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Laface C, Ricci AD, Vallarelli S, Ostuni C, Rizzo A, Ambrogio F, Centonze M, Schirizzi A, De Leonardis G, D’Alessandro R, Lotesoriere C, Giannelli G. Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidate Axis: Promoter of Cancer Development and Possible Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7737. [PMID: 39062979 PMCID: PMC11277072 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a member of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphate/phosphodiesterase (ENPP) family; it is encoded by the ENPP2 gene. ATX is a secreted glycoprotein and catalyzes the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA is responsible for the transduction of various signal pathways through the interaction with at least six G protein-coupled receptors, LPA Receptors 1 to 6 (LPAR1-6). The ATX-LPA axis is involved in various physiological and pathological processes, such as angiogenesis, embryonic development, inflammation, fibrosis, and obesity. However, significant research also reported its connection to carcinogenesis, immune escape, metastasis, tumor microenvironment, cancer stem cells, and therapeutic resistance. Moreover, several studies suggested ATX and LPA as relevant biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets. In this review of the literature, we aimed to deepen knowledge about the role of the ATX-LPA axis as a promoter of cancer development, progression and invasion, and therapeutic resistance. Finally, we explored its potential application as a prognostic/predictive biomarker and therapeutic target for tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Laface
- Medical Oncology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Angela Dalia Ricci
- Medical Oncology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Simona Vallarelli
- Medical Oncology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Carmela Ostuni
- Medical Oncology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rizzo
- Medical Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Tumori “Giovanni Paolo II”, Viale Orazio Flacco 65, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Ambrogio
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Centonze
- Personalized Medicine Laboratory, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Schirizzi
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.S.); (G.D.L.)
| | - Giampiero De Leonardis
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.S.); (G.D.L.)
| | - Rosalba D’Alessandro
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy; (A.S.); (G.D.L.)
| | - Claudio Lotesoriere
- Medical Oncology Unit, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology, IRCCS “S. de Bellis” Research Hospital, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Italy
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Liu Y, Yamagishi R, Honjo M, Kurano M, Yatomi Y, Igarashi K, Aihara M. Role of Autotaxin in High Glucose-Induced Human ARPE-19 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169181. [PMID: 36012446 PMCID: PMC9409272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an enzymatic with lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) activity. We investigated the role of ATX in high glucose (HG)-induced human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE-19) cells to explore the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). We performed a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, immunocytochemistry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, cell permeability assay, and transepithelial electrical resistance measurement in HG-induced ARPE-19 cells and compared their results with those of normal glucose and osmotic pressure controls. ATX expression and its lysoPLD activity, barrier function, and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 were downregulated, while fibrotic responses, cytoskeletal reorganization, and transforming growth factor-β expression were upregulated, in the HG group. Our results suggest that HG induces intracellular ATX downregulation, barrier dysfunction, and fibrosis, which are involved in early DR and can be targeted for DR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Reiko Yamagishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Megumi Honjo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Koji Igarashi
- Bioscience Division, Reagent Development Department, AIA Research Group, TOSOH Corporation, Ayase 252-1123, Japan
| | - Makoto Aihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Autotaxin-LPA-LPP3 Axis in Energy Metabolism and Metabolic Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179575. [PMID: 34502491 PMCID: PMC8431043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides serving as a structural membrane component and intermediate of the glycerolipid metabolism, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) has a prominent role as a signaling molecule through its binding to LPA receptors at the cell surface. Extracellular LPA is primarily produced from lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) through the activity of secreted lysophospholipase D, autotaxin (ATX). The degradation of extracellular LPA to monoacylglycerol is mediated by lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs) at the cell membrane. This review summarizes and interprets current literature on the role of the ATX-LPA-LPP3 axis in the regulation of energy homeostasis, insulin function, and adiposity at baseline and under conditions of obesity. We also discuss how the ATX-LPA-LPP3 axis influences obesity-related metabolic complications, including insulin resistance, fatty liver disease, and cardiomyopathy.
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Zhang X, Li M, Yin N, Zhang J. The Expression Regulation and Biological Function of Autotaxin. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040939. [PMID: 33921676 PMCID: PMC8073485 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein and functions as a key enzyme to produce extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA interacts with at least six G protein-coupled receptors, LPAR1-6, on the cell membrane to activate various signal transduction pathways through distinct G proteins, such as Gi/0, G12/13, Gq/11, and Gs. The ATX-LPA axis plays an important role in physiological and pathological processes, including embryogenesis, obesity, and inflammation. ATX is one of the top 40 most unregulated genes in metastatic cancer, and the ATX-LPA axis is involved in the development of different types of cancers, such as colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and glioblastoma. ATX expression is under multifaceted controls at the transcription, post-transcription, and secretion levels. ATX and LPA in the tumor microenvironment not only promote cell proliferation, migration, and survival, but also increase the expression of inflammation-related circuits, which results in poor outcomes for patients with cancer. Currently, ATX is regarded as a potential cancer therapeutic target, and an increasing number of ATX inhibitors have been developed. In this review, we focus on the mechanism of ATX expression regulation and the functions of ATX in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Junjie Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-58802137; Fax: +86-10-58807720
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5
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D'Souza K, Acquah C, Mercer A, Paudel Y, Pulinilkunnil T, Udenigwe CC, Kienesberger PC. Whey peptides exacerbate body weight gain and perturb systemic glucose and tissue lipid metabolism in male high-fat fed mice. Food Funct 2021; 12:3552-3561. [PMID: 33900305 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02610g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of milk-derived whey proteins has been demonstrated to have insulin-sensitizing effects in mice and humans, in part through the generation of bioactive whey peptides. While whey peptides can prevent insulin resistance in vitro, it is unclear whether consumption of whey peptides can prevent obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction in vivo. We sought to determine whether whey peptides consumption can protect from high fat (HF) diet-induced obesity and dysregulation of glucose homeostasis. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed either a low or HF diet for 13 weeks. HF diet fed mice were provided drinking water with no addition (control), undigested whey protein isolate (WPI, 1 mg ml-1) or whey protein hydrolysate (WPH, 1 mg ml-1) throughout the diet regimen. Mice consuming WPH gained more body weight and were more glucose intolerant compared to those consuming WPI or water only. Despite increased body weight gain, perigonadal adipose tissue weight and lipid accumulation were unchanged. However, excess lipids accumulated ectopically in the liver and skeletal muscle in mice consuming WPH, which was associated with elevated inflammatory markers systemically and in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle. In skeletal muscle, mitochondrial fat oxidation and electron transport chain proteins were decreased with WPH consumption, indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction. Taken together, our results demonstrate that WPH, but not WPI, exacerbates HF-induced body weight gain and impairs glucose homeostasis, which is accompanied by increased inflammation, ectopic fat accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, our results argue against the use of dietary whey peptide supplementation as a preventative option against HF diet-induced metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D'Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada.
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Soni S, Torvund M, Mandal CC. Molecular insights into the interplay between adiposity, breast cancer and bone metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 38:119-138. [PMID: 33591548 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease, with various pre-existing health ailments enhancing its pathology. In cancer, the extracellular environment contains various intrinsic physiological factors whose levels are altered with aging and pre-existing conditions. In obesity, the tumor microenvironment and metastases are enriched with factors that are both derived locally, and from other physiological compartments. Similarly, in obesity, the cancer cell environment both at the site of origin and at the secondary site i.e., metastatic niche, contains significantly more phenotypically-altered adipocytes than that of un-obese cancer patients. Indeed, obesity has been linked with cancer progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Adipocytes not only interact with tumor cells, but also with adjacent stromal cells at primary and metastatic sites. This review emphasizes the importance of bidirectional interactions between adipocytes and breast tumor cells in breast cancer progression and its bone metastases. This paper not only chronicles the role of various adipocyte-derived factors in tumor growth, but also describes the significance of adipocyte-derived bone metastatic factors in the development of bone metastasis of breast cancer. It provides a molecular view of the interplay between the adipocytes and tumor cells involved in breast cancer bone metastasis. However, more research is needed to determine if targeting cancer-associated adipocytes holds promise as a potential therapeutic approach for breast cancer bone metastasis treatment. Interplay between adipocytes and breast cancer cells at primary cancer site and metastatic bone microenvironment. AMSC Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell, CAA Cancer associated adipocytes, CAF Cancer associated fibroblast, BMSC Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell, BMA Bone marrow adipocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Soni
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Meaghan Torvund
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Chandi C Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
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Cellular and Molecular Players in the Interplay between Adipose Tissue and Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031359. [PMID: 33572982 PMCID: PMC7866411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and severity of obesity are rising in most of the world. In addition to metabolic disorders, obesity is associated with an increase in the incidence and severity of a variety of types of cancer, including breast cancer (BC). The bidirectional interaction between BC and adipose cells has been deeply investigated, although the molecular and cellular players involved in these mechanisms are far from being fully elucidated. Here, we review the current knowledge on these interactions and describe how preclinical research might be used to clarify the effects of obesity over BC progression and morbidity, with particular attention paid to promising therapeutic interventions.
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Chen Y, Lin D, Shi C, Guo L, Liu L, Chen L, Li T, Liu Y, Zheng C, Chi X, Meng C, Xue Y. MiR-3138 deteriorates the insulin resistance of HUVECs via KSR2/AMPK/GLUT4 signaling pathway. Cell Cycle 2021; 20:353-368. [PMID: 33509040 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1870335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is a complex pathological condition resulting from the dysregulation of cellular response to insulin hormone in insulin-dependent cells and is recognized as a pathogenic hallmark and strong risk factor for metabolic syndrome. The present study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the pathogenesis of IR. Here, we used human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to establish the IR cell model induced by 1 × 10-6 mmol/L insulin. After 48 h, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and glucose consumption were measured by DCFH-DA and GOD-POD methods, respectively. The results of Microarray analysis demonstrated that there were 10 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) selected based on Fold change (FC) and P value in the IR cell model compared with HUVECs. The enriched gene ontology (GO) terms analysis showed that the target genes of these 10 DEMs were significantly enriched in biological process, cellular component and molecular function, and the significantly enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes or Genomes (KEGG) pathways mainly include AMPK signaling pathway and PI3K signaling pathway. Amongst all, the expression level of miR-3138 was highest in the IR cell model evaluated by qRT-PCR. Through Targetscan, KSR2 mRNA was predicted as a target of miR-3138. And mRNA and protein expression levels of miR-3138, KSR2, GLUT4, AMPK, PI3K, Akt were examined using qRT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. The interaction between miR-3138 and KSR2 was evaluated by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Our results showed that miR-3138 significantly deteriorated the IR of HUVECs via KSR2/AMPK/GLUT4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Internal Medicine, South Branch of Fujian Provincial Hospital , Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China.,Provincial Clinic Medical College, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Da Lin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Fuzhou University , Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Changxuan Shi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Fuzhou University , Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Liang Guo
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Fuzhou University , Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Linhua Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, South Branch of Fujian Provincial Hospital , Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, South Branch of Fujian Provincial Hospital , Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, South Branch of Fujian Provincial Hospital , Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, South Branch of Fujian Provincial Hospital , Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chengchao Zheng
- Provincial Clinic Medical College, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xintong Chi
- Provincial Clinic Medical College, Fujian Medical University , Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chun Meng
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Engineering, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Fuzhou University , Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yaoming Xue
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Lysophosphatidic acid mediates the pathogenesis of psoriasis by activating keratinocytes through LPAR5. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:19. [PMID: 33452232 PMCID: PMC7810744 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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D’Souza K, Mercer A, Mawhinney H, Pulinilkunnil T, Udenigwe CC, Kienesberger PC. Whey Peptides Stimulate Differentiation and Lipid Metabolism in Adipocytes and Ameliorate Lipotoxicity-Induced Insulin Resistance in Muscle Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12020425. [PMID: 32041341 PMCID: PMC7071342 DOI: 10.3390/nu12020425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulation of lipid metabolism and insulin function in muscle and adipose tissue are hallmarks of systemic insulin resistance, which can progress to type 2 diabetes. While previous studies suggested that milk proteins influence systemic glucose homeostasis and insulin function, it remains unclear whether bioactive peptides generated from whey alter lipid metabolism and its accumulation in muscle and adipose tissue. Therefore, we incubated murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and C2C12 myotubes with a whey peptide mixture produced through pepsin-pancreatin digestion, mimicking peptides generated in the gut from whey protein hydrolysis, and examined its effect on indicators of lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Whey peptides, particularly those derived from bovine serum albumin (BSA), promoted 3T3-L1 adipocyte differentiation and triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation in accordance with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) upregulation. Whey/BSA peptides also increased lipolysis and mitochondrial fat oxidation in adipocytes, which was associated with the upregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ). In C2C12 myotubes, whey but not BSA peptides ameliorated palmitate-induced insulin resistance, which was associated with reduced inflammation and diacylglycerol accumulation, and increased sequestration of fatty acids in the TG pool. Taken together, our study suggests that whey peptides generated via pepsin-pancreatin digestion profoundly alter lipid metabolism and accumulation in adipocytes and skeletal myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D’Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5 Canada (A.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Angella Mercer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5 Canada (A.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Hannah Mawhinney
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada;
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5 Canada (A.M.); (T.P.)
| | - Chibuike C. Udenigwe
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Petra C. Kienesberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5 Canada (A.M.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-506-636-6971
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Benesch MGK, Tang X, Brindley DN. Autotaxin and Breast Cancer: Towards Overcoming Treatment Barriers and Sequelae. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020374. [PMID: 32041123 PMCID: PMC7072337 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After a decade of intense preclinical investigations, the first in-class autotaxin inhibitor, GLPG1690, has entered Phase III clinical trials for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. In the intervening time, a deeper understanding of the role of the autotaxin–lysophosphatidate (LPA)–lipid phosphate phosphatase axis in breast cancer progression and treatment resistance has emerged. Concordantly, appreciation of the tumor microenvironment and chronic inflammation in cancer biology has matured. The role of LPA as a central mediator behind these concepts has been exemplified within the breast cancer field. In this review, we will summarize current challenges in breast cancer therapy and delineate how blocking LPA signaling could provide novel adjuvant therapeutic options for overcoming therapy resistance and adverse side effects, including radiation-induced fibrosis. The advent of autotaxin inhibitors in clinical practice could herald their applications as adjuvant therapies to improve the therapeutic indexes of existing treatments for breast and other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. K. Benesch
- Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL AlB 3V6, Canada
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
| | - David N. Brindley
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-492-2078
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The Novel Perspectives of Adipokines on Brain Health. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20225638. [PMID: 31718027 PMCID: PMC6887733 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
First seen as a fat-storage tissue, the adipose tissue is considered as a critical player in the endocrine system. Precisely, adipose tissue can produce an array of bioactive factors, including cytokines, lipids, and extracellular vesicles, which target various systemic organ systems to regulate metabolism, homeostasis, and immune response. The global effects of adipokines on metabolic events are well defined, but their impacts on brain function and pathology remain poorly defined. Receptors of adipokines are widely expressed in the brain. Mounting evidence has shown that leptin and adiponectin can cross the blood–brain barrier, while evidence for newly identified adipokines is limited. Significantly, adipocyte secretion is liable to nutritional and metabolic states, where defective circuitry, impaired neuroplasticity, and elevated neuroinflammation are symptomatic. Essentially, neurotrophic and anti-inflammatory properties of adipokines underlie their neuroprotective roles in neurodegenerative diseases. Besides, adipocyte-secreted lipids in the bloodstream can act endocrine on the distant organs. In this article, we have reviewed five adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, chemerin, apelin, visfatin) and two lipokines (palmitoleic acid and lysophosphatidic acid) on their roles involving in eating behavior, neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors in the brain. Understanding and regulating these adipokines can lead to novel therapeutic strategies to counteract metabolic associated eating disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, thus promote brain health.
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Funcke JB, Scherer PE. Beyond adiponectin and leptin: adipose tissue-derived mediators of inter-organ communication. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1648-1684. [PMID: 31209153 PMCID: PMC6795086 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r094060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The breakthrough discoveries of leptin and adiponectin more than two decades ago led to a widespread recognition of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Many more adipose tissue-secreted signaling mediators (adipokines) have been identified since then, and much has been learned about how adipose tissue communicates with other organs of the body to maintain systemic homeostasis. Beyond proteins, additional factors, such as lipids, metabolites, noncoding RNAs, and extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by adipose tissue participate in this process. Here, we review the diverse signaling mediators and mechanisms adipose tissue utilizes to relay information to other organs. We discuss recently identified adipokines (proteins, lipids, and metabolites) and briefly outline the contributions of noncoding RNAs and EVs to the ever-increasing complexities of adipose tissue inter-organ communication. We conclude by reflecting on central aspects of adipokine biology, namely, the contribution of distinct adipose tissue depots and cell types to adipokine secretion, the phenomenon of adipokine resistance, and the capacity of adipose tissue to act both as a source and sink of signaling mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Bernd Funcke
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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Bourgeois R, Piché ME, Auclair A, Grenier-Larouche T, Mitchell PL, Poirier P, Biertho L, Marceau S, Hould FS, Biron S, Lebel S, Lescelleur O, Julien F, Martin J, Tchernof A, Mathieu P, Carpentier AC, Arsenault BJ. Acute and chronic effect of bariatric surgery on circulating autotaxin levels. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14004. [PMID: 30821134 PMCID: PMC6395307 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX), an adipose tissue-derived lysophospholipase, has been involved in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases. The impact of bariatric surgery on circulating ATX levels is unknown. We examined the short- (24 h, 5 days) and longer-term (6 and 12 months) impact of bariatric surgery; as well as the short-term effect of caloric restriction (CR) on plasma ATX levels in patients with severe obesity. We measured ATX levels in 69 men and women (mean age: 41 ± 11 years, body mass index: 49.8 ± 7.1 kg/m2 ), before and after biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch surgery (BPD-DS) as well as in a control group (patients with severe obesity without surgery; n = 34). We also measured ATX levels in seven patients with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes who underwent a 3-day CR protocol before their BPD-DS. At baseline, ATX levels were positively associated with body mass index, fat mass, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) as well as insulin and leptin levels and negatively with fat-free mass. ATX concentrations decreased 26.2% at 24 h after BPD-DS (342.9 ± 152.3 pg/mL to 253.2 ± 68.9 pg/mL, P < 0.0001) and by 16.4% at 12 months after BPD-DS (342.9 ± 152.3 pg/mL to 286.8 ± 182.6 pg/mL, P = 0.04). ATX concentrations were unchanged during follow-up in the control group (P = 0.4), and not influenced by short-term CR. In patients with severe obesity, bariatric surgery induced a rapid and sustained decrease in plasma ATX levels. Acute changes in ATX may not be explained by bariatric surgery-induced CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Bourgeois
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Piché
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Audrey Auclair
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Grenier-Larouche
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Patricia L Mitchell
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul Poirier
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurent Biertho
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Simon Marceau
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric-Simon Hould
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Simon Biron
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéfane Lebel
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Odette Lescelleur
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - François Julien
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Martin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Benoit J Arsenault
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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15
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Schmid R, Wolf K, Robering JW, Strauß S, Strissel PL, Strick R, Rübner M, Fasching PA, Horch RE, Kremer AE, Boos AM, Weigand A. ADSCs and adipocytes are the main producers in the autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid axis of breast cancer and healthy mammary tissue in vitro. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:1273. [PMID: 30567518 PMCID: PMC6300006 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-5166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women affecting one out of eight females throughout their lives. Autotaxin (ATX) is upregulated in breast cancer which results in increased lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) formation within the tumor. This study’s aim was to identify the role of different mammary cell populations within the ATX–LPA axis. Methods Epithelial-cell-adhesion-molecule-positive (EpCAM) and -negative cells from breast tumors, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) of tumor-adjacent and tumor-distant mammary fat were isolated and compared to healthy ADSCs, mammary epithelial cells (HMECs), and mesenchymal cells (MES) of healthy mammary tissue (n = 4 each) and further to well-established breast (cancer) cell lines. Results mRNA expression analyses revealed that ADSCs and MES largely expressed LPA receptor 1 (LPAR1) while epithelial cells mainly expressed LPAR6. LPA 18:1 activated all the cell populations and cell lines by rise in cytosolic free calcium concentrations. MES and ADSCs expressed ATX whereas epithelial cells did not. ADSCs revealed the highest expression in ATX with a significant decline after adipogenic differentiation in healthy ADSCs, whereas ATX expression increased in ADSCs from tumor patients. Breast (cancer) cell lines did not express ATX. Transmigration of MES was stimulated by LPA whereas an inhibitory effect was observed in epithelial cells with no differences between tumors and healthy cells. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines were also stimulated and the transmigration partly inhibited using the LPA receptor antagonist Ki16425. Conclusions We here show that each mammary cell population plays a different role in the ATX–LPA axis with ADSCs and adipocytes being the main source of ATX in tumor patients in our experimental setting. Inhibitors of this axis may therefore present a valuable target for pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Schmid
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery and Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Wolf
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan W Robering
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery and Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Selina Strauß
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Pamela L Strissel
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Reiner Strick
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Rübner
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen ER-EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raymund E Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery and Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas E Kremer
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anja M Boos
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery and Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annika Weigand
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery and Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital of Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Krankenhausstr. 12, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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16
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Yang F, Chen GX. Production of extracellular lysophosphatidic acid in the regulation of adipocyte functions and liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4132-4151. [PMID: 30271079 PMCID: PMC6158478 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i36.4132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a glycerophospholipid, consists of a glycerol backbone connected to a phosphate head group and an acyl chain linked to sn-1 or sn-2 position. In the circulation, LPA is in sub-millimolar range and mainly derived from hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine, a process mediated by lysophospholipase D activity in proteins such as autotaxin (ATX). Intracellular and extracellular LPAs act as bioactive lipid mediators with diverse functions in almost every mammalian cell type. The binding of LPA to its receptors LPA1-6 activates multiple cellular processes such as migration, proliferation and survival. The production of LPA and activation of LPA receptor signaling pathways in the events of physiology and pathophysiology have attracted the interest of researchers. Results from studies using transgenic and gene knockout animals with alterations of ATX and LPA receptors genes, have revealed the roles of LPA signaling pathways in metabolic active tissues and organs. The present review was aimed to summarize recent progresses in the studies of extracellular and intracellular LPA production pathways. This includes the functional, structural and biochemical properties of ATX and LPA receptors. The potential roles of LPA production and LPA receptor signaling pathways in obesity, insulin resistance and liver fibrosis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guo-Xun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
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17
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Meng G, Tang X, Yang Z, Zhao Y, Curtis JM, McMullen TPW, Brindley DN. Dexamethasone decreases the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate-inflammatory axis in adipose tissue: implications for the metabolic syndrome and breast cancer. FASEB J 2018; 33:1899-1910. [PMID: 30192654 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801226r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidate (LPA) signaling through 6 receptors is regulated by the balance of LPA production by autotaxin (ATX) vs. LPA degradation by lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). LPA promotes an inflammatory cycle by increasing the synthesis of cyclooxygenase-2 and multiple inflammatory cytokines that stimulate further ATX production. We aimed to determine whether the anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid (GC) dexamethasone (Dex) functions partly by decreasing the ATX-LPA inflammatory cycle in adipose tissue, a major site of ATX secretion. Treatment of human adipose tissue with 10-1000 nM Dex decreased ATX secretion, increased LPP1 expression, and decreased mRNA expressions of IL-6, TNF-α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, and adiponectin. Cotreatment with rosiglitazone (an insulin sensitizer), insulin, or both abolished Dex-induced decreases in ATX and adiponectin secretion, but did not reverse Dex-induced decreases in secretions of 20 inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Dex-treated mice exhibited lower ATX activity in plasma, brain, and adipose tissue; decreased mRNA levels for LPA and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors in brain; and decreased plasma concentrations of LPA and S1P. Our results establish a novel mechanism for the anti-inflammatory effects of Dex through decreased signaling by the ATX-LPA-inflammatory axis. The GC action in adipose tissue has implications for the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and obesity in metabolic syndrome and breast cancer treatment.-Meng, G., Tang, X., Yang, Z., Zhao, Y., Curtis, J. M., McMullen, T. P. W., Brindley, D. N. Dexamethasone decreases the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate-inflammatory axis in adipose tissue: implications for the metabolic syndrome and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanmin Meng
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zelei Yang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - YuanYuan Zhao
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Jonathan M Curtis
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - Todd P W McMullen
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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18
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D'Souza K, Nzirorera C, Cowie AM, Varghese GP, Trivedi P, Eichmann TO, Biswas D, Touaibia M, Morris AJ, Aidinis V, Kane DA, Pulinilkunnil T, Kienesberger PC. Autotaxin-LPA signaling contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance in muscle and impairs mitochondrial metabolism. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1805-1817. [PMID: 30072447 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m082008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an adipokine that generates the bioactive lipid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX-LPA signaling has been implicated in diet-induced obesity and systemic insulin resistance. However, it remains unclear whether the ATX-LPA pathway influences insulin function and energy metabolism in target tissues, particularly skeletal muscle, the major site of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. The objective of this study was to test whether the ATX-LPA pathway impacts tissue insulin signaling and mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle during obesity. Male mice with heterozygous ATX deficiency (ATX+/-) were protected from obesity, systemic insulin resistance, and cardiomyocyte dysfunction following high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) feeding. HFHS-fed ATX+/- mice also had improved insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation in white adipose tissue, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. Preserved insulin-stimulated glucose transport in muscle from HFHS-fed ATX+/- mice was associated with improved mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation in the absence of changes in fat oxidation and ectopic lipid accumulation. Similarly, incubation with LPA decreased insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation and mitochondrial energy metabolism in C2C12 myotubes at baseline and following palmitate-induced insulin resistance. Taken together, our results suggest that the ATX-LPA pathway contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance in metabolically relevant tissues. Our data also suggest that LPA directly impairs skeletal muscle insulin signaling and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D'Souza
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Carine Nzirorera
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Andrew M Cowie
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Geena P Varghese
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Purvi Trivedi
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz and Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dipsikha Biswas
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Mohamed Touaibia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 and Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40511
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672 Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel A Kane
- Department of Human Kinetics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Petra C Kienesberger
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
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19
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Broström JM, Ghalali A, Zheng H, Högberg J, Stenius U, Littorin M, Tinnerberg H, Broberg K. Toluene diisocyanate exposure and autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid signalling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 355:43-51. [PMID: 29940203 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is a reactive chemical used in manufacturing plastics. TDI exposure adversely affects workers' health, causing occupational asthma, but individuals differ in susceptibility. We recently suggested a role for signalling mediated by the enzyme autotaxin (ATX) and its product, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), in TDI toxicity. Here we genotyped 118 TDI-exposed workers for six single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding proteins implicated in ATX-LPA signalling: purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2RX7), CC motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), interleukin 1β (IL1B), and caveolin 1 (CAV1). Two P2RX7 SNPs (rs208294 and rs2230911) significantly modified the associations between a biomarker of TDI exposure (urinary 2,4-toluene diamine) and plasma LPA; two IL1B SNPs (rs16944 and rs1143634) did not. CAV1 rs3807989 modified the associations, but the effect was not statistically significant (p = 0.05-0.09). In vitro, TDI-exposed bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o-) rapidly released ATX and IL-1β. P2X7 inhibitors attenuated both responses, but confocal microscopy showed non-overlapping localizations of ATX and IL-1β, and down-regulation of CAV1 inhibited the ATX response but not the IL-1β response. This study indicates that P2X7 is pivotal for TDI-induced ATX-LPA signalling, which was modified by genetic variation in P2RX7. Furthermore, our data suggest that the TDI-induced ATX and IL-1β responses occur independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Broström
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Aram Ghalali
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huiyuan Zheng
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Högberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulla Stenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Margareta Littorin
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Håkan Tinnerberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE 221 85 Lund, Sweden; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, SE171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Tsai CC, Lin YJ, Yu HR, Sheen JM, Tain YL, Huang LT, Tiao MM. Melatonin alleviates liver steatosis induced by prenatal dexamethasone exposure and postnatal high-fat diet. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:917-924. [PMID: 30112044 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids is associated with negative health consequences for the offspring that persist into adulthood, including liver steatosis. Melatonin has previously been demonstrated to suppress liver steatosis and oxidative stress in humans with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and in animal models of obesity. The present study aimed to determine whether melatonin protects against liver steatosis induced by prenatal dexamethasone exposure followed by postnatal high-fat diet. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats at gestational days 14-21 were administered dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg/day) or saline via intraperitoneal injection. The offspring were then divided into five groups, as follows: Vehicle, postnatal high-fat diet (VHF), prenatal dexamethasone exposure (DEX), prenatal dexamethasone exposure + postnatal high-fat diet (DHF), and prenatal dexamethasone exposure + postnatal high-fat diet + melatonin (DHFM) group. Following vehicle or dexamethasone exposure of the maternal rats, the offspring rats in the VHF, DHF and DHFM groups received a high-fat diet (58% fat) between weaning and 6 months of age. In the DHFM group, melatonin was administered to the mothers from gestational days 14-21 until weaning. The offspring continued to receive melatonin until they were sacrificed at 6 months old. Oil Red O staining demonstrated stronger intensity in the DHF group compared with that in the other four groups. Western blot analysis also revealed higher levels of cleaved caspase-3, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) and malondialdehyde (MDA), as well as reduced expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) in the DHF group compared with the vehicle and DHFM groups. In addition, melatonin reduced the Oil Red O staining intensity and the levels of cleaved caspase-3, TNF-α, SOCS3 and MDA, while it increased the MnSOD and PI3K levels, in the DHFM group compared with the DHF group. In conclusion, postnatal high-fat diet aggravated the prenatal dexamethasone-induced liver steatosis in adult rat offspring via inflammation, oxidative stress and cellular apoptosis, which may be ameliorated by prenatal melatonin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chou Tsai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 61363, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ju Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hong-Ren Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jiunn-Ming Sheen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Li-Tung Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Mao-Meng Tiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan, R.O.C
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21
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D'Souza K, Paramel GV, Kienesberger PC. Lysophosphatidic Acid Signaling in Obesity and Insulin Resistance. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10040399. [PMID: 29570618 PMCID: PMC5946184 DOI: 10.3390/nu10040399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although simple in structure, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a potent bioactive lipid that profoundly influences cellular signaling and function upon binding to G protein-coupled receptors (LPA1-6). The majority of circulating LPA is produced by the secreted enzyme autotaxin (ATX). Alterations in LPA signaling, in conjunction with changes in autotaxin (ATX) expression and activity, have been implicated in metabolic and inflammatory disorders including obesity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes our current understanding of the sources and metabolism of LPA with focus on the influence of diet on circulating LPA. Furthermore, we explore how the ATX-LPA pathway impacts obesity and obesity-associated disorders, including impaired glucose homeostasis, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D'Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5 Canada.
| | - Geena V Paramel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5 Canada.
| | - Petra C Kienesberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, E2L 4L5 Canada.
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Fujimori N, Umemura T, Kimura T, Tanaka N, Sugiura A, Yamazaki T, Joshita S, Komatsu M, Usami Y, Sano K, Igarashi K, Matsumoto A, Tanaka E. Serum autotaxin levels are correlated with hepatic fibrosis and ballooning in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1239-1249. [PMID: 29568204 PMCID: PMC5859226 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i11.1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To examine the relationship between serum autotaxin (ATX) concentrations and clinicopathological findings in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients.
METHODS One hundred eighty-six NAFLD patients who had undergone liver biopsy between 2008 and 2017 were retrospectively enrolled. Serum samples were collected at the time of biopsy and ATX was measured by enzyme immunoassays. Sera obtained from 160 healthy, non-obese individuals were used as controls. Histological findings were graded according to an NAFLD scoring system and correlations with serum ATX were calculated by Spearman’s test. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Cut-off values were identified by the Youden index, and the nearest clinically applicable value to the cutoff was considered the optimal threshold for clinical convenience.
RESULTS Serum ATX levels were significantly higher in NAFLD patients than in controls (0.86 mg/L vs 0.76 mg/L, P < 0.001) and correlated significantly with ballooning score and fibrosis stage (r = 0.36, P < 0.001 and r = 0.45, P < 0.001, respectively). Such tendencies were stronger in female patients. There were no remarkable relationships between ATX and serum alanine aminotransferase, lipid profiles, or steatosis scores. The AUC values of ATX for predicting the presence of fibrosis (≥ F1), significant fibrosis (≥ F2), severe fibrosis (≥ F3), and cirrhosis (F4), were all more than 0.70 in respective analyses.
CONCLUSION Serum ATX levels may at least partially reflect histological severity in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Fujimori
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takeji Umemura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takefumi Kimura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan, and Research Center for Agricultural Food Industry, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Ayumi Sugiura
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Tomoo Yamazaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Satoru Joshita
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Michiharu Komatsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yoko Usami
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Kenji Sano
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shinshu University Hospital, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Koji Igarashi
- Bioscience Division, TOSOH Corporation, Kanagawa 252-1123, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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Benesch MGK, MacIntyre ITK, McMullen TPW, Brindley DN. Coming of Age for Autotaxin and Lysophosphatidate Signaling: Clinical Applications for Preventing, Detecting and Targeting Tumor-Promoting Inflammation. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10030073. [PMID: 29543710 PMCID: PMC5876648 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A quarter-century after the discovery of autotaxin in cell culture, the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate (LPA)-lipid phosphate phosphatase axis is now a promising clinical target for treating chronic inflammatory conditions, mitigating fibrosis progression, and improving the efficacy of existing cancer chemotherapies and radiotherapy. Nearly half of the literature on this axis has been published during the last five years. In cancer biology, LPA signaling is increasingly being recognized as a central mediator of the progression of chronic inflammation in the establishment of a tumor microenvironment which promotes cancer growth, immune evasion, metastasis, and treatment resistance. In this review, we will summarize recent advances made in understanding LPA signaling with respect to chronic inflammation and cancer. We will also provide perspectives on the applications of inhibitors of LPA signaling in preventing cancer initiation, as adjuncts extending the efficacy of current cancer treatments by blocking inflammation caused by either the cancer or the cancer therapy itself, and by disruption of the tumor microenvironment. Overall, LPA, a simple molecule that mediates a plethora of biological effects, can be targeted at its levels of production by autotaxin, LPA receptors or through LPA degradation by lipid phosphate phosphatases. Drugs for these applications will soon be entering clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G K Benesch
- Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL AlB 3V6, Canada.
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - Iain T K MacIntyre
- Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL AlB 3V6, Canada.
| | - Todd P W McMullen
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada.
| | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
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24
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Brown A, Hossain I, Perez LJ, Nzirorera C, Tozer K, D’Souza K, Trivedi PC, Aguiar C, Yip AM, Shea J, Brunt KR, Legare JF, Hassan A, Pulinilkunnil T, Kienesberger PC. Lysophosphatidic acid receptor mRNA levels in heart and white adipose tissue are associated with obesity in mice and humans. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189402. [PMID: 29236751 PMCID: PMC5728537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor signaling has been implicated in cardiovascular and obesity-related metabolic disease. However, the distribution and regulation of LPA receptors in the myocardium and adipose tissue remain unclear. Objectives This study aimed to characterize the mRNA expression of LPA receptors (LPA1-6) in the murine and human myocardium and adipose tissue, and its regulation in response to obesity. Methods LPA receptor mRNA levels were determined by qPCR in i) heart ventricles, isolated cardiomyocytes, and perigonadal adipose tissue from chow or high fat-high sucrose (HFHS)-fed male C57BL/6 mice, ii) 3T3-L1 adipocytes and HL-1 cardiomyocytes under conditions mimicking gluco/lipotoxicity, and iii) human atrial and subcutaneous adipose tissue from non-obese, pre-obese, and obese cardiac surgery patients. Results LPA1-6 were expressed in myocardium and white adipose tissue from mice and humans, except for LPA3, which was undetectable in murine adipocytes and human adipose tissue. Obesity was associated with increased LPA4, LPA5 and/or LPA6 levels in mice ventricles and cardiomyocytes, HL-1 cells exposed to high palmitate, and human atrial tissue. LPA4 and LPA5 mRNA levels in human atrial tissue correlated with measures of obesity. LPA5 mRNA levels were increased in HFHS-fed mice and insulin resistant adipocytes, yet were reduced in adipose tissue from obese patients. LPA4, LPA5, and LPA6 mRNA levels in human adipose tissue were negatively associated with measures of obesity and cardiac surgery outcomes. This study suggests that obesity leads to marked changes in LPA receptor expression in the murine and human heart and white adipose tissue that may alter LPA receptor signaling during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Intekhab Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Lester J. Perez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Carine Nzirorera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Kathleen Tozer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Kenneth D’Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Purvi C. Trivedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Christie Aguiar
- Cardiovascular Research New Brunswick, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Alexandra M. Yip
- Cardiovascular Research New Brunswick, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jennifer Shea
- Department of Pathology, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Keith R. Brunt
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Legare
- Cardiovascular Research New Brunswick, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, New Brunswick Heart Centre, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Ansar Hassan
- Cardiovascular Research New Brunswick, Saint John Regional Hospital, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, New Brunswick Heart Centre, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Petra C. Kienesberger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
- * E-mail:
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25
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Validation of optimal reference genes for quantitative real time PCR in muscle and adipose tissue for obesity and diabetes research. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3612. [PMID: 28620170 PMCID: PMC5472619 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03730-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The global incidence of obesity has led to an increasing need for understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive this epidemic and its comorbidities. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) is the most reliable and widely used method for gene expression analysis. The selection of suitable reference genes (RGs) is critical for obtaining accurate gene expression information. The current study aimed to identify optimal RGs to perform quantitative transcriptomic analysis based on RT-qPCR for obesity and diabetes research, employing in vitro and mouse models, and human tissue samples. Using the ReFinder program we evaluated the stability of a total of 15 RGs. The impact of choosing the most suitable RGs versus less suitable RGs on RT-qPCR results was assessed. Optimal RGs differed between tissue and cell type, species, and experimental conditions. By employing different sets of RGs to normalize the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α), we show that sub-optimal RGs can markedly alter the PGC1α gene expression profile. Our study demonstrates the importance of validating RGs prior to normalizing transcriptional expression levels of target genes and identifies optimal RG pairs for reliable RT-qPCR normalization in cells and in human and murine muscle and adipose tissue for obesity/diabetes research.
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