and Transplantation (CPNT), Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,EGORD, Egyptian group of orphan renal diseases, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maria van Dyck
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven & KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49-3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lambertus P van den Heuvel
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven & KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49-3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Levtchenko
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology & Growth and Regeneration, University Hospitals Leuven & KU Leuven, UZ Herestraat 49-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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30
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Gaide Chevronnay HP, Janssens V, Van Der Smissen P, Rocca CJ, Liao XH, Refetoff S, Pierreux CE, Cherqui S, Courtoy PJ. Hematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation Can Normalize Thyroid Function in a Cystinosis Mouse Model. Endocrinology 2016; 157:1363-71. [PMID: 26812160 PMCID: PMC4816724 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism is the most frequent and earliest endocrine complication in cystinosis, a multisystemic lysosomal storage disease caused by defective transmembrane cystine transporter, cystinosin (CTNS gene). We recently demonstrated in Ctns(-/-) mice that altered thyroglobulin biosynthesis associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress, combined with defective lysosomal processing, caused hypothyroidism. In Ctns(-/-) kidney, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation provides long-term functional and structural protection. Tissue repair involves transfer of cystinosin-bearing lysosomes from HSCs differentiated as F4/80 macrophages into deficient kidney tubular cells, via tunneling nanotubes that cross basement laminae. Here we evaluated the benefit of HSC transplantation for cystinotic thyroid and investigated the underlying mechanisms. HSC engraftment in Ctns(-/-) thyroid drastically decreased cystine accumulation, normalized the TSH level, and corrected the structure of a large fraction of thyrocytes. In the thyroid microenvironment, HSCs differentiated into a distinct, mixed macrophage/dendritic cell lineage expressing CD45 and major histocompatibility complex II but low CD11b and F4/80. Grafted HSCs closely apposed to follicles and produced tunneling nanotube-like extensions that crossed follicular basement laminae. HSCs themselves further squeezed into follicles, allowing extensive contact with thyrocytes, but did not transdifferentiate into Nkx2.1-expressing cells. Our observations revealed significant differences of basement lamina porosity between the thyroid and kidney and/or intrinsic macrophage invasive properties once in the thyroid microenvironment. The contrast between extensive thyrocyte protection and low HSC abundance at steady state suggests multiple sequential encounters and/or remanent impact. This is the first report demonstrating the potential of HSC transplantation to correct thyroid disease and supports a major multisystemic benefit of stem cell therapy for cystinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Gaide Chevronnay
- Cell Biology Unit (H.P.G.C., V.J., P.V.D.S., C.E.P., P.J.C.), de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (C.J.R., S.C.), Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92161; and Departments of Medicine (X.H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - V Janssens
- Cell Biology Unit (H.P.G.C., V.J., P.V.D.S., C.E.P., P.J.C.), de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (C.J.R., S.C.), Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92161; and Departments of Medicine (X.H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - P Van Der Smissen
- Cell Biology Unit (H.P.G.C., V.J., P.V.D.S., C.E.P., P.J.C.), de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (C.J.R., S.C.), Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92161; and Departments of Medicine (X.H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - C J Rocca
- Cell Biology Unit (H.P.G.C., V.J., P.V.D.S., C.E.P., P.J.C.), de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (C.J.R., S.C.), Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92161; and Departments of Medicine (X.H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - X H Liao
- Cell Biology Unit (H.P.G.C., V.J., P.V.D.S., C.E.P., P.J.C.), de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (C.J.R., S.C.), Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92161; and Departments of Medicine (X.H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - S Refetoff
- Cell Biology Unit (H.P.G.C., V.J., P.V.D.S., C.E.P., P.J.C.), de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (C.J.R., S.C.), Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92161; and Departments of Medicine (X.H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - C E Pierreux
- Cell Biology Unit (H.P.G.C., V.J., P.V.D.S., C.E.P., P.J.C.), de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (C.J.R., S.C.), Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92161; and Departments of Medicine (X.H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - S Cherqui
- Cell Biology Unit (H.P.G.C., V.J., P.V.D.S., C.E.P., P.J.C.), de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (C.J.R., S.C.), Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92161; and Departments of Medicine (X.H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - P J Courtoy
- Cell Biology Unit (H.P.G.C., V.J., P.V.D.S., C.E.P., P.J.C.), de Duve Institute and Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics (C.J.R., S.C.), Division of Genetics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92161; and Departments of Medicine (X.H.L., S.R.) and Pediatrics and Genetics (S.R.), The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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