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Rubinić I, Kurtov M, Likić R. Novel Pharmaceuticals in Appetite Regulation: Exploring emerging gut peptides and their pharmacological prospects. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1243. [PMID: 39016695 PMCID: PMC11253306 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a global health challenge, necessitates innovative approaches for effective management. Targeting gut peptides in the development of anti-obesity pharmaceuticals has already demonstrated significant efficacy. Ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and amylin are crucial in appetite regulation offering promising targets for pharmacological interventions in obesity treatment using both peptide-based and small molecule-based pharmaceuticals. Ghrelin, a sole orexigenic gut peptide, has a potential for anti-obesity therapies through various approaches, including endogenous ghrelin neutralization, ghrelin receptor antagonists, ghrelin O-acyltransferase, and functional inhibitors. Anorexigenic gut peptides, peptide YY, cholecystokinin, and amylin, have exhibited appetite-reducing effects in animal models and humans. Overcoming substantial obstacles is imperative for translating these findings into clinically effective pharmaceuticals. Peptide YY and cholecystokinin analogues, characterized by prolonged half-life and resistance to proteolytic enzymes, present viable options. Positive allosteric modulators emerge as a novel approach for modulating the cholecystokinin pathway. Amylin is currently the most promising, with both amylin analogues and dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists (DACRAs) progressing to advanced stages of clinical trials. Despite persistent challenges, innovative pharmaceutical strategies provide a glimpse into the future of anti-obesity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Rubinić
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of RijekaRijekaCroatia
- Clinical Pharmacology unitClinical Hospital Center RijekaRijekaCroatia
| | - Marija Kurtov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital “Sveti Duh”ZagrebCroatia
| | - Robert Likić
- Department of Internal MedicineSchool of Medicine University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
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2
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Dumiaty Y, Underwood BM, Phy-Lim J, Chee MJ. Neurocircuitry underlying the actions of glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide YY 3-36 in the suppression of food, drug-seeking, and anxiogenesis. Neuropeptides 2024; 105:102427. [PMID: 38579490 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2024.102427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a critical health condition worldwide that increases the risks of comorbid chronic diseases, but it can be managed with weight loss. However, conventional interventions relying on diet and exercise are inadequate for achieving and maintaining weight loss, thus there is significant market interest for pharmaceutical anti-obesity agents. For decades, receptor agonists for the gut peptide glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) featured prominently in anti-obesity medications by suppressing appetite and food reward to elicit rapid weight loss. As the neurocircuitry underlying food motivation overlaps with that for drugs of abuse, GLP-1 receptor agonism has also been shown to decrease substance use and relapse, thus its therapeutic potential may extend beyond weight management to treat addictions. However, as prolonged use of anti-obesity drugs may increase the risk of mood-related disorders like anxiety and depression, and individuals taking GLP-1-based medication commonly report feeling demotivated, the long-term safety of such drugs is an ongoing concern. Interestingly, current research now focuses on dual agonist approaches that include GLP-1 receptor agonism to enable synergistic effects on weight loss or associated functions. GLP-1 is secreted from the same intestinal cells as the anorectic gut peptide, Peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36), thus this review assessed the therapeutic potential and underlying neural circuits targeted by PYY3-36 when administered independently or in combination with GLP-1 to curb the appetite for food or drugs of abuse like opiates, alcohol, and nicotine. Additionally, we also reviewed animal and human studies to assess the impact, if any, for GLP-1 and/or PYY3-36 on mood-related behaviors in relation to anxiety and depression. As dual agonists targeting GLP-1 and PYY3-36 may produce synergistic effects, they can be effective at lower doses and offer an alternative approach for therapeutic benefits while mitigating undesirable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Dumiaty
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Brett M Underwood
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Jenny Phy-Lim
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Melissa J Chee
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada.
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Oertel M, Ziegler CG, Kohlhaas M, Nickel A, Kloock S, Maack C, Sequeira V, Fassnacht M, Dischinger U. GLP-1 and PYY for the treatment of obesity: a pilot study on the use of agonists and antagonists in diet-induced rats. Endocr Connect 2024; 13:e230398. [PMID: 38300808 PMCID: PMC10895316 DOI: 10.1530/ec-23-0398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Objective Combination therapies with gut hormone analogs represent promising treatment strategies for obesity. This pilot study investigates the therapeutic potential of modulators of the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) system using GLP-1 receptor agonists (semaglutide) and antagonists (exendin 9-39), as well as non-selective and NPY-Y2-receptor selective peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) analogs (PYY3-36/NNC0165-0020 and NNC0165-1273) and an NPY-Y2 receptor antagonist (JNJ31020028). Methods High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats were randomized into following treatment groups: group 1, nonselective PYY analog + semaglutide (n = 4); group 2, non-selective and NPY-Y2 receptor selective PYY analog + semaglutide (n = 2); group 3, GLP-1 receptor antagonist + NPY-Y2 receptor antagonist (n = 3); group 4, semaglutide (n = 5); and group 5, control (n = 5). Animals had free access to HFD and low-fat diet. Food intake, HFD preference and body weight were measured daily. Results A combinatory treatment with a non-selective PYY analog and semaglutide led to a maximum body weight loss of 14.0 ± 4.9% vs 9.9 ± 1.5% with semaglutide alone. Group 2 showed a maximum weight loss of 20.5 ± 2.4%. While HFD preference was decreased in group 2, a strong increase in HFD preference was detected in group 3. Conclusions PYY analogs (especially NPY-Y2 selective receptor agonists) could represent a promising therapeutic approach for obesity in combination with GLP-1 receptor agonists. Additionally, combined GLP-1 and PYY3-36 receptor agonists might have beneficial effects on food preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Oertel
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian G Ziegler
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Simon Kloock
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Martin Fassnacht
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Dischinger
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany
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Xie Y, Cai L, Ding M, Shan K, Zhao D, Zhou G, Li C. Plant-based meat analogues enhance the gastrointestinal motility function and appetite of mice by specific volatile compounds and peptides. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113551. [PMID: 37986430 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Eating behavior is critical for maintaining energy homeostasis. Previous studies have found that plant-based meat analogues increased diet intake in mice compared with animal meat under a free feeding mode, however the reasons were unclear. To explore the underlying mechanisms of plant-based meat analogues increasing diet intake, mice were fed animal or plant-based pork and beef analogue diets, respectively. Biochemical and histological analyses were performed to evaluate appetite-regulating hormones and gastrointestinal motility function. Peptiomics and GC-IMS were applied to identify key substances. We found that the intake of plant-based meat analogues significantly enhanced the gastrointestinal motility function of mice. The long-term intake (68 days) of plant-based meat analogues significantly increased the muscle layer thickness of the duodenum and jejunum of mice; the activity of gastrointestinal cells of Cajal were also promoted by upregulating the expression of c-kit related signals as compared to animal meat; plant-based meat analogues intake markedly enhanced the signal intensity of the intestinal neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) by upregulating the expression of 5-HT synthase and receptors but downregulating its transporter and catabolic enzyme in the intestine. Moreover, plant-based meat analogues intake significantly increased levels of appetite-stimulating factors in the peripheral or hypothalamus but reduced levels of appetite-suppressing factors compared with animal meat. Specific volatile compounds were significantly associated with appetite regulating factors. Among them, 7 substances such as linalool have a potential promoting effect on food intake. Besides, different digestive peptides in gastrointestinal tract may affect eating behavior mainly through the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway, exerting hormone-like effects or influencing endocrine cell secretion. These findings preliminarily clarified the mechanism of plant-based meat analogues promoting diet intake and provided a theoretical basis for a reasonable diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Linlin Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengzhen Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Di Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guanghong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chunbao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Innovative Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Li S, Liu M, Cao S, Liu B, Li D, Wang Z, Sun H, Cui Y, Shi Y. The Mechanism of the Gut-Brain Axis in Regulating Food Intake. Nutrients 2023; 15:3728. [PMID: 37686760 PMCID: PMC10490484 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasing prevalence of energy metabolism disorders such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and anorexia, the regulation of feeding has become the focus of global attention. The gastrointestinal tract is not only the site of food digestion and absorption but also contains a variety of appetite-regulating signals such as gut-brain peptides, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), bacterial proteins, and cellular components produced by gut microbes. While the central nervous system (CNS), as the core of appetite regulation, can receive and integrate these appetite signals and send instructions to downstream effector organs to promote or inhibit the body's feeding behaviour. This review will focus on the gut-brain axis mechanism of feeding behaviour, discussing how the peripheral appetite signal is sensed by the CNS via the gut-brain axis and the role of the central "first order neural nuclei" in the process of appetite regulation. Here, elucidation of the gut-brain axis mechanism of feeding regulation may provide new strategies for future production practises and the treatment of diseases such as anorexia and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouren Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Mengqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Shixi Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
| | - Boshuai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Defeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhichang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Hao Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yalei Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (S.L.); (M.L.)
- Henan Key Laboratory of Innovation and Utilization of Grassland Resources, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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Martins FF, Santos-Reis T, Marinho TS, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Hypothalamic anorexigenic signaling pathways (leptin, amylin, and proopiomelanocortin) are semaglutide (GLP-1 analog) targets in obesity control in mice. Life Sci 2023; 313:121268. [PMID: 36493878 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane Ferreira Martins
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thiago Santos-Reis
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thatiany Souza Marinho
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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7
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Chadwick SR, Güler AD. Local Drd1-neurons input to subgroups of arcuate AgRP/NPY-neurons. iScience 2022; 25:104605. [PMID: 35789850 PMCID: PMC9250019 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a pandemic afflicting more than 300 million people worldwide, driven by consumption of calorically dense and highly rewarding foods. Dopamine (DA) signaling has been implicated in neural responses to highly palatable nutrients, but the exact mechanisms through which DA modulates homeostatic feeding circuits remains unknown. A subpopulation of arcuate (ARC) agouti-related peptide (AgRP)/neuropeptide Y (NPY) (ARCAgRP/NPY+) neurons express the D(1A) dopamine receptor (Drd1) and are stimulated by DA, suggesting one potential avenue for dopaminergic regulation of food intake. Using patch clamp electrophysiology, we evaluated the responses of ARC Drd1-expressing (ARCDrd1+) neurons to overnight fasting and leptin. Collectively, ARCDrd1+ neurons were less responsive to caloric deficit than ARCAgRP/NPY+ neurons; however, ARCDrd1+ neurons were inhibited by the satiety hormone leptin. Using Channelrhodopsin-2-Assisted Circuit Mapping, we identified novel subgroups of ARCDrd1+ neurons that inhibit or excite ARCAgRP/NPY+ neurons. These findings suggest dopamine receptive neurons have multimodal actions in food intake circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R. Chadwick
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience and the Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Ali D. Güler
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience and the Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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8
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Angelidi AM, Belanger MJ, Kokkinos A, Koliaki CC, Mantzoros CS. Novel Noninvasive Approaches to the Treatment of Obesity: From Pharmacotherapy to Gene Therapy. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:507-557. [PMID: 35552683 PMCID: PMC9113190 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent insights into the pathophysiologic underlying mechanisms of obesity have led to the discovery of several promising drug targets and novel therapeutic strategies to address the global obesity epidemic and its comorbidities. Current pharmacologic options for obesity management are largely limited in number and of modest efficacy/safety profile. Therefore, the need for safe and more efficacious new agents is urgent. Drugs that are currently under investigation modulate targets across a broad range of systems and tissues, including the central nervous system, gastrointestinal hormones, adipose tissue, kidney, liver, and skeletal muscle. Beyond pharmacotherapeutics, other potential antiobesity strategies are being explored, including novel drug delivery systems, vaccines, modulation of the gut microbiome, and gene therapy. The present review summarizes the pathophysiology of energy homeostasis and highlights pathways being explored in the effort to develop novel antiobesity medications and interventions but does not cover devices and bariatric methods. Emerging pharmacologic agents and alternative approaches targeting these pathways and relevant research in both animals and humans are presented in detail. Special emphasis is given to treatment options at the end of the development pipeline and closer to the clinic (ie, compounds that have a higher chance to be added to our therapeutic armamentarium in the near future). Ultimately, advancements in our understanding of the pathophysiology and interindividual variation of obesity may lead to multimodal and personalized approaches to obesity treatment that will result in safe, effective, and sustainable weight loss until the root causes of the problem are identified and addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki M Angelidi
- Section of Endocrinology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew J Belanger
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Chrysi C Koliaki
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Section of Endocrinology, VA Boston Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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Andersen DB, Holst JJ. Peptides in the regulation of glucagon secretion. Peptides 2022; 148:170683. [PMID: 34748791 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glucose homeostasis is maintained by the glucoregulatory hormones, glucagon, insulin and somatostatin, secreted from the islets of Langerhans. Glucagon is the body's most important anti-hypoglycemic hormone, mobilizing glucose from glycogen stores in the liver in response to fasting, thus maintaining plasma glucose levels within healthy limits. Glucagon secretion is regulated by both circulating nutrients, hormones and neuronal inputs. Hormones that may regulate glucagon secretion include locally produced insulin and somatostatin, but also urocortin-3, amylin and pancreatic polypeptide, and from outside the pancreas glucagon-like peptide-1 and 2, peptide tyrosine tyrosine and oxyntomodulin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, neurotensin and ghrelin, as well as the hypothalamic hormones arginine-vasopressin and oxytocin, and calcitonin from the thyroid. Each of these hormones have distinct effects, ranging from regulating blood glucose, to regulating appetite, stomach emptying rate and intestinal motility, which makes them interesting targets for treating metabolic diseases. Awareness regarding the potential effects of the hormones on glucagon secretion is important since secretory abnormalities could manifest as hyperglycemia or even lethal hypoglycemia. Here, we review the effects of each individual hormone on glucagon secretion, their interplay, and how treatments aimed at modulating the plasma levels of these hormones may also influence glucagon secretion and glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Andersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Panum Institute, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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10
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Vohra MS, Benchoula K, Serpell CJ, Hwa WE. AgRP/NPY and POMC neurons in the arcuate nucleus and their potential role in treatment of obesity. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 915:174611. [PMID: 34798121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a major health crisis affecting over a third of the global population. This multifactorial disease is regulated via interoceptive neural circuits in the brain, whose alteration results in excessive body weight. Certain central neuronal populations in the brain are recognised as crucial nodes in energy homeostasis; in particular, the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) region contains two peptide microcircuits that control energy balance with antagonistic functions: agouti-related peptide/neuropeptide-Y (AgRP/NPY) signals hunger and stimulates food intake; and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) signals satiety and reduces food intake. These neuronal peptides levels react to energy status and integrate signals from peripheral ghrelin, leptin, and insulin to regulate feeding and energy expenditure. To manage obesity comprehensively, it is crucial to understand cellular and molecular mechanisms of information processing in ARC neurons, since these regulate energy homeostasis. Importantly, a specific strategy focusing on ARC circuits needs to be devised to assist in treating obese patients and maintaining weight loss with minimal or no side effects. The aim of this review is to elucidate the recent developments in the study of AgRP-, NPY- and POMC-producing neurons, specific to their role in controlling metabolism. The impact of ghrelin, leptin, and insulin signalling via action of these neurons is also surveyed, since they also impact energy balance through this route. Lastly, we present key proteins, targeted genes, compounds, drugs, and therapies that actively work via these neurons and could potentially be used as therapeutic targets for treating obesity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sufyan Vohra
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Khaled Benchoula
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Christopher J Serpell
- School of Physical Sciences, Ingram Building, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NH, United Kingdom
| | - Wong Eng Hwa
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University Lakeside Campus, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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11
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Head MA, McColl LK, Klockars A, Levine AS, Olszewski PK. Acute Hypophagia and Changes in c-Fos Immunoreactivity in Adolescent Rats Treated with Low Doses of Oxytocin and Naltrexone. J Clin Med 2021; 11:jcm11010059. [PMID: 35011797 PMCID: PMC8745073 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent case report has shown that an adjunctive oxytocin + naltrexone (OT + NTX) treatment promoted more robust hypophagia and body weight reduction than OT alone in an adolescent male with hypothalamic obesity after craniopharyngioma resection. Thus far, there has been no basic research in adolescent laboratory animals that would examine whether the benefit of OT + NTX on appetite extends onto adolescent individuals without surgically induced overeating. Thus, here we examined whether low doses of combined OT + NTX acutely affect post-deprivation intake of energy-dense, standard chow; intake of energy-dense and palatable high-fat high-sugar (HFHS) diet; or calorie-dilute, palaTable 10% sucrose solution without deprivation in adolescent male rats. We assessed whether OT + NTX decreases water intake after water deprivation or produces a conditioned taste aversion (CTA). Finally, by using c-Fos immunoreactivity, we determined changes in activity of feeding-related brain areas after OT + NTX. We found that individual subthreshold doses of OT and NTX decreased feeding induced by energy and by palatability. Significant c-Fos changes were noted in the arcuate and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei. The hypophagic doses of OT + NTX did not suppress water intake in thirsty rats and did not cause a CTA, which suggests that feeding reduction is not a secondary effect of gastrointestinal discomfort or changes in thirst processing. We conclude that OT + NTX is an effective drug combination to reduce appetite in adolescent male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell A. Head
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (M.A.H.); (L.K.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Laura K. McColl
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (M.A.H.); (L.K.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Anica Klockars
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (M.A.H.); (L.K.M.); (A.K.)
| | - Allen S. Levine
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA;
| | - Pawel K. Olszewski
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand; (M.A.H.); (L.K.M.); (A.K.)
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA;
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55416, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Browning KN, Carson KE. Central Neurocircuits Regulating Food Intake in Response to Gut Inputs-Preclinical Evidence. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13030908. [PMID: 33799575 PMCID: PMC7998662 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of energy balance requires the complex integration of homeostatic and hedonic pathways, but sensory inputs from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are increasingly recognized as playing critical roles. The stomach and small intestine relay sensory information to the central nervous system (CNS) via the sensory afferent vagus nerve. This vast volume of complex sensory information is received by neurons of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) and is integrated with responses to circulating factors as well as descending inputs from the brainstem, midbrain, and forebrain nuclei involved in autonomic regulation. The integrated signal is relayed to the adjacent dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), which supplies the motor output response via the efferent vagus nerve to regulate and modulate gastric motility, tone, secretion, and emptying, as well as intestinal motility and transit; the precise coordination of these responses is essential for the control of meal size, meal termination, and nutrient absorption. The interconnectivity of the NTS implies that many other CNS areas are capable of modulating vagal efferent output, emphasized by the many CNS disorders associated with dysregulated GI functions including feeding. This review will summarize the role of major CNS centers to gut-related inputs in the regulation of gastric function with specific reference to the regulation of food intake.
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13
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Lear S, Pflimlin E, Zhou Z, Huang D, Weng S, Nguyen-Tran V, Joseph SB, Roller S, Peterson S, Li J, Tremblay M, Schultz PG, Shen W. Engineering of a Potent, Long-Acting NPY2R Agonist for Combination with a GLP-1R Agonist as a Multi-Hormonal Treatment for Obesity. J Med Chem 2020; 63:9660-9671. [PMID: 32844654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery results in increased intestinal secretion of hormones GLP-1 and anorexigenic PYY, which is believed to contribute to the clinical efficacy associated with the procedure. This observation raises the question whether combination treatment with gut hormone analogs might recapitulate the efficacy and mitigate the significant risks associated with surgery. Despite PYY demonstrating excellent efficacy and safety profiles with regard to food intake reduction, weight loss, and glucose control in preclinical animal models, PYY-based therapeutic development remains challenging given a low serum stability and half-life for the native peptide. Here, combined peptide stapling and PEG-fatty acid conjugation affords potent PYY analogs with >14 h rat half-lives, which are expected to translate into a human half-life suitable for once-weekly dosing. Excellent efficacy in glucose control, food intake reduction, and weight loss for lead candidate 22 in combination with our previously reported long-acting GLP-1 analog is demonstrated in a diet-induced obesity mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Lear
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Elsa Pflimlin
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Zhihong Zhou
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - David Huang
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sharon Weng
- Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Research Triangle Park, 6 Davis Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Van Nguyen-Tran
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sean B Joseph
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Shane Roller
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Scott Peterson
- Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Research Triangle Park, 6 Davis Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jing Li
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Matthew Tremblay
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Peter G Schultz
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Weijun Shen
- The Scripps Research Institute, d/b/a Calibr, a division of Scripps Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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14
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Tsilingiris D, Liatis S, Dalamaga M, Kokkinos A. The Fight Against Obesity Escalates: New Drugs on the Horizon and Metabolic Implications. Curr Obes Rep 2020; 9:136-149. [PMID: 32388792 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00378-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is currently a steep rise in the global prevalence of obesity. Pharmaceutical therapy is a valuable component of conservative obesity therapy. Herein, medications currently in the phase of preclinical or clinical testing are reviewed, along with an overview of the mechanisms that regulate energy intake and expenditure. In addition, the current and potential future directions of obesity drug therapy are discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Although the current arsenal of obesity pharmacotherapy is limited, a considerable number of agents that exert their actions through a variety of pharmacodynamic targets and mechanisms are in the pipeline. This expansion shapes a potential near future of obesity conservative management, characterized by tailored combined therapeutic regimens, targeting not only weight loss but also improved overall health outcomes. The progress regarding the elucidation of the mechanisms which regulate the bodily energy equilibrium has led to medications which mimic hormonal adaptations that follow bariatric surgery, in the quest for a "Medical bypass." These, combined with agents which could increase energy expenditure, point to a brilliant future in the conservative treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 17 Ag. Thoma Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Liatis
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 17 Ag. Thoma Street, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Dalamaga
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, 17 Ag. Thoma Street, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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15
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English A, Irwin N. Nonclassical Islet Peptides: Pancreatic and Extrapancreatic Actions. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ENDOCRINOLOGY AND DIABETES 2019; 12:1179551419888871. [PMID: 32425629 PMCID: PMC7216561 DOI: 10.1177/1179551419888871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pancreas has physiologically important endocrine and exocrine functions; secreting enzymes into the small intestine to aid digestion and releasing multiple peptide hormones via the islets of Langerhans to regulate glucose metabolism, respectively. Insulin and glucagon, in combination with ghrelin, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin, are the main classical islet peptides critical for the maintenance of blood glucose. However, pancreatic islets also synthesis numerous ‘nonclassical’ peptides that have recently been demonstrated to exert fundamental effects on overall islet function and metabolism. As such, insights into the physiological relevance of these nonclassical peptides have shown impact on glucose metabolism, insulin action, cell survival, weight loss, and energy expenditure. This review will focus on the role of individual nonclassical islet peptides to stimulate pancreatic islet secretions as well as regulate metabolism. In addition, the more recognised actions of these peptides on satiety and energy regulation will also be considered. Furthermore, recent advances in the field of peptide therapeutics and obesity-diabetes have focused on the benefits of simultaneously targeting several hormone receptor signalling cascades. The potential for nonclassical islet hormones within such combinational approaches will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew English
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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16
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Jones ES, Nunn N, Chambers AP, Østergaard S, Wulff BS, Luckman SM. Modified Peptide YY Molecule Attenuates the Activity of NPY/AgRP Neurons and Reduces Food Intake in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2737-2747. [PMID: 31074796 PMCID: PMC6806261 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To study the effects of an analog of the gut-produced hormone peptide YY (PYY3-36), which has increased selectivity for the Y2 receptor; specifically, to record its effects on food intake and on hypothalamic neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AgRP) neuron activity. NNC0165-1273, a modified form of the peptide hormone PYY3-36 with potent selectivity at Y2 receptor (>5000-fold over Y1, 1250-fold over Y4, and 650-fold over Y5 receptor), was tested in vivo and in vitro in mouse models. NNC0165-1273 has fivefold lower relative affinity for Y2 compared with PYY3-36, but >250-, 192-, and 400-fold higher selectivity, respectively, for the Y1, Y4, and Y5 receptors. NNC0165-1273 produced a reduction in nighttime feeding at a dose at which PYY3-36 loses efficacy. The normal behavioral satiety sequence observed suggests that NNC0165-1273 is not nauseating and, instead, reduces food intake by producing early satiety. Additionally, NNC0165-1273 blocked ghrelin-induced cFos expression in NPY/AgRP neurons. In vitro electrophysiological recordings showed that, opposite to ghrelin, NNC0165-1273 hyperpolarized NPY/AgRP neurons and reduced action potential frequency. Administration of NNC0165-1273 via subcutaneous osmotic minipump caused a dose-dependent decrease in body weight and fat mass in an obese mouse model. Finally, NNC0165-1273 attenuated the feeding response when NPY/AgRP neurons were activated using ghrelin or more selectively with designer receptors. NNC0165-1273 is nonnauseating and stimulates a satiety response through, at least in part, a direct action on hypothalamic NPY/AgRP neurons. Modification of PYY3-36 to produce compounds with increased affinity to Y2 receptors may be useful as antiobesity therapies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Jones
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Nunn
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Adam P Chambers
- GLP-1 & T2D Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Søren Østergaard
- Research Chemistry 2, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Birgitte S Wulff
- Obesity Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, Måløv, Denmark
| | - Simon M Luckman
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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